Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn 1.
FURTHER READING AND INTERESTING LINKS (BY CHAPTER) a. Chapter 1: So what is epidemiology anyway? 
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Snow, M.D. London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, England, 1855 This site hosted by UCLA gives access to the full text of John Snow’s account of his investigations into the transmission of cholera as well as other related resources including maps of London from that period. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowbook.html 
A more detailed account of the sinking of the Titanic and some other relevant links. http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm 
On Airs Waters and Places. Hippocrates, 400 B.C. Translated by Francis Adams. http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/airwatpl.html b. Chapter 2: Measuring disease & Chapter 3: Descriptive epidemiology 
Global Burden of Disease Reports (WHO)
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/index.html 
A graphic display from the US Centers for Disease Control shows the dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity in the USA from 1985 to 2009 http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html 
Sources of data – link to #3 Sources of Data c. Chapter 4: Study design (nice to include logos for studies where they have one) i.
Cross‐sectional Studies 
The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm ii. Cohort Studies 
45 and Up (Australia) 
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (UK) 
Boyd‐Orr Study (UK) 
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition 
Framingham Heart Study (USA) 
Million Women Study (UK) http://www.millionwomenstudy.org/ 
Nurses Health Studies (USA) http://www.channing.harvard.edu/nhs/ 
Thai Health Risk‐Transition Study http://nceph.anu.edu.au/Thai_Cohort_Study/index.php http://www.45andup.org.au/ http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/ http://www.epi.bris.ac.uk/boydorr/ http://epic.iarc.fr/ http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/ DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 1 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn iii. Case‐Control Studies 
Case‐Control Surveillance Study (USA)
http://www.bu.edu/slone/Research/Studies/CCS/CCS.htm iv. Intervention Studies 
James Lind: A treatise of the Scurvy 1753 – Concluding remarks.
http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Medicine/Lind(1753).html 
Physicians’ Health Studies 
Alpha‐Tocopherol and Beta‐Carotene prevention Study (ATBC)
http://atbcstudy.cancer.gov/ http://phs.bwh.harvard.edu/ c v. Ethics 
Free on‐line tutorial developed by the US National Institute of Health (NIH) Office of Extramural Research; although designed primarily for NIH grant holders, most of the content is applicable to all. http://phrp.nihtraining.com/users/login.php 
Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/e72syn.htm 
The Nuremberg Code (1947) 
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) 
The Tuskagee Syphilis Study (1932‐1972) 
The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research (1979) http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.html http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/helsinki.html http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm d. Chapter 5: Measuring Associations 
EpiInfo is a free program for epidemiological analysis Link to Section 2(a) 
Link to Section 2(b) EpiInfo Other useful epidemiological and statistical calculators e. Chapter 6: Chance 
EpiInfo is a free program for epidemiological analysis Link to Section 2(a) EpiInfo f.
Chapter 9: Reading and writing papers (i) Guidelines for reporting different types of study: 
The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel‐group randomised trials. Moher, D., Schultz, K. F. and Altman, D. G. for the CONSORT Group. (2001) Lancet, 357: 1191–1194. Free download from 
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471‐2288/1/2 The STREGA statement: STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) – an extension of the STROBE statement. Little, J., Higgins, J.P.Y., Ioannidis, J.P.A. et al. (2009) PLoS Medicine, 6(2): e1000022. DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 2 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn Free download from
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http://www.annals.org/content/150/3/206.full The STROBE Statement: The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M. et al. (2007) PLoS Medicine 4(10): e296. Free download from
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 
The TREND Statement: Improving the reporting quality of non‐randomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. : Des Jarlais, D. C., Lyles, C., Crepaz, N. and the TREND Group. (2004) American Journal of Public Health, 94: 361–366. Free download from
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http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/94/3/361 Reporting longitudinal observational studies: Quality of reporting of observational longitudinal research. Tooth, L., Ware, R., Dobson, A., Purdie, D. and Bain, C. (2005) American Journal of Epidemiology, 161: 280–288. Free download from http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/161/3/280.long (ii) Case Studies reported in the text: 1. Case–control studies of blood transfusion and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Riggs, J. E., Moudgil, S. S. and Hobbs, G. R. (2001). Creutzfeld–Jakob disease and blood transfusions: a meta‐analysis of case–control studies. Military Medicine, 166: 1057–1058. Abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778403 2. A case–control study of oesophageal cancer and smoking in Australia Pandeya, N., Williams, G.M., Green, A.C. et al. (2009). Do low control response rates always affect the findings? Assessments of smoking and obesity in two Australian case‐control studies of cancer. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33: 312‐319. Abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753‐
6405.2009.00401.x/abstract 3. A case–control study of body‐mass index (BMI) and asthma in Mexico Santillan, A. A. and Camargo Jr, C. A. (2003). Body mass index and asthma among Mexican adults: the effect of using self‐reported versus measured weight and height. International Journal of Obesity, 27: 1430–1433. Abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574357 4. A cross‐sectional study of risk factors for depression in the UK Osborn, D. P. J., Fletcher, A. E., Smeeth, L. et al. (2003). Factors associated with depression in a representative sample of 14,217 people aged 75 and over in the United Kingdom: results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18: 623–630. Abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gps.896/abstract
DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 3 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn 5. A cohort study of statin use and atrial fibrillation in the USA Young‐Xu, Y., Jabbour, S., Goldberg, R. et al. (2003). Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 92: 1379–1383. Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14675569 g. Chapter 10: Causality 
Bradford Hills guide to assessing causality: Hill, A. B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society for Medicine, 58: 295–300. Free download from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1898525/?tool=pubmed h. Chapter 11: Reviews (i) Resources for literature searching 
PubMed search engine from US National Library of Medicine search engine for health‐
related articles http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed (ii) Organisations that conduct comprehensive reviews of health 
Cochrane Collaboration Database 
The World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute of Cancer Research http://www.cochrane.org Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. WCRF 2008. A comprehensive review of evidence for the relation between aspects of nutrition and different types of cancer. Free download from http://www.wcrf.org/research/expert_report/index.php 
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm 
The Community Guide to preventive services: established by the US Department of Health and Human Services in 1996 and conducted by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html 
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme: comprehensive reviews of the literature relating specific exposures to cancer risk http://monographs.iarc.fr (ii) Guidelines for reporting reviews 
MOOSE statement: Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. A Proposal for Reporting. Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C. et al. (2000) Journal of the American Medical Association, 283: 2008‐2012. Free download from 
http://jama.ama‐assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/15/2008 PRISMA statement: The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta‐
analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J. et al. (2009) British Medical Journal, 339:b2700 doi: DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 4 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn 10.1136/bmj.b2700. Free download from http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b2700.full?view=long&pmid=19622552 
QUORUM Statement: Improving the quality of reports of meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta‐analyses. Moher, D., Cook, D. J., Eastwood, S. et al. (1999) Lancet, 354: 1896–1900. Free download from http://www.consort‐
statement.org/mod_product/uploads/QUOROM%20Statement%201999.pdf i.
Chapter 12: Outbreaks 
US Centers for Disease Control Guidelines for investigating clusters
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters 
The One Health Initiative linking human and veterinary medicine
http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/ 
A series of articles on cluster investigation published in Statistics in Medicine, 2006 volume 25 issue 5 (Abstracts freely available; access to full articles requires a subscription) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.v25:5/issuetoc 
The SARS outbreak and global response: Emerging Infect Dis 2004; 10(2) Free Download from www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/ 
US CDC exercise in outbreak investigation: Oswego: An Outbreak of Gastrointestinal Illness Following a Church Supper
http://www.cdc.gov/eis/casestudies/casestudy‐list.htm j.
Chapter 13: Surveillance 
The WHO coordinates a number of surveillance activities o
Global Outbreak Alert Reporting Network – GOARN http://www.who.int/csr/outbreaknetwork/en/ Established to facilitate rapid identification, confirmation and response to outbreaks of international importance o
Stepwise system for surveillance – STEPS http://www.who.int/chp/steps/en/ Set up to help member countries collect comparable information using the same standardised questions and protocols; currently available for risk factors and stroke o
Surveillance of Risk Factors http://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance/ncds/infobase/en/ Free download of the 2003 SuRF Report from
http://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance/resources/surf_report/en/print.html 
The US Centres for Disease Control has a number of relevant sites: DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 5 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn o
The Division of Emerging Infections and Surveillance Services website reports a complex array of current surveillance programmes http://www.cdc.gov/ncpdcid/deiss/index.html o
Surveillance activities are also listed at http://www.cdc.gov/datastatistics (under the ‘Surveillance’ tab) o
The US National Electronic Telephonic Surveillance System (NETSS) http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/netss.htm k. Chapter 14: Prevention 
The Community Guide – a free resource with information about programs and policies aimed at
improving health and preventing disease in the community
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http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html The ‘polypill’ – A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. Wald, N. J. and Law, M. R. (2003) British Medical Journal, 326: 1419–1425. Free download from 
http://www.bmj.com/content/326/7404/1419.full Comparative quantification of health risks: conceptual framework and methodological issues. Murray, C. J. L., Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A. and Vander Hoorn S. (2003) Population Health Metrics, 1: 1. Free download from http://www.pophealthmetrics.com/content/1/1/1 l.
Chapter 15: Screening 
US CDC exercise in screening: Screening for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus http://www.cdc.gov/eis/casestudies/casestudy‐list.htm m. Chapter 16: Conclusion 
Alpha‐Tocopherol and Beta‐Carotene prevention Study (ATBC) – link to c(iv) above 
Thai Health Risk‐Transition Study – link to c(ii) above DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 6 Essential Epidemiology 2nd Edn 2.
OTHER USEFUL LINKS a. Free epidemiological software 
EpiInfo http://www.cdc.gov/Epiinfo/ b. Other statistical calculators 
OpenEpi – a series of applications for performing epidemiological calculations 
http://www.openepi.com/Menu/OpenEpiMenu.htm Episheet – a useful Excel spreadsheet developed by Prof Ken Rothman, Boston, for analysis of epidemiologic data; download from: http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/0195135547/downloads/?view=usa (NB I am not sure of the political correctness of this link as the program is accessible from the OUP website for Ken Rothman’s Intro Epi book … I am happy for you to exclude this if you think it’s inappropriate). c. Tools for searching the literature 
PubMed 
SUMSearch: a search tool designed to automate searching for medical evidence http://ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/ d. Other sites with useful links to epidemiological information and resources 
EpiMonitor provides access to the monthly publication of the same name as well as a guide to epidemiology resources on line and ‘Epidemiology Wit & Wisdom’ – a lighter look at things epidemiological http://www.epimonitor.net/index.htm 
The University of California (San Francisco) hosts a site that provides access to a wide range of epidemiology and public health‐related sites, by country http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/epidem.html 
The US Government hosts the Cancer Control P.L.A.N.E.T. (Plan, Link, Act Network with Evidence‐based Tools) that has a wide range of links relating to cancer prevention http://cancercontrolplanet.cancer.gov/ 
Martindale’s Public Health Center has a wide‐ranging and eclectic site with many data links http://www.martindalecenter.com/PHealth.html DRAFT 4 Oct 2010 7