Roaring Twenties Flashcards Warren G. Harding
29th President of the United States. (1921­1923). He promised a return to normalcy where the government was pro­business, anti­regulation, and anti­tax. He also passed immigration laws to reduce the amount of immigrants. Corruption plagued his presidency (Teapot Dome Scandal and issues with his Attorney General). Died in office 1923. Calvin Coolidge
VP of Warren G. Harding. Took over in 1923 after Harding’s stroke and also was elected for the 1924 ­ 1929 term as the 30th president of the US. There was much prosperity under this president, as he continued the republican conservatism and laissez faire capitalism that Warren G. Harding had established. He cut taxes several times and tried to improve relations in Latin America. Emergency Quota Act of
1921
Restricts the # of immigrants admitted from any country per year to 3% of the number of citizens from that same country living in the US as of 1910. This was passed during Warren G. Harding’s presidency and is not to be confused with the Immigration Act of 1924 which cut this quota from 3% to 2%. 31st President of the United States. Served from 1929 to 1933. In 1929, He was responsible for the stock market crash which led to the Great Depression which picked up especially in the 1930s. After the crash in October, he discussed a goal to keep the employment and wages steady. Herbert Hoover
Group of people who were considered to be anti­foreign, anti­catholic, anti­black, anti­jew, anti­pacifist, anti­communist, anti­revolutionary, anti­bootlegger, anti­ gambler, anti­adultery and anti­birth control. They were pro­anglo­saxon, pro­“native” american and pro­protestant. The group disappeared in the late 1920’s. klu klux klan
18th Amendment
Volstead Act
Al Capone
Ratified in 1919, but took effect in early 1920. Established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. Although passed in October of 1919, this act was put forth to ensure that the 18th amendment be enforced and that consumption of alcohol would remain illegal. Also known as “Scarface”, was a very well known alcohol distributer and gang leader during the time of Prohibition. His possession of alcohol earned him millions of dollars, but also had him arrested. John T. Scopes
Was indicted for teaching evolution in school in Eastern Tennessee. He was put on trial, and was forced to pay $100 as his punishment. Many saw this as just a slap on the wrist for what they perceived as an awful crime. Charles Lindbergh
An American aviator who was the first successful person to fly a nonstop transatlantic flight from New York to Paris. Landed successfully in 1927. Margaret Sanger
Worked as a sex educator and nurse. She was a feminist that was an advocate of birth control and later was the first to open a birth control clinic in the United States. She founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which later became known as Planned Parenthood. Sigmund Freud
An Austrian neurologist who established the first ideas on psychoanalysis. Some of ideas include that suppressing your sexual desires was bound to trigger nervousness and emotional illnesses. Authors of the Literary
Movement (1920s)
● H.L. Mencken­ American Mercury ● F. Scott Fitzgerald­ made his debut with the novel The Side of Paradise (1920), The Great Gatsby (1925) ● Ernest Hemingway­ The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to the Arms (1929) ● Sinclair Lewis­ Babbitt (1922), Main Street (1920) ● William Faulkner­ The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) Progressive Education
A new way of thinking about education. Many schools were requiring students say in school to 16 or 18 years of age. John Dewey was one of the masterminds behind it. He had the idea of “learning by doing.” This movement was under attack by the fundamentalists. Fundamentalists
A group very religious people who believed teaching Darwinism, or evolution, destroyed the faith of the Bible. Modernists
A group of people that took to a modern idea of thinking. Many believed that God is a very good, but the world is a lousy place. Were usually in disagreement with the fundamentalists. Created by Marcus Garvey in the 1920’s to promote resettlement of American Blacks back to their homeland in Africa. United Negro Improvement
Association
The Great Gatsby
Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Very well known work of literature during the 1920’s. Tells the story of a self­made man looking to join America’s high society. The ideas of the book are considered to depict the Jazz Age very well. Mass-COnsumption
Economy
New style of economy that was prominent in the 1920s. New technology led to higher rates of production, so there were more products for Americans to consume. The new concept of buying on credit allowed Americans to buy more products. Buying on credit caused debt, so this was eventually a cause of the Great Depression. Bureau of the Budget
created to help the president budget to prevent the president from spending too much Dawes Plan of 1924
This postponed Germany’s war reparations and the US would loan money to Germany. This created a cycle. Germany used America’s loaned money to pay reparations to Britain and France. Then France and Britain would pay their debt to US. The US stock market crash ended this cycle. So, in the end, the US never really got its money back. Americans were in a bubble of buying and investing in the mass­consumption economy. The stock market prices just kept on going up. The stock market crash was partially caused by the British who increased interest rates in order to bring back American investors. As a result of the stock market crash, many Americans lost their jobs or their salaries were cut. Work became difficult to find, banks closed with people’s life savings and there were foreclosures. Stock Market Crash
1. The US produced more than it could consume. 2. Too much money was given to the wealthy few and not enough money was put into salaries and wages. 3. Overexpansion of credit through buying installment plans. 4. Stock Market Crash Causes of the Great
Depression
Increased tariff on farm produce. It was meant to make domestic and international production equal. This tariff increase was meant to protect factories and farms. This tariff encouraged foreign trade. Fordney-McCumber Tariff
October 29,1929. Many sellers were worried about the stock market so they sold a lot more stocks in the New York Stock Exchange than usual. The stock market regressed and decreased in value. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. Black Tuesday
Restricts the # of immigrants admitted from any country per year to 2% of the number of citizens from that same country living in the US as of 1910. This was passed during Calvin Coolidge’s presidency and is not to be confused with the Immigration Act of 1921 which originally cut quotas to 3%. Immigration Act of 1924
Attorney General from 1919­1921 who accused people of being associated with communism due to the Red Scare which escalated in late 1919. He is known as the ‘Fighting Quaker’ and ended up accusing 1,000+ people by the time he was done serving in office. Many remember him for overseeing multiple raids on communists and foreigners. A. Mitchell Palmer
Secretary of Treasury for the duration of the 1920s under Harding and Coolidge. He agreed with the conservative republican’s vision of laissez faire capitalism. He frequently cut taxes and oversaw the Fordney McCumber Tariff which raised the tariff on imported goods to protect American businesses and help the economy thrive. Andrew Mellon
A case that depicts the anti­red and anti­foreign vibes at the time. In 1921, these two men, one who worked in a shoe factory and one who worked in the fish industry, were accused of killing two people in 1921. Because they were both atheist, anarchist, and Italian, they were convicted in 1927 and were sentenced to the death penalty and were ultimately electrocuted. Sacco And Vanzetti Case
Known as ‘Fighting Bob.’ Was a progressive in the 1924 Presidential election. He did not gain much support outside of the farm belt and his hometown of Wisconsin. Coolidge won instead. LaFollette called for the government overseeing railroads and other utilities, stronger laws to help labor unions, the end of aggression in getting land in Latin America, and a referendum before a president could declare / lead the US into war. Robert LaFollette
Served in office from 1921­1923. A US Secretary of the Interior under President Harding. He was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal which plagued Harding’s presidency. Because he allowed his friends to take over a US oil reserve at low costs, he was charged as a conspirator and was sentenced to prison. He became the first cabinet officer to go to jail for carrying out illegal acts in office. Albert B. Fall
1919­1920. Acts taken by political figures, especially A. Mitchell Palmer where the US demonstrated fear of communism and foreign contamination. This led to the deportation and accusing of immigrants due to the 1917 Russian Revolution. Ultimately, the name given for the fear of communism/ anarchy in the United States. Red Scare
Attorney General under the Harding Administration. (1920­1923). He accepted bribes in return for not prosecuting criminals. Scandals such as this plagued Harding’s presidency. He was also Attorney General under Calvin Coolidge. He was forced to resign under Coolidge due to two federal corruption scandals that he was involved in. Harry M. Daugherty
1928 ­ An agreement that took place under the Coolidge Administration between the United States and France that War should not be used anymore for offensive means. It also called for disarmament and less aggression towards other nations. The intent was a more peaceful environment, especially in Europe. KEllogg-Briand Pact
A Scandal during Harding’s presidency (1921­1923) in which Albert B. Fall, the US secretary of the interior leased a US oil reserve to a private oil company led by the secretary of the interior’s friends. The oil reserve was sold at a terribly low cost, and stirred a lot of controversy. Ultimately, the secretary of interior was charged for misconduct in office and went to jail. Teapot dome Scandal
Treaty signed by the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan in December of 1921. It was signed to make sure there will be peace in the Pacific and everyone will honor each other's holdings. The signing signifies that they are not looking for territorial expansion which could cause future diplomatic issues and tensions between nations. It was making sure the status quo would be maintained in the Pacific. four powers treaty
AKA Washington Naval Treaty. Signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, the United States and Japan. It said that all nations were to disarm and use less aircraft carriers and ships to ensure the safety of each nation. It was finally signed in 1922, post­WW1. Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference. five powers treaty