УДК 821.111 – 3 + 821.161.2 – 3] 091
Kruk A. A.
FATE AS A CONCEPT IN OUTLOOK OF T. HARDY, I. NECHUYLEVITSKY,
PANAS MIRNY, IVAN FRANKO
Over the past decade, the notion of concept and conceptual actively included
in the scientific revolution. Occupying a central position in literary science at the
present stage of its development, the notion of concept actively correlated with the
nature of mental activity. Direct and indirect links between manifestations of
national mentality, peculiarities of the psyche, traditions, customs and concepts of
"fate", "spirit", "soul", "will", etc. can be traced in the works of both national and
foreign literature of the late XIX - early XX century. European fiction era
borderlands showed a high frequency of use in texts such iconic writer for the
artistic conception of concepts as freedom, time, eternity, life, destiny, soul.
In this paper, we proceed with the interpretation of the concept as a term that
explains the unity of mental or psychological resources of information structure
that reflects the knowledge and experience of the person. In the mental vocabulary
of European peoples attention is drawn to the concept of fate: the widespread use
of this category is largely due to the secularization of public consciousness, with
loss of the Christian view of the forces that rule the world. After all, Christianity is
no concept of fate: it is assumed that man is by nature corrupt fall prone to evil
(known thesis of Augustine), although both have free will itself entirely
responsible for their sins: they bring evil into the world, while God is absolute
good. Instead, the pagan systems that preceded the Bible, the destiny of man
prejudge dark and inscrutable forces like Greek Moir through criminal Sophocles'
Oedipus, like "guilty unpunished" and is only compassion. So, back to the pagan
idea of fate as a certain incomprehensible deity means erosion of the Christian idea
of human responsibility, and loss of taste for spiritual self-improvement work and
struggle with temptations: to replace this "medieval" experience in the secular
culture comes admiration passions, active justification "sinful" man, and as a
result, a return to the concept based on "pre-determined" by some obscure forces of
life. The topic of this article is the concept of fate in the works of Thomas Hardy,
considered in correlation with the Ukrainian art practices of the late XIX - early
XX century. Relevance of the article is determined by studying the failure of this
component poetics T. Hardy. Although research on the work of English writer in
Ukraine in general is not enough, research on rethinking the concept of fate in his
prose nor in English nor in Ukrainian literary criticism there.
The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the first attempt to look at the
important information for T. Hardy conceptual domain in terms of religious,
philosophical and artistic principles. In addition, a large English prose writer
analyzed in relation to the typological novels I.Nechuy-Levitsky, Panas Mirny, I.
Franko.
Being associated with the philosophical ideas of the time, the work of
Thomas Hardy reached mythological and religious primordial. Philosophical
kontseptsiynist English prose writer actualized problem of national character and
social engagement. In a way Thomas Hardy belonged to the galaxy of writers who
took the responsibility of leading legislators aesthetic themes and motifs
uvyraznenyh English tradition and depth in the next decade. Nasnazheni
archetypes of human psychology, mifotvorchym experience millennia, stories and
novels T. Hardy contributed to rethinking the concept of fate according to the
needs of his time.
The development of the outlook T. Hardy essential to interpret it the
problems of human destiny. Open to human suffering, the writer never stayed out
of social issues. As an aesthetic phenomenon, creativity T. Hardy aimed at
disclosing person's self-contained multi-dimensional world. Dominant ideological
model T. Hardy is a synthesis of traditional principles of national perceptions and
religious and moral doctrine, which in principle is the basis of classical English
literature.
In Uesseksky cycle of novels T. Hardy successfully combines the concepts
of environment and nature. Because human behavior is often masked by the upper
classes social conditions, and therefore the true nature of man is not easy to
discern. The representatives of grassroots action is a direct expression of the inner
life, because that character is revealed in behavior and can be described.
Describing the tragic fate of his heroes, T. Hardy reveals the social basis of
psychological conflicts against the dead moral standards of the Victorian era.
Addressing the contradictions of reality, T. Hardy as an artist petty bourgeoisie sees
solutions. Reality depresses the writer, the determined total tragic tone of his
works. In the novel "Tess of the genus d'Erbervilliv" see how honest woman going
on offense for their happiness, dying on the scaffold; actors "Jude unrecognized"
usually seen as victims of social morality; hero "Mera Kesterbridzha" dooms itself
to moral suicide . Thus, the characters of T. Hardy always struggling with
indifferent - not "good" but not "evil" - forces are in conflict with the social
environment, their desires, but this fight they always lose.
Myths such as the Chinese pair of "yin-yang" definitely are impressed for
writers. Starodavni people symbolically associated slogan woman in nature with
the concepts of darkness, death, earth, water, moon, even number, etc. (yin). Men's
"yang" united south, light, sky, sun, odd numbers. Image Yustakiyi Wei
("homecoming") can be vidchytanyy in the context of this myth. By consistently
calls the heroine "Queen of the Night," it illuminates the moon, and then absorbs
water. Instead, her husband Klim Ibrayt more associated with the light and sky.
"Who-who, and Klim knew heather valley. He was imbued with its images,
essence, smell. You could say that he was her creature ... If we take all kinds of
hatred that were Yustakiyi Wei in relation to heath river, and turn them into a kind
of love - we face the heart Klima "[5, p. 205]. Time and place in relation to the
image Ibrayta author means the joyful, bright colors, "It was a sunny day in early
summer and heather in wet hollows are moved from brown to green stage. Ibrayt
reached the top of the hollow ... "[5, p. 241].
Area of the material and bodily masses interested by less than the spiritual
world of the characters. The writer found the means of painting flesh principle
characters, describing their progress, gestures, facial expressions, emphasizing, on
the one hand, link their fate with the annual cycle of nature, on the other hand,
pointing to the tragic gap of people with it, a progressive alienation from
uessektsiv viable sources of life.
Due to various problems of human existence in social and cultural space, the
writer delivers a broad typed picture of reality. Notable is that the concept of fate in
the work of T. Hardy is the essential element of the spiritual world of heroes, a
symbol of correlation with human universe. Moreover, the fate of his work
symbolizes the reality of human life, which is constantly facing various dangers on
its existence.
Fate to T. Hardy are presented a key concept in general and its conceptual
center. "The Fate - a symbol of everything that happens to a man, regardless of his
will and chance, and provided and defined in moral categories of good and evil,
judgment and sentence, revenge and retribution, reward" [1]. It is this concept can
be traced in the creative legacy as a sign writer. Heroes works of T. Hardy
inevitably fall into a situation of moral choice, and from what it will be depends on
their fate.
Some of his novels T. Hardy traces the marginalization of strong individuals
who fall into the unbearable conditions of life. Similar problems raised in his work
I.Nechuy-Levitsky, Panas Mirny, Franko, based on this comparison can be made,
which sets the interaction works of Ukrainian writers of European literature.
In general, the writers of the late XIX - early XX century. understand human
life as being determined by fate. In Ukrainian classics one of the leading reasons is
the motive of obedience and worship of destiny. The concept of fate in some works
by Ukrainian writers often takes the dominant color with fatalistic pessimistic
prospect. Share in their works more often combined with definitions of "evil",
"evil", "unhappy", "bitter", "unwell", "hard". In the semantics of these tokens
emphasizes ideological content of ideas about man poor, abandoned, lonely. Bright
and optimistic awareness fate remains marginal, because it is connected with the
influence of Christianity and the contamination of the concept of fate with grace in
Christianity. Obviously, the formation of ideas about the fate of the world in the
image of Ukrainian affected tragic manifestations in the history of Ukraine.
Legitimate human desire for happiness is usually not crowned success
because happiness - just a coincidence in the drama of suffering. Chance and
necessity in nature and philosophy is dialectical opposites, the transition from one
another. In view of the law T. Hardy and Ukrainian writers, philosophers in his
writings, especially in their final parts come to determinism and fatalism. For
example, fatal role of heredity or fate, which arose as a result of the evolution of
character, is the engine of the plot not only in the works of "Tess of the genus
d'Erbervilliv", "Mayor Kesterbridzha" T. Hardy, but "Nicholas Jerry" I.NechuyLevitsky, "do not roar when mangers are full," "Prostitute" by Myrnyy, which also
determines the dramatic and even tragic ending.
The concept of fate has several semantic colors. Fate can be happy, and may
serve as fate, destiny as Pocar for sin or temptation. It is equally important to
understand the conceptual T. Hardy is a conceptual parameters antinomy 'wealth poverty. " Many works based on this contrasted. For Ukrainian welfare is an
important component of a happy life, but money can not buy happiness, as they
say. Sometimes on the contrary, proves that the novel "do not roar when mangers
are full?" by Panas Mirnyy.
Possible to mention the more specific match in the analyzed works. Thus,
the motivation of rural idyll brings pages of the book "Under the green wood" T.
Hardy from "Nicholas Jerry" I.Nechuy-Levitsky, novel "do not roar when mangers
are full?" Myrnogo. Natural landscape against which vyyaskravlyuyutsya event
"Nicholas Jerry", endowed, like the novel "Under the green wood" T. Hardy,
existential transcendence and mithopoetic symbols. Pear, beneath which sleeps
Nicholas Jerry, shall sign the world tree. Young guy lying on the ground, sees
through the foliage blue sky, sees the orange sun rays penetrates every leaf. On top
of pears he understood it "a strange bird with gold and silver feathers. Poultry
dissolved broad wings dissolved gorgeous, like a peacock, tail, and all singing and
all down to below the branches. With golden wings shaken fire sparks fell on
spring crystal letter, and the letter is even better rang and sang together with
poultry. Poultry everything down to lower and lower. Nicholas zamanulos it
vpiymat ... He stretched out his hands, and iskryana bird again purhnula up to the
very vershechok only sparks showered on the grass, his hands on his cheeks and
fierce "[2, p. 36]. Rays of sun, crystal letter, amazing bird with gold and silver
feathers - a model mifopoeticheskoy scheme with elements which bind man
dreams about luck.
Nature of Wessex by T. Hardy is classified as "medium" is the protagonist of
the first novel of the series "Under the green wood." She cyclised, rytmizuye story
in the book, causing its division into four parts ("Winter", "Spring", "Summer",
"Autumn"), defining the nature of narrative and time-space. In fact, the nature of
the work brings out a happy ending, ending the traditional wedding, picking some
way magical-ritual. Wedding played on the edge Yolberi (which literally means
"fertile countryside"), under an old spreading tree with large branches which every
year hundreds of nesting birds, and its bark is fed lots of rabbits. Language Suite
echoes the nightingale roulades. Nightingale sings this song clearly on the motif of
Shakespeare, and the tree becomes a mythological world tree, the axis of the
world, the source of life. Lesya Ukrainian In "Utopia in fiction," said a
psychological dependence modernist writers of the ancient "allegories, metaphors
and symbols," and among the richest characters real world images called "tree of
life", "tree of knowledge of good and evil", "healing and life-giving water ".
According to researchers, the tree is a universal symbolic complex
"structures which mithopoetic model of the world, gives it coherence and fully
characterize its structure at all levels" [3, p. 43]. Living space T. Hardy novel
organizes tree, each of which (roots, trunk, crown) refers not only to certain classes
of living beings (insects, birds, rabbits), but also designs the overall pattern of
relationships.
Text structure which consisted of 4 parts determines the grouping of the
main characters: Fancy girl has three contenders for her hand. The rivalry between
the two men fight resembles the Old to the New Year. In mifopoeticheskogo image
of Mother Nature, which reveals a tender, the relaxed attitude towards their
children, the important role played by mythology in the novel "annual cycle". This
symbol is included in the system of basic concepts of world culture. Scientific
understanding of the annual cycle was initiated by scientists Cambridge school,
their work is not left unnoticed T. Hardy. After researching this myth fruitfully
studied D. Lindsay [6]. Annual cycle - a dynamic renewal of nature, understood in
all mythological systems. Triad "life - death - rebirth" in which tragedy beginning
(as withering autumn, winter as death) dialectically linked with joy spring-summer
resurrection and renewal of life, available in Pagan and Christian worldview.
Here it would be appropriate to mention that in Ukrainian literature of the
early twentieth century. appeared a number of works where the sequence of events
correlated with annual calendar cycle. And above all this "Forest Song" Lesya
Ukrainian, with its deep philosophical analysis of conceptual phenomena of human
life and human destiny.
The works of Ukrainian artists closer to the realities of life and the fate of a
specific character, and thus the fate of the people, as compared with T. Hardy. One
of the most important features of Ukrainian prose is that it is present by a different
type than in English Novels. Ukrainian artists approached the concept of fate with
internal rather than an external perspective, reflections on the fate of the person
they are gaining social and political nature. When the hero of "cross paths" Franko
Eugene Rafalovych encounters in the field erring farmer who was looking beast,
the sad reflections of a young lawyer on the life of the farmer are symbolic
conversion in his mind. He sees the fate of the unfortunate fate of the people:
"Exhausted hard luck, he wanders without being able vtrapyty on its way, and is
like a farmer otsey devious, including path between the past and the future ... and
do not know where to go, no strength or hope to reach the goal "[4, p. 322]. Mouth
of his hero Franko asks, "Who is he that will show you the way who fail thee, my
poor people?" [4, p. 322].
Ukrainian literature the concept of fate are determined moral and ethical
contradictions of society and topical social reality. The first thing that catches the
eye when analyzing work of I.Nechuy-Levitsky, Myrnyy - a continuous antithesis
of "fate" and "trouble" that leads to the formation of dichotomous series:
happiness-unhappiness, good, evil, life, death, sin, righteousness , high-low. Prose
these writers - weighty evidence that the fate of the individual, its successes and
failures are caused by social relations and economic realities that under their
influence a person fully reveals its character, and not in the relationship, as in
clashes in the public arena (" Nicholas Jerry "," do not roar when mangers are
full?").
Franko represents the direction of Ukrainian artistic and philosophical
tradition, one of the most important features of which are ekzystentsiynist.
Characters of his prose "was born to" be on the outside, pass through internal
search and self-conscious choice. The concept of fate in his novels ("Cross-path")
shall primarily philosophical and psychological interpretation. Within definite
concept Franko fully realized the issue indissoluble unity of personal, social and
national pervniv.
Tracing typological manifestations author's ideas in English and Ukrainian
prose, we note that the concept of fate represented both in subjective (concrete
human life), and in the field of objective (sacred, eternal life). Between these two
areas there is a systemic interaction. The concept of fate in the analyzed works
presents a detailed plot and conflict factor related to the ideal of self-fulfillment
hero or heroine.
Buying values happiness in Novels T. Hardy, this concept finds its existential
burden, and with existential-experiential time he is identified with the life of man.
Identical vision of reality that marks their concept of fate, observed in Ukrainian
prose of the late XIX - early XX century. So typological analogies observed in the
works of T. Hardy, Myrnogo, I.Nechuy-Levitsky, Ivan Franko, identified the main
focus of their analysis.
Comparing the artistic fabric of English and Ukrainian artists at the
philosophical and aesthetic principles, we conclude that the concept of fate, each
focused on a writer's life experience. Correlating with the archetypes of world
culture, this concept in various spiritual states exemplifies the essence of the
author's life, not only contributes to the identity of the character but also the author.
Fate as one of the key conceptual images worldview models in T. Hardy
fundamental constants world view of his countrymen. In this respect, we can speak
of a roll of his work on philosophical and aesthetic foundations and poetry writers
of Ukrainian art XIX - early XX century.
List of references
1. Kolesov V.V "Dolya" i "schastye" v russkoy mental’nosti. - Mode of access:
http://anthropology.ru/ru/texts/kolesov/misl11_07.html
2. Nechuy-Levitsky Mykola Dzerya. I. Nechuy-Levitsky //Collection of
works: In 10 books. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka, 1968. B. 3., p. 34-142.
3. Skupeyko L. I Mythopoetica "Lisovoyi pisni" Lesi Ukrainky. Kyiv,:
Phenix,2006. p - 416
4. Franko I. Perchresni stezhky .Collection of works: In 50 books. Kyiv,
Naukova Dumka, 1979.B. 20. - p. 173-459.
5. Hardy T. The Return of the Native. London: Penguin Popular Classics,
1994. - 486 p.
6. Lindsay J. Short History of the World Culture. London, 1962. - 312 p.
Анотація
Статтю присвячено висвітленню проблеми взаємодії української та
англійської прози кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. з урахуванням наповнення
концепту долі. Доведено, що осмислення буття під кутом зору проблеми долі
англійським письменником Томасом Гарді і його українськими побратимами
І. Нечуєм-Левицьким, Панасом Мирним, Іваном Франком виражає
національні етнопсихологічні характеристики.
Ключові слова: концепт долі, фатум, трагедія, конфлікт, реалізм,
архетип, екзистенційність.
Аннотация
Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы взаимодействия украинской
и английской прозы конца XIX – начала ХХ в. с учетом наполнения концепта
судьбы. Доказано, что осмысление бытия под углом зрения проблемы судьбы
английским писателем Томасом Гарди и его украинскими собратьями
И. Нечуй-Левицким, Панасом Мирным, Иваном Франко выражает
национальные этнопсихологические характеристики.
Ключевые слова: концепт судьбы, фатум, трагедия, конфликт,
реализм, архетип, экзистенциальность.
Summary
This article envisages the problem of Ukrainian-English prose correlation of
the late XIX – early XX ct. taking into account the content of the concept of
destiny. It was investigated that the being interpretation under the point of view of
the fate’s problem of the English writer Thomas Hardy and his Ukrainian fellows
I. Nechui-Levitsky, Panas Myrny, I. Franko expresses ethnopsychological national
characteristics.
Key words: concept of fate, destiny, tragedy, conflict, realism, archetype,
existentialism.