Nutrition Flashcards
1.
2.
3.
4.
Is the bloodstream water based or lipid based?
How are lipids transported in the bloodstream?
What are lipid carriers called?
What are the four major groups of lipoproteins,
in order of size, from largest to smallest?
12.
13.
Water based
By water-soluble carriers that have a lipophilic region
Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
LDL (low density lipoproteins)
HDL (high density lipoproteins)
when lipoprotein lipase breaks a triglyceride molecule
off VLDL
higher levels of LDL particles promote health
problems and cardiovascular disease
a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or
intestines
1) to produce hormones
A) steroid hormones (including cortisol and
aldosterone)
B) Sex hormones (progesterone, estrogens,
testosterone)
2) To establish proper cell membranes membrane
permeability and fluidity
3) To make bile
4) To make one vitamin (vitamin D)
In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is
then stored in the gallbladder. It is the excreted into
the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed
back into the bloodstream.
Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the
digestive tract to aid in the intestinal absorption of fat
molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E,
and K.
it synthesizes the necessary LDL receptors, and inserts
them into the plasma membrane. LDL particles which
are carrying cholesterol in the blood stream bind to
these extracellular LDL receptors and the cholesterol
is brought into the cell and either used or stored. The
LDL receptors are then removed from the plasma
membrane.
It can transport cholesterol into artery walls.
it hardens and forms a plaque (atherosclerosis).
15.
16.
It can break off and travel in the bloodstream as a fat
embolism, lodge in a smaller blood vessel, and block
blood flow distal to that point.
Stroke
Heart attack
5.
How are LDL particles formed?
6.
Why are LDL called bad cholesterol?
7.
What is cholesterol?
8.
What is cholesterol used for?
9.
How is cholesterol recycled?
10.
What is the function of bile?
11.
How does a cell obtain cholesterol?
Why is LDL called bad cholesterol?
What happens when the cholesterol in the
arterial wall becomes oxidized by a free radical (a
circulating H+ ion)?
14. What can happen to a plaque?
What happens if this occurs in the brain?
What happens if this occurs in the coronary
arteries?
Nutrition Flashcards
17.
What predicts whether or not cholesterol is
transported into artery walls?
18. What popular medicine group is prescribed for
people with high LDL levels?
19. How do these medicines work?
20. If cholesterol synthesis is inhibited, what levels
will become elevated in the blood if the person
does not cut back on their fat consumption?
21. What are triglycerides?
22.
23.
24.
25.
What is the function of triglycerides?
What are triglycerides correlated with?
How are triglycerides useful?
What happens to triglycerides in the small
intestine?
26. What is the enzyme that breaks down
triglycerides so they can be absorbed in the small
intestine?
27. What is the most effective dietary approach to
minimize LDL’s in the blood?
28.
29.
What are two reasons why is it worse to have a
fat belly than to have fat in the rear end, regarding
LDL levels?
Why is it worse to have a fat belly than to have
fat in the rear end, regarding diabetes?
30. What obvious appearance is an indicator of
how high your LDL and triglyceride levels are,
and therefore, is an indicator of cardiovascular
health?
31. What other lipid can be lowered which will
reduce LDL levels? How to you lower that lipid?
32. Are LDL particles harmless until they are
within the blood vessel walls and oxidized by free
radicals?
33. Will ingesting antioxidants, thereby minimizing
free radical exposure reduce LDL's contribution
to atherosclerosis?
34. Why are HDL particles called "good
cholesterol"?
High levels of LDL
Statins (such as vasostatin).
By inhibiting cholesterol synthesis
Triglycerides will go up; seen in a blood test.
They are the main constituents of saturated and
unsaturated fat.
They are a mechanism for storing unused calories
The consumption of starch and fatty foods
They transport dietary fat to cells that need it
They are converted to chylomicrons, which are
absorbed by lacteals (lymph vessels)
Lipase
Minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum (reduce
fat in the waistline) in addition to minimizing total
body fat.
1) Fat stored in the greater omentum is mobilized
before subcutaneous fat (deep to the dermis).
Fat stored in the rear end is subcutaneous fat.
Therefore, fat stored in the omentum will be
made into LDL first.
2) Greater omentum fat also produces an enzyme
called resistin, which lowers circulating VLDL
concentrations (which increases LDL levels).
Resistin also increases insulin resistance (causing
Diabetes Mellitus)
Having a large waist line
Triglycerides. Lower them by consuming less fat.
Yes
Possibly...clinical studies are inconclusive.
HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol from
within arterial plaques and transport it back to the liver
for excretion or re-utilization
Nutrition Flashcards
35.
Will increasing one's HDL beyond normal
limits make you healthier than normal?
36. Where does HDL transport cholesterol?
37.
What happens to the cholesterol delivered to
the liver?
38.
What happens to the cholesterol delivered to
adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes?
39. What three properties of HDL contribute to its
ability to protect from atherosclerosis?
40. Can you increase HDL by exercise?
41. What three things may increase HDL levels?
42.
43.
What are the two categories of triglycerides?
What are examples of each?
44.
45.
What is the function of triglycerides?
What causes high levels of triglycerides in the
blood?
46. Are triglycerides directly absorbed in the small
intestine?
47. How are triglycerides absorbed?
48.
How are triglycerides broken down?
49.
How much energy to they contain, compared to
carbohydrates and proteins?
50. Triglycerides are an important component of
which two lipid transporter proteins?
51. What happens after fatty acids from
triglycerides are absorbed in the intestine?
52.
53.
54.
Where do the chlyomicrons go?
Once chlyomicrons are in the blood, where do
they go?
What two cells can synthesize and store
triglycerides?
55. When glucose levels are low, what does the
body require as an energy source?
No
Mostly to the liver or organs that use cholesterol such
as adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.
It is combined with broken-down hemoglobin and
converted into the bile, which is then used to break
down intestinal fats into small enough particles for
digestive enzymes to work.
It is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
inhibits oxidation, inflammation, and coagulation by
platelets
No, your levels are hereditary
Niacin (vit B3) and magnesium, Apo-A1. Note:
Vitamin C does not raise HDL levels.
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Vegetable oil (typically unsaturated)
Animal fats (typically saturated)
They are a mechanism for storing unused calories
consumption of starchy and fatty foods
No, they are too large.
The pancreatic enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty
acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis).
They are broken down to fatty acids and then the fatty
acids are absorbed by the small intestine.
More than twice as much
VLDL and chylomicrons.
They enter the cells that make up the intestinal lining,
where they are rebuilt and packaged with cholesterol
and proteins to form chylomicrons.
They are collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the
intestinal villi), which transport them to the thoracic
lymph duct, and are dumped into the subclavian vein
to be mixed into the blood.
Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons,
releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of
energy when glucose is not available.
Fat and liver cells
fatty acids
Nutrition Flashcards
56.
What hormone signals the liver to break
glycogen down into glucose and if that is not
enough glucose, it will start gluconeogenesis?
57. What enzymes are involved in
gluconeogenesis?
glucagon
58.
59.
1) Lipase, which breaks down triglycerides to release
free fatty acids, and 2) proteases to break down
proteins into amino acids. The fatty acids and amino
acids are then combined to make new glucose.
glucagon
No. The brain can only use glucose
62.
the glycerol component of triglycerides can be
converted into glucose by way of glycogenolysis.
Probably not, but high levels are present in people
with heart disease.
60%
What hormone signals the production of lipase?
When glucose levels are low, can the brain
utilize fatty acids as an energy source?
60. How can the brain get more glucose when there
is not enough?
61. Do triglycerides cause heart disease?
What percentage of your diet being from
carbohydrates will increase your blood
triglyceride levels, especially if you have diabetes
or are overweight?
63. When a high carbohydrate diet causes high
levels of triglycerides in the blood, what is the
condition is called?
64. What does carbohydrate-induced
hypertriglyceridemia do to a person’s glycemic
index? What does that do to insulin levels?
65. What is the function of insulin?
66. What happens when cells are resistant to
insulin?
67.
What is the best food to reduce triglyceride
levels?
68. What does it mean that Omega 3 fatty acids are
essential?
69. What are some good things about Omega 3
fatty acids?
70.
71.
What is the best source of Omega 3 fatty acids?
Why should you avoid Omega-3 fatty acids
from fish oil, even though they are heavily
advertised?
72. What is the glycemic index?
73.
What makes a particular carbohydrate have a
high glycemic index? What is an example of one?
carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia
Elevates it, causing an overproduction of insulin
It pulls glucose into the cells. If a cell is insulin
resistant, the glucose will stay in the blood and spill
into the urine. High levels of blood sugar will damage
the brain and blood vessel lining.
Up to 3 grams a day of omega-3 fatty acids from flax
seed oil (linseed oil).
They are not made in our body, so they are needed in
our diet.
They are essential to normal growth in young children.
In adults, they may improve rheumatoid arthritis,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Flax (linseed) and its oil
Because fish oils are too high in vitamin A, which is
toxic in high levels.
a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood
sugar levels.
Carbohydrates that break down quickly during
digestion and release glucose rapidly into the
bloodstream.
Simple sugar like glucose is an example.
Nutrition Flashcards
74.
What is an example of a carbohydrate with a
low glycemic index?
75. What carbohydrates have slower rates of
digestion and absorption, causing a lower insulin
demand, and are thus better for a diabetic?
76. What is the Body Mass Index (BMI)?
77. What two things are used to calculate BMI?
78. Does BMI actually measure the percentage of
body fat?
79. What is the quickest, most readily available
source of energy for the body?
80. What are carbohydrates broken down into?
81. What is broken down if there is not enough
blood glucose between meals?
82.
83.
What are simple carbohydrates?
What are examples of simple carbohydrates?
84.
Why are sugars called empty calories?
85.
What are examples of complex carbohydrates?
86.
Name some foods rich in protein
87.
What happens to proteins that you eat?
Starch
Foods with a lower glycemic index
An estimate of body fat
Weight and height
No…you would have to weigh yourself in a
swimming pool to calculate that.
Glucose
Glucose
Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and
proteins (including heart muscle) are broken down to
amino acids, which combined and made into new
glucose
sugars
ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain white sugar from
a box (called refined sugar)
because they contribute to energy needs and weight
gain without supplying any other nutritional
requirements.
whole grain pasta, rice, bread, and cereal. Less
desirable complex carbohydrates (not good for
overweight people) are potatoes and corn
red meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes (i.e.,
peas and beans), nuts, and cereals
They are broken down into amino acids and turned
into tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails. It’s also
used to make proteins such as hemoglobin, plasma
proteins, enzymes, and hormones.
88. How many amino acids are used to make all the 23
proteins in our body?
89. What are essential amino acids?
There are 9 amino acids which are called “essential”
90. How many are there?
required from the diet in adults because the body is
unable to produce them.
91. What food contains all 23 types of amino
Meat
acids?
92. What happens if one amino acid is missing
The other 22 might not work right.
from the diet?
93. What combination of food provides all the
Cereal with milk and rice with beans or peas
essential amino acids?
94. Are amino acids stored in the body?
No, a daily supply is needed.
95. How much meat does a person need per day?
Two servings (the size of a deck of cards)
Nutrition Flashcards
96.
Which meats are high in protein but also high
in fat?
97. What protein sources are low in fat?
98.
Why are protein and amino acid supplements
not good?
99.
What happens if you have an excess of just one
amino acid?
100. What type of fats raise LDL (bad) cholesterol?
Name 2 examples
101. What type of fats lower LDL (bad) cholesterol?
Name 2 examples
102. What are two plant oils that are NOT good,
because they contain saturated fats?
103. Which meats are lower in saturated fats?
104. How many calories are in one pound of fat?
105. How many days will it take to lose one pound
of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day?
106. What is the reason why some people lose more
than that?
107. What are the two general function of vitamins?
108. What is an enzyme?
109. How many vitamins are there, and what are
their 2 categories?
110. What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?
111. What happens to excess fat-soluble vitamins?
112. What happens to excess water-soluble
vitamins?
113. Where is the fat on a fetus? What happens if the
mother takes too much vitamin A, D, E, or K?
114. Where is vitamin C found?
115. Where is vitamin D made?
116. What does vitamin D do?
117. Lack of vitamin D leads to what disorder in
children?
118. What is a free radical?
Red meat (can be 42% fat)
protein from plant origins (whole-grain cereals, dark
breads, and legumes)
They are not digested as well
They can cause you to have an excess of one amino
acid or another
It competes for receptor sites in the small intestine,
causing a deficiency in absorption of the other amino
acids.
Saturated fats; they are solid at room temperature and
have an animal origin. Butter and margarine
polyunsaturated fats; they are liquid at room
temperature and have a plant origin. olive oil, canola
oil, corn oil, and safflower oil.
partially hydrogenated palm and coconut oil
Turkey, fish, and chicken.
3,500
7 days
Water loss. It will come back.
They are needed for metabolism
They make a lot of the body’s enzymes.
It breaks a larger molecule down into smaller ones.
13 vitamins; fat soluble and water soluble
A, D, E, K
They are stored in fat and liver, and can accumulate to
a toxic level
They are excreted in the urine. That is okay as long as
you are well hydrated. If not, they can cause kidney
damage.
In the myelin sheaths (white matter). Excess vitamins
can lodge there and disrupt action potentials. The
corpus callosum is a large area of white matter in the
brain. Dysfunction causes autism.
Citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, lemons)
In the skin after UV light exposure.
Helps the intestines absorb ingested calcium
Rickets
As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules that
have an extra electron, which is called a free radical.
Nutrition Flashcards
119. What is the damage caused by free radicals?
free radicals want to run around and get rid of
their extra electron (that is called oxidizing the
recipient molecule), but none of the other
molecules want one, either.
The parts of a cell that usually get stuck with a
free radical include DNA, proteins, enzymes,
and cell membranes.
This leads to damage there, and can even lead
to cancer.
120. What substances deactivate free radicals? What Anti-oxidants
are examples?
Vitamin C. E, and A, found in fruits and vegetables
121. How many servings of fruits and vegetables
5 servings (2 fruit, 3 vegetables). A serving is about
should you eat per day?
one cup
122. Is it just as good to take a vitamin pill instead of No, you don’t get the fiber, which is needed to prevent
eating fruits and vegetables?
colon cancer. Also, excess vitamins A, D, E, K are
toxic
123. What are some minerals?
Calcium, phosphorous, iodine, sodium, chloride,
magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron
124. What is calcium used for?
bones, teeth, nerve conduction, and muscle
contraction. It helps prevent osteoporosis if you have
enough calcium and you also exercise.
125. What foods are high in calcium?
Dairy products and green leafy vegetables
126. What is phosphorus used for?
It is used as an energy molecule. It is part of ATP
127. What is iodine used for?
Thyroid hormone
128. What are sodium and chloride used for?
Regulating water balance
129. How much sodium is needed per day? What
500 mg/day. Excess causes water retention, causing
happens if you have too much?
high blood pressure
130. What is potassium and sodium used for?
Muscle contraction and nerve conduction
131. What are some foods high in potassium?
Cantaloupe, avocados, potatoes, beans, bananas, fish,
raisins, apricots, dates, and cocoa powder (think
chocolate).
132. What is magnesium used for?
Helps muscles relax
133. What are some foods high in magnesium?
seeds, brans (wheat, rice, and oat), spinach, and cocoa.
Any leafy greens have a high amount of magnesium
because the center of the chlorophyll molecule is
magnesium.
134. What is magnesium, zinc, and copper used for? They are critical for most enzymes
135. What is iron used for?
To make hemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood
cells
136. How do males and females differ in their iron
Females need more, due to loss during menstruation.
requirements?
If you ingest too much, it makes you constipated.
137. What is glucosamine? Where in the body is it
an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the
found?
synthesis of certain proteins and lipids. It is an
important component of joint cartilage
138. How are glucosamine supplements made?
Usually from the shells of crustaceans
Nutrition Flashcards
139. Will ingesting glucosamine restore damaged
cartilage?
140. Name three common eating disorders
141. What is obesity?
142. What is moderate obesity?
143. What is morbid obesity?
144. Why is it especially important not to let
children become obese?
145. What surgery is for people more than 100
pounds overweight?
146. What are the problems with this surgery?
147. What is bulimia?
148. What are the dangers of bulimia?
149. What is anorexia?
150. What is anorexia nervosa?
151. Who is especially at danger for anorexia
nervosa?
152. What are some symptoms of starvation?
No; eating cartilage does not mean you will grow new
cartilage. It just breaks down into the same
components that are found in cartilage. It may or may
not be used to restore cartilage (controversial; no
evidence to support it yet). It might prevent cartilage
erosion (also controversial).
Obesity, bulimia, anorexia nervosa
Being about 50 pounds overweight
Being about 75 pounds overweight
Being 200+ pounds overweight
Their stem cells have not all differentiated yet. If they
gain weight, these stem cells will become fat cells, and
it will be hard for them to lose weight their whole life.
Stomach stapling.
They have to watch their diet to get enough nutrients,
they need vitamin B12 shots monthly, and they must
not force extra food in, or the stomach will stretch out
again.
eating to excess (called binge eating) and then purging
themselves by some artificial means, such as selfinduced vomiting or use of a laxative.
causes an abnormal heart rhythm, and damage
to the kidneys can even result in death.
Vomiting up the food causes the stomach acids
to eat away at the pharynx, esophagus, and
teeth.
Vomiting also causes loss of electrolytes,
which can be deadly
Anorexia is just “not eating”. The person might just be
sick or recovering from surgery. Anorexia nervosa is a
refusal to eat because they think they are too fat. It is
often a control issue. The person feels like they do not
have control in their life, so they control the food.
Athletes such as distance runners, wrestlers, and
dancers
low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat,
constipation, being cold, and they tend to get
stress fractures.
Menstruation ceases in females