Contents
..........................................................
Preface xii
To the Student
.
1
Revising with a Word Processor
Peer Evaluation of Drafts
50
xix
Collaborative
Rhetoric
1
.
4
The Purposes of Writing 3
The Audience for Your Writing 6
The Qualities of Good Writing 9
2
10
Planning and Drafting
Your Paper
to Revise
5
34
Sharpening
Proofreading
Sentences
and Words
Your Draft
Writing the Introduction
Selecting a Title
45
63
43
45
and Conclusion
45
68
Impressions
74
Purpose 75
Sensory Impressions 75
Dominant Impression 77
Vantage Point 78
Selection of Details 79
Arrangement of Details
Ethical Issues 80
Strengthening
Paragraph Structure
and Development
42
60
Events
Description:
Presenting
34
the Whole Essay
Relating
Writing a Narrative 67
Example Student Essay of Narration:
"The Beach Bum" by Gail Bartlett
The Critical Edge 72
33
Your Paper
Considering
59
Key Events 64
Dialogue 65
Ethical Issues 66
12
Revising and Editing
Preparing
Narration:
Purpose 61
Action 61
Conflict 62
Point of View
~Understanding the Assignment 13
Zeroing In on a Topic 13
Gathering Information
21
Organizing the Information
23
Developing a Thesis Statement 26
Writing the First Draft 29
Planning and Drafting with a Word
Processor 32
3
57
Maintaining and Reviewing a Portfolio
2
Writing: A First look
Writing and Ethics
Writing
49
80
Writing a Description 81
Example Student Essay of Description:
"The Big One" by Rebecca Mutch 83
The Critical Edge 86
v
vi
6
Contents
Process Analysis:
Explaining How
Organizing a Comparison
Using Analogy 124
Ethical Issues 125
88
Kinds of Process Analysis Papers
Ethical Issues 91
89
Writing a Comparison 126
Example Student Essay of Comparison:
"Different Shifts, Different Actions" by
Claire Mutter 128
Writing a Process Analysis 91
Example Student Essay of Process Analysis:
"The ABC's of CPR" by Kathy Petroski 95
The Critical Edge 98
7 Illustration:
100
Making Yourself Clear
Selecting Appropriate Examples
Number of Examples 101
Organizing the Examples 102
Ethical Issues 103
Writing an Illustration
The Critical Edge
8
101
Patterns in Causal Analysis
132
133
Reasoning Errors in Causal Analysis
Ethical Issues 137
135
Writing a Causal Analysis 137
Example Student Essay of Cause and Effect:
"Why Students Drop Out of College" by
Diann Fisher 140
103
The Critical Edge
144
107
Classification:
Grouping into Categories
11
109
Writing a Classification 115
Example Student Essay of Classification:
"Undesirable Produce Market Customers"
by Clarence DeLong 116
The Critical Edge 118
Comparison:
Showing Relationships
Selecting Items for Comparison 121
Developing a Comparison 122
Definition:
Establishing Boundaries
Types of Definitions
Ethical Issues 151
Selecting Categories 111
Number of Categories 112
Developing Categories 112
Ethical Issues 114
9
130
10 Cause and Effect:
ExplainingWhy
Example Student Essay of Illustration:
"A Lesson from Nature"
by Mike Braendle 105
The Critical Edge
123
120
146
147
Writing an Extended Definition 152
Example Student Essay of Definition: "The
Food Chain" by Michael Galayda 154
The Critical Edge 158
12
Argument:
Convincing Others
The Rational Appeal 161
The Emotional Appeal 170
The Ethical Appeal 171
Ferreting Out Fallacies 172
Ethical Issues 176
160
Contents
Writing an Argument
177
18
Example Student Essay of Argument:
"The Right to Bear Arms"
by Brenda Buehrle 182
The Critical Edge 185
13
The Elements of Literature
Ethical Issues 288
Writing a Paper on Literature
19
187
188
195
14 Paragraphs
Characteristics of Effective Paragraphs 195
Paragraphs with Special Functions 211
Effective Sentences
Strategies
Toward Clear Diction
17
20
232
235
235
Effect
250
Eliminating
253
Flawed Diction
299
300
Research Guide
The library Research Paper
313
..
315
322
258
The Essay Examination
Studying for the Examination
Types of Test Questions 259
Preparation for Mailing
E-Mail Correspondence
Types of Letters 300
Resumes 309
297
Writing Your Research Paper 355
Example Student Research Paper: "House
Arrest: An Attractive Alternative to
Incarceration" by Keith Jacque 358
Using a Word Processor 373
241
Special Stylistic Techniques
295
Learning About Your Library 316
Choosing a Topic 317
Assembling a Working Bibliography
Taking Notes 345
Organizing and Outlining 352
Ethical Issues 354
219
Diction, Tone, Style
Toward Rhetorical
.
218
Beyond the Single Sentence
16
288
Business letters
and Resumes
Letter Language 295
Parts of the Business Letter
Example Essay Using Several Writing
Strategies: "Eating Alone in Restaurants"
by BruceJay Friedman 190
The Critical Edge 193
Sentence
267
187
Why and How to Mix Strategies
Ethical Issues 188
15
266
Writing About literature
Example Student Essay on Literature:
"Scratchy Wilson: No Cardboard
Character" by Wendell Stone 291
Mixing the Writing
Strategies
Problem/Solution Report
Evaluation Report 189
vii
258
Preparing to Write 259
Writing the Examination Answer
260
21
Documenting Sources
Preparing Proper MLA and APA
Bibliographic References 376
Handling In-Text Citations 391
376
viii
Contents
Handling Quotations
397
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436
"Momma's
AvoidingPlagiarism 400
Encounter"
by Maya Angelou
439
"For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443
22 Additional Research Strategies:
Interviews, Questionnaires,
Direct Observations
The Value of Primary Research
Description
403
403
General Principles for Primary
Research
404
Ethical Issues
Interviews
405
406
Example Student Interview Report: "Budget
Cuts Mfect State Police: An Interview
Report with Officer Robert Timmons"
Holly Swain 409
Questionnaires
Example Student Questionnaire
Report:
"Fipdings from Smoking Questionnaire
Distributed to Bartram College Students"
by Kelly Reetz
416
Direct Observations
417
Illustration
425
.
427
Following an Effective Reading
Strategy
427
"The Appeal of the Androgynous
by Amy Gross 430
Reading as a Writer
Man"
Classification
488
"What Are Friends For?" by Marion Winik 488
"The Men We Carry in Our Minds"
by ScottRussellSanders 491
"The Myth of the Latin Woman: IJust Met a Girl
Named Maria" by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494
"Which Stooge Are You?" by Ron Geraci 499
432
Comparison
Rhetorical Table of Contents
Narration
474
"Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer"
by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474
"Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478
"Going for Broke" by Matea Goldand
David Ferrell 481
"The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485
Example Student Observation Report:
"Observations of an Inner-City Apartment
Building" by Caleb Thomas
421
Strategies for Successful Reading
461
"Fast Track to Perfection" by Ian Dunbar 461
From "The Spider and the Wasp"
by AlexanderPetrunkevitch 465
"Let's Get Vertical!" by Beth Wald 467
"The Knife"by RichardSelzer 470
by
410
Reader
"When the Full Moon Shines Its Magic over
Monument Valley" byJohn V Young 446
"In the Jungle" by Annie Dillard 448
"Assembly Line Adventure"
by LesleyHazleton 452
"Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456
Process Analysis
Example Student Questionnaire:
"Survey on
Public Smoking" by Kelly Reetz
413
.
446
434
"The Perfect Picture" byJamesAlexander Thom 434
"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts"
by Bruce Catton 504
"Conversational Ballgames"
by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507
"Then and Now" by Mary PiPher 510
504
ix
Contents
Thematic Table of Contents
"Private Language, Public Language"
by Richard Rodriguez 520
"Coming Home" by MarjorieWaters 525
Life's Changes
527
Cause and Effect
"Old Father Time Becomes a Terror"
by Richard Tomkins 527
"Gender Gap in Cyberspace"
by DeborahTannen 531
"Why Marriages Fail" by Anne RoiPhe 533
"Black Men and Public Space"
by BrentStaPles 536
540
Definition
"The Sweet Smell of Success Isn't All That Sweet"
by Laurence Shames 540
"The Power of Play" by Hara Estroff
Marano 542
"The Insufficiency of Honesty"
by StePhenL. Carter 547
"When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
560
Argument
"Death and Justice" by Edward 1. Koch 560
"Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at
Universities" by Marilyn Gaye Piety
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
566
by Gretchen Morgenson 571
"I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr.
"AJournalist's View of Black Economics"
by William RasPberry 580
"Close the Borders to All Newcomers"
576
by Daniel James 586
"Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest"
by StePhen Moore 590
Mixing the Writing Strategies
"Blur: Cheetahs. Ranchers. Hope."
by Susan Zimmerman 595
"She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D."
by PerriKlass 601
"The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
595
"The PerfectPicture" byJamesAlexanderThom 434
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436
"Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439
"For My Indian Daughter"
by Lewis Sawaquat 443
"Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456
"The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485
"Then and Now" by Mary PiPher 510
"Private Language, Public Language"
by RichardRodriguez 520
"Coming Home" by MarjorieWaters 525
"Old Father Time Becomes a Terror"
by Richard Tomkins 527
"Why Marriages Fail" by Anne Roiphe 533
"Black Men and Public Space"
by Brent StaPles 536
Who We Are
"The Appeal of the Androgynous Man"
by Amy Gross 430
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436
"Assembly Line Adventure"
by LesleyHadeton 452
"Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer"
by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474
"Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478
"Going for Broke" by Metea Goldand
David Ferrell 481
'The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485
"What Are Friends For?" by Marion Winik 488
"The Men We Carry in Our Minds"
by ScottRussellSanders 491
"The Myth of the Latin Woman"
by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494
"Which Stooge Are You?" by Ron Geraci 499
"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts"
by Bruce Catton 504
"Then and Now" by Mary Pipher 510
"Gender Gap in Cyberspace"
by DeborahTannen 531
.
"Why Marriages Fail" by Anne RoiPhe 533
"The Sweet Smell of Success Isn't All That Sweet"
by Laurence Shames
540
x
Contents
"The Power of Play" by Hara EstroffMarano 542
"The Insufficiency of Honesty"
by StephenL. Carter 547
"The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at
Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
by GretchenMorgenson 571
Our Relationship to Nature
Diversity in Our Lives
"Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439
"For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443
"The Myth of the Latin Woman"
by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494
"Conversational Ballgames"
by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507
"Private Language, Public Language"
by Richard Rodriguez 520
"Gender Gap in Cyberspace"
by DeborahTannen 531
"Black Men and Public Space" by BrentStaples 536
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at
Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
by GretchenMorgenson 571
"I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr. 576
"AJournalist's View of Black Economics"
by William RasPberry 580
"Close the Borders to All Newcomers"
by DanielJames 586
"Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest"
by StephenMoore 590
"The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
"When the Full Moon Shines Its Magic over
Monument Valley" byJohn V Young 446
"In the Jungle" by Annie Dillard 448
"Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456
From "The Spider and the Wasp"
by AlexanderPetrunkevitch 465
"Let's Get Vertical!" by Beth Wald 467
"The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470
"The Power of Play" by Hara EstroffMarano 542
"Blur: Cheetahs. Ranchers. Hope."
by Susan Zimmerman 595
Health
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436
"The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470
"Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer"
by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474
"Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478
"Going for Broke" by Matea Cold and
David Ferrell 481
"The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485
"Old Father Time Becomes a Terror"
by Richard Tomkins 527
"The Power of Play" by Hara Estroff Marano 542
"She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D,"
by PerriKlass 601
Contemporary Issues
Women's Issues
"The Appeal of the Androgynous Man"
by Amy Gross 430
"The Men We Carry in Our Minds"
by ScottRussell Sanders 491
"The Myth of the Latin Woman"
by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494
"Then and Now" by Mary Pipher 510
"Gender Gap in Cyberspace"
by DeborahTannen 531
"When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
Crime and Punishment
"When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
"Death and Justice" by Edward I. Koch 560
"Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at
Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
by GretchenMorgenson 571
language
Use and Abuse
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436
"Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439
"For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443
"Fast Track to Perfection" by Ian Dunbar 461
"The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470
"The Myth of the Latin Woman"
byJudith Ortiz Cofer 494
xi
Contents
"Conversational Ballgames"
by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507
"Private Language, Public Language"
by Richard Rodriguez 520
"When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
by GretchenMorgenson 571
"She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D."
by PerriKlass 601
"The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices
Subject-Verb Agreement
645
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 648
Avoiding Faulty Pronoun Reference 651
Avoiding Unwarranted Shifts in Person 653
Using the Right Pronoun Case
"The Perfect Picture" byJamesAlexanderThom 434
"Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439
"Black Men and Public Space" by BrentStaples 536
"The Sweet Smell of Success"
by LaurenceShames 540
"The Insufficiency of Honesty"
by StephenL. Carter 547
"When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
"Death and Justice" by Edward1. Koch 560
"Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at
Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566
"Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
by GretchenMorgenson 571
"I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr.' 576
"Close the Borders to All Newcomers"
by DanielJames 586
"Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest"
by StephenMoore 590
"The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
Handbook
607
Sentence Elements
609
Subjects and Predicates
Complements
Appositives
655
Avoiding Inconsistency in Showing Time 658
Avoiding Misuse of Adjectives and Adverbs 660
Avoiding Misplaced Modifiers 662
Struggling with Ethical Issues
.
643
609
610
.
Avoiding Dangling Modifiers 664
Avoiding Nonparallelism
665
Avoiding Faulty Comparisons 666
Editing to Correct Faulty Punctuation
and Mechanics
669
Apostrophes
669
Commas 672
Semicolons 677
Periods, Question Marks, and
Exclamation Points 679
Colons, Dashes, Parentheses, and Brackets
681
Quotation Marks 685
Hyphens 687
Capitalization 689
Abbreviations 692
Numbers 693
Italics 695
Spelling
698
Spelling Rules 698
Helpful Spelling Tips 700
List of Troublesome Words 701
611
Parts of Speech
612
Phrases and Clauses
634
Editing to Correct Sentence Errors 641
Sentence Fragments
641
Glossary of Word Usage
705
Acknowledgments
729
Subject Index
734