Music Since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
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Introduction to Music Review • • Charles Ives George Gershwin • William Grant Still • Aaron Copland • • Alberto Ginastera Béla Bartók 20th-Century Music Musical Styles since 1945 • Many societal changes since WWII 20th-Century Music Musical Styles since 1945 • Many societal changes since WWII • Instant communication has altered the world 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Many societal changes since WWII • Instant communication has altered the world • Constant demand for novelty 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Increased use of the 12-tone system 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Serialism—12-tone techniques extended • Increased use of the 12-tone system 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Serialism—12-tone techniques extended • Chance music that includes the random • Increased use of the 12-tone system 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Serialism—12-tone techniques extended • Chance music that includes the random • music with tonality, pulse, • Minimalist repetition Increased use of the 12-tone system 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Serialism—12-tone techniques extended • Chance music that includes the random • music with tonality, pulse, • Minimalist repetition Increased use of the 12-tone system • Deliberate quotations of earlier music in work 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Return to tonality by some composers 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Electronic music • Return to tonality by some composers 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Electronic music • “Liberation of sound” • Return to tonality by some composers 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Electronic music • “Liberation of sound” • • Mixed media Return to tonality by some composers 20th-Century Music Characteristics of Music Since 1945 • Electronic music • “Liberation of sound” • • Mixed media New concepts of rhythm & form • Return to tonality by some composers 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone • Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone • European composers heard 12-tone as • “new” Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone • European composers heard 12-tone as • “new” Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews • 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone • European composers heard 12-tone as • “new” Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews • Pointillist approach w/ atomized melodies • 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style 20th-Century Music Increased Use of the 12-Tone System • After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone • European composers heard 12-tone as • “new” Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews • Pointillist approach w/ atomized melodies • Webern’s music & style became popular • 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style 20th-Century Music Extensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism • The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color 20th-Century Music Extensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism • The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color • Tone row ordered relationships of pitches 20th-Century Music Extensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism • The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color • • Serialism ordered other musical elements Tone row ordered relationships of pitches 20th-Century Music Extensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism • The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color • • Serialism ordered other musical elements Result was a totally controlled, organized • music Tone row ordered relationships of pitches 20th-Century Music Extensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism • The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color • • Serialism ordered other musical elements Result was a totally controlled, organized • music Tone row ordered relationships of pitches • Relationships often very difficult to perceive 20th-Century Music Chance Music • Opposite of Serialism 20th-Century Music Chance Music • Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and • rhythms by random methods Opposite of Serialism 20th-Century Music Chance Music • Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and • rhythms by random methods Opposite of Serialism • John Cage: 4’33”, Imaginary Landscape 20th-Century Music Chance Music • Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and • rhythms by random methods Opposite of Serialism • John Cage: 4’33”, Imaginary Landscape Karlheinz Stockhausen: Piano Piece No. 11 • 20th-Century Music Minimalist Music • Characteristics 20th-Century Music Minimalist Music • Characteristics • Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments 20th-Century Music Minimalist Music • Characteristics • Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments texture, & harmony constant • Dynamics, over time 20th-Century Music Minimalist Music • Characteristics • Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments texture, & harmony constant • Dynamics, over time • Emphasis on simple forms, clarity, understatement 20th-Century Music Musical Quotation • Represents conscious break with serialism 20th-Century Music Musical Quotation • Improves communication w/ audience • Represents conscious break with serialism 20th-Century Music Musical Quotation • Improves communication w/ audience • Quoted material conveys symbolic • meaning Represents conscious break with serialism 20th-Century Music Musical Quotation • Improves communication w/ audience • Quoted material conveys symbolic • meaning Represents conscious break with serialism • Frequently juxtaposes quoted material with others, creating an Charles Ives-esque sound 20th-Century Music Return to Tonality • Parallels quotation in implying other styles 20th-Century Music Electronic Music • Uses technological advances for new music 20th-Century Music Electronic Music • Uses technological advances for new music • Recording tape, synthesizers, computers 20th-Century Music Electronic Music • Uses technological advances for new music • Allows composers to skip the middle step of • performers to convey their ideas to an Recording tape, synthesizers, computers audience 20th-Century Music Electronic Music • Uses technological advances for new music • Allows composers to skip the middle step of • performers to convey their ideas to an Recording tape, synthesizers, computers audience • Provides unlimited palette of sounds/tone colors 20th-Century Music Liberation of Sound • Use of wider variety of sounds than ever 20th-Century Music Liberation of Sound • Use of wider variety of sounds than ever • Some sounds were previously considered noises 20th-Century Music Liberation of Sound • Use of wider variety of sounds than ever • Some sounds were previously considered noises & unusual performance techniques are • Novel required (screaming, tapping instrument, …) 20th-Century Music Liberation of Sound • Use of wider variety of sounds than ever • Some sounds were previously considered noises & unusual performance techniques are • Novel required (screaming, tapping instrument, …) • Use of microtones, clusters, any new sound 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Often intended to relax concert atmosphere • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Often intended to relax concert atmosphere • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect Rhythm and Form 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Often intended to relax concert atmosphere • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect Rhythm and Form • Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Often intended to relax concert atmosphere • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect Rhythm and Form • • Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes Traditional forms giving way to new ideas 20th-Century Music Mixed media • Often intended to relax concert atmosphere • Visual art often combined w/ music for effect Rhythm and Form • • Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes Traditional forms giving way to new ideas music “unfolds” without obvious • Some form devices 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992) 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992) Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992) Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings Percussive sounds on some notes 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992) Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings Percussive sounds on some notes Polyphonic 20th-Century Music 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed Electronic and electronically processed sounds 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed Electronic and electronically processed sounds Some tone-like sounds, some noise-like 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed Electronic and electronically processed sounds Some tone-like sounds, some noise-like Early electronic composition 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed Electronic and electronically processed sounds Some tone-like sounds, some noise-like Early electronic composition 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel piece 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel piece Use of quoted material 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel piece Use of quoted material Basso continuo, as in Baroque 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel piece Use of quoted material Basso continuo, as in Baroque Terraced dynamics to imply Baroque 20th-Century Music 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams Rapid tempo 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams Rapid tempo Rhythmic drive 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams Rapid tempo Rhythmic drive Powerful, colorful sonorities 20th-Century Music 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Shard (1977) by Elliott Carter 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Shard (1977) by Elliott Carter Jazzlike offbeat accents 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Shard (1977) by Elliott Carter Jazzlike offbeat accents Dyads—two tones sounding simultaneously 20th-Century Music Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces Shard (1977) by Elliott Carter Jazzlike offbeat accents Dyads—two tones sounding simultaneously Harmonics 20th-Century Music Looking Ahead • • Music For Stage and Screen Rock • Jazz
