ANTH 311
Classification of the order Primates
Classification of the order Primates
Superfamily:
End -OIDEA
Family:
End -IDAE
Subfamily:
End -INAE
Ceb OIDEA
Ceb
Genus and species:
Both in italic or underline;
First letter of genus= capital letter
IDAE
Colob INAE
P ongo pygmaeus
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Alternative classification
Order
Suborder
Prosimii
Primates
Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Monkeys, apes and humans
Order
Suborder Strepsirhini
Primates
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Haplorhini
Tarsiers , monkeys, apes and humans
Classification of the order Primates
Suborder Prosimii - Prosimians
Prosimii
Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes Lemuriformes
¾
Early diverging
¾
“primitive”
(retained more ancestral traits)
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Prosimian Characteristics:
¾
Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia
Lorisiformes Lemuriformes Tarsiformes
Prosimian Characteristics:
¾
¾
¾
Nocturnal (mostly)
Large eyes
Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”)
¾
Independently mobile ears
¾ Immobile upper lip
¾
Inexpressive face
¾
Rely on scent marking
Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)
Characteristics:
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Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)
Characteristics:
¾
Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of nose; enhances sense of smell
Main mode of locomotion:
Vertical clinging and leaping
Lemuriformes:
Lemuriformes
Prosimii
Lorisiformes
Contains 5 families and a total of more than 20 species – great diversity in infraorder lemuriformes.
Tarsiiformes
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Adaptive Radiation
•
•
• the multiplication and diversification of an evolving lineage, producing many descendent species
Occurs when new adaptive opportunities become available
•
• new environments/habitats or new adaptive potential in the lineage
Ex. Lemurs on Madagascar, Mammals in the early Cenozoic
Lemuriformes includes the smallest primates
(the mouse lemur, not the gorilla)
Lemuriformes
¾
Only found on the island of Madagascar
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Lemuriformes
Smaller lemurs tend to be
nocturnal, insectivorous, and solitary
Aye-aye
Lemuriformes
Lemurs
Larger lemurs tend to be
diurnal with diverse diets and social organizations
Some arboreal
Some terrestrial
Indris & sifakas
Ringtailed Lemurs
Classification of the order Primates
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Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Prosimii
Tarsiiformes Lemuriformes Lorisiformes
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae
Lorisidae
Lorisiformes
Strictly Nocturnal (active at night)
Shared common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene
Why did some lemurs become diurnal, but no lorises did?
Competition on mainland Africa
Lorisiformes are solitary
Diet – insects and fruit
Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Prosimii
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae – VCL, Africa only
Lorisidae – Slow climbers, Africa and SE Asia
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Lorisiformes
Family Galagidae
•galagos and bushbabies
•vertical clingers and leapers
•geographic range: Mainland Africa
Lorisiformes
Lorisidae
•lorises, slow lorises, angwantibos, and pottos
•slow climbers
•Geographic range:
Mainland Africa and S.E.
Asia
Classification of the order Primates
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Tarsiiformes Characteristics:
Prosimii
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
¾
Only one living genus ( Tarsius ) and 5 species
Tarsiiformes
Genus Tarsius
Tarsiiformes distribution
¾
Found only in Southeast Asia
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ANTH 311
Alternative classification
Order
Suborder
Prosimii
Primates
Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Monkeys, apes and humans
Order
Suborder Strepsirhini
Primates
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Haplorhini
Tarsiers , monkeys, apes and humans
Tarsiers
¾ Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorises and monkeys/apes
¾
Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil?
¾ Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines)
¾
Dry nose (no rhinarium)
¾
No tapetum (despite being nocturnal)
¾
No dental comb
¾
Other features like post orbital closure, unfused mandibular symphasis, bicornate uteris
Unique Tarsiers characteristics
¾ Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers
¾ Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved in their sockets)
¾ Can swivel their necks 180
º in either direction
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Classification of the order Primates
Suborder Anthropoidea
¾
Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
¾ All diurnal (except one - Owl monkey)
¾
Rely less on scent (olfaction) than prosimians
¾
Reduced sense of smell and hearing
¾
Flatter faces
¾
Dry noses
¾ Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces
¾
Small immobile ears
Suborder Anthropoidea
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Suborder Anthropoidea
Suborder
Anthropoidea
Infraorder Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Flat, side facing nostrils
New World Monkeys
Downward facing nostrils
Old World Monkeys,
Apes and Humans
Suborder Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
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Classification of the order Primates
New World
Monkeys
Classification of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
New World Monkeys Distribution
¾ Found in the “new world”
Mexico
Central+South America
¾
Also called neotropical monkeys, or neotropical primates
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Traits of New World Monkeys
¾
All have tails
¾
Some have prehensile tails
¾
Smaller body size than
OWM
¾
All arboreal
Many Old World Monkeys are terrestrial. Why no New World?
‡
Greater predation pressure for a relatively small-bodied radiation?
‡
Availability of productive savannah-type habitats is lower in the neotropics?
Classification of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
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Family Callitrichidae:
Marmosets and Tamarins
¾
Smallest monkeys
¾
Claws instead of nails
(except big toe)
¾
Pair bonded
¾
Twins
¾
Male care of infants
¾
Sexually monomorphic
¾
Territorial
Family Callitrichidae
Classification of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
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Family Cebidae – very diverse in appearance, diet, social organization
Owl Monkey
Squirrel Monkey
Capuchin
Uakari
Saki
Titi monkeys
Aotus
Saimiri
Cebus
Cacajao
Pithecia
Callicebus
Owl/Night Monkey
(Genus Aotus)
Squirrel monkeys (Genus Saimiri )
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Capuchin monkeys
Genus Cebus
Uakari (Genus Cacajao )
Saki (Genus Pithecia )
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Titi monkeys (Genus Callicebus )
Classification of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
Family Atelidae
¾
¾
¾
¾
Family with prehensile tails
Female dispersal
Large bodied
Folivores & Frugivores
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Atelidae - Includes 4 genera
¾
¾
¾
Spider monkeys
Howler monkeys
Wooley monkey
Ateles
Alouatta
Lagothrix
¾ Muriquis*
(*aka wooley spider monkey)
Brachyteles
Spider monkey (Genus Ateles )
Howlers
(Genus Alouatta )
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Wooley monkey (Genus Lagothrix )
Infant
Woolly spider monkey
Karen Strier site in Brazil
Review
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Classification of the order Primates
Suborder Anthropoidea
Suborder
Anthropoidea
Infraorder Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Flat, side facing nostrils
New World Monkeys
Downward facing nostrils
Old World Monkeys,
Apes and Humans
Infraorder Catarrhini
Infraorder
Catarrhini
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
All Old world monkeys Apes and Humans
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Classification of the order Primates
Old world monkey distribution = the
“old world” (Africa, Europe, Asia)
Cercopithecoidea – Old World Monkeys
¾
Found in a wide variety of environments
¾
Some species are terrestrial – live mainly on the ground
¾
All diurnal
¾
All single births – twins as common as in humans
¾
Bigger than NWM
¾
Often sexually dimorphic
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Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Baboons,
Macaques,
Guenons, etc.
Colobus,
Langurs,
Proboscis
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae
Baboons,
Macaques,
Guenons, etc.
Colobinae
Colobus,
Langurs,
Proboscis
Cercopithecinae
¾ Some have ischial callosities (thick callused skin pads for sitting)
¾ Have cheek pouches (sacs inside cheeks to store food)
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Cercopithecinae
¾
Many parts of Africa and Asia
¾
Sexually dimorphic
¾
Exhibit range of different habitats, diets, social organization
¾
Mostly terrestrial
¾
Mostly omnivorous
¾
Mostly female-bonded
Cercopithecinae
Very diverse – many genera
Examples:
Baboon
Macaques
Papio
Macaca
Guenon
Mandrill
Patas
Mangabey
Cercopithecus
Mandrillus
Erythrocebus
Cercocebus
Baboons
(Genus Papio )
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Baboons are omnivores
Studies of Baboons
¾
Probably best studied primate
¾
Used as a model for early human behavior
¾
Pioneer research of Irven DeVore
¾
Amboseli baboons –
Jeanne Altmann
¾
Long-term studies of
Pumphouse Gang –
Shirley Strum
Macaques (Genus Macaca )
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Macaca mulatta
(Rhesus macaque)
Genus Erythrocebus
Patas monkeys
Genus Cercocebus Mangabeys
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Genus Mandrillus
Drill and Mandrill
Genus Theropithecus
Gelada “baboon”
Subfamily Colobinae
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae
Baboons,
Macaques,
Guenons, etc.
Colobinae
Colobus,
Langurs,
Proboscis
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¾
Colobus monkeys – Africa
¾
Langurs and leaf monkeys – Asia
¾
More arboreal species
¾
¾
Anatomically specialized leaf eaters
Sacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose
Subfamilies:
Cercopithecinae and Colobinae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Africa : Three genera
Black and white colobus
( Colobus )
Red colobus
( Piliocolobus )
Olive colobus
( Procolobus )
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Asia : Langurs and Leaf monkeys Douc Langur
Chinese
Golden
Monkey
Hanuman Langur
Odd-nosed monkeys
Proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus )
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Infraorder Catarrhini
Infraorder
Superfamily
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
All Old world monkeys Apes and Humans
Classification of the order Primates
Superfamily Hominoidea
Superfamily
Family
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae
Gibbons and
Siamangs
Pongidae
Gorillas,
Chimps,
Orangutans
Hominidae
Humans
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Superfamily Hominoidea:
Apes and Humans
¾
No tails
¾
Larger size and weight
¾
Larger brain to body weight ratio
¾
More upright posture
¾
Longer gestation and maturation
Apes distribution
Family Hylobatidae – Lesser Apes-
Hominoidea
Hominidae Hylobatidae Pongidae
¾
Gibbons and Siamangs
¾
Lesser apes
¾
Southeast Asia
¾
Pair living (monogamous)
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Gibbon
Gibbons and
Siamangs
Siamang
Brachiation
Anatomical requirements:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Long, strong arms
Elongated hook-like fingers
Shortened/reduced thumbs
Short hind limbs
Erect, infexible spine
Family Pongidae – Great Apes-
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae
¾
Three genera of great apes:
¾ Genus Pongo : Orangutans
¾
Genus Gorilla : Gorillas
¾
Genus Pan : Chimpanzees and Bonobos
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Knuckle-walking
Orangutan
( Pongo pygmaeus )
¾ Asian great ape
¾ Solitary
¾ Arboreal
¾ Frugivore
Orangutan distribution
¾ Found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Distribution of orangutans shown in red
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Orangutan- Quadrumanus locomotion
(Genus Gorilla )
¾
African
¾
Ground dwelling
¾
Diet – leaves, shoots, stems, some fruit
¾
Social organization – variable – one or two males with females and young
Gorilla distribution
Currently 3 subspecies:
¾ G. g. gorilla , western lowland gorilla, brown-grey
¾ G. g. graueri , eastern lowland gorilla, black-coated
¾
G. g. beringei , mountain gorilla. Hair longer
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¾
(Genus Gorilla )
Prominent saggital and nuchal crests
Chimpanzee ( Genus Pan )
¾ African
¾ Terrestrial & Arboreal
¾ Omnivores
¾ Hunt (esp. red colobus)
¾ Make and use tools
Chimpanzee
(
Pan troglodytes )
Bonobo
(
Pan paniscus )
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Genus Pan distribution
Bonobo ( Genus Pan )
¾ “Pygmy chimpanzee”
¾ More bipedal behavior
¾ Strong bonds among females
Family Hominidae-Humans-
¾
Defining characteristics?
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Review
Lesser apes
Great apes
Humans
37