THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES REGIONAL RICE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE INVENTORY OF CASSAVA TECHNOLOGIES PREPARED BY: EXTENSION SERVICES SECTION August 2011 Introduction This inventory includes Cassava technologies and good agricultural practices of Cassava crop along the value chain documented from different sites in the country. The sites include research stations of Naliendele ( Mtwara Region), Ukiruguru( Mwanza) and Kibaha( coast region). Inventory of technologies was also carried out to farmers groups in Villages namely (Msijute villages,Mango pachanne,Mbawala) in Mtwara District Council, Mahita village inTandahimba District Council, Mtangalanga in Newala Ditrict Mtwara region (Southern Zone) Ngo’mbe in Misungwi District Mwanza, Kitalamaka Bunda District Council Mara Region( Lake Zone) and Sululu in Rufiji District Coast Region (Eastern zone) The inventory was done using a guideline provided by ASARECA that required the following for each technology or good practice: i.
Clear elaboration / description of the technology or practice ii.
Problem it aims to address in response to commodity challenges iii.
Have a proven record that it has been tested, adapted and utilized by beneficiaries iv.
Areas it has been promoted (ecological factors) v.
Generators, promoters and users of the technology vi.
Essential factors for successful promotion and adoption vii.
Challenges (if any) for further dissemination /up or out scaling viii.
Recommendations for addressing listed challenges ix.
Lessons learnt on best ways to get the technologies to the largest number of people x.
Gender issues (if any) considered in the development and dissemination of the technology and xi.
Any additional information considered important about the technology and its promotion Table Shows the Areas Visited ZONE
DISTRICT
Southern
Zone
Mtwara DC
AREA
VISITED
Msijute village
Mangopacha
Nne village
Mbawala
village
Tandahimba Mahuta village
Lake
Zone
Newala DC
Mtangalanga
Misungwi
DC
Ng’ombe
Bunda DC
Eastern
Zone
Rufiji DC
Mwakalima
village
Kitalamaka
village
Sululu Village
FARMER/GROUP TECHNOLOGY
Mkombozi Farmer
group
Somo
Farmer
Group
Jitegemee Farmer
Group
Ukombozi Farmers
Group
Muungano
Farmers Group
Farmer
Power tiller
Spacing
Seed multiplication
Cassava processing
Cassava processing
Cassava processing
Seed multiplication
Seed Multiplic
Maendeleo Farmer Seed Multiplication
Group
Ukombozi Farmer Seed Multiplication
Group
Sululu
Cassava Processing
Farmer Group
2
.
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Spacing
2. Description of the technology or innovation
⇒ Spacing is generally described as a row to row or plant to plant distance
or planting pattern. Researchers have recommended a space of 1x1m.
⇒ For maximum root production cassava is usually planted at a population
of 10,000 plants/ha stakes are generally planted at 1x1. m for
monoculture cassava or at wider row spacing (up to 2 m between rows)
for intercropping The technology aims in addressing the problem of
under population/overpopulation of plants in the field thus give the
farmer optimum yields.
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation.
Name and contact address of the organisation: ARI Naliendele (Generator)
Email address: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
P.O BOX 509-Mtwara
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile: 0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 1433 ARI- Ukiriguru Mwanza
Email address: lzalde@iwayafrica.com/ januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732981065/0732980768
Fax: Nil
Mobile: 0756-657316
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 30031 Kibaha Sugar cane
Telphone: 0732-932373
Email: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Country: TANZANIA
3
4. Users of the technology/innovation
⇒ Cassava growers
⇒ Training and research institutions like ARI Naliendele, IITA etc for research
and training purposes
5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the
technology/innovation
⇒ Capacity building and establishment of demonstration plots on practice
of 1x1m spacing
⇒ Awareness creation to farmers on the benefits associated with the
technology
6. Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low technical knowledge to beneficiaries/farmer on the benefits of the
technology
6. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number
⇒ Capacity building to farmers and practice the technology through Farmer
field school.
7. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get the technology used by the largest
number of people.
⇒ Farmer field school is a best way /approach to disseminate the technologies
⇒ Farmer to farmer extension should be encouraged
⇒ Regular training to key farmers and study tour
8. Gender issues/concerns considered in the development and dissemination of
the technology
Both men are equally involved
4
9. Additional important information about the technology and its promotion in
the region
Picture showing cassava planted in recommended spacing
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Kachaga- Cassava improved seeds
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed
⇒ Kachaga is one of the cassava improved seed variety. Kachaga is
characterices by;
i.
Early maturity (harvesting 8months),
ii.
High yielding 12-17 tons/hectare while local varieties are
yielding 5-10 tons/hectare,
iii.
Bitter and diseases /pest tolerant.
⇒ The technology aimed in addressing unavailability of planting materials,
Diseases and pest attack and Low yield per unit area.
5
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the
technology/innovation
Name and contact address of the organisation: ARI Ukiriguru (Generator)
Email address: izalde@iwayafrica.com/januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732981065/9732980768 Fax:Nil
Mobile: 0756-657316
P.O BOX 1433-Mwanza
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile: 0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 509 ARI- Naliendele Mtwara
Email address: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Mobile: 0784795389
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 30031 Kibaha Sugar cane
Telphone: 0732-932373
Email: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Country: TANZANIA
Fax: +255(073)2934103
4. The users of the technology/innovation
⇒ Individual cassava farmers
⇒ Researchers and research institutions
5. The critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of
the technology/innovation
⇒ Availability of enough planting materials (seeds)
⇒ Capacity building on improved varieties and agronomic practices
⇒ Access to credits and incentives
⇒ Improved marketing systems for cassava and the associated products
6
6. Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low multiplication ratio of planting materials – presently at the ratio of
1:10 Inadequate supply of improved planting materials,
⇒ Myths on cassava crop as it is regarded to be an inferior crop in some
places
⇒ Low investment on seed production
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above.
⇒ To have in place a clear policy which address cassava promotion
(especially blending cassava flour with other cereals)
⇒ Heavy investment on cassava seed multiplication and more emphasis
should put on commodity based seed multiplication systems
⇒ Promote cassava from being a draught and food crop to cash crop
8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used
by the largest number of people
⇒ Farmers should be involved in the process of the technology
dissemination – Participatory approach
9. Gender issues /concerns considered in the development and dissemination
of the technology or innovation
⇒ Both women and men involved equally in the production of cassava
10. Additional information that you might consider important about the
technology/innovation and its promotion in the region.
⇒ Private sector should be involved in promoting and production of
cassava improved seed on commercial basis
7
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Mkombozi - Cassava improved seeds
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed
⇒ Mkombozi is one of the cassava improved seed. Mkombozi is characterized
by:
i. Early maturity ( harvesting 8 months),
ii. High yielding 12-17 tons/hectare compared to local variety which
yield 5-10 tons/hectare,
iii. Sweet and diseases /pest tolerant
⇒ The technology aimed to address unavailability of planting materials,
diseases and pest attack and Low yield per unit area
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the
technology/innovation.
Name and contact address of the organisation: ARI Ukiriguru (Generator)
Email address: izalde@iwayafrica.com/januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: o732981065/0732980768 Fax: Nil
Mobile: 0756-657316
P.O BOX 1433-Mwanza
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile: 0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 509 ARI- Naliendele Mtwara
Email address: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Mobile: 0784795389
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 30031 Kibaha Sugar cane
Telphone: 0732-932373
Email: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Country: TANZANIA
Fax: +255(073)2934103
4. The users of the technology/innovation
⇒ The technology is used by farmers growing cassava, researchers, research and
training institutions
8
5. The critical and essential factors for successful promotion and
adoption of the technology/innovation
⇒ Availability of enough planting materials (seeds)
⇒ Capacity building on improved varieties and agronomic practices
⇒ Access to credits and incentives
⇒ Improved marketing systems for cassava and the associated products
6. Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low multiplication ratio of planting materials – presently at the ratio of
1:10 Inadequate supply of improved planting materials,
⇒ Myths on cassava crop as it is regarded to be an inferior crop in some
places
⇒ Low investment on seed production
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6
above.
⇒ To have in place a clear policy which address cassava promotion
(especially blending cassava flour with other cereals)
⇒ Heavy investment on cassava seed multiplication and more emphasis
should put on commodity based seed multiplication systems
⇒ Promote cassava from being a draught and food crop to cash crop
8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations
used by the largest number of people
⇒ Farmers should be involved in the process of the technology
dissemination – Participatory approach
9. Gender issues /concerns considered in the development and
dissemination of the technology or innovation
⇒ Both women and men involved equally in the production of cassava
9
10. Additional
information
considered
important
technology/innovation and its promotion in the region
about
the
⇒ Private sector should be involved in promoting and production of
cassava improved seed on commercial basis
Extension staff, researchers and farmers assesing growth of Mkombozi variety
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Kiroba- Cassava improved seeds
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed
⇒ Kiroba is one of the cassava improved seed. Kiroba is characterized by:
i. Early maturity ( harvesting 8 months),
ii. High yielding 20 tons/hectare compared to local variety which
yield 5 - 8 tons/hectare,
iii. Sweet and diseases /pest tolerant
⇒ The technology aimed to address unavailability of planting materials,
diseases and pest attack and Low yield per unit area
10
3. Contact details of
technology/innovation.
the
generators
and
promoters
of
the
Name and contact address of the organisation: Kibaha Sugar cane Institute
(Generator)
Email address: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732 932373
Fax:
P.O BOX 3003-Kibaha
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile:0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 1433 ARI- Ukiriguru Mwanza
Email address: lzalde@iwayafrica.com/ januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732981065/0732980768
Fax: Nil
Mobile:0756-657316
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 509 ARI- Naliendele-Mtwara
Telphone:+255(073)2934035
FAX: +255(073)2934103
Email: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Country: TANZANIA
4. Users of the technology/innovation
⇒ The technology is used by farmers growing cassava, researchers, research and
training institutions
5. The critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of
the technology/innovation
⇒ Availability of enough planting materials (seeds)
⇒ Capacity building on improved varieties and agronomic practices
⇒ Access to credits and incentives
⇒ Improved marketing systems for cassava and the associated products
6. Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low multiplication ratio of planting materials – presently at the ratio of
1:10 Inadequate supply of improved planting materials,
⇒ Myths on cassava crop as it is regarded to be an inferior crop in some
places
⇒ Low investment on seed production
11
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above.
⇒ To have in place a clear policy which address cassava promotion
(especially blending cassava flour with other cereals)
⇒ Heavy investment on cassava seed multiplication and more emphasis
should put on commodity based seed multiplication systems
⇒ Promote cassava from being a draught and food crop to cash crop
8. The lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations
used by the largest number of people
⇒ Farmers should be involved in the process of the technology
dissemination – Participatory approach
9. Gender issues /concerns considered in the development and dissemination of
the technology or innovation
⇒ Both women and men involved equally in the production of cassava
11. Additional information that you might consider important about the
technology/innovation and its promotion in the region.
⇒ Private sector should be involved in promoting and production of
cassava improved seed on commercial basis
Kiroba variety grown at Mangopachanne village at Mtwara District
12
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Naliendele - Cassava improved seeds
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed
⇒ Naliendele is one of the cassava improved seed. Naliendele is characterized
by:
iv. Early maturity ( harvesting 8 – 12 months),
v.
High yielding 20 tons/hectare compared to local variety which
yield 5 - 8 tons/hectare,
vi. Sweet and diseases /pest tolerant
⇒ The technology aimed to address unavailability of planting materials,
diseases and pest attack and Low yield per unit area
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters
technology/innovation.
Contact details of generators and promotors of technology/innoation
of
the
Name and contact address of the organisation: ARI Naliendele (Generator)
Email address: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
P.O BOX 509-Mtwara
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile: 0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 1433 ARI- Ukiriguru Mwanza
Email address: lzalde@iwayafrica.com/ januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732981065/0732980768
Fax: Nil
Mobile: 0756-657316
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 30031 Kibaha Sugar cane
Telphone: 0732-932373
Email: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Country: TANZANIA
4.
The users of the technology/innovation
⇒ The technology is used by farmers growing cassava, researchers, research and
training institutions
13
5.
The critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of
the technology/innovation
⇒ Availability of enough planting materials (seeds)
⇒ Capacity building on improved varieties and agronomic practices
⇒ Access to credits and incentives
⇒ Improved marketing systems for cassava and the associated products
6.
The challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low multiplication ratio of planting materials – presently at the ratio of
1:10 Inadequate supply of improved planting materials,
⇒ Myths on cassava crop as it is regarded to be an inferior crop in some
places
⇒ Low investment on seed production
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above.
⇒ To have in place a clear policy which address cassava promotion
(especially blending cassava flour with other cereals)
⇒ Heavy investment on cassava seed multiplication and more emphasis
should put on commodity based seed multiplication systems
⇒ Promote cassava from being a draught and food crop to cash crop
8.
Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used
by the largest number of people
⇒ Farmers should be involved in the process of the technology
dissemination – Participatory approach
9.
Gender issues /concerns considered in the development and dissemination
of the technology or innovation
⇒ Both women and men involved equally in the production of cassava
10. Additional
information
to
consider
important
technology/innovation and its promotion in the region.
about
the
⇒ Private sector should be involved in promoting and production of cassava
improved seed on commercial basis
14
1. Title of the technology or innovation
Manual and powered cassava grater and chipper
2. Description of technology/innovation
The manual and powered grater and chipper are used to prepare cassava flour out of fresh cassava.
The technology aims at reducing post harvesting losses on cassava and other tuber crops.
Cassava roots are peeled immediately after harvesting. The peeled roots are washed to remove dirt
and pieces of peels. Peeled roots are next chipped, grated, sliced, cubed or pelleted before further
processing can take place.If the chips come from bitter cassava varieties, the roots are often kept
in water for 2 to 4 days. This allows hydrogen cyanide to be released, reducing any public health
hazard. The water must be carefully disposed of afterwards. Chipping can be done manually or
with chipping equipment. Cassava chips has to be dried to a moisture content of around 12 to 15%
from the original moisture content of 65 to 75%. Once dried the chips should break easily without
crumbling. If no other storage method is used drying should take place within 2 days of harvesting
to ensure that the quality of the product is maintained. Cassava chips are often infested by insects
during the drying process so the time taken to dry the chips is important. The drying process can
be shortened by increasing the surface area of the chips in relation to their volume - so the smaller
the chips the faster the drying time. Traditionally cassava has been sun dried in the open air, either
on the ground or on a raised platform.
If cassava is grated or rasped as part of its processing then cassava paste need to be dewatered,
this can remove up to 50% of the water. Dewatering process can be done by various types of
press. The more simple types consist of parallel press boards that can be screwed together. The
paste is put into hessian or polypropylene sacks and placed into the press. Cassava grits have to be
dried to moisture content of around 12 to 15%; from the original moisture content of 65 to 75% on
sun in the open air, on a raised platform. Once dried the grits should be packed into polythene
bags to prevent any moisture being absorbed from the air. The bags should then be stored in a cool
dry location or can be milled to flour, packaging and stored in a dry and clean place
3. Contact details of
technology/innovation.
the
generators
and
promoters
of
the
Name and contact address of the organisation: ARI Naliendele (Generator)
Email address: utafiti@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
P.O BOX 509-Mtwara
Country: Tanzania
Name and contact address of key scientist:
PO Box: 509
Email address: geoffreymkamilo@yahoo.co.uk
Telephone: +255(073)2934035
Fax:+255(073)2934103
Mobile: 0784 795389
Country: TANZANIA
Name and contact address of key partners:
PO Box: 1433 ARI- Ukiriguru Mwanza
Email address: lzalde@iwayafrica.com/ januarimafuru@yahoo.com
Telephone: 0732981065/0732980768
Fax: Nil
Mobile: 0756-657316
Country: TANZANIA
P.O BOX 30031 Kibaha Sugar cane
Telphone: 0732-932373
Email: isacterus_2000@yahoo.com
Country: TANZANIA
15
4. The users of the technology/innovation
⇒ The technology is used by farmers growing cassava, researchers, research and
training institutions and cassava processors for commercial purposes
5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the
technology/innovation
⇒ Most farmer and processor are still new into the technology hence more
training and technology dissemination is needed
⇒ Capacity building in terms of accessing credits and incentives
⇒ Improved marketing systems for cassava and the associated products
6. The challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of the
technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling
⇒ Low quality of cassava flour and associated products which do not attract
consumers
⇒ Low price of cassava products compared to production costs
⇒ In some places cassava is not considered as a commercial produce
7.
Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above.
⇒ To have in place a clear policy which address cassava promotion
(especially blending cassava flour with other cereals)
⇒ Promote cassava from being a draught and food crop to cash crop
8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used
by the largest number of people
⇒ To avoid top down approach and to involve farmers on decision making
on which type of technology they do prefer
9.
Gender issues /concerns considered in
dissemination of the technology or innovation
the
development
and
⇒ Both women and men involved on operating the processing machine but in
some places women are timid
16
10. Additional
information
to
consider
important
technology/innovation and its promotion in the region.
about
the
⇒ Private sector should be involved in promoting, production and
processing of cassava and the associated products
Manual peeling of cassava
Cassava Grating and Rasping
Dewatering using hydraulic jack
Drying on the raised platform
17