Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
MENANDA ARAS KEMAJUAN SISTEM UKUR KADASTER BERASASKAN KADASTER
2014 – PERSEDIAAN JUPEM KE ARAH MENJAYAKAN KADASTER 2.0
Oleh:
Sr Dr. Teng Chee Hua
Sr Chan Keat Lim
Sr Nur Zurairah Binti Abdul Halim
Bahagian Kadaster, Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
ABSTRAK
Pada 1 Mei 2010, sistem eKadaster telah diperkenalkan di Malaysia dan
merupakan di antara sistem berkaitan ukur kadaster yang tercanggih di dunia
yang menumpu kepada pelaksanaan konsep Survey Accurate Coordinate.
Pada situasi kerja yang ideal, sistem ini berupaya untuk memendekkan tempoh
sistem penyampaian ukur Kadaster daripada dua tahun kepada dua bulan
sahaja. Walau pun begitu, permintaan terhadap data ukur Kadaster yang
tepat, cepat, terkini dan mudah dicapai sentiasa meningkat dan berterusan
susulan kesedaran awam terhadap kepentingan data geospatial dalam
membantu
urusan
analisis
data
yang
berkualiti
untuk
kerja
seharian.
Sehubungan itu, bagi memastikan JUPEM kekal relevan pada masa kini dan
akan datang kepada negara umumnya dan masyarakat khususnya, JUPEM
seharusnya bersiap sedia untuk menerokai konsep Cadastre 2.0 dengan ciri
seperti berikut selaras dengan saranan di peringkat antarabangsa:
i.
Multipurpose Kadaster;
ii.
Mengadaptasi standard pelaksanaan Land Administration Domain
Model (LADM) dan Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM);
iii.
Ketelusan data melalui citizen enggagement;
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Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
iv.
Mewujudkan unsur 3D Kadaster;
v.
Penerapan konsep mudah alih (mobile) dan cloud computing pada
sistem dan aplikasi berkaitan ukur Kadaster; dan
vi.
Kolaborasi Data (Hubungan dua hala)
Oleh yang demikian sebagai langkah memastikan JUPEM mampu untuk
menghadapi cabaran Cadastre 2.0, satu proses penandaarasan kemajuan
sistem ukur Kadaster hendaklah dibuat terlebih dahulu bagi mengetahui sama
ada syor, perakuan atau saranan yang telah ditetapkan di peringkat
antarabangsa telah berjaya diadaptasikan. Justeru itu, kertas ini disediakan
untuk memaklumkan analisa Sistem Ukur Kadaster di JUPEM khususnya dari
saranan Cadastre 2014 yang ditetapkan oleh pihak FIG dan perbandingan di
antara negara yang mempunyai Sistem Kadaster yang maju. Selain itu,
cadangan persiapan JUPEM untuk menyahut konsep Cadastre 2.0 turut
dibentangkan supaya JUPEM kekal relevan sebagai pusat rujukan berkaitan
Ukur Kadaster di Malaysia.
Ms. 2 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
MENANDA ARAS KEMAJUAN SISTEM UKUR KADASTER BERASASKAN KADASTER
2014 – PERSEDIAAN JUPEM KE ARAH MENJAYAKAN KADASTER 2.0
Oleh:
Sr Dr. Teng Chee Hua
Sr Chan Keat Lim
Sr Nur Zurairah Binti Abdul Halim
Bahagian Kadaster, Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
1. PENGENALAN
1.1.
Jabatan
Ukur
dan
Pemetaan
Malaysia
(JUPEM)
di
bawah
peruntukan Seksyen 398, Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN) 1965,
dipertanggungjawabkan
untuk
melaksanakan
dan
mengurus
tadbir hal ehwal berkaitan Aktiviti Ukuran Kadaster di seluruh
Semenanjung
Malaysia
dan
Wilayah
Persekutuan
Labuan
khususnya dalam penyediaan Pelan Hak milik (B1/B4), supaya
Dokumen Hak milik Kekal atau Gantian dapat dikeluarkan kepada
tuan tanah oleh pihak Pejabat Tanah dan Galian serta Pejabat
Tanah dan Daerah (PTG/PTD).
1.2.
Selaras dengan tanggung jawab ini serta dasar kerajaan yang
digariskan di bawah Misi Nasional, sistem penyampaian Ukur
Kadaster negara telah ditingkatkan melalui sistem eKadaster yang
dibangunkan JUPEM pada Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan
(RMKe9). Secara idealnya, penyediaan Pelan Hak milik (B1) dapat
disingkatkan daripada dua (2) tahun kepada dua (2) bulan melalui
kaedah pengautomasian digital sepenuhnya.
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Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
1.3.
Pembangunan Sistem eKadaster juga adalah selaras dengan
saranan atau syor di peringkat antarabangsa (FIG) yang merujuk
kepada ke arah memodenkan sistem Kadaster melalui Cadastre
2014, iaitu konsep digital sepenuhnya, mengoptimumkan teknologi
ICT dan pengukuran GNSS dalam kerja seharian, dan mewujudkan
sistem GIS ready pada data Ukur Kadaster supaya unsur spatial,
atribut
dan
penentududukan
(geolocation)
dapat
dihubungkaitkan dengan hak, syarat dan kepentingan serta
tanggung jawab (rights, restrictions and responsibilities).
1.4.
Meskipun saranan Cadastre 2014 telah diadaptasikan di dalam
pembangunan sistem eKadaster, namun, untuk kekal relevan dan
memenuhi kehendak pengguna dan pelanggan yang semakin
celik data geospatial dan penggunaan Internet serta media sosial
yang
meluas
maka
saranan
Cadastre
2.0
wajarlah
dipertimbangkan JUPEM supaya dapat dipadankan dengan
permintaan semasa.
1.5.
Oleh
yang
demikian
sebagai
langkah
memastikan
konsep
Cadastre 2.0 ini dapat diperluaskan di Malaysia, satu proses
penandaarasan kemajuan sistem ukur Kadaster di Malaysia
hendaklah dibuat terlebih bagi mengenal pasti keberkesanan dan
amalan terbaik yang telah pun dilaksanakan.
Ms. 4 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
2. TANDA ARAS SISTEM KADASTER
Kaedah
penandaarasan
yang
diguna
pakai
bagi
mengenal
pasti
keberkesanan dan amalan terbaik yang telah pun dilaksanakan oleh JUPEM
dalam Aktiviti Ukur Kadaster adalah berpandukan ciri-ciri yang ditetapkan
dalam panduan berikut:
2.1.
Cadastre 2014; dan
2.2.
Perbandingan Cadastre Template bagi negara-negara yang
dikenal pasti.
3. ANALISA TANDA ARAS SISTEM KADASTER BERASASKAN CADASTRE 2014
Terdapat enam (6) penyataan (Statement) telah ditetapkan di bawah
Cadastre 2014 di samping empat (4) syor kaedah pengukuran dan
pengurusan
data
Kadaster
bagi
memandu
negara
anggota
FIG
melaksanakan usaha modenisasi pengurusan Sistem Kadaster di negara
masing-masing.
Walau
bagaimanapun,
skop
penandaarasan
yang
dilaksanakan pada kertas ini adalah tertumpu pada penyataan dan syor
Cadastre 2014 yang berkaitan Ukuran Kadaster sahaja.
3.1.
Analisa
penandaarasan
yang
dibuat
terhadap
penyataan
Cadastre 2014 adalah seperti berikut:
i.
Penyataan 1: Cadastre 2014 will show the complete legal
situation of land, including public rights and restriction;
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Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
Sistem Kadaster di Malaysia terbahagi kepada dua iaitu
pendaftaran dan pengukuran. Sistem pendaftaran tanah
adalah merujuk kepada jenis sistem pendaftaran Torrens dan
dikendalikan oleh pihak Pejabat Tanah serta tertakluk
Enakmen
Manakala
atau
Kanun
JUPEM
Tanah
Negeri
masing-masing.
dipertanggungjawabkan
di
bawah
Seksyen 398, Kanun Tanah Negara bagi apa jua maksud
pengukuran untuk tujuan hak milik tanah serta menyimpan
semua rekod ukuran halus bagi tujuan Hak milik Tetap. Oleh
yang demikian, maklumat Kadaster masih tidak bersepadu
dan diuruskan oleh dua entiti yang berbeza. Melalui proses
integrasi sistem eTanah dan eKadaster, perkara ini dijangka
dapat diatasi.
Dari aspek Ukuran Kadaster, JUPEM melalui sistem eKadaster
telah berjaya memenuhi Penyataan 1, Cadastre 2014
dengan
menyimpan
Permohonan
Ukur
secara
(PU)
digital
seperti
semua
Pejabat
maklumat
Tanah
yang
bertanggung jawab, nama pemohon, guna tanah, tujuan
ukur dan lain-ain termasuklah maklumat ukur seperti nama
pengukur, data ukur, kualiti pengukuran dan pelan-pelan
berkaitan.
Maklumat ukuran
warta
yang
menunjukkan
sempadan pentadbiran di peringkat Mukim, Daerah, Bandar
atau Negeri, lot-lot tanah bagi kegunaan awam, kawasan
pilihan raya dan keselamatan serta hak lalu lalang dan hutan
simpanan yang jelas menunjukkan sempadan, hak dan
larangan akses boleh dirujuk melalui JUPEM2U atau Cadastral
Survey Record System (CSRS).
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Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
ii.
Penyataan 2: The separation between 'maps' and 'registers'
will be abolished!
JUPEM melalui sistem eKadaster telah berjaya memenuhi
Penyataan 2, Cadastre 2014 dengan mewujudkan integrasi
di antara lapisan-lapisan daripada Pangkalan Data GLMS
(GIS Layer Management System) dan Pangkalan Data Ukur
Kadaster Kebangsaan (NDCDB) serta atribut tambahan
daripada CSRS supaya pelbagai maklumat Kadaster di
ekstrak pada Sistem eKadaster untuk tujuan penganalisisan.
Maklumat yang sama tetapi terhad mengikut login boleh
diperoleh melalui JUPEM2U oleh pengguna Pejabat Tanah
selain memuat naik maklumat di peringkat penghantaran PU
dan memuat turun Pelan B1 untuk tujuan pendaftaran Hak
milik Tetap. Integrasi di antara sistem eTanah dan eKadaster
membolehkan penghantaran PU dan mendapatkan Pelan
B1 dibuat secara automatik oleh pengguna Pejabat Tanah
dan JUPEM melalui server KOMMS.
iii.
Penyataan 3: The Cadastral mapping will be dead! Long live
modelling!
Penyataan ini telah dipenuhi di dalam Sistem eKadaster di
mana proses penyediaan pelan-pelan Kadaster dijana
sepenuhnya
daripada
NDCDB.
Maklumat
asas
yang
diperlukan di bawah Seksyen 396, KTN iaitu nombor lot,
garisan sempadan lot dan luas lot tanah ditunjukkan pada
Pelan Akui dan B1. Atribut tambahan yang lain seperti guna
Ms. 7 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
tanah, rizab tanah dan tanda sempadan serta lain-lain boleh
diakses pengguna tetapi terhad mengikut login melalui
JUPEM2U.
Selain itu, JUPEM dalam tindakan melaksanakan projek
perintis
Multipurpose
Kadaster
di
Wilayah
Persekutuan
Putrajaya. Pelbagai lapisan seperti 3D Modelling, Street
Adresses dan Large Scale GIS Base Map diwujudkan di
samping
NDCDB
kepelbagaian
sebagai
fungsi
asas
(Multipurpose)
bagi
menerapkan
supaya
multilevel
information and dimension yang ada di persekitaran dapat
dikembangkan di dalam Kadaster.
iv.
Penyataan 4: 'Paper and pencil - Cadastre' will have gone!
Pengurusan data ukur Kadaster telah dilaksanakan secara
digital
dan
konsep
field
to
finish
telah
mula
diimplementasikan di JUPEM pada Rancangan Malaysia Ke-8
(RMKe-8) iaitu daripada proses pendaftaran fail ukur kepada
penghantaran
data
ukuran
dan
penyediaan
pelan.
Penyataan 4, Cadastre 2014 ini telah berjaya dipenuhi
apabila konsep paperless sepenuhnya diperkenalkan di
bawah Sistem eKadaster di mana kesemua pergerakan fail
dibuat di dalam sistem yang berasaskan web dan proses
hand-shaking telah digantikan dengan proses integrasi
sepenuhnya di antara modul-modul di dalam sistem. Setiap
pengguna diberikan login yang unik dan dibenarkan untuk
mengakses ke dalam sistem bagi memproses data, membuat
carian dan memuat turun atau memuat naik maklumat
Kadaster.
Ms. 8 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
v.
Penyataan 5: Cadastre 2014 will be highly privatized! Public
and private sector are working closely together!
Dari aspek pengukuran Kadaster, kerjasama di antara sektor
awam (Kerajaan) dan swasta khususnya di kalangan Juruukur
Tanah Berlesen (JTB) di bawah Lembaga Juruukur Tanah
Berlesen (LJT) telah sekian lama terjalin bagi meningkatkan
sistem
penyampaian
ukur
negara.
Usaha
seperti
mengkategorikan jenis ukuran yang dilaksanakan sama ada
oleh pengukur JUPEM atau JTB telah dilaksanakan seperti
pengukuran Hak milik Strata,
Sempadan tanah
Pecah Bahagia atau Pecah
oleh JTB dan pengukuran kurniaan
pertama oleh pengukur JUPEM bagi mempercepatkan
pengukuran di lapangan. Selain itu, kerjasama mewujud dan
memperkasakan NDCDB seperti memadatkan bilangan
Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) di lapangan oleh pengukur
JUPEM dan JTB telah membantu meningkatkan ketepatan
NDCDB dari semasa ke semasa.
Kajian ilmiah di antara JUPEM, LJT, agensi berkaitan tanah
yang lain, pihak swasta dan institusi pengajian tinggi
membolehkan beberapa feasibility project atau projek
perintis dilaksanakan khususnya yang melibatkan inovasi
dalam pengukuran seperti projek Cadastral Coordinated
System (CCS), Multipurpose Cadastre (MPC) dan Kadaster 3D
yang bertujuan mengenal pasti keberkesanan suatu projek
sebelum diimplementasikan di seluruh negara.
Ms. 9 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
Kerjasama ini haruslah diteruskan supaya JUPEM kekal
relevan
kepada pembangunan
tanah
dan
geospatial
negara serta sistem penyampaian ukur meningkat.
vi.
Penyataan 6: Cadastre 2014 will be cost recovering.
Konsep paperless yang diperkenalkan di dalam sistem
eKadaster membolehkan penjimatan dari sudut permintaan
terhadap bekalan pejabat seperti kertas, kartrij dan alat tulis
dikurangkan. Dari sudut jangka masa panjang, penjimatan
dalam keperluan operasi seharian juga dapat dikurangkan
dari
semasa
ke
semasa
memandangkan
tempoh
melengkapkan proses penyediaan Pelan Hak milik turut
dapat disingkatkan daripada dua (2) tahun kepada dua (2)
bulan.
Satu
kajian
cost-benefit
akan
diadakan
bagi
mengenal pasti jumlah penjimatan sebenar yang telah
berjaya dilaksanakan dengan pelaksanaan sistem eKadaster.
Ms. 10 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
3.2.
Analisa penandaarasan bagi syor (Recommendations) Cadastre
2014 terhadap peranan pengukuran Kadaster dapat diringkaskan
seperti jadual berikut:
i.
Secara
keseluruhannya,
pewujudan
NDCDB
di
dalam
pembangunan Sistem eKadaster telah membolehkan syorsyor yang diperakukan menerusi Cadastre 2014 ini dipenuhi,
khususnya dalam pelaksanaan Survey Accurate Coordinate.
ii.
Usaha-usaha untuk memperkasakan NDCDB sedang giat
dijalankan di bawah Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10 (RMK10)
supaya data NDCDB adalah topological error free dan
ketepatan data adalah sentiasa di dalam had yang
ditetapkan supaya kerja-kerja pengukuran Kadaster di
lapangan adalah lebih cepat dan mudah dilaksanakan.
Selain itu, penganalisisan yang tepat dapat dilakukan melalui
NDCDB bagi tujuan perancangan dan pembangunan
tanah.
Ms. 11 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
4. ANALISA TANDA ARAS SISTEM KADASTER LUAR NEGARA BERASASKAN
COUNTRY REPORT, CADASTRE TEMPLATE
4.1.
Analisa bagi proses penandaarasan sistem Kadaster di Belanda,
Australia, Denmark, Jerman dan Sweden adalah tertumpu pada
reformasi sistem Kadaster khususnya isu-isu sistem Kadaster yang
telah dilaksanakan sehingga tahun 2010. Sumber maklumat yang
diperoleh
di
Lampiran
‘A’
adalah
melalui
laman
web
http://www.cadastraltemplate.org/ dan adalah terkini sehingga
tahun 2010.
4.2.
Selain itu, pemilihan negara-negara tersebut adalah berasaskan
kepada kajian
‘A Comparison Between Cadastre 2014 and
Cadastral System of Various Countries’ yang dibentangkan di
International Conference Electronic Government di Columbia
pada tahun 2009 oleh M. Khasif Faroouq, yang menunjukkan
negara Belanda, Australia, Denmark, Jerman dan Sweden adalah
di antara negara yang mempunyai sistem Kadaster terbaik di
dunia.
4.3.
Maklumat yang ditanda araskan adalah seperti berikut:
i.
Cadastral Issues; dan
ii.
Current Initiatives.
Ms. 12 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
4.4.
Secara
keseluruhannya
hasil
analisa
adalah
seperti
berikut,
manakala keterangan lanjut berkaitan sistem Kadaster di negaranegara berkaitan adalah seperti di Lampiran ‘A’:
i.
Isu integrasi data;
Kecuali Malaysia dan Australia, majoriti negara yang ditanda
aras telah pun menggunakan sistem Kadaster yang telah
diintegrasikan dengan maklumat topografi, penilaian dan
pendaftaran hak milik serta mempunyai pangkalan data
yang bersepadu. Urusan pendaftaran dan penyediaan
pelan Kadaster dilaksanakan oleh Unit/ Bahagian yang sama
dan memudahkan proses pentadbiran hak milik. Walau
bagaimanapun perkara ini tidak dilihat sebagai isu yang
kritikal disebabkan oleh penggunaan teknologi ICT terkini
melalui konsep Service Oriented Architechture atau Cloud
Computing dilihat dapat menangani isu data interoperability.
ii.
eGovernment
Setiap negara yang ditanda araskan telah melaksanakan
konsep Electronic Government (eGovernment) terhadap
pengurusan data Kadaster di negara masing-masing.
iii.
Akses data;
Kesemua negara yang ditanda aras telah membenarkan
akses (tetapi terhad) kepada maklumat Kadaster melalui
sistem-sistem yang telah dibangunkan berasaskan konsep
Web-based. Bagi negara Jerman, orang awam telah
Ms. 13 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
dibenarkan untuk mengakses, menyemak (kecuali maklumat
berkaitan nama pemilik) dan memberi maklum balas
terhadap maklumat Kadaster.
iv.
Completeness of Cadastral Database
Kesemua
negara
yang
ditanda
araskan
mempunyai
Pangkalan Data Kadaster yang lengkap iaitu merujuk
kepada pertukaran salinan peta atau pelan Kadaster secara
hardcopy kepada digital sepenuhnya. Isu yang dihadapi
oleh setiap negara yang ditanda aras adalah proses
mengemaskinikan Pangkalan Data Kadaster masih tidak
semasa serta perlu kerap dikemaskinikan supaya asas Spatial
Data Infrastructure (SDI) dapat dioptimumkan sepenuhnya.
Walau bagaimanapun, di Malaysia, penggunaan QT telah
menyebabkan kelompangan maklumat di dalam Pangkalan
Data Kadaster berlaku. Hal ini mengakibatkan satu usaha
perlu dilaksanakan baik oleh JUPEM atau PTG/PTD supaya
urusan menyegerakan penukaran QT ke FT hendaklah
dilaksanakan.
v.
Survey Accurate Coordinate
Majoriti negara yang ditanda aras telah atau dalam
tindakan
mengimplementasikan
Coordinate.
Ms. 14 dr. 20
Survey
Accurate
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
5. KEPUTUSAN ANALISA
Berpandukan analisa yang dibuat seperti di para 3 dan 4, adalah didapati
konsep modenisasi atau transformasi sistem ukur Kadaster di JUPEM telah
berjaya
mengadaptasi
antarabangsa,
malah
saranan
turut
yang
bersaing
ditetapkan
rapat
dengan
di
peringkat
negara
yang
mempunyai sistem Kadaster yang maju.
6. CADASTRE 2.0
6.1.
Walaupun urusan menyenggara dan menambah baik lagi sistem
ukur Kadaster di JUPEM khususnya eKadaster hendaklah sentiasa
berterusan, namun JUPEM haruslah akur terhadap permintaan data
geospatial kini semakin meningkat dan haruslah tepat serta terkini.
6.2.
Merujuk Commission 7, FIG konsep Cadastre 2014 yang telah
disarankan sejak 1998 perlu dikemaskinikan bersesuaian dengan
kehendak dan teknologi semasa. Oleh yang demikian, konsep
Cadastre 2.0 dicetuskan selaras dengan istilah
bermaksud
perkembangan
aplikasi
yang
Web 2.0 yang
menjurus
kepada
penggunaan World Wide Web bagi tujuan perkongsian serta
kolaborasi maklumat, data interoperability dan komunikasi. Selain
itu, konsep GIS kini semakin berkembang selari dengan teknologi
yang
lain
seperti
teknologi
komunikasi dan data.
Ms. 15 dr. 20
pengukuran,
pengkomputeran,
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
6.3.
Ciri-ciri Cadastre 2.0 adalah selaras di peringkat antarabangsa
seperti berikut:
i.
Multipurpose Kadaster;
ii.
Mengadaptasi standard pelaksanaan Land Administration
Domain Model (LADM) dan Social Tenure Domain Model
(STDM);
iii.
Ketelusan data melalui citizen enggagement;
iv.
Mewujudkan unsur 3D Kadaster;
v.
Penerapan
konsep
mudah
alih
(mobile)
dan
cloud
computing pada sistem dan aplikasi berkaitan ukur Kadaster;
dan
vi.
6.4.
Kolaborasi Data (Hubungan dua hala)
Oleh yang demikian, adalah dicadangkan perkara-perkara berikut
dipertimbangkan sebagai persiapan JUPEM menghadapi cabaran
generasi kedua pengguna berkaitan Kadaster di Malaysia:
i.
Multipurpose Kadaster;
Konsep Single Purpose Kadaster iaitu menjurus kepada tujuan
hak milik sahaja hendaklah dipelbagaikan terutamanya
sebagai decision making tool bagi tujuan penganalisisan
data yang tepat untuk perancangan dan pembangunan,
dengan NDCDB sebagai peta asas. Konsep Service Oriented
Archithecture
hendaklah
diperluaskan
di
dalam
pembangunan Multipurpose Kadaster supaya isu data
interoperability dapat di atasi dan perkongsian data secara
terkawal dapat dilaksanakan.
Ms. 16 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
ii.
Land Administration Domain Model (LADM);
Kajian terhadap standard yang ditetapkan di dalam LADM
hendaklah dibuat supaya kaedah pentadbiran tanah terbaik
dapat diadaptasikan di Malaysia di mana berkaitan.
iii.
Kolaborasi Data;
Meningkatkan kolaborasi data di antara stakeholders dan
orang awam dengan mengoptimumkan penggunaan Web
2.0 di bawah inisiatif Cadastre 2.0 seperti berikut:
a)
Carian, semakan dan urus niaga maklumat Kadaster;
b)
Laporan kehilangan tanda sempadan atau apa jua
perbezaan berkaitan sempadan hak milik melalui
konsep crowd sourcing;
c)
Memuat naik atau memuat turun maklumat tidak
terhad Kadaster;
d)
Volunteered Geographic Information (khusus kepada
Ukuran Kadaster)
iv.
Mobile Computing;
Mewujudkan konsep multiple platforms eKadaster di atas
teknologi Windows, Android dan Macintosh. Selain itu,
mempergiatkan penggunaan teknologi cloud computing
supaya kos operasi sistem semakin murah dan pengurusan
menjadi mudah serta selaras dengan saranan MAMPU.
Ms. 17 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
v.
Device Independency;
Penggunaan pelbagai peralatan bagi mengakses maklumat
Kadaster melalui dalam talian dan tidak terhad kepada
notebook atau personel computer sahaja.
vi.
Space Cadastre; dan
Konsep Space Cadastre atau Kadaster Ruang hendaklah
dikaji kerana jenis Kadaster sedia ada adalah 2D sahaja
tetapi secara realitinya merujuk kepada pelbagai dimensi
dan ruang serta darat atau maritim. Ini adalah supaya hak,
sekatan dan tanggung jawab adalah jelas untuk difahami
oleh pemilik atau pemohon. Selain itu, di Jerman usaha untuk
melengkapkan maklumat city modelling kepada Level of
Details 2 (LOD 2) sedang dijalankan supaya gambaran
Kadaster adalah lebih jelas kepada pengguna untuk tujuan
perancangan atau analisa.
vii.
Integriti Data.
Mengenal pasti integriti data dan menetapkan syarat serta
garis panduan sekiranya konsep crowd sourcing digunakan
di dalam proses mengemaskinikan maklumat Kadaster.
Ms. 18 dr. 20
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
7. PENUTUP
Secara keseluruhannya sistem eKadaster yang dibangunkan JUPEM telah
mengadaptasi saranan dan syor yang telah ditetapkan di peringkat
antarabangsa. Di peringkat antarabangsa, Malaysia mempunyai sistem
Kadaster yang setaraf dengan negara maju. Walau bagaimanapun,
menyedari permintaan terhadap data geospatial dan Web 2.0 semakin
meningkat, maka JUPEM hendaklah bersiap sedia menghadapi generasi
pengguna data Kadaster yang baru, yang akan lebih berminat terhadap
data ukur Kadaster yang tepat, cepat dan terkini. Beberapa cadangan
telah disyorkan di dalam kertas ini sebagai persiapan JUPEM terhadap
konsep Kadaster 2.0 seterusnya memastikan objektif Aktiviti Kadaster iaitu
perkhidmatan
ukur
Kadaster
JUPEM
sentiasa
pelanggan dan stakeholder berkaitan Ukur Kadaster.
Ms. 19 dr. 20
memenuhi
kehendak
Persidangan Pengarah-Pengarah Ukur Tahun 2012
8. RUJUKAN
8.1.
Australia Country Report, 2010, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.2.
Malaysia Country Report, 2010, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.3.
The Netherlands Country Report, 2010, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.4.
Denmark Country Report, 2010, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.5.
Germany Country Report, 2003, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.6.
Sweden Country Report, 2011, PCGIAP Cadastral Template
8.7.
Brent A Jones, “Building Evolving Cadastral System”, 14 – 17
February 2012, International Symposium on Spatially Enabled
Government,
8.8.
G. Schennach, Austria, “Land Management in a Cadastre 2.0
Surrounding”, 6 – 10 May 2012, FIG Working Week 2012
8.9.
Brent JONES, USA and Nick LAND, UK, “Cadastre 2.0 – A technology
vision for the cadastre of the future”, 6 – 10 May 2012, FIG Working
Week 2012
8.10.
M. Khasif Faroouq, “A Comparison Between Cadastre 2014 and
Cadastral System of Various Countries” ; International Conference
Electronic Government, Columbia, 2009
Ms. 20 dr. 20
LAMPIRAN ‘A’
ACTIVITIES
MALAYSIA (2010)
THE NETHERLANDS (2010)
AUSTRALIA (2010)
DENMARK (2010)
GERMANY (2003)
SWEDEN (2011)
LAMPIRAN ‘A’
ACTIVITIES
Cadastral Issues
Current Initiatives
MALAYSIA (2010)
1.
Existence of Different Coordinate
Systems
Malaysia has a rigorous cadastral system,
which provides a secure basis for land and
property ownership. However, it is not
altogether flawless. One of the major
drawbacks includes the incompatibility
between cadastral and mapping data due to the
use of different coordinate systems. The
establishment of NDCDB which is based on
different State Cassini-Soldner cannot be
integrated with other spatial data such as
topographic which is based on the RSO
Projection. To overcome those deficiencies,
studies have been carried out to implement
coordinated cadastral system and among the
outcome is the realization of the geocentric
datum GDM2000 which allow mapping and
cadastral data to be integrated using RSO
projection.
2.
Legalising the NDCDB
This issue goes hand in hand with the intention
of having a continuous Certified plan (CP),
which may eventually result in the termination
of the use of the said document and the
consequent need to give legal significance to
the NDCDB. Under the latest amendment to
the National Land Code, any databases
adopted by the Department of Surveying and
Mapping Malaysia will be given legal
significance since such databases are used in
the title survey. The image database adopted
but the Department to assist field surveyor
were still be maintained to provide evident
should the need arise. The adoption of a
continuous CP seems favourable over the long
term and the adoption of NDCDB will hasten
the pace. However, it appears that currency,
quality and integrity of data need further
refinement to ensure completeness of
NDCDB.
3.
Complete Cadastre
The absence of QT information in the NDCDB
is the biggest hurdle in creating a complete and
up-to-date NDCDB for the whole country.
Such information is either in graphic form
from Land Office or digital form of pre-comp
plans from licensed land surveyors. The
challenge is to overcome the estimated 0.65
million land parcels where QT plan is not
readily available or recoverable. A separate
layer has been created for the QT data and is
pending the completion of the eTanah system
to supply such information.
THE NETHERLANDS (2010)
The main problem of the Agency is the ICT
renewal of legacy systems that currently is
going on in order to meet the current and
future customer requirements on one hand,
and to adopt modern ICT opportunities on
the other hand. This is a complicated and
expensive process, because the renewal
should take place within a growing concern
environment. Currently this process I well
controlled. As a result all databases are
centralized now, with decentralized
information management, and excellent
facilities for e-access. Especially for the
easy internet-access, the Agency was
awarded the European e-Award 2006.
1.
Accreditation of Surveyors
Significant steps have been taken in Malaysia
to adopt the quality philosophy both within the
public and private sector. DSMM has
introduced a system of field auditing, apart
from office checks, which is considered
essential for monitoring professional
standards. However, DSMM could not afford
the conventional approach as the workload had
over the past years increased tremendously.
Thus, there is this current move to look into
the introduction of an amicable form of
accreditation that would be able to address the
issue of quality assurance over cadastral
survey work conducted by licensed land
surveyors.
2.
Enhancing the NDCDB
1. Recording of all public encumbrances on
land. There are about 80 of this kind of
public rights to land, of which 20 are indeed
recorded yet. Law is endorsed by the
Parliament to impose recording of public
encumbrances, issued by whatever body of
government, either in the registers of the
Agency or at the municipalities, per 1
January 2007.
2. Law is endorsed in the Parliament
pertaining to electronic submission of
deeds. This opened the opportunity for the
notary public to submit notarial deeds as a
digital file per 1 September 2005. The
concept is that notary public keeps a paper
deed in his/her office as the authentic one,
sends a certified true copy electronically to
AUSTRALIA (2010)
1. Integrating freehold and State Crown Land
to produce a complete cadastre:
Because the two systems historically are
surveyed, registered, administered and managed
separately, the integration of the two in one
seamless cadastral map and title register is a
major task. The vision of a complete cadastre is
accepted but achieving it is difficult.
2. Online conveyancing and e-Land
Administration:
Electronic and online conveyancing and
registration services, such as the digital
lodgement of subdivision plans and the transfer
of title are major challenges. However there are
concerns and risks involved with issues of
privacy, identity and fraud. Online land
transfers aim to take away the necessity of
‘over-the-counter’ dealings, reducing time and
cost, however this takes away the necessity to
be holding a certificate of title, which at present
is the only state guaranteed proof land
ownership document. Recent iniatives include
the conversion of paper plans to .pdf format for
electronic lodgement with local government for
approval. The next level of development is the
digital lodgement of plans of subdivision to land
registries in each of the states and territories,
and at the time of writing this country report
was underway.
3. Moving from accurate isolated surveys to a
survey accurate DCDB:
The proposed implementation of e-land
administration projects have highlighted the
need for an improvement in the accuracy of the
digital cadastral map bases in each of the
jurisdictions from mapping accuracy to survey
accuracy. This will improve the integrity and
accuracy of the cadastral map layer within the
SDI. Because the development of Australian
cadastral surveying was ‘piecemeal’, created
from isolated surveys, the move to adopt a full
coordinated cadastral survey approach is a
challenge although most jurisdictions are well
on the way to achieving this goal.
4. Unbundling of property rights:
Water shortages and reduced river flows have
led to the total allocation of water rights being
reduced. To implement this, the various
jurisdictions have created water titles that can
be traded separate to land parcels. This has
involved establishing water registries to
administer the transfer of these rights.
1. Access to data by the Internet and wireless
communication:
Much attention is currently focussed on the
dissemination of spatial information through
spatial data infrastructures (SDI). SDIs have
evolved out of and rely on a state's or a
country's land administration system and are the
key infrastructure in enabling land to be
efficiently and effectively administered. The
evolution of technology increasingly offers
more avenues for this to occur. Internet and
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
technologies are providing a lead to accessing
the complex digital environment in SDI. There
are ongoing projects in each jurisdiction.
2. Continued efforts at developing national
approaches to cadastre and land management:
DENMARK (2010)
Process automation
In the last years the updating systems in the National
Survey and Cadastre have undergone big changes.
The current cadastral registration and case processing
system was hence first put in use more than 15 years
ago, and the digital cadastral map system was made
nationwide almost 10 years ago. While both systems
have been regularly adapted in line with
developments, they were in need of technological
renewal. The National Survey and Cadastre has
therefore worked intensively to develop a new up-todate cadastral updating and quality system
(miniMAKS), which was implemented in 2008.
The goal is to ensure increased efficiency and
improved standardised digital exchange of data,
partly through use of MIA data (Interactive Graphic
Software for Creating Cadastral Alterations), and
partly by developing a general method to register and
maintain items (statutory notes) in the Cadastre. The
new system has the cadastral register and cadastral
map in a common database so that the register and the
map are updated simultaneously. Electronic filing of
the digital cadastral cases has been introduced in the
new system as well as requirements on digital
signatures for licensed land surveyors.
GERMANY (2003)
The components of the cadastral data bases for maps
(ALK) and records (ALB) date back to the 70s and 80s
of the last century. They were developed by the
surveying and mapping authorities under the technical
environment and possibilities in that time. Links from
ALK to the topographical information system ATKIS®
are very difficult because of different object catalogues.
The developments do not follow national or international
standards.
Further development of these software systems seems
not to offer future oriented solutions.
SWEDEN (2011)
An ongoing activity is to improve accuracy,
completeness and contents of the cadastre.
Efficiency, accessibility and services are consistently
developed to improve and enhance the
use of the cadastre in land management and related
sectors.
The implementation of the INSPIRE directive is a
prioritised activity as well as participation in
other international and EC activities such as
EULIS/LINE.
Structural reforms of cadastral data (formerly within
Elips). The general purpose is better
geodata provision. The basic components are:
- Improved cooperation between state and municipal
levels
- Simplified use of geodata
- Reduction of costs to the benefit of the users
- Integration of graphic and textual information, which
will improve the quality of the cadaster
The 'Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen
der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland' (AdV)
(Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities of the
States of the Federal Republic of Germany) decided to
design a new and future oriented system ALKIS in
combination with a re-design of the Official Topographic
and Cartographic Information System ATKIS.
ALKIS in combination with ATKIS is designed to:
•
process all necessary cadastral and topographical
data for a parcel based map and register of land
owners, land use and more unified basic data for
the entire Republic,
•
control the use and maintenance of the system, and
to
•
enable the use of the entire geographical data of the
surveying authorities for all users via a meta data
The commercial division of Lantmäteriet, Metria, was
separated into a state owned company in
2011. Metria provides services in field surveying,
mapping, remote sensing and GIS. The aim of
this operation was to achieve a clear distinction between
the role of Lantmäteriet as an authority
and other more commercial activities.
Following the transfer of the Land Registry to
Lantmäteriet in 2008 the work has now begun to
integrate the processes for cadastral and land
registration. This will in the future lead to faster
service delivery and increased legal security for the
public and for society in general.
Lantmäteriet has a vision to be a leading national actor in
the field of e-services. The vision has
been expressed in the terms “See, Smile and Give” and
Access to data
One of the main focus areas for the National Survey
and Cadastre is to gain access to the cadastral data. A
focus which will be further developed in the coming
years.
Today cadastral data are distributed by the National
Survey and Cadastre Map Supply. The Map Supply
provides a range of information services based on
WMS and WFS. There continues to be a growing
demand on the Digital Map Supply, coming partly
from a large number of requests from the Danish
Nature and Environment Portal, where the Digital
Map Supply supplies the maps of environmental data
for public administration and the public in general.
Different other professional users also prescribe to the
Map Supply. Most users include the provided web
map services in their own systems. A special user
group consists of ‘partners’ that develop applications,
for specific use based on the web map services
provides by the Map Supply combined with other
data. Access to the Map Supply is limited by
username and password. The cost is derived based on
actual use of the services.
Since January 2009 a special agreement has been in
effect for all state departments, which gives access to
all data at the Map Supply. Rather than paying
traditional usage fees, each ministry will pay a fixed
annual contribution based on its use and needs.The
yearly contribution is paid via the State financial
budget and based on stipulated user profile (type and
amount of data requirements). A similar agreement
has been reached with the Local Authorities in
Denmark from April 2010. The agreement underlines
the National Survey and Cadastre’s role as the central
government’s infrastructure organisation for maps
and geodata.
LAMPIRAN ‘A’
ACTIVITIES
MALAYSIA (2010)
The importance of the NDCDB has been
recognised; without a complete NDCDB, it is
unlikely that Malaysian Centre for Geospatial
Data Infrastructure (MaCGDI) would be able
to meet the expectations of the government.
Already there is an increased demand for
spatial information in government agencies.
Increased pressure has been placed to further
develop the NDCDB for not only the obvious
role it has in the cadastral process but, just as
importantly, in national spatial planning. In
this regards efforts are underway to capture
other data which include those on graphically
accurate surveys (demarcation and 3rd class
surveys), administrative boundaries as well as
building, road and street addresses to support
Multi-purpose cadastre.
3.
Integration of eCadastre and CLRS
There could evidently be extensive benefits if
the eCadastre of DSMM and the Computerised
Land Registration System (CLRS) of Land
Office are linked together. The new eLand
(eTanah) system of Land Office will replace
the CLRS system for the state of Penang,
Malacca and Negeri Sembilan and have
integration with eCadastre. With the
integration of spatial data from eCadastre and
attribute data from CLRS or eLand and
through identified applications, efficiency of
land administration can be greatly improved.
The integration includes of data exchange
format, data transmission mechanism, and data
sharing. The other states that still do not have
eLand have been authorised to access
JUPEM2U (DSMM’s eCadastre working
portal) to upload and download related spatial
and non-spatial information.
4.
Propagating Work in the Digital
Environment
To complement the initiatives of DSMM, the
LSBPM has also initiated several programmes
of its own, which are aimed at providing the
impetus for licensed land surveyors to
modernise and increase the cost-effectiveness
of their own operations. In one of the
programmes, the Board allocated computer
software that will standardize cadastral survey
processing on a basic desktop computer.
Although the computer software is very basic,
it not only satisfy the requirements of the
regulations, but more importantly, it serves as
the vehicle to introduce digital processing
techniques to the smaller surveying companies
that would not have so readily ventured into
the digital arena. Currently, discussions have
been conduct to integrate LSBPM
THE NETHERLANDS (2010)
the Agency, which records the document in
a digital work process. This allows for the
creation of a single national digital public
registers replacing the registers per regional
office.
3. ICT renewal programme is currently
running (-> 2010). This concerns reduction
of complexity (of different platforms,
databases and protocols), centralization of
databases and database management,
integration of spatial databases (cadastral
map and large scale topo map) and
legal/administrative data) into one database
for (on line) information supply purposes,
full renewal of cadastral systems, digital
public registers, electronic conveyancing
and includes data cleaning (quality
improvement, e.g. of subject names) etc.
4. As a result of the ICT renewal
programme, the rationale for the existence
of regional offices is getting less and less.
Since September 2005 is it possible to lodge
deeds electronically. Already the first
months over 30,000 deeds were submitted
through Internet. At the output side, in
2005 over 18 million information products
were sold via Internet, almost 100%of all
output. Unlike former times, clients and
citizens do not need to visit the regional
offices to do their business. This leads to a
restructuring ('organisational development').
In the period 2006-2009 the number of
regional offices will be brought back from
16 to 8, and on the long run may be only 1.
Also the organisational overhead will be
reduced, as is the operational staff.
Electronic deeds make electronic updating
of register possible, the use of GPS allows 1
man-field parties, as we have 2-man parties
now, etc. Staff will go back from 2200 to
about 1500 in the next years.
AUSTRALIA (2010)
In a federation of states where each jurisdiction
is responsible for their own development, there
are a whole range of differences such as
interoperability, jurisdictional responsibility,
privacy, cost recovery, custodianship and
access. This inhibits the development of
national large scale spatial data sets. The
Council of Australian Governments meetings
bring together ministers from each jurisdiction
and provide opportunities for national projects
to provide consistency in cadastral systems.
3. e-Land Administration:
A national project called “e-Plan” is being
implemented across each of the jurisdictions.
This involves a consistent approach and
specifications for the digital lodgement of plans
of subdivision at land titles offices. The
lodgement requires the land surveyors to
convert plans of subdivision and supporting
survey information to landXML format. When
fully implemented the land titles offices will
have the capacity to visualise the landXML files
and provide prints as required. The benefits of
this process is that the registration process will
be streamlined, new registry processes will be
possible, and the cadastral surveyors will have
access to the latest digital cadastral map data.
DENMARK (2010)
GERMANY (2003)
system including quality information for all data
and a standardised data interface for ALKIS and
ATKIS. Of course links of the users’ specific data
they already linked to ALK, ALB or ATKIS still
have to be possible in the new systems without
reasonable new investments on their side. They
shall trust in the sustainability of their investment
in data.
Modelling of ALKIS and ATKIS are based on the ISO
standard Unified Modelling Language (UML) and for
the definition of the data interface Extensible Markup
Language (XML).
Most states are working on solutions to provide data via
Internet as a part of e-government projects.
SWEDEN (2011)
will mainstream all activities in the
coming years. The government has also given
Lantmäteriet the task to coordinate the efforts of
developing e-government services within the field of
geodata in the Swedish governmental
administration.