®
IBM Software Group
Software Architecting and RUP
Peter Eeles
peter.eeles@uk.ibm.com
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Agenda
Introduction
Architecture, Architect, Architecting
Process precedents
Rational Unified Process
GS-Method
RUP and Architecting
Requirements
Analysis and design
Implementation
Test
Project management
Configuration and change management
Environment
Summary
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Architecture, Architect, Architecting
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Architecture
Architecture is the fundamental organization of a system embodied in
its components, their relationships to each other, and to the
environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution.
[IEEE 1471]
The software architecture of a program or computing system is the
structure or structures of the system, which comprise software
elements, the externally visible properties of those elements, and the
relationships among them. [Bass]
[Architecture is] the organizational structure and associated behavior
of a system. An architecture can be recursively decomposed into
parts that interact through interfaces, relationships that connect parts,
and constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact through
interfaces include classes, components and subsystems. [UML 1.5]
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An architecture defines structure
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An architecture defines behaviour
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An architecture is concerned with significant elements
The element relates to some critical functionality of the
system
E.g. monetary transactions
The element relates to some critical property of the system
E.g. reliability
The element relates to a particular architectural challenge
E.g. external system integration
The element is associated with a particular technical risk
The element relates to a capability that is considered to be
unstable
The element relates to some key element of the solution
E.g. login mechanism
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An architecture meets stakeholder needs
The end user is concerned with intuitive and correct behavior,
performance, reliability, usability, availability and security
The system administrator is concerned with intuitive behavior,
administration and tools to aid monitoring
The marketer is concerned with competitive features, time to market,
positioning with other products, and cost
The customer is concerned with cost, stability and schedule
The developer is concerned with clear requirements, and a simple and
consistent design approach
The project manager is concerned with predictability in the tracking of the
project, schedule, productive use of resources and cost
The maintainer is concerned with a comprehensible, consistent and
documented design approach, and the ease with which modifications can
be made
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An architecture comes in many forms
Enterprise Architecture
System Architecture
Software
Architecture
Application
Architecture
Technical
Architecture
Hardware
Architecture
Organizational
Architecture
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And …
An architecture is part of a broader system
An architecture embodies decisions based on rationale
An architecture conforms to an architectural style
An architecture is influenced by its environment
An architecture influences organizational structure
An architecture is present in every system
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Architect
The architect is a technical leader
The architect understands the software development process
The architect has knowledge of the business domain
The architect has technology knowledge
The architect has design skills
“The life of a software
architect is a long and
The architect has programming skills
rapid succession of
The architect is a good communicator
suboptimal design
decisions taken partly in
The architect makes decisions
the dark.” [Kruchten]
The architect is a mentor
The architect is aware of organizational politics
The architect is a negotiator
The architect role may be fulfilled by a team
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Architecting
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Architecting
Architecting is a science
Architecting is an art
Architecting spans many disciplines
Architecting involves many stakeholders
Architecting is involved in tradeoffs
Architecting considers reusable assets
Architecting is both top-down and bottom-up
Architecting changes emphasis over time
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The benefits of architecting
Architecting addresses system qualities
Architecting drives consensus
Architecting ensures architectural integrity
Architecting helps manage complexity
Architecting provides a basis for reuse
Architecting reduces maintenance costs
Architecting supports impact analysis
Architecting supports the planning process
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Documenting a software architecture
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Architecture description – Kruchten 4+1 views
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Architecture description – GS-Method
Component modeling
Operational modeling
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Architecture description – Siemens
Conceptual
View
Module
View
Code
View
Execution
View
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Architecture description – RM-ODP
Information
Viewpoint
Enterprise
Viewpoint
Computational
Viewpoint
Engineering
Viewpoint
Technical
Viewpoint
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Architecture description – Zachman framework
Abstractions
Perspectives
Scope
Planner
contextual
Enterprise Model
Owner
conceptual
System Model
Designer
logical
Technology
Constrained Model
Builder
physical
Detailed
Representations
Subcontractor
out-of-context
Functioning
Enterprise
Data
Function
Network
People
Time
Motivation
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Agenda
Introduction
Architecture, Architect, Architecting
Process precedents
Rational Unified Process
GS-Method
RUP and Architecting
Requirements
Analysis and design
Implementation
Test
Project management
Configuration and change management
Environment
Summary
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Process precedents
Rational Unified Process
A commercially-available offering (a product)
GS-Method
Used by IGS consultants
Much commonality
Deployed as web sites
Fundamental concepts align as defined by the OMG’s Software
Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM)
Engagement models / configurations for different classes of system
• Custom development, packaged applications, EAI
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Agenda
Introduction
Architecture, Architect, Architecting
Process precedents
Rational Unified Process
GS-Method
RUP and Architecting
Requirements
Analysis and design
Implementation
Test
Project management
Configuration and change management
Environment
Summary
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Top Ten Architectural Concerns
1. When is the architect first involved in a project?
2. What is the relationship of the architect to other project
roles?
3. What is the architect's role with respect to requirements?
4. What is the scope of an architecture?
5. How is an architecture described?
6. When and how does the architect come up with a first-cut
architecture?
7. How does the architect refine the architecture?
8. How and when does the architect consider reuse?
9. How does the architect enforce architecture integrity?
10. How does the architect know that the architecture is
stable?
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RUP Key Concepts: Disciplines
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RUP Key Concepts: Overview
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RUP Key Concepts: Iterations
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UML Models
Model
“A model is a complete description of a system from a particular
perspective” [RUP]
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RUP Disciplines
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Discipline: Requirements
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Workflow Detail: Manage the Scope of the System
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Use-Case Model
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Use Cases – Prioritised
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Create Auction
Place Bid
Close Auction
Browse Auction Catalog
Create Account
Sign In
Manage Account
Sign Out
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Requirements: Architectural Concerns Addressed
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RUP Disciplines
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Discipline: Analysis and Design
Analysis
Design
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Workflow Detail: Perform Architectural Synthesis
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Workflow Detail: Define a Candidate Architecture
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Architectural Analysis – Key Abstractions
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Architectural Analysis – Analysis Mechanisms
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Architectural Analysis – Layers
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Analysis: Architectural Concerns Addressed
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Workflow Detail: Refine the Architecture
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Identify Design Mechanisms
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Identify Design Elements
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Identify Design Elements
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Describe Run-Time Architecture
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Describe Distribution
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Design: Architectural Concerns Addressed
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RUP Disciplines
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Discipline: Implementation
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Workflow Detail: Structure the Implementation Model
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Structure the Implementation Model
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Implementation: Architectural Concerns Addressed
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RUP Disciplines
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Discipline: Environment
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Workflow Detail: Prepare Guidelines for an Iteration
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Environment: Architectural Concerns Addressed
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RUP Disciplines
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Discipline: Test
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Discipline: Deployment
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Discipline: Configuration and Change Management
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Discipline: Project Management
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Summary
Architectural concerns are addressed by activities from all
disciplines
Architectural concerns are addressed throughout the project
lifecycle
The architect’s involvement starts early in the process, during Inception
Most of the “hard core” architecting occurs during Elaboration
The architect’s role extends through Construction and Transition
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