EXAM 1 REVIEW
ClCv 307/Hist 248 Roman History
(9/18/07, lectures 1–13)
T.A, Section 400:
Dustin Simmons, dustinsimmons14@hotmail.com
Nicholas J. Frederick, email njf8@email.byu.edu
The quiz will consist of 15 identifications (30 points total), 2 source questions (10 points), and 2 short answers
(10 points).
The exam will consist of 25 identifications (50 points total), 5 source questions (50 points total), 4 paragraph
answers/short essays (100 points total), and one longer essay (50 points).
Suggestions for Answering Questions on the Exam
On identifications, be thorough, but do not feel compelled to write a short essay. If it is a person, tell why he
is significant to our study of Roman history (historian, general, politician, etc.). If it is a place or event, tell
where it happened and (roughly) when it happened, as well as why it is important. If it is a Greek term, define
it and state in which context it was used.
On source questions, identify the author, the work (including its title and genre), and the significance of the
passage, i.e. tell why it was worth mentioning in class and how it illuminates some aspect of Greek history. It
may be a good idea to go through the excerpts in the packet and in the Mellor anthology to review
documents that we have read this unit. Make a list of their authors or sources and then select the ones
mentioned in class or in the presentations and write a little summary of each to help with your study.
On short answers and essays, be sure to read each question carefully and be sure to answer the entire
question. Begin with a sentence or two for a thesis and then organize it into short paragraphs of two or three
sentences for ease of organization (and grading). Use examples where appropriate, but do not feel obligated to
list every example given in class. For the quiz, a few sentences or a good paragraph will suffice. On the exam
they will be short, just 25 points each, and will be allotted only half a page each, but you may use the back of
the page if necessary.
• Do not leave questions blank! Partial credit will always be awarded, so write something—even an educated
guess could result in some points. This is particularly important on the literary identifications
• Spelling should be as accurate as possible, but there is some leeway given by the grader, particularly with
Greek terms.
Types of Sources
Archaeological
• Archaeological artifacts
• Art and architecture (esp. monumental)
• Inscriptions (epigraphy)
• Other original documents (papyri)
• Coins (numismatics)
Literary
• Poetry and drama
• Historiography
• Biography
• Geography
• Religious texts
Literary Sources
(know their names, what genre they wrote, and what subjects they addressed; see packet intros)
Appian (late 1st cent./early 2nd cent. A.D.). Wrote histories of Rome to the time of Trajan that were
organized according to the enemies that Rome fought and conquered, e.g. Macedonica, Syriaca,
Iberica, Libyca
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (late 1st cent. B.C., Augustan Age), Roman Antiquities: Greek historian and
literary critic. Wrote about ancient Roman history and customs as well as rhetoric and literature;
believed the Etruscans were autochthonous; gave account of development of Roman government,
incl. Comitia Centuriata and the creation of the plebeian tribunate.
Eutropius (c. A.D. 363). Published a survey of Roman history, Brevarium ab urbe condita, based largely
on summaries of LIVY.; gave a brief survey of the seven kings.
Q. Fabius Pictor. Lost early Roman historian (wrote in Greek); used as a source by Polybius
Livy (59 B.C.–A.D. 17), Ab urbe condita (or From the Founding of the City): 142-book history of Rome
from its prehistory to Augustus, much of it lost; source for monarchy, the reforms of Numa and
Servius Tullius, the Etruscan kings, the overthrow of the monarchy, events of the Struggle of the
Orders, Second Punic War, Roman expansion in the Mediterranean.
Philinus of Agrigentum. Lost Greek historian, pro-Carthaginian, used by Polybius.
Plutarch (c. AD 50–120). Parallel Lives: Greco-Roman biographer who wrote lives of Romulus and
other Roman leaders and generals, incl. Flamininus, Cato Maior, Aemilius Paullus
Polybius (c. 200–118 B.C.). Histories: First Punic War, Roman “defensive imperialism,” thesis of the
superiority of Roman institutions, analysis of the Roman constitution, Second Punic War, Roman
expansion.
Names and Terms
Prehistoric Cultures and terms
Neolithic
Bronze Age (c. 1,800 B.C.)
- Palafitte
- Appenine
Iron Age (c. 1,000 B.C.)
- Villanovan
cremation
Etruscans (migration theory, autochthony,
synthesis)
- Caere
- Clusium
- Veii
- Vulci
Greek colonies
inhumation
Latin League
- Jupiter Lataris at Alban Mount
Latins
Latium
- pagi
- vici
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“orientalizing” influences
seasonal transhumance
Tiber River, ford
Kings and legendary figures
Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Ancus Marcius
Tullus Hostilius
Tarquinius Priscus
Servius Tullius/ Mastarna
Tarquinius Superbus
Aeneas
Cloelia
Horatius Cocles
Iunius Brutus
Lars Porsenna
Lucretia
lupa
Mucius Scaevola
Remus
Review 1b (lectures 1–13)
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Rhea Silva
Sabine women
Tarquinius Collatinus
Legendary leaders, scoundrels, and other
historical figures (Romans are alphabetized by their nomen or
main family name)
L. Aemilius Paullus (the patrician consul at
Cannae)
L. Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (III
Macedonian)
Andriscus (IV Macedonian)
Antiochus III the Great (I Syrian)
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Egyptian invasion
stopped by Popillius Laenus, caused Jews to
revolt)
Attalus III (Pergamum legacy)
Brennus (Gallic chief, “woe to the vanquished”)
Appius Claudius (first Claudius)
Ap.Claudius Caecus ("blind" Claudius, built Via
Appia, denounced peace with Pyrrhus)
Ap. Claudius Caudex (started I Punic)
Ap. Claudius Pulcher ("pretty" Claudius at
Drepana—"if they won't eat, let them drink!")
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (received imperium
as a privatus, first Imperator, the “elder”
Africanus)
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (the
“younger” Africanus of III Punic and Iberian
Wars)
Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator
C. Flaminius (hothead at Trasimene)
Mamertines
Mucius Scaevola ("left-handed" hero)
Hamilcar Barca (guerilla leader of I Punic, father
of the family)
Hannibal Barca (tactical genius of the II Punic)
Hasdrubal (son-in-law of Hamilcar)
Hasdrubal (brother of Hannibal, headless after
Metaurus)
Heiro
Massinissa
Philip V of Macedon (not Alexander's dad)
C, Popillius Laenas (circle in the sand)
M. Porcius Cato (Cato the Censor)
C. Quinctius Flamininus (II Maecdonian, liked
Greeks)
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (the elder, I Iberian)
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (the younger,
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Numantine treaty)
Sulpicius Galba (post II Iberian)
Tarpeia
C. Terentius Varro
L. Mummius (the destroyer of Corinth)
Periods, Wars, and Battles
753–510 B.C. The Monarchy of Rome
PHASE 1 (FROM THE LATE MONARCHY TO THE
GALLIC SACK IN 390 B.C.)
509–264 B.C. The Early Republic
Lake Regillus, 496
Allia and Gallic sack of Rome, 390
PHASE 2 (GALLIC SACK UNTIL THE END OF THE
LATIN REVOLT OF 338 B.C.)
I Samnite War, 343-341
Latin Revolt, 340-338
PHASE 3 (II SAMNITE WAR THROUGH THE III
SAMNITE WAR)
II Samnite War, 328-302
III Samnite War, 298-290
- Caudine Forks, 321
PHASE 4 (CONCLUSION OF THE III SAMNITE WAR
UNTIL THE OUTBREAK OF THE I PUNIC WAR
IN
SICILY)
280–275 B.C. Pyrrhic Wars
264–133 B.C. The Middle Republic
I Punic War, 264-241
- Agrigentum, 262
- Mylae, 260
- Drepana, 249 (sacred chickens)
- Aegates Islands, 241
Tumultus Gallicus
II Punic War, 218-201
- Siege of Saguntum, 219
- Ticinus, 218
- Trasimene, 217
- Cannae, 216
- Metaurus, 207: defeat of Hasdrubal
- Zama, 202
I Macedonian, 214-205
- Peace of Phoenice
II Macedonian, 200-196
- Cynoscephalae, 197
I Syrian, 192-189
- Thermopylae, 192
- Magnesia, 190
- Treaty of Apamea
Review 1b (lectures 1–13)
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I Iberian, 181-179
III Macedonian, 172-167
- Pydna, 168
II Iberian, 153-151
IV Macedonian, 149-147
III Punic War, 149-146
III Iberian, 143-133
- Numantia, 133
Laws
Lex: anything the people order or establish
[lex Valeria de procatione] established right of
appeal or provatio
12 Tables (451–450)
lex Valeria Horatia, 449
lex Canuleia, 445
lex Licinia Sextia, 367
lex Genucia
lex Poetilla
lex Publilia
lex Ogulnia
lex Hortensia, 287
Political Institutions/Offices
Aedile
Assemblies (meeting of the entire people)
- Comitia Centuriata
- Comitia Curiata
- Comitia Tributa
Censor
Concilium Plebis
Consul
- consul suffect
Contio (meeting, not a formal assembly; used to introduce
legislation before it was voted on or discuss an issue)
Curia (plural: curiae)
Curio (plural: curiones)
Decemvirate
Dictator
Praetor
Quaestor
Rex and interrex
Senate (patres et conscripti)
Res publica (republic)
Tribuni militum
Tribuni plebis (and their powers)
Other Terms and Concepts
ager publicus
civitas optimo iure (full citizenship)
civitas sine suffraio (half citizens, “without the
vote”)
corvus - “raven,” made a sea battle into a land
battle
Cursus honorum
Defensive imperialism
equites
extortion courts (quaestio de rebus repetundae)
fas, feriae, nefas
fasces
fetiales
flamen
imperium
intercessio
lex de imperio
municipia (sing. municipium)
nexum
nobiles
novus homo
paterfamilias
Patrician vs. plebeian (original definitions, final
definitions)
Patrum auctoritas
Pax deorum
Plebiscita
Province
Provincial administration: governors (praetors or
promagistrates), jurisdiction, legati, assessors,
types of provincial communities (civitates
foderatae, liberae et immunes, stipendaria)
publicani
provocatio
sacroscanctitas
secessio plebis
sella curulis
shophet/shophetim
Servian reforms
Socii
Timocracy
Via Appia (Claudius Caecus' road to Campania)
Larger Issues, Potential Essay Questions
9/18/07
Review 1b (lectures 1–13)
Page 4
‘ Difference between primary, secondary, and ancient sources, as well as the types of material and
literary evidence.
‘ Review characteristics of Roman historiography
‘ Characteristics of the Etruscan civilization, political system, religion; evidence of the Etruscan advent
at Rome in 6th century
‘ Chart how Rome developed from a collection of hill-top villages and hamlets (curiae?), to a single
community under a rex, to an urbanized monarchy, to an aristocratic republic.
‘ Responsibilities of the rex: religious, military, judicial
‘ Review the presumed activities of the legendary kings
‘ Review the more substantiated accomplishments of the three “historical” (Etruscan) kings
‘ What was the legendary reason for the overthrow of the monarchy? What was the possible
historical reason?
‘ What is the conflicting evidence about Lars Porsenna? How does it help in the historical
reconstruction of the establishment of the republic.
‘ What was the First Secession of the Plebs, 494? Why is it sometimes questioned by Roman
historians today? On the other hand, what were the more secure accomplishments of the Second
Secession of the Plebs, 471?
‘ Characterize the so-called “Struggle of the Orders.” What were the political, religious, social,
economic areas of disputes between patricians and plebeians?
‘ How did military events help shape the Struggle of the Orders? What does this suggest about those
plebeians who were driving the struggle?
‘ Discuss the powers of the plebeian tribunate: intercessio, sacrosanctitas, ius auxili, ius agendi cum
plebe.
‘ What were the lasting results of the “Struggle of the Orders?” What kind of aristocracy emerged?
‘ Outline the evolution of the Roman “constitution,” noting the evolution of the different magistracies,
the results of the Struggle of the Orders, and the evolution of Senatorial power. (See the packet, pp.
23–24, 28–29)
‘ Discuss the Samnite Wars, their causes, and how they led Rome to dominate Italy
‘ Briefly trace the development of Roman power in Italy, describing the four phases of Roman
expansion in the Early Republic (see lecture 7, slide 3). How did Rome organize and control Italy to
her advantage? Who were her enemies and how would her “empire” in these periods be
characterized?
< Phase 1 (509–390)
< Phase 2 (390–338)
< Phase 3 (328–302)
< Phase 4 (290–254)
‘ Discuss the keys to Roman success in her years of expansion: location, incorporation of conquered
territory, military discipline/techniques, road system, establishment of colonies
‘ The outbreak of the I Punic War remains mysterious. What are the ostensible reasons for the war
given by the literary accounts? What were the probable causes, both the actual motivations and the
pretexts?
‘ How does the acquisition of Sicily mark the real beginning of “empire” for the Romans? How was
Sicily administered?
‘ Briefly summarize the course of the II Punic War. What were the respective Carthaginian and Roman
strengths and weaknesses? Why was Hannibal initially successful and why did Scipio eventually win
the war?
‘ How can the Iberian Wars be described as “Rome’s Vietnam?”
‘ Be familiar with the basic series of events in Rome’s eastern wars
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Review 1b (lectures 1–13)
Page 5
‘ Trace the acquisition of Rome’s overseas empire in the Middle Republic. Were her reasons for
expansion always the same? How did she organize her new territories and treat her subject peoples?
‘ Causes and results of Roman imperial expansion; differences in administration abroad (provinces,
amici, etc.)
‘ Strengths and weaknesses of Livy and Polybius as sources for this period.
9/18/07
Review 1b (lectures 1–13)
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