Slide 1
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Chapter 8
The Appendicular
Skeleton
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8-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Slide 2
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Table 8.1
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Slide 3
The Appendicular Skeleton
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
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Slide 4
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The Pectoral (Shoulder)
Girdle
• Composed of two bones
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– Clavicle – collarbone
– Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
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Slide 5
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Pectoral Girdle
• Supports the arm & links it to the axial
skeleton
• contains the clavicle and the scapula
• Sternoclavicular joint – medial end of
clavicle with sternum
• Acromioclavicular joint – lateral end of
clavicle with scapula
• Glenohumeral joint – scapula with
humerus
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8-5
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Slide 6
Bones of the Shoulder/Pectoral
Girdle
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Figure 5.20a–b
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Slide 7
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Clavicle
• Collarbone
• S-shaped
bone
• Easily
palpated on
upper thorax
• Braces
shoulder
• Most
commonly
fractured
bone
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8-7
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Slide 8
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Scapula
• Triangular plate
• Overlies ribs 2-7
• Superior, medial,
lateral borders
• Superior, inferior,
lateral angles
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– Acromion
– Coracoid process
– Glenoid cavity
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8-8
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Slide 9
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8-9
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Slide 10
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Figure 5.20c–d
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Slide 11
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Upper Limbs
• Four regions containing 30 bones/limb
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– Brachium: shoulder to elbow (humerus)
– Antebrachium: forearm (radius, ulna)
– Carpus: wrist (8 carpal bones)
– Manus: hand (19 bones-5 metacarpals, 14
phalanges)
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8-11
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Slide 12
Bones of the Upper Limb
• The arm is formed
by a single bone
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– Humerus
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Figure 5.21a–b
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Slide 13
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Humerus
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8-13
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Slide 14
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Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm has
two bones
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– Ulna
– Radius
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Figure 5.21c
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Slide 15
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Radius and Ulna
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8-15
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Slide 16
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Bones of the Upper Limb
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• The hand
– Carpals – wrist
– Metacarpals –
palm
– Phalanges –
fingers
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Figure 5.22
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Slide 17
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Carpal Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“So long to pinky, here comes the thumb”
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Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
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– hamulus
8-17
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Slide 18
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Metacarpals and Phalanges
•
•
Metacarpals
– Bones of palm
– I: base of thumb
– V: base of little finger
– Base: proximal end
– Body: shaft
– Head: distal end
• Form knuckles
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Phalanges
– Bones of fingers
– Pollex
• Thumb
• Two bones
– Three bones in all others
• II to V
• Proximal
• Middle
• Distal
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8-18
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Slide 19
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of fused bones
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
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Slide 20
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Pelvic Girdle
•
3 Bones:
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– Two Hip
(coxal) bones
• Os coxae
• Sacrum
•
•
Pubic
symphysis
Protects viscera
of pelvic cavity
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Slide 21
•
•
•
•
•
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
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Hip Bone
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8-21
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Slide 22
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Fig. 8.7
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Slide 23
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Pelvis and Sexual Dimorphism
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• Male
–
–
–
–
More robust
Narrower
Deeper
Smaller pelvic
inlet and outlet
• Female
– Adapted to
childbirth
– Wider
– Shallower
– Larger pelvic
inlet and outlet
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8-23
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Slide 24
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Slide 25
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Lower Limb
• Four regions with 30
bones/limb
–Femoral: thigh
–Crural: knee to ankle
–Tarsal (tarsus): ankle
–Pedal (pes): foot
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8-25
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Slide 26
Femur and Patella
• Femur –
longest and
strongest bone
• Head forms
ball-and-socket
joint
(acetabulum)
• Patella –
kneecap
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Slide 27
Comparison of Femur to Humerus
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Slide 28
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Tibia and Fibula
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8-28
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Slide 29
Comparison of forearm to lower leg
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Slide 30
Ankle and Foot
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The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns
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Slide 31
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Hand vs. Foot
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Slide 32
Pathology
•
•
•
•
•
Amelia – complete absences of 1 or more limbs
Meromelia – partial absence of limb
Polydactyly – extra fingers or toes
Syndactyly – webbed digits
Clubfoot (talipes) – feet are adducted and
plantar flexed with soles turned medially
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Slide 33
Review Questions
The pectoral girdle consists of two bones?
What are they called?
a) Humerus & sternum
b) Scapula and clavicle
c) Brachium and antebrachium
d) Ilium and ischium
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Slide 34
Review Questions
The pectoral girdle consists of two bones?
What are they called?
a) Humerus & sternum
b) Scapula and clavicle
c) Brachium and antebrachium
d) Ilium and ischium
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Slide 35
Review Questions
• When you rest your hands
on your hips, you are
resting them on…
a)
b)
c)
d)
The pelvic inlet
The pelvic brim
The iliac crests
The pelvic outlet
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Slide 36
Review Questions
• When you rest your hands
on your hips, you are
resting them on
a)
b)
c)
d)
The pelvic inlet
The pelvic brim
The iliac crests
The pelvic outlet
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Slide 37
Review Questions
• All of these are carpal bones except
a)
b)
c)
d)
Trapezium
Cuboid
Triquetrum
Pisiform
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Slide 38
Review Questions
• All of these are carpal bones except
a)
b)
c)
d)
Trapezium
Cuboid
Triquetrum
Pisiform
“So Long Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb”
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