10/3/2012
Sexual vs. Asexual
Asexual Propagation of Plants
• Sexual Propagation
• Seed
• Spore
From One to Many
• Benefits:
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Genetics
Low cost
Disease prevention
Only option for reproduction
(http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/pollinatio
n.html)
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Types of Propagation
Sexual vs. Asexual
• Asexual Propagation
• Root, stem, leaf
• Apomixis
• Benefits
• Cultivar reproduction
• Bypass juvenile characteristics
• It might be more economical
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(http://pinecrestgardenguy.blogspot.com/201
1/04/propagate-your-own-plants-part-1.html)
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Cuttings
Layering
Offsets
Separation
Division
Grafting
Budding
Plant Tissue Culture
(blog.buncolator.com)
(sharon-taxonomy2009p3.wikispaces.com)
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(easytogrowbulbs.com)
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10/3/2012
Questions
Physiology of Propagation
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Genetics
Hormones
Latent root initials
Wounding response
Adventitious organ formation
Primordia
(redstatebluestate.mlblogs.com)
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Genetics
Plant Cell
• DNA
• RNA
• Transcription
(biol.unt.edu)
• Translation
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(universe-review.ca)
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(enchantedlearning.com)
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10/3/2012
Plant Nucleus
Hormones
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(micro.magnet.fsu.edu)
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
Ancillary compounds
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Auxins
Cytokinins
• Zeatin
• IAA
• Kinetin
• IBA
• Benzyladenine
• NAA
(mplant.oxfordjournals.org)
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• Auxin/Cytokinin ratio
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10/3/2012
Gibberellins
Ethylene
• High concentrations inhibit root formation
• Seems to interact with auxin
• Promotes stem elongation
• Some plants are more sensitive
• Stimulates flowering
• Causes problems in plant storage
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Abscisic Acid
Ancillary Compounds
• Suppresses effects of cytokinins and gibberellins
• Modify other growth hormones
• Influences adaptation to water stress
• Polyamines
• Concentration alters effects
• Brassinosteroids
• Phenolics
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10/3/2012
Questions
Latent Root Initials
• Preformed roots
• Easily rooted species
• Hydrangea, poplar, willow, coleus
• Burr knots
(ideachampions.com)
(walterreeves.com)
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Wounding response
Adventitious Organ Formation
• Formation of necrotic plate
• Dedifferentiation
• Wound periderm
• Formation of root initials
• Cell division
• Root primordia
• Emergence
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10/3/2012
Anatomy of Roots
Questions
(vyneworld.com)
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(http://www.emc.maricopa.edu)
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Propagation Environments
• Air
Cuttings
• Plant organ type
• Stem
• Tip, medial, cane
• Single-eye, double-eye
• Heel
• Water
• Media
• Leaf
• Whole leaf with and without petiole
• Split vein and section
• Temperature
• Root
• Large and small roots
• Light
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10/3/2012
Stem Cuttings
Stem Cuttings
Stem
Cane
Single-eye
Heal
Double-eye
(http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-002/426002.html)
(http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-002/426-002.html)
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Stem Cuttings
Hardwood Deciduous
• Different types of stem cuttings
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Hardwood Deciduous
Hardwood Evergreen
Semi-Hardwood
Softwood
Herbaceous
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• Mature, dormant, or quiescent hardwood stems of
woody species
• Late fall to early spring
• Field propagated or in an enclosure
• 4” – 30” long; ¼” -1” diameter
• Treated with hormones; IBA/NAA
• Basal cuttings better than tip
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10/3/2012
Examples of Hardwood Cuttings
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Apple
Pear
Plum
Privet
Landscape roses
Dogwood
Fig
Hardwood Evergreen
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Mature hardwood stems of woody species
Late fall to late winter
Usually in controlled environment
4” to 8” long;
Treat with hormones; IBA/NAA
Slow to root
Bottom heat and wounding
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Examples of Evergreens
Semi-Hardwood Cuttings
Juniper
Yew (Taxus)
Spruce (Picea)
Firs (Abies)
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Chamaecyparis
Cryptomeria
Thuja
Tsuga
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Partially mature, current season, woody spp.
Late spring to late summer
Controlled environment
3” to 6” long
Treat with hormones
Possibly trim leaves
Wounding and bottom heat may help
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10/3/2012
Examples of Semi-hardwood
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Holly
Softwood Cuttings
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Pittosporum
Rhododendron
Citrus
Olive
Euonomous
Camellia
New, soft, succulent growth of woody spp.
Spring to early summer
Controlled environment
3” to 5” long
Treat with hormones
Relatively quick
Bottom heat may help
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Examples of Softwood
Herbaceous Cuttings
Lilac
Forsythia
Maple
Magnolia
Weigela
Apple
Peach
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Succulent stems from non-woody species
Year round in greenhouse or tropics
Controlled environment
3” to 5” long
Maybe hormones
Fastest to root and decay
Bottom heat may help
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10/3/2012
Examples of Herbaceous
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Geranium
Poinsettia
Dieffenbachia
Chrysanthemum
Coleus
Carnations
Leaf Cuttings
Split vein
Leaf or Heal
(tekura.school.nz)
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Leaf Cuttings
Leaf Cuttings
African Violet
Sanseveria
(apps.rhs.org.uk)
(autonopedia.org)
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10/3/2012
Leaf Cuttings
Leaf Cuttings
Begonia
Chimera
(mygarden.uphero.com)
(hort201.tamu.edu)
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Root Cuttings
Root Cuttings
• Maintain polarity
• Take during dormancy
• Small roots
• Small roots
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• 1” – 2”
• Fleshy roots
• 2” – 3”
Horizontally
Flats, trays, cells
½” deep
Moist but not wet
Cover
• Large roots
• 2” – 6”
(apps.rhs.org.uk)
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(treedictionary.com)
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10/3/2012
Root Cuttings
• Fleshy roots
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Root Cuttings
• Large roots
2” – 3”
Vertically
Observe polarity
(squidoo.com)
Generally fast
Can be held in cold storage while dormant
• 2” – 6”
• Polarity
• Store in peat
• 40 degrees F
• ~3 weeks
• Plant vertically with tops near surface
(finegardening.com)
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Questions
Layering
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Air
Tip
Simple
Compound
Mound
(beingbelongingbecoming.wordpress.com)
(ruthcatchen.wordpress.com)
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10/3/2012
Air Layering
Air Layering
(extension.umn.edu)
(aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu)
(agropedia.iitk.ac.in)
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Tip Layering
Simple Layering
(fao.org)
(hort.purdue.edu)
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(answers.com)
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10/3/2012
Compound Layering
(extension.missouri.edu)
Mound Layering
(pottysworld.org)
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Offsets
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Palms
Cacti
Succulents
Bromeliads
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Separation
• Bulbs
• Daffodil
• Tulip
• Lilies
• Corms
• Gladiolus
• Crocus
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10/3/2012
Bulbs
Corms
(cactus-art.biz)
(blogs.scottarboretum.org)
(sbi3uplantsjan2012.wikispaces.com)
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Division
Sanseveria Division
(plantpropagation.com)
• Plants with more than one rooted crown
• Snake plant
• Iris
• Daylily
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(aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu)
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10/3/2012
Daylily Division
Iris Division
(botanikfoto.com)
(grow.ars-informatica.ca)
(aplnj.com)
(msucares.com)
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Questions
Grafting
• The joining of two or more plants into a single
plant
• Sometimes the easiest or only way to reproduce
certain cultivars
• Can be very expensive
(cms.montgomerycollege.edu)
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10/3/2012
Grafting Terms
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Scion
Rootstock
Interstock
Graft Union
Cambial layer
Callus
Tools & Equipment
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Grafting Knife or Razor Blade
Trays, pots, cups,...
Misting
Wax
Polytape
Rubber bands
Polytent, Greenhouse, Quonset hut
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Reasons for Grafting
Reasons for Grafting
• Perpetuating clones desired for their fruiting,
flowering or growth characteristics that cannot be
readily maintained or economically propagated by
other asexual means.
• Combining different cultivars into a composite plant
as scion, rootstock, and interstock—each part
providing a special characteristic
• Changing cultivars of established plants (top
working), including combining more than one scion
cultivar on one plant
• Repairing graftage for injuries—including inarching
and bridge graftage
• Disease indexing—testing for virus diseases
• Study of plant developmental and physiological
processes
(Hartmann, Hudson Thomas, and Kester, Dale E. Plant Propagation:
Principles and Practices. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Print.)
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10/3/2012
Essentials for Grafting
• Scion and rootstock must be compatible
• Each must be at the proper stage
• Alignment of the cambial layers
• Graft union must be kept moist until the wound
heals
Steps in Forming a Graft Union
Lining up vascular cambiums of scion and rootstock
Wounding response
Callus bridge formation
Wound repair xylem and phloem: differentiation of
vascular cambium across the callus bridge
• Production of secondary xylem and phloem from
the new vascular cambium in the callus bridge
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(Hartmann, Hudson Thomas, and Kester, Dale E. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 7th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print.)
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Types of Grafts
Other Types of Grafts
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• Cleft graphs
• Bark graphs
• Whip or Tongue grafts
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Wedge graft
Saddle graft
Four flap graft
Side-stub graft
Side-tongue graft
Inlay bark graft
Whole-root and piece-root graft
Nurse-root graft
Spliced approach graft
Tongued approach graft...
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10/3/2012
Cleft Graphs
Bark Graft
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(ces.ncsu.edu)
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Cut 3/8” to ” diameter scions when dormant
Maintain 2 buds
Cold, moist storage
Cut understock in spring
Make 1” to 1.5” diagonal cut on lower back
Make 1/2” diagonal cut on lower front
Make vertical incision in rootstock bark
Insert longer diagonal cut facing trunk
(anpsa.org.au)
Bark Graft
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Whip or Tongue Grafting
(harbblog.blogspot.com)
(wvu.edu)
(songonline.ca)
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10/3/2012
Budding
Patch Bud Graft
• Patch
• Chip
• T-bud
(hobbyfarms.com)
windward.org
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Chip Graft
T-bud Graft
(courses.nres.uiuc.edu)
(gardencentre.com)
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(1.bp.blogspot.com)
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10/3/2012
Plant Tissue Culture
Questions
• Aseptic
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
(comprofessor.com)
(passionplantae.blogspot.com)
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Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture
• How can plants be produced from
a single cell?
(boku.ac.at)
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10/3/2012
Totipotency
Thank you!
Any more questions?
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(edugreen.teri.res.in)
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