SECONDARY SECTOR ACTIVITIES
DEFINITION
• The secondary sector consists of construction
and manufacturing.
– Construction refers to the construction of
buildings and infrastructure (roads, bridges,
airports, etc.)
– Manufacturing
(industry)
transforms
raw
materials into finished of semi-finished goods.
MANUFACTURING
• Using machines and labor to produce goods.
• Requires raw materials and energy.
• Examples: clothes, furniture, cars, computers,
electrical appliances, food processing…
• There are intermediate goods and finished
goods.
MANUFACTURING
Intermediate good - Leather
Raw material - Hide
Energy
Energy
Finished good: Shoes
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION
• Industry needs some elements to develop:
1. Raw materials
2. Energy sources
3. Human resources
4. Capital
1. Raw materials
• Natural products that industry transforms into
finished or semi-finished goods.
1. Raw materials
• Raw materials can have differente origins:
– Animal
– Vegetable
– Mineral
– Artificial
2. Energy sources
• Those natural resources that provide the
power to operate machines.
• Two types:
– Non-renewable.
– Renewable or alternative.
See the “Energy sources – notes” sheet.
Oil producers
Renewable energy
Solar panels
Hydroelectric
station
Biomass energy
Wind energy
Geothermal
energy
Tidal power
DEBATE QUESTION
• In groups of four, look for arguments in
favor/against the next matter:
Nuclear energy, yes or not?
See the Nuclear energy, yes or not? sheet.
3. Human resources
• People who intervene in industrial production.
• Differences between developed, developing
and non-developed countries are:
– Freedom of association.
– Right to strike.
– Paid holidays.
– Unemployment benefits.
– Health insurance.
4. Capital
• Things we have, things we know.
• Money, buildings, machinery, ideas…
• Provided by private companies, the State or
both.
• Companies can be small, medium or largesized.
4. Capital
• To increase business profits, companies merge
and join together.
• This can be a vertical or horizontal process:
– Vertical integration: grouping of companies
that participate in the different stages of
production.
– Horizontal integration: joining of companies
involved in the same industrial activity.
Vertical vs Horizontal integration
Google acquired Motorola (2012)
Heinz and Kraft Foods merged into
one company (2015)
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
• Heavy or primary industry.
• Capital goods industry.
• Light industry or consumer goods industry.
Heavy industry
• It manufactures semi-finished products.
• Two main categories:
– Metallurgical industry: iron, steel, aluminium,
copper…
– Petrochemical industry: sulphuric acid, nitrogen,
phosphates, caustic soda, derivates of coal and
oil…
Principal iron producers
Principal steel producers
Principal aluminium producers
Principal copper producers
Principal petrochemical producers
Capital goods industry
• It transforms semi-finished products into
finished goods and products.
• The principal industries are high technology
(electronics, computing, electrics) and
aerospace.
• Principal producers: United States, some
countries of Europe, Russia, Japan and other
countries in southeast Asia.
Capital goods industry
CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRY
Type of industry
Principal products
Construction materials
Cement, concrete
Industrial and agricultural machinery
Machines and equipment
Transport materials
Aircrafts, boats, tracks…
Aerospace
Satellites, space ships
Timber and paper
Wood pulp and paper
Electrical, elecronic and computing
Devices such as: microprocessors,
microchips, robots, microscopes…
Light industry
• It makes products for direct consumption.
• There are different types:
– Food industry
– Automobile industry
– Light chemical industry
– Electronics and computing industry
– Textile industry
ACTIVITIES
• Look for information about one example
(industry or company) for every light industry:
– Food industry
– Automobile industry
– Light chemical industry
– Electronics and computing industry
– Textile industry
INDUSTRIAL SPACE
• Proximity to raw materials and energy sources.
• Existence of population (workers, consumers).
• Existence of means of transport and
communication.
• Economic development of the area.
• Presence of other industries.
• Application
of
policies
that
favour
industrialization.
INDUSTRIAL SPACE
• Two types of industrial space:
1. Dispersed spaces: isolated and dispersed
industries.
2. Grouped spaces: industrial areas on the
periphery of cities (technology parks).
CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION
• Robotization and digitalization.
• Constant innovations: RDI = RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION (I+D+i).
• New materials:
– Biodegradable plastic (Biopol).
– Plastic that can resist very high temperatures
(Nomex).
ACTIVITIES
• The teacher will read the text Main industrial
areas in the world.
• The students must take notes, focusing in two
aspects:
1. Geographical areas.
2. Principal industries in every geographical area
(some examples).
• Later we will check the notes.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
• Industry can have negative effects on the
environment (acid rain, greenhouse effect,
ozone layer).
• There are policies which try to balance
economic growth with the protection of the
environment.
• Different corrective measures are taken in
order to get a sustainable development.
Acid rain…
Greenhouse
effect…
Reduction of
the ozone
layer…
Corrective measures
• Clean
technology
(filters,
purification
systems).
• Recycling and use of biodegradable materials.
• Preventive measures (environmental impact
studies).
• Rehabilitation of degraded or abandoned
industrial areas.
• Energy saving and use of renewable energy
sources.
A famous ecology organization
THE END
By Daniel Quijano Ramos
Geography and History teacher
IES Puerta de la Axarquía