AP EXAM REVIEW: UNITED STATES HISTORY
APUSH - CORNWELL
POLITICAL ISSUES, EVENTS & CONCEPTS
Colonial Settlement & Founders
Roanoke (Lost Colony) (1585) – Sir Walter Raleigh
Jamestown (1607) – John Smith
Plymouth Colony (1620) – William Bradford (Pilgrims)
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629) – John Winthrop (Puritans)
Rhode Island (1631/38) – Roger Williams & Ann Hutchinson
Maryland (1634) – Lord Baltimore (The Calverts) Catholic Refuge
Pennsylvania (1681) – William Penn (Quakers)
Georgia (1732) – James Oglethorpe (“debtors”, buffer against Spanish)
Government
Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) – first colonial representative government
Albany Plan (1754) – Ben Franklin – failed effort at unity in reaction to French & Indian War
Stamp Act Congress (1765) – unity against “ taxation without representation”
First Continental Congress (1774) – response to the Coercive/Intolerable Act
Second Continental Congress (1775 – 1781) – Lexington & Concord; Declaration of Independence
Articles of Confederation (1781 – 1789) – loose Confederation, weak central government
Constitution (1789 – present) – “a living document”; flexibility – amendment process; separation of powers, checks &
balances -- federalism
Documents
Mayflower Compact (1620) -- Pilgrims
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
Maryland Toleration Act (1649)
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
Declaration of Independence (1776) – Jefferson
John Locke – “ natural rights”
Thomas Paine -- Common Sense
Constitution (1787 – 89) – James Madison (“father of”)
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
Great Compromise – Virginia Plan & New Jersey Plan (Connecticut Plan)
Three-fifths Compromise – slavery and representation & taxation
Ratification Debate (1789)
Federalists v. Antifederalists
Federalists Papers (Madison, Hamilton & Jay)
Bill of Rights (1791)
Amendments
First – five basic freedoms
Thirteen, Fourteen & Fifteen – Reconstruction
Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen (Twenty One) – Progressive Era
Twenty Six – 18 year-old vote
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments – Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Supreme Court Cases
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Munn v. Illinois (1873)
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Insular Cases (1901)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Brown v Board of Education (1954)
Gideon v. Wainright (1963)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
U.S. v. Nixon 1974)
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)
Supreme Court Chief Justices
John Marshall (1801-35)
Roger B. Taney (1836-64)
Earl Warren (1953-69)
Warren Burger (1969-86)
Trials
John Zenger (1735)
Sacco & Vanzetti (1921*)
John T. Scopes (1925)
Leopold-Loeb (19??)
Political Parties
Federalist Party – Hamilton, J. Adams (G. Washington) (1796 – 1816)
Democratic-Republican Party (Jeffersonian Republicans) – Jefferson, Madison, Monroe (1796 – 1828)
Democratic Party – Jackson, Cleveland, Wilson, FDR, Truman, JFK, LBJ (1828 – present)
Anti-Masons (1831) – first national nominating convention
Whig Party – Clay, Webster, Wm. Harrison, Taylor (1830s – 1850s)
Know-Nothing (American) Party (1840s & ‘50s)
Republican Party – Lincoln, TR, Hoover, Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan (1854 – present)
Populist Party – William Jennings Bryan (1892 – 1896)
Progressive Party (Bull Moose) – TR (1912)
Socialist Party – Eugene Debs
Dixiecrats – Strom Thurmond (1948)
American Independent Party – George Wallace (1968)
Reform Party – Ross Perot (1992)
Hartford Convention – War of 1812, demise of Federalists
Jacksonian Democracy – increased voting rights, democratic participation (Spoils System)
The Gilded Age – “the era of forgettable presidents” & the spoilsmen
Presidents & their Programs
Theodore Roosevelt – Square Deal (1904); New Nationalism (1912)
Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom (1912)
Franklin Roosevelt – New Deal (1932)
Harry Truman – Fair Deal (1948)
Dwight D. Eisenhower – Modern Republicanism (1952)
John F. Kennedy – The New Frontier (1960)
LBJ – The Great Society (1964)
Nixon – New Federalism (1968)
Elections
The Revolution of 1800 – Jefferson v. Adams -- “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
1824 – Favorite Sons – Corrupt Bargain (House of Representatives) – JQA, Clay & Jackson
1844 – Manifest Destiny - “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” – Polk
1858 – Lincoln v. Douglas – Freeport Doctrine
1860 – Republican victory – Secession of the South (Lincoln)
1876 – Compromise of 1877 – Hayes v. Tilden – end of Reconstruction
1896 – Cross of Gold speech – Bryan v. McKinley
1912 – Progressivism – Wilson, TR & Taft (Debs)
1932 – New Deal – FDR “…nothing to fear but fear itself”
1940 – unprecedented third term – FDR
1960 – First Catholic -- JFK
1968 – Democratic Convention – Humphrey v. McCarthy; Vietnam, demonstrations
1972 – Watergate – Nixon v. McGovern
1980 – Reagan Revolution -- Reagan v. Carter
Presidential Speeches
Washington’s Farewell Address – “political parties & foreign entanglements”
Jefferson’s Inaugural Speech – “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
Lincoln – first & second inaugurals, Gettysburg Address
FDR – first inaugural, Four Freedoms
Eisenhower’s Farewell Address – “military industrial complex”
JFK – inaugural – “…ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
Legislation, Proclamations & Resolutions
Navigation Acts* (1651 – 1733)
Proclamation Act* (1763)
Stamp Act* (1765)
Coercive/Intolerable Acts* (1774)
Ordinance of 1785
Land Ordinance of 1787
Judiciary Act of 1789
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Alien & Sedition (Naturalization) Acts (1798)
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1799)
Embargo Act (1807)
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Force Bill (1833)
Specie Circular (1836)
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Homestead Act (1862)
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Reconstruction Act (1867)
Tenure of Office Act (1868)
Pendleton Act (1883)
Dawes Act (1887)
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Teller Amendment (1896)
Platt Amendment (1901)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Mann Act (1910)
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Espionage & Sedition Acts (1916)
Selective Service Act (1916)
Volstead Act (1919)
NIRA (1933)
AAA (1933)
TVA (1933)
Social Security Act (1935)
Wagner Labor Relations Act (1935)
Selective Service Act (1940)
Smith Act (1940)
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944)
Employment Act of 1946
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Interstate Highway Act (1956)
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Voting Rights Act (1965)
War Powers Act (1973)
Foreign Policy Doctrines
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Open Door Notes (1899)
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1902) (“big stick policy”)
Dollar Diplomacy – Taft vis-à-vis Latin America
Good Neighbor Policy – Hoover & FDR vis-à-vis Latin America
Stimson Doctrine (1931)
Truman Doctrine (1947)
“containment”
Marshall Plan* (1947)
Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
“roll-back, liberation, brinkmanship”; “massive retaliation”
Nixon Doctrine (1969)
Carter Doctrine (1979*)
Isolationism – Washington’s Farewell Address, Monroe Doctrine, Interwar years (1920s & ‘30s)
Domino Theory – Indochina
MAD – “mutual assured destruction” (Cold War)
Treaties Ending Wars/Conflicts
Treaty of Paris of 1763 – French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris of 1783 – Revolutionary War
Treaty of Ghent – War of 1812
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – Mexican War (1848)
Treaty of Paris of 1898 – Spanish-American War
Treaty of Versailles – First World War
Treaty of 1945 – World War II (V-E Day; V-J Day)
Korean Armistice – 1953
Paris Peace Accords – 1973 – Vietnam
Treaties
Franco-American Treaty* (1778) – Revolutionary War
Jay Treaty (1794) – British forts in Northwest Territory
Pinckney Treaty (1795) – navigation of Mississippi R., “right of deposit” at New Orleans
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) – Great Lakes
Treaty of 1818 – Canadian border, 49th parallel
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) -- Florida
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) – Maine-Canada border
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) – Canal through Central America
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) – Panama Canal
Four, Five and Nine Power Treaties (1921-22) (Washington Naval Conference)
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – “outlaw” war except for defense
NATO (1949) – collective security for Western Europe
U.S. – Japanese Security Treaty (1951)
SEATO (1954) – collective security for Southeast Asia
CENTO (195?) – Iran
SALT I (1972) – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
INF
START
Wars & Conflicts
French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
Revolution/War for Independence (1775 – 1781) – John Hancock (George Washington)
War of 1812 (1812 – 1814) – Madison
Texas War for Independence (1835 – 1836) – Jackson (Sam Houston)
Mexican War (1846 – 1848) – Polk
Civil War (1861 – 1865) – Lincoln (Jefferson Davis)
Spanish-American War (1898) – McKinley
First World War (1914/16 – 1918) (The Great War) – Wilson
Second World War (1939/41 – 1945) – FDR
Korean War (1950 – 1953) -- Truman
Vietnam War (1961* – 1973) – JFK, LBJ, Nixon
Gulf War (1990 – 1991) – George H. Bush
Undeclared Wars and Crisis
Quasi-War with France – (1798 – 1800)
Barbary Pirates (1801-05)
Filipino Insurrection (1898 -- 1902) Emilio Aguinaldo
Mexico (1915-16) – Pancho Villa
Berlin Airlift (1948)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – JFK
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-81) – Carter, the Shah & the Ayatollah
Iran-Contra Affair (1986) – Reagan, Oliver North
Battles
Lexington & Concord (1775)
Bunker (Breed’s)Hill (1775)
Saratoga (1777)
Yorktown (1781)
New Orleans (1815)
Bull Run (1861)
Antietam (1862)
Vicksburg (1863)
Gettysburg (1863)
San Juan Hill (1898)
Manila Bay (1898)
Pearl Harbor (1941)
D-Day (1944)
Battle of the Bulge (1944)
Tet Offensive (1968)
Territorial Expansion
Treaty of Paris (1783) – Atlantic to Mississippi River
Louisiana Purchase (1803) – Mississippi River West
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) -- Florida
Annexation of Texas (1845) – joint resolution of Congress
Oregon Treaty (1846) – 49th parallel
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) – Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase (1853) – completes continental 48 states; southern continental railroad
Ostend Manifesto (1854) – plan to “acquire” Cuba
Alaska Purchase (1867) – Seward’s Folly
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
Treaty of Paris (1898) – “overseas empire” – Puerto Rico, Philippines
ECONOMIC POLICIES, ISSUES, EVENTS & CONCEPTS
Economic Issues & Programs
Mercantilism
“salutary neglect”
Hamilton’s Economic program – Alexander Hamilton – national debt, national bank, excise tax, protective tariff*
The American System – Henry Clay – internal improvements, national bank, protective tariff
Tariff Policy
1816 – American System
1828 – Tariff of Abominations
1909 – Payne-Aldrich
1913 – Underwood-Simmons
1929 – Hawley-Smoot
New Deal
Hundred Days
Alphabet Soup
Deficit spending – John Maynard Keynes
The War on Poverty – LBJ (expansion of New Deal)
Revenue Sharing – Nixon (block grants to states)
Reaganomics – supply-side economics (trickle-down theory)
Main sources of government revenue in 18th & 19th centuries – land sales, excise tax, tariffs
“monetary policy”
inflation
bimetallism (Populist)
New sources of government revenue in 20th century – individual & corporate income taxes (16th Amendment)
Panics, Recessions & Depressions
1819 – Monroe
1837 – Van Buren
1857 – Buchanon
1873 – Grant
1893 – Cleveland
1929 – Hoover, Mellon, FDR
1970s – Nixon, Ford & Carter
1981-- Reagan
Industrialization & Urbanization
Captains of Industry – Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan
Corporations – horizontal & vertical integration; trusts; holding companies
Growth of cities – urbanization
Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer
Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie
Henry Ford – assembly line
Frederick Taylor – scientific management
Labor
Eli Whitney – cotton ‘gin
Lowell Factory System
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – labor unions NOT illegal monopolies that restrained trade
Knights of Labor – Terrance Powderly, Haymarket Square
American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers
Industrial Workers of the World – “Big” Bill Haywood
Congress of Industrial Organizations – John L. Lewis
Strikes
Great Railroad (1877)
Haymarket Square Riot (1886)
Homestead Strike (1892)
Pullman Strike (1894)
Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (1910)
Boston Policy Strike (1919– 20)
UAW v. GM (1937)
Changes in the Work Force
First Great Migration – African Americans to northern cities (1915 – 20)
Second Great Migration – African Americans to northern cities & the West coast (1940 – 45)
Women in the work place – Rosie the Riveter (WWII)
Women in the work place – 1960s & 1970s (“women’s lib”, economic necessity)
Transportation
Steam boat – Fulton (1807)
National Road – (1807 – 1816)
Erie Canal (1825)
Transcontinental Railroad – Promontory Point, Utah (1869)
Panama Canal (1914)
Transatlantic Flight – Charles Lindbergh (1927)
CULTURAL & SOCIAL ISSUES & EVENTS
Literature
Herman Melville – Moby Dick
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
James Fenimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans
Ralph Waldo Emerson – Civil Disobedience
Henry David Thoreau – Walden
Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Hinton R. Helper – Impending Crisis of the South
Helen Hunt Jackson – Century of Dishonor
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lived
Edward Bellamy – Looking Backward,2000-1887
Henry George – Progress and Poverty
Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Company
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle
F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby
John Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath
Sinclair Lewis – Main Street
Joseph Heller – Catch 22
J. D. Salinger – Catcher in the Rye
Jack Kerouac – On the Road
David Riesman – The Lonely Crowd
Rachel Carson – Silent Spring
Michael Harrington – The Other America
John Winthrop – City Upon a Hill
Jonathan Edwards – Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Patrick Henry – “…give me liberty or give me death.” (Stamp Act Congress)
Thomas Paine – Common Sense
Frederick Jackson Turner – Frontier Thesis
Schools/Periods of Literature
Romanticism
Realism – Stephan Crane
Yellow Journalism – Hearst & Pulitzer (1890s)
Muckrakers – Ida Tarbell, John Spargo, Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair (1880s- 1910)
The Lost Generation – Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lewis, Eliot (Gertrude Stein) (1920s)
The Harlem Renaissance – Langston Hughes (1920s)
The Beat Generation – Alan Ginsburg, Jack Kerouac, David Riesman (1950s)
Publishers
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator
Frederick Douglass – The North Star
William Randolph Hearst – The Journal
Joseph Pulitzer – The World
Art
Hudson River School
George Caleb Bingham
Thomas Cole
Frederick Church
Ash Can
Modernism
Abstract Expressionism
Andy Warhol
Movies & Television
Birth of a Nation – D. W. Griffith (1915)
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit – Sloan Wilson (1957)
All in the Family Norman Lear (1960s – 1970s)
Movements
First Great Awakening (1739) – George Whitfield & Jonathan Edwards
Deism (Clock maker) – Franklin &Jefferson
Second Great Awakening – (1830) Charles Finney
Mormons – Joseph Smith & Brigham Young
Unitarianism – William Ellery Channing
Transcendentalism – Emerson & Thoreau
Abolitionism – Garrison, Douglass, the Grimke sisters
Utopian societies – Brook Farm & Oneida
Public Education – Puritans, Horace Mann, John Dewey
Nativism – 1840s & ‘50s; 1890s; 1920s (KKK)
Harlem Renaissance – Langston Hughes
Populist – William Jennings Bryan
Prohibition – 18th & 21st Amendments;WCTU
Progressive -- John Dewey & William James; TR, Taft, WW & LaFollette
Women’s Rights – Abigail Adams, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul
Margaret Sanger, Betty Friedan (NOW), Angela Davis, Phyllis Schlafly, ERA
“republican mother”, “flappers”, “cult of domesticity”
McCarthyism – Joseph McCarthy
Salem Witchcraft trials (1692-1693)
Counterculture & the New Left (1960s) – hippies & the SDS
Moral Majority – Jerry Falwell (1980)
Immigration & Related Legislation
Nativism (1840s, 1890s, 1920s)
Old immigrants – Northern & Western Europe (1776 – 1865)
New immigrants – Southern & Eastern Europe (1890 – 1915)
political machines & bosses – Boss Tweed, George Washington Plunkett (Tammany Hall)
settlement houses” – Jane Addams (Hull House)
Social Gospel
Chinese Exclusion Act (1873)
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907-08)
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
National Origins Act of 1924
Bracero program (1942)
Immigration Act of 1965
Rebellion’s, Uprisings, Marches & Protests
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Shays’ Rebellion (1786)
Whiskey Rebellion (1793)
Coxey’s Army (1894)
Bonus Army (1932)
March on Washington (1963)
Native Americans
Pueblo Revolt (1680 – 1692)
Iroquois Confederacy
Pontiac – 1763 rebellion
Tecumseh – Battle of Fallen Timbers (1811)
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse – Battle of the Little Big Horn (Sioux War of 1875-76)
Chief Joseph – “I’ll Fight No More”
Trail of Tears (1836)
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
AIM – American Indian Movement (1968)
Slavery & Civil Rights
Crispus Attucks – Boston Massacre (1770)
Denmark Vesey – slave rebellion (1822)
Nat Turner – slave rebellion (1831)
Frederick Douglass – runaway slave, abolitionist
Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad (1850s)
Booker T. Washington – Atlanta Compromise (1895)
W.E.B. DuBois – Niagara Movement (1905)
Ida B. Wells – jounalist, Free Speech (1891)
Marcus Garvey – Negro Improvement Association (1919)
Rosa Parks – Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1955 – 1968)
Malcolm X – Nation of Islam
Shirley Chisholm – first African American female elected to Congress (1968)
Civil Rights Organizations
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Niagara Movement (1905)
NAACP (1909) – DuBois, Roger Wilkins
CORE (1942) – James Farmer
SCLC (1957) -- MLK, Jr.
SNCC (1960) – Stokely Carmichael
Black Panthers (1966) – Huey Newton
Black Muslims – Malcom X
Nation of Islam – Louis Farakhan
Organization of Afro-American Unity – Malcolm X
Civil Rights Twentieth Century Time Line
Pres. Truman establishes Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
Jackie Robinson
Pres. Truman “desegregates” the federal government & the armed services (1948)
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) – Rosa Parks
Little Rock (1957) – Central High, Gov. Orval Faubus
Sit-ins – Greensboro (1960)
Freedom Riders (1961)
March on Washington (1963)
March from Selma to Montgomery (1965)
Summer Riots (1965-68)
Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated – April 4, 1968
Civil Rights Legislation & Court Cases
Civil Rights Act of 1866
“black codes” -- reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – “separate but equal”
Civil Rights Acts of 1948
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – overturns Plessy
Civil Rights Act of 1957 – first since Reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1960 – Civil Rights Commission
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – “segregation of all public facilities is unconstitutional”
Twenty Fourth Amendment (1964) – abolished the “poll tax”
Voting Rights Act (1965) – ended literacy tests, provide federal registrars “where needed”
Latino/Chicano Leaders & Movements
Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers Organization