Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein, The Cost of Rights: Why Stephen Liberty Depends on Taxation (New York: Norton, 1999). Stephen Holmes !"#$%&'!"()*+,-./012,-./ 342561 7 Cass Sunstein89:;<=>6?& !"Sunstein @AB&C&DEFGHIJK2 Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism (1984); Anatomy of Antiliberalism (1993); Passions and Constraint: The Theory of Liberal Democracy (1995). 2 One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court (1999); The First Amendment (1998); Free Markets and Social Justice (1997); The Partial Constitution (1993); Democracy 1 1 LMNOPQRSTUV2WXYZ[\]^*+_ (Cato Institute)3*+` Tom Palmer ab Ycde,-Cfghijkl m[4 7 ,-n6./opaqYrstuvwSx[0yWz 2Y{|}~c34[5RSZU V2Wf HGopf./6 fUj 8( G¡G¢ZT£¤¥¦§¨u©ª7 c< «¬­®G<©¯°±0G²³´µ¶k·¸¹º»¼\ W½¾¿À ÁÂÃÄÅƹÇÈÉÊGË4·¸ÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×vwØw&'ÙÚÛhÜÝÞWÌÍfßà8 ÇáÁâãä- åÌÍßà2·¸,-ÑÒæçèéLêf eëì¸íîdÄwLïðñÀòÌÍfódôõö³÷ øùúûÂüfeëýV1þe_1cdûÂÿ?© = Q¬æ<ÞHdOPQÄw 1¬MNOPQ©²eGá ©_fÌÍÎMÌÍ yÌÍ2YMÌÍ[(negative rights)?YMÌÍ[(positive rights) f k E!"#$ (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679) É% ©M,CÓ&'ëìä()x8( YÓ&'ë[(civil society)Y'ë[ (political society) cu*Ó&+,M,-G-hqÝ./G0 1_28#$3M,-CÓ&'ë0G·¸456õh7 ¥ß89:(John Locke, 1632-1704) ;<=(>M,-óe,Ì Í?ÌÍGh@Aõ?B hCb4?ÌÍõ GÈDE&SxFG(Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque, 1767-1830) and the Problem of Free Speech (1993); After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State (1990). 3 (libertarianism) !"#$% &'()*+,-. 4 Tom G. Palmer, “Review on The Cost of Rights,” Cato Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall 1999), pp. 331-336). 5 Kelley L. Ross, “Positive & Negative Liberties in Three Dimensions,” http://www.friesian.com/quiz.htm. 6 Daniel Farber, Review on The Cost of Rights,” New York Times Book Review, April 18, 1999; Jonathan Bing et al., “Review on The Cost of Rights,” Publishers Weekly, Vol. 246, No. 2 (January 11, 1999), pp. 58-59; 7 David Greenberg, “David Greenberg on Rights and Freedom,” Civreview, Vol. 3, No. 2 (March-April 1999); Economist, “The Economist Review: Liberty’s Price,” Economist, Vol. 350, No. 8110 (March 13, 1999). 8 /0123456789:78 (legal rights)4;+<=>78 (moral rights)?@ABCDE?7F4GHIJKL4MNO9P&Q78MRS 78TU9VWXY78Z[W\]^4+[W\_` (p. 17) 2 % yM,-?M,-n´¼©()x(&G<y HzY­ß,-[CYIß,-[JKcM,-?M,-¬L òM­ßNxO (Isaiah Berlin, 1909-1997)PQ(R/M,- aS-ÌTUVÌÍWõM,-a+,ÌTÌÍ XE 6Y,-n6./cM,-ZMÌÍ[¼k\]^_8 ( MÌÍf`a7MÁbc©iÇdefg hèijkdlmnoepqÍrsqÍtuqÍveqÍÎw hx>yÓÔ£Ö{DEzf{Ìh|G}~ õçS&3r 8,-n6./Yçè[ (Taxation is stealing)Ö MÌÍ­æmG ¯Ea`kh?Ìg,-n6./}h( D)YGËûh4h[\hÏÐ8¹Á?Ìg 4p²deõMÌÍõ ÏqÍSxW qÍSxõ ÏhCÌgÞW­YSx ¡[ (shrinking the state) ¢ãÏÐ>MÌÍ£¤£¥8SqÍSx¦§¨ ü³´©Hr,-n6./Lª«¬¶·¸MÌÍYöæ­®@ Ý[9 ,-n6./rse´¯°MÌÍ­hf óWMÌÍ­GwhüfóHolmes C Sunstein % ©MÌÍ­LhLfó8d/~M ÌÍ?MÌͱ1²_³MÌÍ2´ !"µ©,- 2k¶·¸?Ó&¹º7?Ó&µ©,-ÏÐfv wW2k¶·hÜ»gÝÓ&µ©,-ÏÐf&'õvw?&' ÎSxܼüfÓÔÕÖ×ÇP&½ !"S-vw?Ú¾¿ÀÌÍ\hGÁuÙÂvwCÚ¾ÜÝ& á=ÃÄÓÅeÆìÇÈ_CÙÚüf8&É~¬ÊfËQÈT Ó&S-vw?Ú¾¿ÀÌÍÇƹ !"Ì-ÓKÍÎÌÍÏÐh2ÑeCÁ(wÒÓeÔÕ&Ö×Ó 0tuÙÂØdÙ&Ú ½ÜÝý;dÌÍÛ/ !"Õ{ÌÜ,-n6./Ý2ÞLÕ{ÌÂß~bcÌÍ )ÌZÌ?4zf{Ì<»£ÖàÊS¶£ÖWãÖW¶£ ÖW@ÍáÌâã4£ÖW,ãägClm£ÖW{Ìá Á{Ìåöæç£ÖW<èÝÂé£ÖWÙÂêëCÁfàìÓí abcd4ef6ghijaijklm4nooop4qrastua 3 åö£ÖÛÛ8RS>?£Ö:´¼¬}îïL G'ëqÍ£Öð ,-n6./±ñò<óS-hUô­MÌÍÏ CiHolmes C Sunstein õöòüfhUô?ÌÍG0 ÷ø¡ùõWõh2k4?ÌÍÏÐú>ûüÕ£Öýþk ÿ» ,-n6./8_³MÌÍ~4Ûk L? MÌÍ\W¶ MÌÍ?MÌÍÂß~/ ©{ÌÍ4¶´µdìä ÌÍfcófÜëó (opportunity costs)cóa4¸ ¯ÌÍÏwøÅcüÜëó(Åæ4¯ÌÍÅÇGÈ Å 4ÁÌÍk} ~_fhÎÅìäWüfdhf gÕT14_fHÓ&ÌÍ8¯°±ShÏÐf_ R?ÌÍï4?ÌÍ1?,-n6./V2h 4_³MÌÍ\zf{ÌCµ©,-(>?ÌÍz2 Y,ÌÍ[0µY4zfÕ{Ìde,-Ã[10H\M ÌÍ?MÌÍ g g(uÛk k!/ÃûÂ~ 8 Holmes C Sunstein üf¯ÌÍp"~8­ÂSÓ&# -?ÌͶ´µdìäõG!/ìäìä»$8%&C àï'(´k·¸À´k²)À\*´À+Lôcf{,-õ µzf{Ìp»Wc./0õµó1?µ©,-p»\hy %&Åæ4?ÌÍ3¸Åæ4ÑeqÍÌÍ (welfare rights) %&Ç ë<2)3:(./a¬cÑeõµÕ{ÌC+²ÌÍ Y¨4~ÌÍ[(P&#ÅÞWHolmes C Sunstein V24Ñe qÍÌÍ|(¬[G·¸!/;õ2k54%./' ë67R8( \4eÈ#-ÌÍõÑeqÍÌ ÍÇüfD-G8%./=4ÑeqÍÌÍÂù~2(9: ;Ã5ÔÕ¯<=>Wõ\¦d?@LGA%./ 'ëÇfÈ}B11 10 “ ” ( 2000) p. 417 11 !v"w4Adam Przeworski Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Presss, 1985) xy$z{|k4}~4%#? *x ?878T;?4; 'G!"54 %¡¢£¤.¥¦4J§ ¨© 4 ©`ÌÍGYde[W_fÌÍÎÓÔÕ (public goods) ,-n6./¬[2dÚe.Cde,-CÌÍG , Hõ ,2dÚeD12HYÌÍfó[dÄwEÊke 'ëQCÌÍÓÔQ} ~üf2dÚe_feÎF8'ë Gæ¸?G-(HI'J (¯K&K,-SxÛ)e_1wÌÍ KÞ2(F8'ëLWSGkMMNN\(JY2dÚ e[ÌÍf·¸ÅÀf2'ëó`eOwÌÍPÌÍG deÕ{ÌÍóLG-dex>,-n6./ óÝYde. /[H(QY RSTÒ4zf{ÌCÁYMÌÍ[ó±ñy ?óUV'ë~Á(e8GW} ~üfdSxXÓ&îY2,5 #-Z²ÌÍÅ[[<=ÌÍó-\ÚÓ&>ÌÍ4 -ÓÔÌ]^+Ç_ÓÔÕ?Sx+26*ÌÍ8Ïþ Ô_³Yde[ÌÍG0,-n6./,``eabõ ©cfèfThOÈ4Ó&ÌÍ ,-n6./fdÃÁSxÈT?deÌÍ» dC» \SxÈTXèdeÌÍÇë-´]eWf8fhdeÌÍOÈ´ j(ghi©2k4Ó&ÌÍÏÐ;fSxÈTHolmes C Sunstein i©[[<=üfdèfThÓ&ÇGÈ#f6*ÌÍ (di©ÃæcjSC5kB°=( 8´1þHolmes l89:;>6Y5kB*+m Y.6Cå5kB©é.n 1997 E(8åRSþoépùq~[r ksîtä2 YjSVò!u·¸fh\*]e,-[13 8 sîtHolmes a¬8§vw6Y,-./Ô.xyhXè zókcÓ&,-CÌÍ]e3=e{V2­Ìz fÝC|mÓ&,-CÌÍÇfkj­8xy}S~k ·kØ G³kªG<³G>mÜÙÚüfeëÞ= ~3¸hGËûjGÞWók,-k ¿ÀýR0EÄwC*+Holmes 8j´! *hÒ ÙÚej2¡¢~£¤¼p¥8 ¦~§¨©8ªB«{ÈT¬ e­®¯°28¯°±c ?ª4«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸8%4¹ºm»¼½x¾¿À* ÁÂÃÄHolmes Sunstein ÅÁÂK9 12 p. 280 13 Stephen Holmes, “What Russia Teaches Us Now: How Weak States Threaten Freedom,” American Prospect, No. 33 (July-August, 1997), pp. 30-39. 5 ²jeõµG¶ÌÍCÕ{Ìk k/¦¯Ã\Lüfà jRSÈjB°±·¸!u¿ÀHolmes ²üfÓÔÌ ]ÇüfÓ&ÌÍ (Statelessness spells rightlessness)Ó&ÌÍþÔ8f ËÓÔÌ]dkDÈThcÓ&ÌÍ]e8d/ ~h1Ce̳´µÓ&ÌͶvG;fh (destatization) õ·8h;fh G>GȵÓ&ÌÍ=õȸ á(#fÌÍ SxÈTdaãÕ¹ÈTjÕºèi>><Gæ S6{ºï |õ8RSd%2 `|ZTW8²k» SxP"¼ c|1~ ÌÍ4?ÓÔÕ8¸¯ <»» w4ÌͲÓ&ÇÏн¾P²çj!u¿À ¹ÈThhÛTx>Á½S¶+Ù&^&ÙwÚ ÞWLGÈfËS4Ó&ÌÍàÊ(Ìxy~1jS e­®¯ÂÃ_ó ÄeÔþiÅk¯14¦¯ÎGÆ Ç©·¸Ó&ÌZÕ{ÌÀKÃæcjÄwHolmes £=(RS,D È(8ÉÊE3sîtiËð´ ~BkÌjÔÊò,-./D)­fÒædfË hfe¶h)ËÍûYuÓ&Û1#-de,- jB°c¯Î©GÏÐÑ2kÒò,-òÏ ÐÓÒKGÓÔÌ]üf,-Çüfj15 Holmes C Sunstein 8åÌÍßàéüfÔájHj !uK(2RSÔðW¬[ \RSfÏjÕÖȱ!u¹SPfÏ ×cSØY®_³Y,-U[(1de,-/gÝ ÓÔÌ](V2cde,-]e ,h16 HÙkÓ&ÌÍC ,-ÚÛ0ÓÔÌ]OÈ­SY,-U[,zY,-./[Á 0GÜò(cRS,-./ðRëÝmµÞ´ßà( Y,-./[ô? Holmes C Sunstein Y,-./[Gáû8Sß. ¨¥âSY,-U[Âß~GæTU(Y,-TU[P2ã ä\(Â8GåæYTU[dãç1y,5z2Y,-n6./[ 14 Neil G. Bennett, David E. Bloom, Serguey F. Ivanov, “Demographic Implications of the Russian Mortality Crisis, ” World Development, Vol. 26, No. 11 (1998), pp. 1921-1937.s 15 Holmes, “What Russia Teaches Us Now,” p. 39. 16 “ ”p. 417 6 (libertarian)OâÁÂè8,-TUc,-ZU(( ÜY, -U[ã~YZU[ãç),-ZUéX,-HéXGfm/ 0'ë/0C./0OÈ#-,-õÓí,- (equal freedom)_ fÓ&ÎÈ#-ÂÂ88,-,-ZUúVSx (the state) ÈLêD EÓ&,-H¬GëSxõÅ&.Y4·8SxÓÔÌ]84Ó &ÌÍYQf8k=ìOëiô­¬ jíîcS !uïñÅ;fSxÈTY4 ¼´·Ì¨4¢Mð¸g ÁÂÏkj1ñXE 8лòó1áôõR»[ûLL öÓÔÌ]&.ØÇGȪ÷'ëøùÇëÌúõ Ó&ÌÍÇû1 jh7¥ÇȬ­17 KÃæ?Äw,-ZUV2SØ Y®ÈtudèfT&.Sx18 \ Holmes C Sunstein F8S ¹)Ï(ë?_³YZU[è8<vü 2000 E 8 ù 31 ý 17 Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dream of the Post-Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000). 18 “ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ” 1991 2 7