Chem 120A
Fall 2005
Tuesday & Thursday 8:00 – 9:20 AM
Warren Lecture Hall Room 2005
Prof. Karsten Meyer
Pacific Hall 4100E
2-4247, kmeyer@ucsd.edu
Office Hours: Mo 10 – 12AM
Handouts
http://www.inorganic-chemistry.net/
kmpages/courses.html
Chem 120A
Midterm I: 10/11 (30%)
Midterm II: 11/08 (30%)
Final Exam: Dec. 6, 2005 @ 8 – 11 AM (40%)
2 hr Review Session Sunday before Midterm
Midterm I: 10/9 location & time tba
Midterm II: 11/6 location & time tba
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Chem 120A
Fall 2005
PLEASE:
• Try to be on time
•I know you’re busy,…
…but please turn off your cell phones
• I know it’s early,…
…but please don’t fall asleep
(if you have to, don’t sit in the first row)
Chem 120A
PLEASE:
• I know you’re in a rush,…
…but if you send me an email,
please address me and sign your email
• If you do have a question…
…please feel free to interrupt me
…any time!!!
2
Chem 120A
In return, I PROMISE…
• I promise I’ll finish on time
• I promise I’ll help you to understand
• I promise I’ll follow the textbook…
…& Solutions Manual…
…strictly!!!
Chem 120A
3
Midterm I
Oct. 11
Midterm II
Nov. 08
Miessler & Tarr
<Inorganic Chemistry>
Brief Contents
9/27
9/22
9/29 + 10/04
10/06 + 10/11
10/18
selected topics 10/20
10/25 + 10/27
11/01 + 11/03
11/10
11/15
11/17
11/22
11/24 Thanksgiving
11/29 + 12/01
Final Exam
Dec. 06, 8 – 11AM
Chem 120A
4
1. Contents
1-1 What is
Inorganic Chemistry?
• Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry
of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives
But how about CO, CO2, and HCN…for instance?
• Inorganic chemistry can be described broadly
as the chemistry of “everything else”
5
1-1 What is
Inorganic Chemistry?
1-1 What is
Inorganic Chemistry?
• Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry
of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives
• Inorganic chemistry can be described broadly
as the chemistry of “everything else”
may be a little too broadly defined…
• Organometallic chemistry bridges both areas;
deals with metal-carbon bonds (incl. La & Ac)
• Bioinorganic chemistry bridges biochemistry &
biology with inorganic chemistry (think hemes)
Supramolecular~, Phyisical Inorganic ~ etc…
6
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
triple bond!
Figure 1-1. Single- and Multiple Bonds in Organic and Inorganic Molecules
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-2. Examples of Bonding Interactions
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1-1 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-3. Examples of Inorganic Compounds Containing H’s & Alkyl Ligands
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-4. Geometries of Inorganic Compounds
8
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-5. Organometallic Compounds Containing π-Bonded Aromatics
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-6. Carbon-centered Metal Clusters…5- and 6-bonded C!?
9
1-2 Contrasts with
Organic Chemistry?
Figure 1-7. Fullerene Compounds…C60…buckminsterfullerene* “buckyballs”
…but don’t forget C70, C76, C84
*Richard Buckminster Fuller, creator of the “geodesic dome”
1-3 “Big Bang”
Genesis of the Elements
t = 0: The matter was not actually matter, but pure energy.
It contained infinite mass, infinite density, and no volume:
Singularity (like Black Holes)
0 – 10-43 s: Mystery…nobody knows, energy behaved as singularity
10-43 – 10-35 s: Energy and matter are indistinguishable
@ 10-35 s: Temperature of 1027K (the sun’s surface T is 6000 K)
symmetry breaking, forces begin to separate
10-35 – 10-32 s: Inflation; universe grows exponentially (1050 in 10-32s)
10
1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
10-35 – 10-32 s: Inflation; universe grows exponentially (1050 in 10-32s)
As it cooled, the energy of the universe began to condense.
It moved up the list from photons to quarks, neutrinos, electrons,
and protons…yippie yeah
1 – 100 s: Era of Nucleosynthesis, almost all of the helium and
deuterium nuclei, and some lithium formed
@ 100 s: s all of the neutrons and protons had combined to form
helium with trace amounts of a few other materials forming with it.
1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
Then not much happened for about 300,000 years (75% H, 24% He)
mass number 1
atomic number 1
H
proton + neutron 1
nuclear charge 1
H
4
2 He
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1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
most abundant element
in the universe
1
1H
Hydrogen H
99.9855%
heavy water
cosmic radiation in
high atmospheres
2
1H
3
1H
Deuterium D
0.0145%
Tritium T
10-15 %
1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
Initial Event:
1
1H = p = proton of charge +1 and mass 1.007 mass unit (amu)
0
−
-1 e = e = electron of charge -1 and mass 1/1823 amu
0
+
1 e = e = positron of charge +1 and mass 1/1823 amu
0
1 ve = a neutrino with no charge and a very small mass
0
1 ve = an antineutrino with no charge and a very small mass
1
0 n = a neutron with no charge and a mass 1.009
γ = a gamma ray (high-energy photon ) with zero mass
β = a beta particle
α = a alpha particle
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1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
Within minutes
@ T = 109 K:
T1/2 (1n ) = 11.3 min
Hydrogen-Burning:
Matarial gathers
together into
galactic clusters
Helium-Burning
@ T = 107 – 108 K:
1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
In more massive
Stars T > 6 108K:
Carbon-Nitrogen
Cycles
@ still higher T:
I guess, you got the idea…
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1-3 Big Bang
Genesis of the Elements
And last but not least…Cosmic Abundance of the Elements
nuclear stability
most stable near Z = 26
log10/ V
have a close look at
what is considered
“rare” & “precious”
see what we are
made off
atomic number / Z
1-4 Nuclear Reactions
& Reactivity
Stable Isotopes
F only has one stable isotope:
19F
1
1H
2
1H
3
1H
Cl has two stable isotopes:
35Cl (nat. abd.: 75.77%), 37Cl (24.23%)
3H
and
14C
are constantly formed (cosmic rays, low conc.)
Z = 26 “stable zone”, heavier elements (Z>=40) may have
isotopes with long half-lifes, e.g., 40K 1.25 x 109y β− (1.32 MeV)
or 234, 235,238U
man-made elements (Transuranics) such as Np and Pu
via “Bombardment” of one element with nuclei of another,
e.g., n + U folowed by release of β−
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1-4 Nuclear Reactions
& Reactivity
α
= a alpha particle (He nucleus)
Alpha particles (Ernest Rutherford, England 1899)
are a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of
some unstable atoms. They are large , heavy subatomic
fragments consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (42He).
Why?
With increasing atomic mass, ratio of neutrons to protons
increases from 1:1 to 1.6:1 for 23892U.
When the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is too low,
certain atoms restore the balance by emitting alpha particles.
Relative Abundance of Uranium Isotopes
Isotope
238-U
235-U
Nat. Abundance (%) 99.27
0.72
Half-life (years)
4.47 billion 700 million
234-U
0.0055
246,000
1-4 Nuclear Reactions
& Reactivity
β
= a beta particle (e −)
Beta Particles (Henri Becquerel , 1900) are equivalent
to electrons. The difference is that beta particles originate
in the nucleus and electrons originate outside the nucleus.
Why?
Beta particle emission occurs when the ratio of neutrons to
protons in the nucleus is too high: an excess neutron
transforms into a proton and an electron. The proton stays
in the nucleus and the electron is ejected energetically.
-> a new element is born!
Beta emitters are:
99Tc
(99Ru) or
60Co
(60Ni) or 3H (3He)
15
1-4 Nuclear Reactions
& Reactivity
γ
= a gamma ray (high-energy photon ) with zero mass
Gamma Rays (Henri Becquerel 1896) have no mass and no
electrical charge; they are pure electromagnetic energy
(10,000 times as much energy as the photons in the visible)
gamma photons travel at the speed of light and can cover
hundreds to thousands of meters in air before spending their
energy
Why?
Gamma radiation emission occurs when the nucleus of a
radioactive atom has too much energy (often follows the
emission of a beta particle).
E.g.:
137Cs
β + (137Ba)*
γ +
137Ba
1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
3000 BC
gold
copper
silver
tin
antimony
lead
1500 BC
colored glasses & ceramic glazes
made from SiO2 and MOx
iron
http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/timeline.html
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1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
Anno Domini
Alchemy
Simplified, the aims of the alchemists were threefold: to
find the Stone of Knowledge (The Philosophers' Stone),
to discover the medium of Eternal Youth and Health,
and to discover the transmutation of metals. To the
medieval alchemist’s mind the different elements were
but the same original substance in varying degrees of
purity. Gold was the purest of all and silver followed
closely.
1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
Anno Domini
Various alchemical symbols used to
denote elements until the 18th Century
antimony
magnesium
arsenic
bismuth
copper
gold
mercury phosphorous platinum potassium
tin
iron
lead
silver
sulfur
zinc
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1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
Anno Domini
In the 18th century scientists tried to pry loose the real
achievements in chemistry, pharmacology and medicine
from this confusing cornucopia of science and magic.
Discovery of Hydrogen (1766)
Henry Cavendish
1731 – 1810
A. L. de Lavoisier
1743 – 1794
1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
By 1869
Concepts of atoms & molecules
are well-established:
“I began to look about and write
down the elements with their atomic
weights and typical properties,
analogous elements and like atomic
weights on separate cards, and this
soon convinced me that the properties
of elements are in periodic
dependence upon their atomic
weights.”
--Mendeleev, Principles of Chemistry,
1905, Vol. II
Dmitri I. Mendeleev (Born in Siberia 1834, 17 Feb. 1869 )
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1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
By 1869
Concepts of atoms & molecules
are well-established:
Dmitri I. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of the Elements (17 Feb. 1869 )
1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
By 1869
Concepts of atoms & molecules
are well-established:
I.I. Mendeleev,
J. Russ. Phys. Chem., 1869, I,60.
Dmitri I. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of the Elements (17 Feb. 1869 )
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1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
In 1913
In 1913 British physicist Henry Moseley confirmed
earlier suggestions that an element's chemical
properties are only roughly related to its atomic weight
(now known to be roughly equal to the number of
protons plus neutrons in the nucleus). What really
matters is the element's atomic number - the number of
electrons its atom carries, which Moseley could measure
with X-rays.
Ever since, elements have been arranged on the
periodic table according to their atomic numbers.
1-6 History of
Inorganic Chemistry
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