Lithification of Sedimentary
Rocks
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
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Printed: December 14, 2014
AUTHOR
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Lithification of Sedimentary Rocks
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Lithification of Sedimentary
Rocks
• Explain how sediments become rock.
• Distinguish clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks.
What steps led to this rock formation?
What do you see? The rock is a sandstone, so first there were rocks that weathered and eroded. The cross-bedding
indicates that the sand was deposited in a dune. The sand was then buried deeply enough that it turned into rock.
This concept will explore how something like sand could become a rock.
Sedimentary Rock Formation
There are two main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic and chemical. Clastic rocks are made of sediments, which
are sometimes called clasts. Creating rocks from sediments is called lithification. Chemicals precipitate from liquid
to form chemical sedimentary rocks.
Clastic Rocks
Over time, deposited sediments may harden into rock. First, the sediments are compacted. That is, they are squeezed
together by the weight of sediments on top of them. Next, the sediments are cemented together. Minerals fill in the
spaces between the loose sediment particles. These cementing minerals come from the water that moves through the
sediments. Sedimentary rocks that form from sediments are called “clastic rocks.“ Clastic rocks are rock fragments
that are compacted and cemented together ( Figure 1.1).
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FIGURE 1.1
Conglomerates have larger clasts than sandstone, which have larger clasts than mudstone.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks form when crystals precipitate out from a liquid. The mineral halite, also called rock
salt, forms this way. You can make halite! Leave a shallow dish of salt water out in the Sun. As the water evaporates,
salt crystals form in the dish. There are other chemical sedimentary rocks, like gypsum ( Figure 1.2).
FIGURE 1.2
Gypsum, with its rose-like structure, is a chemical sedimentary rock.
Vocabulary
• cementation: When fluids deposit ions to create a cement that hardens loose sediments.
• compaction: When sediments are squeezed together by the weight of sediments and rocks on top of them.
• lithification: The creation of rock from sediments.
Summary
•
•
•
•
Compaction and cementation lead to lithification of sedimentary rocks.
Sediments are compacted by the weight of the rocks and sediments above them.
Sediments are cemented by fluids that bind sediments together.
Minerals precipitate to form sedimentary rocks.
Explore More
Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
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Chapter 1. Lithification of Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks at http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/sed_intro.html
1.
2.
3.
4.
What percentage of rocks are sedimentary?
Where are sedimentary rocks found?
What can scientists learn from sedimentary rocks?
List and explain each of the types of sedimentary rocks.
• How Sediments Become Rocks at http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/sed_clastic.html
5. How is clastic sedimentary rock formed?
6. What holds the sediment together?
7. What is Cathedral Rock made of?
Review
1. How does compaction lead to lithification?
2. How does cementation lead to lithification?
3. How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?
References
1. Conglomerate: Image copyright Lagui, 2013; Sandstone: Image copyright Sura Nualpradid, 2013; Mudstone:
Image copyright Le Do, 2013. Conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone have different sediment sizes. Used
under licenses from Shutterstock.com
2. Tommy (Flickr:paleo_bear). Gypsum is a chemical sedimentary rock. CC BY 2.0
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