Code
1.
Questions
Explain different types of
suffixes and prefixes.
3D15 – BH0042
Answers
Suffixes
Suffixes are syllables attached to the end of a word (or root) to modify its
meaning. Suffixes are used in the formation of diagnostic, operative and
symptomatic terms.
E.g. -itis -inflammation (-tonsillitis, appendicitis, gastritis, hepatitis, and dermatitis
etc. are words formed using the suffix “itis”)
-oma -tumour (adenoma, carcinoma, lipoma, )
-ectomy - excision (cutting & removing) (e.g. tonsillectomy, gastrectomy,
hysterectomy)
-megaly -enlargement (cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly)
-scopy -examination/ inspection – (bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, cystoscopy)
-algia,-dynia -pain (myalgia, gastralgia, hepatalgia/hepatodynia)
-ology -study/science of (physiology, pathology, embryology)
-osis -abnormal condition (lordosis, scoliosis, hepatosis)
Suffixes can be further subdivided into adjective suffixes, noun suffixes
diminutive suffixes and plural suffixes.
Adjective suffixes:
Given below are examples of adjective suffixes that mean related to or pertaining
to or both:
-ac = cardi/ac
-ic = pylor/ic
-al = pleur/al
-ical = pharmaceut/ical
-ar = mandibul/ar
-ory = olfact/ory
-ary = urin/ary
-ous = edemat/ous
-eal = oesophag/eal
-tic = eme/tic
Noun suffixes:
Suffixes that indicate a noun when added to a root word are called noun suffixes.
Examples are as follows:
-ia (condition) = anem/ia
-iatry (treatment or medicine) = psychi/atry
-is (converts roots into nouns) = derm/is
-ism (condition) = dwarf/ism
-ist (specialist) = dent/ist
-y (condition) = path/y
Diminutive suffixes:
A diminutive suffix refers to a smaller version of an object indicated by a root
word. For example:
-ole
bronchi/ole
-icle
these four suffixes mean small,
foll/icle
-ula
and/or minute
fist/ula
-ule
pust/ule
Plural suffixes:
Singular Plural
Rule
Example
Form
Form
Singular
Plural
-a
-ae
Add e to a
vertebra
vertebrae
-ma
-mata
Add ta to ma
stoma
stomata
-ax
-aces
Leave out the x and add
thorax
thoraces
ces
-en
-ina
Drop en and add ina
lumen
lumina
-is
-es
Replace the i with e
crisis
crises
-ix
-ices
Replace ix or ex with ices
varix
varices
-ex
apex
apices
-on
-a
Drop on and add a
ganglion
ganglia
-um
-a
Replace um with a
ovum
ova
-us
-i
Replace us with i
bronchus
bronchi
-y
-ies
Replace y with ies
delivery
deliveries
Prefixes
Prefixes consist of one or two syllables placed before a word or a root to modify
its meaning.
-ante -before (antenatal, antepartum)
-anti -opposite/against (antipyretic, antidote, antihistamine)
Page 1 of 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are the different
types of musculoskeletal
disorders? Explain.
Explain the diseases of
Biliary
system,
Gall
bladder and pancreas.
Explain the different
parts
of
Urogenital
system.
Write
a
note
on
Gynaecological
Disorders.
Explain the different
parts of the nervous
system.
3D15 – BH0042
-hyper
-excessive (hypertension, hypercalcaemia - *hypercal-cemia)
-hypo -below normal/deficient (hypoglycaemia - *hypoglycemia, hypotension)
-hemi -half (hemiplegia, hemigastrectomy, hemiglossectomy)
-dys -difficult/painful (dysuria, dysphagia, dysmenorrhea)
*means American (US) spelling
Naming any 5 musculoskeletal disorders – 1 mark each
Definition of each disorder named – 1 mark each
Diseases of Gallbladder & Biliary System
cholelithiasis(biliary calculi)
Presence of stones in the gallbladder
cholecystitis
Inflammation of gall bladder-often associated with gall stones
choledocholithiasis
Gallstones in the biliary ducts
cholangitis
Inflammatory disease of the bile ducts
empyema of gallbladder
Pus in the gallbladder
carcinoma of gallbladder
Hard type is most common-early invasion of adjacent structures.
hydrops of gallbladder
Distension of gallbladder with fluid
biliary stricture
Contraction or narrowing of a biliary duct, characterised by obstructive jaundice
or profuse drainage of bile
Diseases of the pancreas:
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas -may be caused by alcoholism or cholelithiasis.
Edema (oedema) and vascular engorgement are common
cystic fibrosis of pancreas/ pancreatic fibrosis
A hereditary disease usually seen in children and adolescents -extensive
involvement of the exocrine gland
pancreatic pseudocyst
A fibrous capsule containing pancreatic juice with high levels of enzymes,
especially amylase
diabetes mellitus
The most important pancreatic disease -pathological changes cause a depletion
of the insulin stores.
pancreatic tumours
a. carcinoma of pancreas
A highly fatal malignant tumour derived from glandular epithelium
b. islet cell tumours
Neoplasms originating from the islets of Langerhans -may be benign,
malignant or metastasising
Naming any 5 parts of Urogenital system - 1 mark each
Definition of each parts named - 1 mark each
Name any 5 Gynaecological Disorders disorder - 1 mark each
Definition/description of mentioned disorder - 1 mark each
a. central nervous system
This includes the brain and the spinal cord. The main parts of brain are
cerebrum, midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum.
The spinal cord is H-shaped gray matter, surrounded by white matter, all inside
spinal canal. Meninges are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord and
consist of dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
b. The peripheral nervous system which is made up of cranial and spinal
nerves:
Cranial nerves
Carry impulses to and from the brain. There are 12 cranial nerves.
Spinal nerves
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These carry messages to and from the spinal cord. There are 31 pairs of spinal
nerves and each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots (dorsal and
ventral).
c. Autonomic nervous system. (functional classification of a group of
peripheral nerves. Regulates action of glands, smooth muscles and heart)
1.
Sympathetic nervous system – accelerates some body processes.
2. parasympathetic nervous system
3D15 – BH0042
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