Ethnobotany of Medically Important Plants in Mt. Manunggal
and Its Vicinity
Maria Lilibeth P. Abaquita, Associate Professor II
Cebu Normal University. Osmeña Blvd.,
Cebu City, Philippines
malibeth_abaquita@yahoo.com
Inocencio E. Buot, Jr. PhD
co-author, Faculty of Management and Development Studies
University of the Philippines Open University
Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines 4031
To unravel the secret uses of plants has become the important and central
concern of ethnobotany. This study of medicinal plants provides insights in
understanding environmental relations to men. This can also contribute to the
health and wellness of the community and can serve as a benchmark in
understanding the dependency of human to nature, as to how plants play an
important role in the human health care system. An inventory of medically
important plants is carried out in Mt. Manunggal and its surrounding eight sitios.
Data was collected through semi-structured field interviews with open-ended
questions conducted to ten respondents each sitios to identify the traditional
medicines being used by the locals since time immemorial. One hundred twentyeight species of medicinal plants were recorded; 126 of which were angiosperms
and 2 species were ferns belonging to 114 genera of 49 families of angiosperms and
2 families of pteridophytes. Of the 51 families, Poaceae represents most number of
plant species used for traditional medicine. Plants under this family are the most
abundant in the area, found in almost all habitats, propagate easily and are highly
nutritious. These 128 plant species are known to treat seventy-eight kinds of
diseases, from respiratory, gastrointestinal to skin diseases. It is evident that the
herbs are the most common plant species used as an herbal medicine. The leaves of
these herbs are the most frequently collected plant parts which are prepared by
poultice. The herbal medicines are usually administered as often as needed until
complete cure is observed. This study also shows that the local folks utilized specific
plant parts with specific dosages and duration for a particular ailment or disease.
Traditional knowledge on these medicinal plants could be lost if a traditional healer
is unable to convey this to the next generation so the proper recording and
documentation of herbal medicines require immediate action.
Keywords: ethnobotany, Mt.Manunggal, traditional knowledge, human health care system,
herbal medicine
INTRODUCTION
For thousands of years, plants have
been used as a major part of human health
care system (Raven, 1996). They have been
used as alternatives for therapeutic purposes
which could be used specifically for particular
health conditions (Young, 2006; Moerman,
1990). Traditional medication is still the
mainstay of health care especially in
developing countries because it is efficient,
safe, cost effective and accessible to the poor
and those living in remote areas (Trivedi,
2006) and was then adopted by local healers
and passed down from generation to
generation ( Lui et al., 2009).Because of this,
1
plants were gathered and collected from the
wild and relatively few genera are cultivated
on a commercial scale. This exploitation
coupled with the fast growing population,
flourishing economy, increasing urbanization
had greatly changed the global environment
and this might lead to the destruction of
natural habitats and resources that would
endanger the very survival of indigenous
communities. Though plants are renewable,
they are too vulnerable to environmental
factors which might lead them to extinction.
Highlighting the roles of these plants
as potential key source for the health and
nutritional livelihood of both urban and rural
communities enforces national efforts of
conserving and promoting their sustainability
(Adhikari et al., 2010).
This encouraged the researcher to
determine and describe the morphological,
taxonomical, geographical and economical
aspects of the medically important plants in
Mt. Manunggal, Cebu that could contribute to
the health and wellness of the community and
the results of which could serve as a
benchmark for learning and studying
ethnobotany. Furthermore, the objective of
this study was to identify the plant parts that
are used, the preparation and the dosage of
the treatment for curing specific diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site
The scope of the study was centered
on the medicinal plants in Mt. Manunggal and
its vicinity. Mt. Manunggal (see Fig. 1) is one
of the sitios of Barangay Sunog, Balamban
Cebu, having an altitude of 3, 083 feet above
sea level. It is long, narrow and has a low
round, very thickly forested hill tops that run
across in the rugged area of Cebu. The place is
approximately 22 miles northwest of Cebu
City. It has a sandy loam of 98% and sandy
clay of 2 % of type of soil that allows plant to
grow best in the area and thus, making the
place as one of the remaining forest in Cebu.
Sitio Mt. Manunggal and its adjacent
areas have a population of about 1,897 and
with a total land area of 3,798 hectares. The
settlers of the place are found not in
concentrated clusters but houses are few,
scattered and far apart. The barrios are too
far from each other that reach many square
kilometers and hectares away far from its
adjacent towns. This triggers the mind of the
researcher on how they satisfy demands on
health care provided that they are far from
the towns and health care centers and what
alternatives they use to augment their health.
The study focused at Sitio Mt.
Manunggal and other adjacent areas namely
Sitio Kalubihan, Sitio Putol, Sitio Mauyog, Sitio
Pangi, Sitio Sandayong, Sitio Cambagocboc
and Barangay Sunog Proper.
Design and Method
Rapid Rural Ethnobotanical Appraisal
Method (Townsley, 1996) is adopted in this
study since this was only a short term study
and the method did not require expensive
tools to evaluate a comprehensive view of
how the community acts as a whole
particularly in their relationship with the
plants. The researcher used key informants
as sources of sufficient ethnobotanical
information about medicinal plants. Native
language is used. The researcher prepared a
list of questions and topics that need to be
covered but this list was only a guide. This
allowed the researcher to be flexible. As the
discussion gets under way, new lines of
inquiry arise naturally while some of the
prepared questions will fall on the wayside
(Gerique, 2006). During field observation, the
topographic distribution of the floral
specimens was mapped. Existing maps,
Global Positioning System (GPS) records
taken during the survey and aerial
photographs represent the basic topographic
information. The latitude, longitude and
altitude of the collected plant specimens were
recorded using the GPS. Using transect walk,
the researcher counted and identified the
2
medically known plants mentioned by the key
informants to get its frequency. As noted,
conservation and sustainable use of medicinal
plants are issues on which immediate focus is
required in the context of conserving
biodiversity.
Since
the
continuing
disappearance of Filipino wild ecosystem is of
great concern to ecologists, the researcher
categorized the vulnerability of plants
according to the standard system of
International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) (see Table 1) and local
standards of Guarino and Rao (1995).
RESULTS
From the data presented, there were 126
angiosperms and 2 pteridophytes species of
medicinal plants (see Appendix A) belonging
to 116 genera of 51 families as mentioned,
revealed and used by the people living in the
area for the treatment of diseases. Among
these angiosperms, 7 species are unknown to
the author. Of the 51 families listed, Poaceae
(11) represents most number of plant species
used for traditional medication. As observed
by the researcher, the grass family is the most
abundant plants found in the area. They are
found in almost all habitats and propagate
easily
through
seeds
or
rhizomes
(Romanowski, 2009; Greer and Gibson,
[updated 2011]) and many are highly
nutritious species of plants (Sharma, 2009).
Lamiaceae (6) ranks the second. The trees,
herbs and shrubs from this family contain
essential oils that can be harvested and
extracted easily from the leaves of the plant
(Sharma,
2009;
Bennet,
2002).
Euphorbiaceae is the third family in the rank.
A family of vines, herbs, shrubs and trees, the
plants under this family contain milky latex
and
are
considered
purgative
and
antihelmintic (Sharma, 2009; Bennet, 2002).
Table 1. Score and scale system for evaluating
the conservation status threat of genetic erosion
of plant species (Guarino and Rao, 1995)
Factors
A. Extent of wild habitats of target
species within study area
Very restricted ( > 5%)
Restricted ( 5-15 % )
15 -50%
Extensive (> 50%)
B. Conservation status of target
species
Species not known to occur in any
protected area.
Species unknown to occur within
a protected , but protection
status poor or unknown.
Species known to occur within a
protected
area.
and
protection status good
C. Extent of use of wild habitat of
target species.
Industrial exploitation
Exploitation by surrounding
population ( e.g. fuel wood
gathering by nearby towns)
Hunting and gathering by small
local communities
Completely protected
D. Extent of use of target species
Industrial exploitation
Exploitation
by
surrounding
population
Local exploitation
Protected or not used
E. Agricultural pressure on wild
habitat
Large scale cultivation within
habitat margins
Subsistent
cultivation
areas
within habitat margins
Land suitable for cultivation,
cultivation areas within 3
km habitat margin
Land suitable for cultivation,
cultivation areas within 310km habitat margin
Land unsuitable for cultivation
Standard
Score
15
10
5
0
10
5
0
15
10
2
0
15
10
5
0
15
12
10
5
0
3
Fig. 1 The Study Site in Mt. Manunggal and Surrounding Sitios
4
Figure 2. The Habit and Parts of the Plants that are used to treat Diseases
45
40
Leaf/Clove
35
Root
30
Bark/Skin
25
Stem/Rhizome
20
Flower
Fruit
15
Whole Plant
10
Seed
5
0
Tree
Shrub
Shown in the Figure 2 are the habit
and parts of plants used as treatment for
diseases. There were 32 species of trees, 29
species of shrubs and 67 species of herbs
recorded by the author, as mentioned by the
key informants. It is evident that the herbs
are the most common plant species used by
the people in treating diseases (Table 1). In
this study, it is shown that among all parts,
leaf which includes the modified leaves, clove
and young shoot, was most frequently
utilized followed by stem (includes
rhizomes), root as the third , bark in the
fourth row , flowers as the fifth, and whole
plant being in the last rank.
Plant parts known to be medically
important were prepared by the local folks
using various methods such as decoction,
infusion, concoction and maceration for oral
treatment. Some informants, however,
prepared some plants by poultice for direct
application on the infected area. Additionally,
local folks used fresh parts of plants.
It was also observed that most
methods of preparation used single plant
parts but in some instances, they are mixed
together to provide better results (Miano et
al., 2011).
Herb
For the dosage and duration of the
medicinal formulation, it is noted that the
people usually take herbal medicine as
needed, i.e. until they get well. However, for
liquid intake, patients drink a glass of water
per meal. For chronic diseases like kidney
ailments, they used the medicine as a
replacement of water.
Infusion
Concoction
Decoction
Maceration
Poultice
Others
Figure 3. Preparation of Plant Parts Used as
Medicine
Figure 4 presents the diseases, in
category, that are cured by herbal medicine.
As shown in the graph, the folks most
commonly used herbal medicines to treat
skin-related ailments. The skin, being the
5
25
Endocrine Disease
Excretory Disease
20
Liver Disease
Lymphatic Disease
15
PNS Disease
Skin Disease
10
CNS Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
5
Digestive Disease
Respiratory Disease
0
Cardiac Disease
Category of Disease
Figure 4 Diseases Treated by Herbal Medicine
largest and most exposed organ, is very
susceptible to diseases usually caused by too
much exposure to the heat of the sun,
parasites, infections, cell dysfunction and
stress; wind, dampness and dryness (Liu,
[updated 2011]).
This would correspond to the result
shown in Figure 2 where poultice, which is
used in topical application, is the most
common used method. This method is done
through mashing, pounding, crushing,
squeezing and the extract obtained is directly
applied to the area of infection. It is known
that topical treatments by direct application
are often effective and probably the only way
to treat skin diseases (Lupus Canada,
[updated 2011]; Leppard and Naburi, 2000).
CONCLUSIONS
From the data gathered, the researcher can
claim that herbal medicines are widely used
by the people of Mt. Manunggal and
surrounding vicinity. Moreover, the 127
plants mentioned imply that there are still
medicinal plants yet to be discovered and
verified that can sustain the formulation and
development of new drugs. However, they
lack the concern in conserving these
medically important plants due to incomplete
awareness and knowledge. In fact, out of the
many mentioned plant, only less than a half
was sited which means that the conservation
of these species requires focus and immediate
action.
Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants
In the vulnerability of the plant species, the
researcher found out that among 42 species
of plants sited during the transect walk, four
(4) species were vulnerable because they
were only found in narrow geographical
ranges, have few populations and were
harvested for their value of food and
marketable products. One (1) species is
identified as rare because it has few
occurrences with few individuals in each
occurrence. The remaining 37 plants are not
threatened at all. Additional 7 plant species
remain unknown to the researcher.
RECOMMENDATIONS
To validate the effectiveness of these herbal
medicines, studies about the isolation of
phytochemical content of each medicinal
plant in different areas of Cebu should be
undertaken. Furthermore, there is a need to
evaluate the conservation status of these
herbal medicines since IUCN has not yet
assessed most of the mentioned plants.
Additionally, a well-planned conservation
strategy must be designed to increase
awareness and appreciation on the benefits
and potentials of plants as alternative
6
Table 3. Conservation Status of the Medically Important Plants in Mt. Manunggal and its Surrounding Areas Using the
Score and Scale System Evaluation of Guarino and Rao (1995)
Plant Name
Alocasia
macrorrhizos
(Biga)
Asclepias
currasavica
Damaso
Bidens pilosa
(Tuway-tuway)
Blumea balsimifera
(Gabon)
Carica papaya
(Papaya)
Centella asiatica
(Yahung-yahung)
Chromolaena
odorata
(Hagonoy)
Citrofortunella
mitis
(Limonsito)
Cocos nucifera
(Lubi)
Coleus blumei
(Mayana)
Colocasia esculenta
(Gabi)
Elephantopus
scaber
(Dila-dila sa iro)
Eleusine indica
(Bila-bila)
Euphorbia hirta
(Mangagaw)
Ficus minahassae
(Hagimit)
Ficus septica
(Lagnub)
A. Extent of wild
habitats of target
species within
study area
B. Conservation
status of target
species
C. Extent of use of
wild habitat of
target species
D. Extent of use of
target species
E. Agricultural
pressure on wild
habitat
TOTAL
STATUS
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
15
15
12
52
Vulnerable
5
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
0
5
2
2
15
24
Not threatened
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
15
15
12
52
Vulnerable
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
15
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
15
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
0
5
2
2
15
24
Not threatened
7
Gliricidia sepium
(Madre Cacao)
Hyptis capitata
(Hansawma)
Imperata cylindrica
(Cogon)
Kyllinga nemoralis
(Busikad)
Leucaena
Leucocephala
(Batilis)
Mallotus
mollissimus
(Gapas-gapas)
Mangifera indica
(Mangga)
Mimosa pudica
(Makahiya)
Muntingia
calabura
(Mansanitas)
Musa acuminata
(Banana)
Musa textilis
(Abaca)
Orthosiphon
aristatus
(Malverosa)
Oxalis corniculata
(Pisik-pisik)
Phyllantus
fraternus
(Likod-likod)
Psidium gujava
(Guava)
Pyrrosia
piliselloides
(Likup-likup)
Solanum torvum
(Tawng-tawng)
Swietenia
mahogany
(Mahogany)
Symphytum
0
5
10
10
15
40
Not threatened
0
5
2
2
15
24
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
15
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
15
29
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
15
15
12
52
Vulnerable
0
5
2
2
15
24
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
10
5
15
15
5
50
Vulnerable
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
10
10
12
42
Not threatened
10
5
10
10
10
45
Rare
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
8
officinale
(Komprey)
Tinosphora
rumphii
(Panyawan)
Unknown
Plant A
(Aromatic)
Unknown
Plant C
(Dawa-dawa)
Unknown
Plant D
(Hugalpu)
Urena lobata
(Dupang)
Vitex negundo
(Lagundi)
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
0
5
2
2
15
24
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
15
29
Not threatened
10
5
2
2
10
29
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
5
5
2
2
12
26
Not threatened
9
medicine. Using this strategy, the government
should formulate policies that will respond to
the declining population of the medicinal
plants in Cebu and the country as a whole.
Lastly, further studies and surveys on
ethnobotany in all parts of the country should
be carried out to prevent the disappearing of
this traditional knowledge, promote and
inculcate it to the minds of this generation
and the next.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to express
her heart filled gratitude to the Almighty
Father for the gifts of perseverance and
wisdom.
The researcher is greatly indebted to
the people of Mt. Manunggal for sharing their
wisdom and experiences in traditional
medicine. She also would like to appreciate
her adviser and other reviewers who
indefatigably conveyed their knowledge,
expertise, outstanding critics in scientific
writing and valuable comments.
LITERATURE CITED
Adhikari BS, Babu MM, Saklani PL, Rawat
GS. (2010). Medicinal plant diversity and
their conservation status in Wildlife Institute
of
India
(WII)
Campus,
Dehradun.
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from:
http://www.ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/dehr
adun.htm
Bennett,
B.
C.(2005).
Ethnobotany
Education, Opportunities, and Needs in the
U.S.
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Miami, FL 33199 USA.
Gerique, A. (2006). Integrative assessment
and planning methods for sustainable
agroforestry in humid and semiarid regions.
An introduction to ethnoecology and
ethnobotany: Theory and Methods[Internet].
Available
from:
http://www.utpl.edu.ec/summerschool/imag
es/stories/presentaciones/ethnoecology.pdf
Guarino, L. (1995) Assessing the threat of
genetic erosion. In: Guarino, L., Rao, V.R. and
Reid, R. (eds.), Collecting Plant Genetic
Diversity:
Technical
Guidelines. CAB
International, Wallingford. Pp. 67–74.
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Chinese
Medicine(TCM):The
American
Academy of Acupuncture and Oriental
Medicine.
[Internet].
[updated
2011]
Available
from:http://www.tcmpage.com/hpdermatosi
s.html
Moerman DE. (1990). The Medicinal Flora of
Native North America: An Analysis. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology:
An
Analysis.
J.
Ethnopharmacol[Internet]; [cited 1991 Jan];
31(1):1-42.
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from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl
e/pii/037887419190141Y
Raven, P. (1996).
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International Conference on Medicinal Plants:
Bangalore, India.Vol. 3 number 1.
http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/132
Townsley, P. (1996). Rapid Rural Appraisal,
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Rural
Appraisal
and
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W2352E03.htm#ch3.3 Accessed July 2006
Trivedi PC. (2003). Medicinal Plants:
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[Internet].
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HXA5x0C&printsec=frontcover&hl=tl&source
=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f
=false
10
APPENDIX A: Table 1. Complete List of Herbal Medicine in Mt. Manunggal and vicinity. Habits: H=herb, S=shrub, T=tree; Parts Used: L=leaf,
S=stem, F=fruit, Fl=flower, B=bark, MS=modified stem, ML=modified leaf, ME=milky exudate, Se=seed, R=root, WP=whole plant, Fr=frond
Species
Family
HPart(s) Used
Ailments
Preparation
Exsiccata
Plant
Habit
1.Acanthocereus
tetragonus
(Suru-suru)
2.Agave Americana
(Magay)
Cactaceae
3.Allium sativum
(Ahus)
Liliaceae
4.Alocasia
macrorrhiza
(Biga,Thailand),
Badyang)
5.Aloe vera
(Sabila)
6.Ananas comosus
(Pinya)
7.Annona muricata
(Sabana)
Aracaceae
8.Annona reticulata
(Anunas)
9.Annona squamosa
(Atis)
Annonaceae
10.Artemisia vulgaris
(Hilbas/ Damong
Maria)
11.Artocarpus
heterophyllus
(Nangka)
12.Asclepias
curassavica
(Damasu)
13.Averrhoa bilimbi
(Iba)
14.Bambusa spinosa
(Kawayan)
Compositae
Amaryllidaceae
H
S
v
S
Athlete’s foot, falling hair
s
L
Relapse, amenorrhea
h
F
h
Pre-heat .mash then apply
Mash and apply juice, use as shampoo
mlpa no. 1
Pre-heat, mash
Extra juice drink
Drink extract
Hypertension (toothache, Eat raw; poultice (one piece of modified
rheumatism, snake bites
stem)
mlpa no. 2
L
Sore eyes
Apply in drops
mlpa no. 4
h
L
Falling hair, dandruff
Poultice
mlpa no. 5
h
B, L
L, F, B
Poultice with Bark of cacao
Maceration
Infusion, drink extract
Eaten raw
Decoction
mlpa no. 6
h
t
L
Bruise, ulcer, asthma,
cough
Dysentery, hypertension,
hyperacidity,
nephritis,
pinworms , intestinal
worms, impacho, stomach
ulcer
Herpes
Mash and apply
mlpa no. 8
t
L
t
L
t
L, F
h
L
Dysmenorrhea
s
F
h
L
Asthma,toothache,
pain
Hypertension
H
mlpa no. 3
H
Liliaceae
H
Bromeliaceae
H
Annonaceae
S
T
Annonaceae
T
H
Moraceae
T
Apocynaceae
Cough,
running
nose, Infusion and inhale; maceration
allergic rhinitis, sprain, (5 or 7 leaves)
fracture
Pasmu, relapse, cough
Concoction with roasted corn, gabon and
lagnub
mlpa no. 9
Dysentery,
poisoning
mlpa no. 11
H
Oxalidaceae
S
Poaceae
H
mlpa no. 7
herpes, Infusion, drink extract
Pre-heat, apply on surface
Concoction with gabon and kugungkugung
(3:3:3 leaves)
body Infusion
Infusion
mlpa no. 10
mlpa no. 12
mlpa no. 13
mlpa no. 14
11
15.Basella rubra L.
(Alugbati)
16.Begonia
semperflorens
(Bigunia)
17.Bixa orellana
(Atsuwitis)
18.Blumea balsimifera
(Gabun)
Chenopodiaceae
19.Bryophyllum
pinnatum
(Halilika/Katakataka)
Crassulaceae
20.Caesalpania
sappan
(Sibukaw)
21.Cannabis sativa
(Marijuana)
22.Capsicum
frutescens
(Sili kulikut)
23.Carica papaya
(Papaya)
Leguminosae
24.Cassia alata
(Asunting)
25.Catharantus roseus
(Kumintang)
26.Ceiba pentandra
(Duldul/ Kapuk)
27.Centella asiatica
(Yahung-yahung)
Fabaceae
28.Chromolaena
odorata
(Hagunoy)
Compositae
h
L
Bruise, ulcer
Poultice with string beans (3:3 leaves)
mlpa no. 15
h
L
Acne, pimples
Mash and apply
mlpa no. 16
s
L
Spasm
Preheat and place on the area
mlpa no. 17
s
L
Poultice
Maceration
Concoction with lagnub, gilbas, damasu
and kugung-kugung
mlpa no. 18
h
L
t
B
Arthritis, spasm, cough,
asthma, allergic rhinitis,
fever, flatulence, varicose
vein,
heat
rash,
hemorrhoid, body pain,
relapse, dysmenorrhia
Ulcer, wound, falling hair,
dandruff,
toothache,
athlete’s foot, fracture,
dysentery
Tuberculosis
s
L
Relapse
h
L
mlpa no. 22
s
F , Fl, L
s
L
h
F
Athlete’s foot, dandruff, Rub 15 leaves then administer to the
toothache, wounds
infected area
Poultice extra juice
Tonsillitis, heart ailment, Fruit not so ripe, eat raw
dengue
fever,
acne, Infusion
dandruff
Extract the juice apply(not applicable to
sensitive skin)
Mash and extract the juice then apply to
scalp
Eczema, skin asthma, tinea Poultice and apply
flava
Amennorrhea
Maceration, drink extract
t
S
Teething
mlpa no. 26
t
L
Cough, asthma
S
L
Wound
H
Rubiaceae
H
Bixaceae
S
S
H
(3 leaves each plant)
Poultice
Infusion
mlpa no. 19
Decoction,drink extract
mlpa no. 20
Infusion, drink
mlpa no. 21
T
Cannabinaceae
S
Solanaceae
H
Caricaceae
S
S
Apocynaceae
mlpa no. 23
mlpa no. 24
mlpa no. 25
H
Bombaceae
T
Apiaceae
H
Maceration with spines of buli, root tip of
cogon and busikad
Maceration
Infusion, drink extract concoction with
gabun
Poultice, apply
mlpa no. 27
mlpa no. 28
S
12
29.Chrysophyllum
cainito
(Kaymitu)
Sapotaceae
30.Citrofortunella
mitis
(Limunsitu)
Rutaceae
31.Citrus maxima
(Bu-ungun)
32.Cocos nucifera
(Lubi)
Rutaceae
33.Coleus aromaticus
(Kalabo/Oregano)
Lamiaceae
34.Coleus blumei
(Mayana –itum)
Lamiaceae
35.Colocasia esculenta
(Gabi)
36.Cordia dichotoma
(Anunang)
37.Corypha elata
(Buli)
Araceae
38.Cucurbita mixta
(Kalabasa)
39.Curcuma longa
(Luy-a tapul/
duwaw)
Cucurbitaceae
40.Cymbopogon
Poaceae
t
L, B, S
Infusion, drink extract
Decoction
with
avocado
and
guava/manzanitas or with 3 sprout of
bayabas and avocado
Mash, mix with oil, apply on the surface
Cough, acne , pimples, Pre-heat, Juice Extraction with honey
colds , asthma, running Extract juice(2 limunsitu) with tawas
nose, allergic rhinitis, powder(one scoop) and a glass of water
falling hair, dandruff
Leaf extraction
mlpa no. 29
s
F, L
s
L, F
Heartburn, dandruff
Concoction with roasted corn and manga
Poultice
Falling hair, otitis media, Poultice
gonorrhea, UTI, nephritis, Scraping young coconut fruit, wrap with
herpes,
poisoning, banana leaf put to heat to extract the
dandruff
juice then place to infected area
Bring to heat then apply
Drink water
Coconut milk with leaf of a jackfruit, then
concoction milk preheat then apply
Cough, wound, boil, ulcer
Infusion, drink extract
Mash
mlpa no. 31
t
F
h
L
h
L
Cough,
otitis
typhoid
fever,
abscessed gums
mlpa no. 34
t
L
Wounds
t
L
Relapse
t
L, ML
h
R, L
h
MS, L
h
L
T
S
S
Palmae
T
H
H
Dysentery, spasm
media, Maceration with gabun and pag-ulingun,
boils, concoction with limunsitu
Pre-heat, juice
Infusion, extract the juice and drink
Mash and apply
Apply on the wound
mlpa no. 30
mlpa no. 32
mlpa no. 33
mlpa no. 35
H
Boraginaceae
Infusion, drink extract
mlpa no. 36
T
Palmae
T
H
Zingiberaceae
H
Headache,
teething
relapse, Bring to heat, apply warm
Place the pre-hearted leaf on the head
Maceration
Convulsion,
pasmu, Infusion
carbuncle
Mash with tobacco leaf, apply
Spasm, varicose vein, Decoction
flatulence,
bruise, Poultice with oil then apply
rheumatism, otitis media
Mash and mix with coco milk and gabon,
apply on the surface
Extract drop on ear
Hypertension,
arthritis, Infusion, drink extract
mlpa no. 37
mlpa no. 38
mlpa no. 39
mlpa no. 40
13
citratus
(Tangad)
41.Cymbopogon
nardus
(Samuyaw)
42.Cynodon dactylon
(Bermuda grass)
43.Datura metel
(Katyubung)
44.Drynaria
quercifolia
(Kabankaban/Kabkaban)
45.Elephantopus
scaber
(Dila-dila sa iru)
H
Poaceae
H
Poaceae
goiter
h
L
h
R
s
Wrap with banana leat then bring to
heat, administer if its still warm
Falling hair, hair growing, Poultice or mash
dandruff
Macerate
Mlpa no. 41
Hypertension
Decoction
mlpa no. 42
L, S
Cough, toothache
mlpa no. 43
s
Fr
Boils, wound, ulcer, goiter
Infusion, drink extract
Mash or bring to smoke
Mash and apply
Poultice
s
R, L
s
R
s
L
H
Solanaceae
S
Pteridophyta
H
Compositae
H
46.Eleusine indica
(Bila-bila)
Poaceae
47.Eucalyptus
deglupta
(Eucalyptus)
48.Euphorbia hirta
(Mangagaw/gatasgatas)
Myrtaceae
49.Ficus elastica
(Dakit)
50.Ficus minahassae
(Hagimit)
51.Ficus septica
(Lagnub)
Moraceae
52.Gliricidia sepium
(Madre kakaw)
Papilionoidea
H
Fever,
flu,
teething, Infusion
headache, spasm
Concoction with busikad, dawa-dawa
and pisik-pisik
Pre-heat apply
Relapse, abscessal gums, Concoction with busikad, drink extract
chicken pox
then gargle
mlpa no. 45
Allergic rhinitis
mlpa no. 47
T
Euphorbiaceae
Moraceae
Eye ailment, cataract,
Drop of sap to affected area
stomatitis, sore eyes
Decoction, drink extract
dengue, fever, convulsion,
flu,
allergic
rhinitis,
measles
mlpa no. 48
s
L
Fracture, sprain
mlpa no. 49
a
F
Falling hair
T
Moraceae
S
a L , S, ME
a
S
Inhale
Infusion
mlpa no. 46
s ME, WP
H
T
mlpa no. 44
L, S
Pre-heat apply
Collect the water from heat when fruit or
water is cut then apply
Relapse, warts, stomatitis Concoction with 3 newly sprouted leaves
of gabun and hilbas
Infusion, drink extract
Extract sap, drop on the wart directly
Mash and apply the extract
UTI, athlete’s foot, boils, Bring to heat then apply by placing the
wounds, inflammation of leaves at the stomach part
the
pancreas, Bring to heat then extract the juice then
dysmenorrhea, ulcer
administer to the infected area, effective
with bayabas leaf
mlpa no. 50
mlpa no. 51
mlpa no. 52
14
53.Gmelina arborea
(Gmelina)
Verbenaceae
54.Graptophyllum
pictum
(Atay-atay)
55.Heliotropium
indicum
(Ilipanti’ng puti)
56.Hibiscus rosa
sinensis
(Antuwanga)
57.Hyptis capitata
(Hansawma)
58.Hyptis suavolens
(Kugung-kugung)
59.Imperata
cylindrica
(Kugun)
Acanthaceae
60.Ipomoea batata
(Kamuti bagun)
Convolvulaceae
61.Jatropha curcas
(Tuba-tuba)
Euphorbiaceae
62.Jatropha multifida
(Mana)
63.Kyllinga nemoralis
(Busikad)
Euphorbiaceae
64.Lagerstroemia
speciosa
(Banaba)
65.Lantana camara
(Pardigunis Kanding
–kanding)
66. Leea indica
(Alibutra)
Lythraceae
a
L
a
L
a
R, L
a
L
Boils
Infusion, drink extract
Concoction with tuway-tuway
magay, drink
Mash, extract apply on surface
a
L
Dysentery
Concoction
mlpa no. 57
a
L
Dysmenorrhea
mlpa no. 58
a
R
a
L, S
Concoction with gabon and damasu (3
leaves)
Teething, nephritis, falling Maceration with spines of bull and
hair
duldul
Decoction
Mash and apply on scalp
Anemia, food poisoning
Infusion, drink extract
Cook and eat
mlpa no. 61
T
Flatulence , abscessed Pre-heat and apply
gums, sprain, arthritis,
spasm
Ulcer, amenorrhgia
Mash and apply; concoction with tea
mlpa no. 53
mlpa no. 54
S
Boraginaceae
H
Malvaceae
Relapse, headache
and
mlpa no. 55
mlpa no. 56
S
Lamiaceae
H
Lamiaceae
H
Poaceae
H
H
S
a L, ME, F
mlpa no. 60
a
ME
a
R
a
B
Rayuma,
flatulence, Bring the leaves to heat, administer
headache,
stomatitis, while warm to the area
wound, otitis media
Mash, extract apply on the surface
Chew, juice drop
Stomatitis
Remove the stem, drop the sap on
stomatitis
Relapse, teething, chicken Concoction with bila-bila, drink extract
pox, fever, flu
Maceration with thorns of buli and
kapok
Decoction
Hypertension
Decoction
a
L
Wounds
Mash, extract apply on wound
mlpa no. 65
a
S
Ulcer
Scraping the epidermal layer, place on
banana leaf, bring to heat enough to
make the leaf flaccid, extract the juice
mlpa no. 10
S
Cyperaceae
mlpa no. 59
H
mlpa no. 62
mlpa no. 63
mlpa no. 64
T
Verbenaceae
S
Menispermaceae
T
15
67.Lepisanthes
fructicosa
(Pag-ulingun)
Sapindaceae
68.Leucaena
leucocephala
(Batilis)
69.Luffa acutangula
(Sikwa)
70.Mallotus
mollissimus
(Gapas-gapas)
71.Mangifera indica
(Mangga)
72.Micromeria
douglasii
(Herbabuena)
73.Micropiper
tenellum
(Sinaw-sinaw)
74.Mimosa pudica
(Kipi-kipi/ Makahiya)
Mimosaceae
75.Mirabilis jalapa
(Mirabilis
Alas kwartro)
Caryophillaceae
76.Momordica
charantia
(Ampalaya)
77.Morinda citrifolia
(Bangkuru/ Nuni)
78.Moringa oleifera
(Kamunggay)
Cucurbitaceae
79.Muntingia
calabura
(Mansanitas)
80.Musa acuminata
(Saging Kardaba)
Tiliaceae
a
L
Cough
Maceration
with
mayana(black)
a
F
Intestinal worms
Eaten raw during nighttime
mlpa no. 68
a
F
Hypertension
Eat raw(blanch)
mlpa no. 69
a
L
Convulsion, fever
Infusion ,drink extract
mlpa no. 70
a
L
Dysentery
Concoction with avocado and star apple
mlpa no. 71
a
L
mlpa no. 72
a
L, S
Allergic rhinitis, running Rub 3-5 leaves then smell
nose, colds , cough
Concoction with buyu
(3:3 leaves)
Nephritis , arthritis, gout
Infusion, drink extract or concoction
with makahiya
a
R, WP
mlpa no. 74
a
L
a
L, F
Relapse
(bughat), Infusion, drink extract 1
headache,
body
pain, Concoction with balbas pusa roots
nephritis, UTI, fever, flu
extract, dila-dila sa iru, and with sinawsinaw
Spasm,
boils,
wound, Pre-heat, mash with bangkuru apply,
dysentery, fainting
crush
Concoction
Infusion
Dysentery,
asthma, Infusion, eaten raw
wounds, anemia,diabetes
a
L
Vomiting
mlpa no. 77
a
L , Se
a
L
a
L, F, R
T
gabon
and
mlpa no. 66
T
Cucurbitaceae
H
Euphorbiaceae
S
Anacardiaceae
T
Lamiaceae
H
Piperaceae
H
Mimosaceae
H
H
H
Rubiaceae
S
Moringaceae
S
T
Musaceae
S
Infusion, drink
Sore eyes, acne, stomach Rub leaves and extract the juice
ulcer, hyperacidity
Extract leaf then apply
Eaten raw
Dysentery
Concoction with avocado
Decoction with avocado and guava/ star
apple
Hemorrhoid, falling hair, Cut the modified leaf(trunk) make a hole
wounds, relapse, heart then place “asugi” at the hole, have it
ailment,
menorrhagia, overnight, get the sap then apply to the
mumps,
cholera, scalp
mlpa no. 73
mlpa no. 75
mlpa no.76
mlpa no. 78
mlpa no. 79
mlpa no. 80
16
dysentery, body pain
81.Musa textilis
(Abaka)
82.Nicotiana tabacum
(Tabaku)
Musaceae
83.Ocimum basilicum
(Sangig)
84.Orthosiphon
aristatus
(Marbilusa
Wachichao)
85.Oryza sativa
(Humay)
86Oxalis corniculata
(Pisik-pisik)
87.Pandanus
amaryllifolius
(Pandan)
88.Passiflora edulis
(Passion fruit)
89.Passiflora foetida
(Utut-utut)
90.Pennisetum
purpureum
(Napir)
91.Perilla frustescens
(Lamun-lamun)
92.Persea americana
(Abukadu)
Lamiaceae
93.Phaseolus vulgaris
(Batung)
94.Phyllantus
fraternus
(Likod-lkod
Fabaceae
Sap from the trunk(modified leaf) apply
to the infected area-tincture
Mashing and extra, drink
Sap applied in hair
Cook and eaten
Infusion
Concoction with cogon
Roast, collect extract and drink
Tie on a foot with infection
H
L
Athlete’s foot
mlpa no. 81
a
L
Sore eyes, bruise, ulcer, Make an ash out of it then place a little
toothache, boils,
amount in the eyes
mlpa no. 82
a
S
Cataract
mlpa no. 83
a
R, L
Mash, squeeze and collect extract
Drop on the eye with cataract
Headache, relapse, kidney Concoction with avocado leaf, touch me
failure, fever ,
not roots(5 pieces), drink and gargle
abssessed gums
Decoction
a
F
Hyperacidity
Roast and eat
mlpa no. 85
a
R
Fever, flu
Concoction with bila-bila and busikad
mlpa no. 86
a
R
Missed period
Decoction, drink
mlpa no. 87
a
F
Dandruff
Mash, juice apply on the scalp
mlpa no. 88
a
R
Impatsu
Infusion
mlpa no. 89
a
R
Nephritis, UTI
Decoction, drink
mlpa no. 90
a
L
Cough, allergic rhinitis
Infusion, drink extract
mlpa no. 91
a
L, B
a
L
Bruise, ulcer
a
R
UTI, nephritis
H
Solanaceae
H
H
Lamiaceae
H
Poaceae
mlpa no. 84
H
Oxalidaceae
H
Pandanaceae
H
Passifloraceae
H
Passifloraceae
H
Poaceae
H
H
Magnoliaceae
T
Dysentery,
asthma
H
Euphorbiaceae
toothache, Concoction with guava, mango, star
apple, mansanitas and caimito; poultice;
decoction
Poultice with alugbati
(3:3 leaves)
Decoction/ 15 roots
mlpa no. 92
mlpa no. 93
mlpa no. 94
H
17
Hanlilikod)
95.Pimpinella anisum
(Anise)
Apiaceae
a
Fl
Fainting, flatulence
Inhale the scent
mlpa no. 95
a
L
L
Bring to heat, apply
Poultice
Concoction with herbabuena(3:3 leaves)
Apply immediately by letting the leaf
passing through the infected area
mlpa no. 96
a
Herpes,
flatulence
(panuhot), abscessal gums,
colds, cough
Herpes
H
96.Piper betle
(Buyu)
Piperaceae
97.Pipturus
arborescens
(Handamay)
98.Plumeria
acuminata
(Kalachuchi)
Urticaceae
99.Portulaca
oleraceae
(Gulasiman)
100.Premna odorata
(Abgaw)
Portulacaceae
101.Psidium
guajava
(Bayabas)
Myrtaceae
102. Punica granatum
(Granada)
103.Pyrrosia
piloselloides
(Likup- likup)
104.Saccharum
officinarum
(Tubu)
105.Samanea saman
(Akasya)
106.Sechium edule
(Sayuti)
107.Solanum torvum
(Tawung-tawung)
108.Sophora
tormentosa
Lythraceae
H
S
Apocynaceae
a ME, B, L
T
mlpa no. 97
Abscessed and swollen Sap rub on the infected area
gums,
wounds,
ulcer, Scrape apply
asthma
Roast, inhale the smoke
Mash, extract drop on gums
Cough
Infusion, drink juice
mlpa no. 98
Beri-beri, headache
Poultice (3 leaves and roots)
mlpa
100
no.
Decoction
Poultice
Concoction with caimito, mansanitas and
avocado
Mash with madre cacao leaf to get
extract
Apply fire and bring to smoke
Decoction,drink extract
mlpa
101
no.
mlpa
102
mlpa
103
no.
a
L
mlpa no. 99
a
R, L
a
T
L
Wounds, ulcer, ingrown,
skin asthma , eczema,
bruise,
dysentery,
convulsion,
toothache,
hemorrhoid, carbuncle
a
B
Dysentery
a
L
Herpes zoster and other Burn the plant
form of herpes
Mash and apply on infected area
a
S
Jaundice
Eaten raw
mlpa
104
no.
a
L
Dysentery
Infusion, drink juice extract
no.
a
F
Hypertension
Blanch then eat raw
a
F
Otitis media
Pre-heat, sap applied to affected area
a
Se, F
mlpa
105
mlpa
106
mlpa
107
mlpa
108
H
Verbenaceae
T
T
T
Pteridophyta
H
Poaceae
S
Mimosaceae
T
Cucurbitaceae
H
Solanaceae
H
Fabaceae
S
Antidote
poisoning
for
poison, Eaten raw
no.
no.
no.
no.
18
(Tambagisa
Tambalisa)
109.Spondias pinnata
(Libas)
110.Swietenia
mahogany
(Mahogany)
111.Symphytum
officinale
(Kumpri)
112.Syzigium cumini
(Duhat)
Anacardiaceae
Meliaceae
L
Measles , chicken pox
Bath after ailment heals
a
S
Arthritis, spasm
Seed cook with oil apply
Seed cook then drink
a
L
Dysentery , relapse
a
B
Cancer, herpes
T
Boraginaceae
H
Myrtaceae
T
113.Theobroma cacao
(Kakaw)
Malvaceae
114.Tinosphora
rumphii
(Panyawan)
Menispermaceae
115.Triphasia trifolia
(Suha-suha)
116.Urena lobata
(Dupang)
117.Vigna radiata
(Munggus)
118.Vitex negundo L.
(Lagundi)
119.Wedelia biflora
(Rosas de papel)
120.Zea mays
(Ma-is)
121.Zingiber officinale
(Luy-a)
Rutaceae
122. Unkown Plant A
(aromatic)
123. Unkown Plant B
(Bugbug)
a
mlpa
109
mlpa
110
no.
Decoction
mlpa
111
no.
Decoction
Roasting
mlpa
112
no.
mlpa
113
no.
mlpa
114
no.
mlpa
115
mlpa
116
mlpa
117
mlpa
118
mlpa
119
mlpa
120
mlpa
121
no.
mlpa
122
mlpa
123
no.
T
a
T B, R, Se, F
a
S, B
a
Se
Poultice with pineapple leaf
Decoction
Infusion
Mash, apply on boils
Diabetes, athlete’s foot, Decoction, drink extract
ulcer, lu-as, toothache, Poultice
scabies, Abscessed gums
Pre-heat
Mash, extract drop on the eye,
Concoction with bayabas leaf
Falling hair
Mash, get extract
a
L
Hives
Gather some plants, smoking
a
S
Measles, chicken pox
Decoction or it could be macerated
a
L
Cough, convulsion
Infusion, drink extract
a
L
Cough
Infusion, drink extract
a
F
Mumps
Cook over the flame(roasted) then eat
a
MS, R
S
R
T
S
T
H
S
Malvaceae
Bruise, ulcer, relapse
S
Fabaceae
H
Lamiaceae
T
Compositae
H
Poaceae
H
Zingiberaceae
H
S
T
Toothache , rheumatism, Poultice with water then apply
acne,
varicose
veins, Mash and apply with oil, mash and apply
spasm
Roasted and mashed, apply
Mash with oil and apply to painful area
Cough,
sore
throat, Soak with water
running nose
Spasm
Pre – heat and apply
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
19
124. Unknown Plant C
(Dawa – dawa)
125. Unknown Plant D
(Hugalpu)
126. Unknown Plant E
(Sungkul)
127. Unknown Plant F
(Tungaw)
128. Unknown Plant G
(Viks – niks)
Poaceae
H
R, WP
Teething, Measles
Decoction
H
L
Wounds
Pre – heat, mash and apply
T
L, R
H
R
Wound, bruise or ulcer, Poultice, apply on the surface with
boil (apoy – apoy), infection
abscessed gums
Decoction, extract and drink
Nephritis
Infusion, extract and drink
H
L
Cough, running nose
H
H
T
H
H
Squeeze or crash the leaf and inhale
mlpa
124
mlpa
125
mlpa
126
no.
mlpa
127
mlpa
128
no.
no.
no.
no.
20