SCHOOL OF KINESIOLOGY AND HEALTH STUDIES KNPE 167 – Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Sport and Physical Activity Winter 2014 Instructors: Robbie Millington & Matt Ventresca Office: KHS 301X Email: sportsoc167@gmail.com Office Hours: TBD Class Times Monday 12:30pm – 1:30pm Wednesday 11:30am – 12:30pm Location KHS 100 Tutorial Schedule and Teaching Assistant Information Tutorial 002: Monday 3:30pm – 4:30pm (KHS 106) Ashley Johnson Office: SKHS 402 13amj1@queensu.ca Tutorial 003: Monday 2:30pm – 3:30pm (KHS 106) Flurry Hogg Office: SKHS 402 8fh2@queensu.ca Tutorial 004: Monday 2:30pm – 3:30pm (KHS 107) Isolda Penney Office: SKHS 402 81irp@queensu.ca Tutorial 005: Wednesday 2:30pm – 3:30pm (KHS 106) Michelle McAlpin Office: SKHS 401 7mem1@queensu.ca Tutorial 006: Wednesday 4:30pm – 5:30pm (KHS 106) Hilary McKenna Office: SKHS 402 13ham2@queensu.ca TA Office Hours: Each TA will inform their tutorial group of the time and location of weekly office hours 2 Course Description This course focuses on sport as a social, political, and cultural phenomena in Canada and globally. Sport impacts our daily lives in direct and indirect ways: It can shape identities (e.g. notions of masculinity or femininity, athlete or fan), foster a sense of civic or national pride (e.g. the Olympic Games), or act as a site of consumption (e.g. the purchasing of tickets, memorabilia, merchandise). Importantly, sport can contribute to society in both positive and negative ways by reflecting and producing certain ideas we have about gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, ability, and social class. While sport is often presented as a place where none of these things matter – as a social equalizer or level playing field – in this class we will adopt a critical perspective to explore and consider how sport can contribute to social inequality and operate as a site of power relations. Together, we will use sociological theories and ideas to think critically about the effects of sports and sport participation on individual and societal levels. Course Objectives Throughout the course we will focus on acquiring the tools and developing the necessary skills so as to: • Evaluate and critique popular or dominant ways of thinking about sport and physical activity (i.e., beyond performance statistics and competitive outcomes); • Consider and explain how power operates through sport and sporting cultures; • Apply and assess various sociological theories concerning sport, physical activity, and the body; • Develop critical thinking, reading, and writing skills to be applied in both individual and collaborative environments; • And ultimately challenge apolitical and ahistorical constructions of sport and reflect on our own understandings of sport in society. Readings Required Text: Coakley, J. & Donnelly, P. (2009). Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies (2nd Canadian Edition), Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. *This textbook is available at the Campus Book Store and on 3-hour reserve at Stauffer library. Other Required Readings: Your other required readings include a mixture of PDF files and web links. PDF files will be made available on Moodle. All web links are included in the syllabus (below). All the links and files are current and working as of the first day of class. We strongly advise you to print all materials at the beginning of the semester to avoid any last minute technological crises and allow you to fully engage with the course materials (i.e., highlighting key points, marginal annotation, etc.) Course Website: We will be making use of Moodle for this course. When applicable we will be posting slides from the lectures. These will only provide an overview of the content discussed on that particular day and, as such, should not be relied upon to take the place of in-class notes. We also encourage all students to make use of the Discussion Board section of the website for general discussions about the class and for posting questions about the course. 3 Evaluation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Position Paper Term Paper Tutorial Presentation Tutorial Participation Final Exam (date TBD) 20% 30% 15% 10% 25% 1. Position Paper (20%) Length: 2-3 pages, double-spaced, not including list of references (additional pages will not be read/marked) Due date: Monday, February 10th, 2014. A hardcopy handed-in at the beginning of lecture AND an electronic copy uploaded to Moodle before lecture (12:30). Style and Criteria: Font: 12 pt, Times New Roman Spacing: Double-spaced Page numbers: Bottom right hand corner of every page Referencing: Please use APA style Additional Information: - Please staple in the top left-hand corner - No fancy clips or packaging required - On the first page of your paper please include your name, your TA’s name, student number, and the title of your paper (cover page is not required) References: You must draw on at least one academic book chapter or journal article for this assignment. You are permitted to use the course readings (text book or other academic readings). Details: This assignment requires you to write a position paper that is focused on a subject of importance in the context of contemporary sport. The main goal of this paper is to make a strong, succinct, and convincing argument supported by evidence that draws from sociological theory and concepts. Although the paper does not require a thesis statement, it should follow formal essay formatting (i.e. clear argument, wellstructured paragraphs with an introduction, body and conclusion) and should be written from the first person (e.g. you can say things like “In this paper I will argue”). You could, for example, write a paper critiquing the Legends Football League (formerly the Lingerie Football League) concerning their depictions of women athletes. Or, as another example, you could write about the prevalence of racial stereotypes in sport such as their use in team logos. These are just two of countless examples — spend some time thinking about a topic you are interested in and even passionate about. The more connected you feel to what you are arguing, the more convincing you are likely to be. More details will be provided in lecture. 4 2. Term Paper (30%) Length: 7 to 8 pages, double-spaced (additional pages will not be read/marked) Due date: Wednesday March 19th, 2014. A hardcopy handed-in at the beginning of lecture AND an electronic copy uploaded to Moodle before lecture (11:30). Style and Criteria: Font: 12 pt, Times New Roman Spacing: Double-spaced Page numbers: Bottom right hand corner of every page Referencing: Please use APA style Additional Information: - Thesis statement must be underlined - Please staple in the top left-hand corner - No folders, duo-tangs, or fancy packaging - On the first page of your paper please include your name, your TA’s name, student number, and the title of your paper (cover page is not required). References: You must draw on at least three academic book chapters or journal articles for this assignment. All of these must be from outside of the course readings and must be sociological in nature. However, course readings can be used as additional reference materials. Details: For this assignment, all students must choose a topic related to the sociology of sport that falls within one of the following themes: (a) a critical analysis of your own participation in sport or physical activity; or (b), a critical analysis of a contemporary sport issue. Note: This assignment can be an extension of the argument you started to develop in your position paper. We will talk more about this in lecture. A. Critical self-reflection The goal of this assignment is to be critically self-reflective as you consider, describe, and analyze your experience(s) in sport or physical activity, the contexts in which they occurred, and the impact they had on you and others who were involved. You will want to think about and describe your experiences in a way that relates them to broader social issues in sport and society (e.g., how your experiences might reflect gender, class, racial, sexual norms or how they relate to other power dynamics in society). You may also write about your non-participation in sport or physical activity (by choice and/or the result of barriers). Your “autobiographical” insight must be supplemented by relevant academic texts (e.g., sociocultural studies of sport or physical activity) and demonstrate the ability to apply appropriate sociological concepts and theory to your experiences in sport. Even though this essay is autobiographical, you are still required to make a strong and coherent argument complete with a clearly defined thesis statement. B. Critical Analysis of a Contemporary Sport Issue The goal of this assignment is to take a contemporary sport issue and write a critical analysis that draws from appropriate academic references and illustrates how it relates to course concepts. The key aspect of this assignment is to identify a sport related issue and consider how it reflects or is underpinned by broader social power issues such as gender, class, race, sexuality etc. There are many different ways you can do this assignment. You are welcome to conduct a media analysis of sports coverage (this can include television, magazine, newspaper, or online sources, as well as sport-themed movies or books). Or, you may wish to focus on a particular sport and any problems that are related to how it is constructed or taken up in popular culture (e.g., how access or barriers to sport participation can be understood as a 5 societal problem). This paper should have a clear and concise argument complete with a thesis statement, and should draw on themes/readings from throughout the semester. You must demonstrate the ability to think critically about sport, and make your argument using relevant sociological concepts and theories. 3. Tutorial Group Presentations — Weeks 10 and 11 (15%) In groups of four, students will produce a 5 minute educational audio/visual presentation based on a contemporary social problem related to sport and physical activity. Groups are encouraged to be creative, but the presentation must include: (a) an explanation of the problem; (b) an outline of why the particular problem is a concern; and, (c) a proposal as to what changes might be made to address the problem. Proposed changes/solutions must be realistic (i.e., it is not realistic to address the issue of concussions in hockey by abolishing the sport of hockey altogether!). Your presentation should have a clearly defined audience to which your message will be directed (e.g. government and sport organizations, media corporations, specific sporting communities). Presentations should demonstrate the ability to think critically about sport and must be presented in such a manner that people without a sociological background will be able to understand. As Albert Einstein once said: “If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.” The presentation must be in a format that can be disseminated to a wide audience (i.e. video, audio recording, multi-media presentation). Groups will make their presentation to their fellow tutorial participants and their TA during the last two weeks of tutorial (weeks 10 and 11). In total, presentations will be no longer than 10 minutes divided as follows: (a) a brief introduction that contexualizes the problem and identifies the sociological theories and concepts used (~2 minutes); (b) the media presentation itself (~5 minutes); and, (c) questions from the tutorial participants (~3 minutes). A rubric will be provided for this assignment. 4. Tutorial Participation (10%) This grade will be based on attendance and the quality of your participation in discussions throughout the term. Quality participation is measured by: your attentiveness; your engagement and enthusiasm; your ability to discuss the issues in a thoughtful manner; your willingness to engage in critical analysis; and your familiarity with the assigned readings. Asking insightful questions during tutorial group presentations is also a key component of your participation grade. A 2% penalty will be applied to your final grade for every tutorial absence. 6. Final Exam (25%) To be held during the exam period. Further details TBA. Some Additional Comments About the Course Attendance: Lecture attendance and tutorial participation are mandatory. If you are unable to come to lecture or tutorial you must adhere to Regulation 6.3 “Absence and Missed Course Work” that is set out in the Faculty of Arts and Science Regulations and Policies. If there are any extenuating circumstances that require you to miss tutorial, please contact your TA ahead of time. Note: Neither we or the TAs will provide notes beyond what is posted on Moodle to students who miss class. It is your responsibility to make up missed work. 6 Participation: This class will be far more interesting for everyone if we are all involved in the learning process. You will learn more by engaging with the materials and in the discussions — in both the lectures and your tutorials. We will also undoubtedly learn from each other, as our experiences of sport are not homogeneous. As such, you are encouraged to ask questions and make observations in the lectures and tutorials. Our expectation is that comments will be respectful of others (always direct your argument at the topic or statement and not the person. In other words, personal attacks will not be tolerated in lecture or tutorial). Laptops and Cell Phones: You may use a laptop in lecture. Using a laptop, however, is not an excuse to avoid participating in discussions. When using a laptop you are asked to be respectful of the people around you. Cell phone use is not permitted in lecture or in tutorial. Cell phones must be turned off and put away before lecture or tutorial. Correspondence: Neither the instructors nor the TAs will respond to email questions about information that is noted in this syllabus or discussed explicitly in lectures and/or tutorials. Questions of a personal/private/confidential manner should be sent to our respective email addresses with the subject heading KNPE 167 and your name.. Please post all other questions on the Moodle course site so that other students may benefit from the answers. Changing Tutorials: Should you need to change tutorials, you must make your own arrangements. To do so, place a request for another student to swap with you via Moodle. Once you have found someone who is willing to change, each student must inform the course instructors and the affected TAs. Please note that there are two concurrent tutorials Monday at 2:30 p.m. (tutorials 003 and 004). It is important that you remain in the specific tutorial to which you are assigned at the beginning of the term. Due Dates and Late Work: We do not give extensions at the last minute. If you need an extension, you must come to see us at least one week in advance. We will not be using the grace period policy that you might have encountered in previous courses; late assignments will be docked 5% per day. You are responsible for the replacement of lost assignments, so please save an electronic and hard copy of every piece of work. Grade Appeals: If you wish to appeal an assignment or exam grade you must make the request in writing to us via email. Your email should include a detailed justification for a re-grade. Please note that re-grades may result in your mark going up or down. N.B.: Students are responsible for keeping back-up copies of all written work and assignments for this class. You should always have at least one updated hard copy of your work (rather than just one electronic version either on a USB memory stick, hard drive or whatever). Computer or USB memory stick problems will not be accepted as an excuse to hand in a late assignment. If you have any questions about the above, please do not hesitate to ask in lectures or via Moodle. 7 Reading Schedule Please note: It is expected that you will come prepared to Monday lectures having read all of the required reading for that week with the exception of the first week. Week # 1 (January 6 – 10): Introduction to the Course – What is Sport? Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 1 (pp. 1 - 24) * Video Clip (in-class): Not Just a Game – Preview. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Jp09hFJZXI NOTE: No Tutorials This Week Week # 2 (January 13 – 17): Sociological Theories and Concepts Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 2 (pp. 25 - 46) Tutorial Reading: Lipsyte, R. (2011, July 27). “Jocks vs. Pukes: Jock Culture is a Distortion of Sports.” The Nation. Available at http://www.thenation.com/article/162401/jocks-vs-pukes# NOTE: Tutorials Begin This Week Week # 3 (January 20 – 24): Gender and Sexuality I Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 8 (pp. 220 – 244 only) Tutorial Reading: Zirin, D. (2012). Nine-year-old Girl Plays Football, Kicks Ass and Maybe Changes the World. Edge of Sports. Available at http://www.edgeofsports.com/2012-11-12-793/index.html Dryden, N. (2012, Jun. 06). Let Saudi Women Compete in London. The Globe and Mail. Available at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/let-saudi-women-compete-inlondon/article4233895/ Week # 4 (January 27 – 31): Gender and Sexuality II Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 8 (pp. 244—258) Griffin, P. (2012). Has the Search for Gay Male Athletes Distracted Us from Homophobia in Women’s Sports? Available at: http://www.opposingviews.com/i/sports/incredible-omnipresentyet-invisible-lesbian-athlete Tutorial Reading: Coyle, G. (2012): Coming Out on the Court: Bryan Fautley Shares his Story about being Gay on a Varsity Team. Available at: http://queensjournal.ca/story/2012-03-23/sports/coming-out-court/ Gabler, N. (2013, Nov. 12). The NFL's bully boys: The Miami Dolphins brouhaha shows that the culture of the league is stuck in the past. The Los Angeles Times. Available at: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-gabler-incognito-martin-dolphins20131112,0,2279832.story#ixzz2nlqhejgV 8 Week # 5 (February 3 – 7): Race and Ethnicity I Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 9 (pp. 259—275) McDonald, M. & Toglia, J. (2010). Dressed for Success? The NBA’s Dress Code, the Workings of Whiteness and Corporate Culture. Sport in Society, 13(6), pp. 970-983. Tutorial Reading: Leonard, D. (2012, Mar. 15). Andrew Luck and Racial Assumptions: Are Stereotypes a Part of the Game? Urban Cusp. Available at: http://www.urbancusp.com/newspost/andrew-luck-and-racialassumptions-are-stereotypes-a-part-of-the-game/ McIntosh, P. (1990). White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. (Posted on Moodle) Week # 6 (February 10 – 14): Race and Ethnicity II Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 9 (pp. 275—298) Caspian Kang, J. (2012, Feb. 22). A Question of Identity: The Headline, the Tweet, and the Unfair Significance of Jeremy Lin. Grantland. Available at: http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7601157/the-headline-tweet-unfair-significance-jeremy-lin Tutorial Reading: Reitsma, T. (2012). Five Reasons Non-Indigenous People Should Boycott Indian Iconography in Sports. Left Hook Journal. Available at: http://lefthookjournal.wordpress.com/2012/07/25/fivereasons-non-indigenous-people-should-boycott-indian-iconography-in-sports/ Reilly, R. (2013, Sept. 13). Have the People Spoken? ESPN.com. Available at: http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9689220/redskins-name-change-not-easy-sounds NOTE: Position paper due February 10th at the beginning of lecture. Reading Week -- February 17 – 21 Week # 7 (February 24 – 28): Intro to Political Economy and Class Ideology Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 10 (pp. 299—331) Tutorial Reading: Carleton, S. (2012, Sept. 24). Which Side are you on? 'Millionaires vs. Billionaires' and the Political Economy of the NHL Lockout. Rabble.ca. Available at: http://rabble.ca/news/2012/09/which-sideare-you-millionaires-vs-billionaires-and-political-economy-nhl-lockout Week # 8 (March 3 – 7): Social Class Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 11 (pp. 332—372) Zirin, D. (2013, July 29). On Vultures and Red Wings: Billionaire Gets New Sports Arena in Bankrupt Detroit. The Nation. Available at: http://www.thenation.com/blog/175467/vultures-andred-wings-billionaire-gets-new-sports-arena-bankrupt-detroit# 9 Tutorial Reading: Stephens-Davidowitz, S. (2013, Nov. 2). In the N.B.A., ZIP Code Matters. The New York Times. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/opinion/sunday/in-the-nba-zip-codematters.html?_r=0 CBC News. (2013, Sept. 30). Hockey, Canada's Game, Not its Most Popular: Hockey by the Numbers. CBC News. Available at: http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/sports-junior/ Week # 9 (March 10 – 14): The Business of Sport Coakley & Donnelly (2009): Chapter 12 (pp. 373 - 417) Zirin, D. (2010). The Dramatic Drop in Women’s Sport Coverage: An Interview with Mike Messner. Available at: http://www.edgeofsports.com/2010-07-06-548/index.html Stewart, M. (2013, Nov. 29). The CBC's Reliance on Don Cherry's NHL Cost them Dearly. Rabble.ca. Available at: http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/michael-stewart/2013/11/cbcs-reliance-ondon-cherrys-nhl-cost-them-dearly NOTE: March is Disability Awareness Month on Queen’s Campus Week # 10 (March 17 – 21): Pain, Injury, and Disability Pike, E. (2004). Risk, Pain and Injury: “A Natural Thing in Rowing”? In Sporting Bodies, Damaged Selves: Sociological Studies of Sports-Related Injury (Ed. K. Young). New York: Elsevier. pp.151-162 (Available on Moodle). Peers, D. (2012, Sept. 14). Patients, Athletes, Freaks? Social Science Space. Available at: http://www.socialsciencespace.com/2012/09/patients-athletes-freaks/ Beaver, W. (2013). The Future of Football. Society, 50, pp. 335-338 (Available on Moodle). NOTE: Term paper due March 19th at the beginning of lecture First week of Tutorial Presentations Week # 11 (March 24 – March 26): Contemporary Issues Darnell, S. (2007). Playing with Race: Right to Play and the Production of Whiteness in ‘Development through Sport.’ Sport in Society, 10(4), pp. 560-579. Ventresca, M. (2012). Mo Than Just a Moustache: Hockey Masculinity and Movember. Available at: http://hockeyinsociety.com/2011/11/30/mo-than-just-a-moustache-hockey-masculinity-andmovember/#more-436 NOTE: Second Week of Tutorial Presentations Week # 12 (March 31 – April 4): Exam Review No Readings. 10 School of Kinesiology and Health Studies – Regulations and Policies Academic Integrity The School of Kinesiology and Health Studies policy related to breaches of academic integrity is as follows. The minimum penalty assessed for such a finding will be a grade of zero on the work in question plus the subtraction of the value of the assignment from the student’s final grade. Exams and Midterms Polices • • • • As per University regulations, requests for accommodation for exams, midterms and course assignments must be received by the instructor in a timely manner and at least a week in advance of the test or due date. Students who are entitled to accommodations (e.g. special requirements such as additional time for written tests) are asked to discuss their requirements with the instructor at the start of the course. Official documentation is required to support such requests. Do NOT leave requests to the last minute. Students who are unable to write a test or exam on the published date are not permitted to write in advance of the class. Requests for an alternate midterm/exam times or an extension for course assignments for the purpose of accommodating travel arrangements for personal reasons, either during the term or before the end of the University’s official exam period will be automatically denied. Except in extenuating circumstances, deferred exams must be written no later than within the first two weeks of the subsequent term. When possible, a common deferred exam date will be set for all students in the course. Faculty of Arts and Science Regulations and Policies Students should refer to the regulation section of the current Arts and Science Calendar to familiarize themselves about the academic regulations that are applicable to course work and academic performance. Specifically, please note the following regulations: • Regulation 1: Academic Integrity • Regulaton 6: Attendance, Course Work and Conduct • Regulation 7: Assessment of Performance • Regulation 11: Review of Grades and Examinations • Regulation 17: Misconduct in an Academic or Non-Academic Setting • Regulation 8: Final Examinations and General Examinations • Regulation 9: Examination Conduct • Regulation 10: System of Grading and Transcipt Notations In particular, students should note the changes to Regulation 1 Academic Integrity (formerly Academic Dishonesty). Highlights from this regulation include: The Queen’s University Senate Policy on Academic Integrity may be found on the internet at www.queensu.ca/secretariat/senate/policies/AcadInteg.html. Academic integrity is constituted by the five core fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility (see www.academicintegrity.org). These values are central to the building, nurturing and sustaining of an academic community in which all members of the community will thrive. Adherence to the values expressed through academic integrity forms a foundation for the "freedom of inquiry and exchange of ideas" essential to the intellectual life of the University (see the Senate Report on Principles and Priorities, at http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/senate/policies/princpri/). Students are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the regulations concerning academic integrity and for ensuring that their assignments conform to the principles of academic integrity. Information on academic integrity is available in the Arts and Science Calendar, on the Arts and 11 Science website (see http://www.queensu.ca/calendars/artsci/pg4.html), and from the instructor of this course. Departures from academic integrity include plagiarism, use of unauthorized materials, facilitation, forgery and falsification, and are antithetical to the development of an academic community at Queen's. Given the seriousness of these matters, actions which contravene the regulation on academic integrity carry sanctions that can range from a warning or the loss of grades on an assignment to the failure of a course to a requirement to withdraw from the university. Exam Accommodations In order of priority: 1. Matters of Human Rights DISABILITIES: Please note that it is important to contact Disability Services (St. Lawrence Bldg. 613-5336467) as early as possible in the academic year to allow time for you to be registered for special needs consideration. Students already registered with Disability Services (St. Lawrence Bldg. 613-533-6467) should request accommodation from the instructor at least one week prior to the exam or test. Students not yet registered with Disability Services may request accommodation, but it may not be possible to provide the appropriate accommodations in a timely fashion in such instances. FAITH OBSERVANCE: Should you require accommodation due to faith observance, please contact the instructor as early as possible to allow appropriate alternative arrangements to be made. If requests for accommodation are not made at least one week prior to the exam or test, it may not be possible to accommodate in a timely fashion. 2. Extenuating Circumstances beyond a Student's Control ILLNESS: You are expected to comply with Academic Regulation 6.3, Absence and Missed Course Work etc. If you are too ill to write an exam you must document this either with a medical certificate (if available) or by notifying the instructor in writing (with your signature). If you are ill for an extended period of time, it is your responsibility to contact the instructor immediately on your return to campus. SKHS Communications The SKHS Undergraduate office sends out a weekly communication called the UG NEWS. It is important that you read this communication since it is one of the key ways that we distribute program information, key deadlines, news and opportunities to students. Back issues of the UG NEWS are also posted on the SKHS web site at http://www.queensu.ca/skhs/Testing/NoticeBoard/UGNews.html 12 SKHS Grading Policy As of January 1, 2012 the grading policy adopted by the School of Kinesiology and Health Studies utilizes the “Letters In, Letters Out” method of recording and communicating grades to students. All components of this course will receive letter grades which, for purposes of calculating your course average, will be translated into numerical equivalents using the Faculty of Arts and Science approved scale: Arts & Science Letter Grade Input Scheme Numerical value for Assignment mark calculation of final mark A+ 93 A 87 A82 B+ 78 B 75 B72 C+ 68 C 65 C62 D+ 58 D 55 D52 F48 (F+) 48 F24 (F) 24 F0 (0) 0 Your course average will then be converted to a final letter grade according to Queen’s Official Grade Conversion Scale: Queen’s Official Grade Conversion Scale Grade A+ A AB+ B BC+ C CD+ D DF Numerical Course Average (Range) 90-100 85-89 80-84 77-79 73-76 70-72 67-69 63-66 60-62 57-59 53-56 50-52 49 and below