Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________
ID: A
Module 7
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
1. Which group of psychologists researched how we organize basic parts of perceptual experiences into the
whole perception?
a. behavioristic psychologists
b. structuralist psychologists
c. Gestalt psychologists
d. perceptual psychologists
2. Gestalt psychologists emphasized that:
a. perception is the same as sensation.
b. sensation has no effect on perception.
c. the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
d. we learn to perceive the world through experience.
3. The organization of the visual field into figures and background is called:
a. Gestalt perceptions.
b. perceptual sets.
c. figure-ground relationships.
d. grouping principles.
4. The four Gestalt grouping principals are:
a. figure, ground, schemas, and transmutation.
b. depth perception, binocular cues, monocular cues, and convergence.
c. perceptual constancy, color constancy, retinal disparity, and optical perception.
d. similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity.
5. According to the principle of similarity, objects that look similar are likely to be perceived as:
a. belonging in the same group.
b. constant in color and shape.
c. farther away than unique, dissimilar objects.
d. occluding retinal disparity.
6. The most basic Gestalt grouping principle that involves seeing items that resemble each other as part of
the same group is:
a. context.
b. continuity.
c. figure-ground.
d. similarity.
7. Our brain's tendency to look for the whole and fill in gaps in visual perception is called:
a. similarity.
b. proximity.
c. closure.
d. continuity.
1
Name: ______________________
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
ID: A
8. The Gestalt principle that explains the tendency to fill in gaps to perceive disconnected parts as a whole
object is called:
a. closure.
b. constancy.
c. top-down processing.
d. proximity.
9. The Gestalt principle that explains the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging
to a group is called:
a. context.
b. convergence.
c. proximity.
d. similarity.
10. When we use our past experiences and expectations to organize and interpret sensations, we are using:
a. bottom-up processing.
b. perception.
c. perceptual adaptation.
d. top-down processing.
11. Which of the following statements would the Gestalt psychologists most likely agree with?
a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
b. Humans are conditioned into behaviors by rewards and punishments.
c. Brain chemistry and genetic predispositions control thinking and behavior.
d. Cultural norms are responsible for perceptual events.
12. Which of the following questions would the Gestalt psychologists be most interested in?
a. How does the eye turn visible light into impulses that can be perceived by the brain?
b. How does the brain organize parts of images into a whole image?
c. How does the nervous system react to different kinds of sensations?
d. How does thinking impact perceptual sets?
13. Noticing a brown rabbit running through a field of brown grass depends on which of the following Gestalt
principles?
a. figure-ground
b. proximity
c. closure
d. continuity
14. Searching the night sky looking for the blinking lights of an airplane uses which of the following Gestalt
principles?
a. similarity relationships
b. retinal relationships
c. figure-ground relationships
d. depth-perception relationships
15. Because the two teams wore uniforms of different colors, Cheri perceived the ten basketball players as
two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of:
a. closure.
b. color constancy.
c. proximity.
d. similarity.
2
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 16. The Gestalt grouping principles describe:
a. the biological process of changing visible light into neural impulses.
b. the process of depth perception.
c. when figure-ground relationships apply to visual images.
d. how we organize visual images into groups.
____ 17. Which Gestalt grouping principle do you use if you can perceive an image in a connect-the-dot picture
before you draw any lines?
a. figure-ground
b. proximity
c. closure
d. continuity
____ 18. If you briefly saw a picture of your mother's face but part of the picture was missing, your brain might fill
in the missing piece of the visual image because of which Gestalt principle?
a. closure
b. color constancy
c. proximity
d. similarity
____ 19. The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
a. depth perception
b. Gestalt grouping principles
c. perceptual adaptation
d. selective attention
____ 20. Retinal disparity refers to the:
a. extent to which our eyes turn toward each other when looking at an object.
b. somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.
c. tendency to see parallel lines as coming together in the distance.
d. tendency to see stimuli that are near each other as parts of a unified object.
____ 21. Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
a. convergence
b. closure
c. linear perspective
d. texture gradient
____ 22. Depth cues that can be used by artists in two-dimensional pictures are called:
a. binocular cues.
b. figure-ground.
c. Gestalt principles.
d. monocular cues.
____ 23. If an object of known size appears small, your brain assumes it to be far away from you. This rule
describes the monocular depth cue:
a. interposition.
b. relative clarity.
c. relative motion.
d. relative size.
____ 24. Apart from its size, how big an object appears to us depends mostly on the object's:
a. color.
b. distance.
c. motion.
d. shape.
3
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 25. If two objects make the same size image on the retina, we will perceive the object that appears to be
closer as ________ the object that appears to be more distant.
a. larger than
b. smaller than
c. taller
d. the same size as
____ 26. The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is:
a. interposition.
b. linear perspective.
c. relative clarity.
d. relative height.
____ 27. Relative height is a cue involving our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as:
a. brighter.
b. farther away.
c. hazier.
d. smaller.
____ 28. Relative clarity is a cue for depth perception in which closer objects:
a. appear clearer and more distinct than do distant objects.
b. appear lower in the horizontal plane than do distant objects.
c. create larger retinal images than do distant objects.
d. obstruct our view of distant objects.
____ 29. As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the
distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as:
a. closure.
b. interposition.
c. linear perspective.
d. relative height
____ 30. As the airplane descended for a landing, the pilot saw several beautiful islands that appeared to float in a
vast expanse of blue ocean water. In this instance, the ocean is a:
a. figure.
b. Gestalt.
c. ground.
d. perceptual set.
____ 31. Successfully jumping across a small stream depends on which of the following visual abilities?
a. trichromatic perception
b. opponent process perception
c. depth perception
d. Gestalt perception
____ 32. A person without depth perception would have the most difficulty with which of the following tasks?
a. shooting a free throw in a basketball game
b. drawing an accurate chart of statistical data
c. watching a movie on a flat-screen television
d. reading a paragraph in small print
____ 33. Which of the following jobs would be most difficult for a person without depth perception?
a. computer programmer
b. helicopter pilot
c. abstract artist
d. physics professor
4
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 34. Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiments demonstrated that very young infants won't move over the
visual cliff. These findings indicate that:
a. depth perception is probably learned after a child learns to walk.
b. the ability to see over the visual cliff is processed by the cerebellum.
c. young children who crawl completely across the visual cliff have visual cortex
damage.
d. humans may be born with accurate depth perception.
____ 35. Someone who loses sight in one eye would also lose which of the following depth cues?
a. relative size
b. interposition
c. retinal disparity
d. texture gradient
____ 36. We know that an elephant in the distance is actually larger than an insect right in front of our nose
because of which monocular depth cue?
a. retinal disparity
b. convergence
c. texture gradient
d. relative size
____ 37. Pablo, a painter, wants to paint the action of a football game. He needs to show the kickoff return team
lining up on the 10-yard line and the kicking team in the distance at the far end of the field. Which of
the following depth cues could Pablo use in his painting?
a. binocular depth cues
b. convergence
c. linear perspective
d. retinal disparity
____ 38. If you are standing in the middle of some train tracks, the tracks will appear to converge at some point
in the distance because of which of the following depth cues?
a. convergence
b. linear perspective
c. interposition
d. texture gradient
____ 39. As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that you will perceive
the horse as growing in size. This best illustrates the phenomenon of:
a. closure.
b. convergence.
c. linear perspective.
d. size constancy.
____ 40. Perceiving that the size, shape, and lightness of an object as unchanging even as the image of the object
on the retina changes is called:
a. perceptual constancy.
b. sensation constancy.
c. binocular cues.
d. monocular cues.
5
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 41. Which of the following statements is the best summary of perceptual constancy?
a. The brain measures distance to objects by tracking the differences between the images
received by the left and right eye.
b. We perceive an object as unchanging even as the image of the object on the retina
changes.
c. Perceptual constancy is a rule that governs how our brain organizes sensations into
perceptions.
d. Perceptual constancy allows us to see smaller objects as farther away than objects
close to us.
____ 42. Which of the following statements is the best summary of the concept of size constancy?
a. We perceive an object's size as unchanging even though the image on the retina grows
smaller as the object moves farther away.
b. The cues of linear perspective, texture gradient, and figure-ground all combine to
create the perception that size is constant and unchanging.
c. Binocular cues override the monocular cues to create accurate perceptions of size.
d. Objects gradually seem to grow bigger to our eyes as they move farther away from us.
____ 43. Which of the following concepts creates the perception that an object's shape does not change even
though our angle of view of the object changes?
a. perception persistence
b. size constancy
c. shape constancy
d. perceptual adaptation
____ 44. Which of the following concepts gives us the ability to see an object as having a constant level of
lightness no matter how the lighting conditions change?
a. shade constancy
b. perceptual adaptation
c. color persistence
d. lightness constancy
____ 45. The phenomenon of lightness constancy explains why:
a. dim objects appear to be moving faster than objects with more light cast on them,
and brighter objects seem to be moving more slowly.
b. our eyes adjust to different levels of lightness.
c. we may see an object as having a constant level of lightness even if the lighting
conditions change.
d. we see dim objects as being farther away than bright objects.
____ 46. Shape constancy explains why:
a. circles are always perceived as being farther away than rectangles.
b. larger objects in the distance seem farther away than smaller objects that are close to
us.
c. we perceive an object as being the same shape even when our angle of viewing the
object changes.
d. we receive two slightly different images of the world in each eye.
____ 47. How would our perception of objects change without perceptual constancy?
a. We would not be able to judge distance accurately.
b. The cones in our retina would not be able to transmit neural impulses to our visual
cortexes, resulting in color blindness.
c. The size, shape, and lightness of objects would seem to be constantly changing.
d. We would no longer be able to detect sensations below our absolute threshold.
6
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 48. Because of size constancy, if a person sees a car drive away down the road, what will happen to the
person's perception of the size of the car?
a. The person will perceive the car as shrinking in size as it drives farther away.
b. The person will perceive the car as the same size, even though it is farther away.
c. The person will perceive the car as becoming slightly larger as it drives away.
d. The person will perceive the car as becoming darker in shade but slightly smaller.
____ 49. Which of the following statements is the best example of size constancy?
a. seeing an elephant run away from you, but still seeing the elephant as large even
though it is far away
b. perceiving two objects as the same size because one object is moving toward you at a
rapid rate
c. sensing a large object like a plane as small because your perceptual set tells you that
this kind of plane is smaller than average
d. looking at two different sizes of packing boxes, and perceiving that the box closest to
you is larger
____ 50. In drawing class, you learn that the top of a coffee mug is an ellipse, not a circle. You may not have
noticed this fact before due to the effect of which of the following?
a. size constancy
b. shape constancy
c. lightness constancy
d. viewing constancy
____ 51. Which of the following statements is the best example of shape constancy?
a. seeing a shape, like the rectangular rear door of a truck, gradually become smaller and
smaller as the truck drives away from you
b. looking at a circle as an ellipse because you are viewing it from an extreme angle
c. sensing that an object is circular with your eyes but feeling it as egg-shaped with your
hands
d. perceiving a window as a rectangle, even though from your viewing angle it actually
projects an image of a trapezoid
____ 52. We might perceive a gray sheet of paper in very dim light as white because of which of the following?
a. size constancy
b. shape constancy
c. lightness constancy
d. viewing constancy
____ 53. Which of the following statements is the best example of lightness constancy?
a. seeing a white t-shirt as still white even in a room with very dim lighting
b. perceiving a very heavy object, such as a weightlifting bar, as being light because of a
surge of adrenalin
c. sensing a bright yellow yield sign in the road before you actually see it
d. looking at bright, light objects instead of darker, more gloomy objects
____ 54. Although textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the
books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of:
a. binocular cues.
b. linear perspective.
c. shape constancy.
d. size constancy.
7
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 55. Jody's dog looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the back yard. This
example illustrates what is known as:
a. lightness constancy.
b. perceptual adaptation.
c. perceptual set.
d. the phi phenomenon.
____ 56. Which of the following is the best definition of a perceptual set?
a. depth cues provided by the different images produced by each eye, such as retinal
disparity
b. a mental predisposition to perceive something one way and not another
c. the brain's ability to perceive constant size, shape, and lightness even when viewing
conditions change
d. how our brain organizes sensations
____ 57. A mental predisposition to perceive something in a certain way is called a:
a. Gestalt.
b. monocular cue.
c. perceptual set.
d. sensation scheme.
____ 58. Which of the following is the best summary of the relationship between sensations and perceptual sets?
a. Perceptual sets are used to create sensations.
b. Groups of perceptions are organized into sensation categories, creating perceptual
sets.
c. We use perceptual sets to organize sensations into perceptions.
d. Sensations are information from the energy senses, and perceptual sets are
information from chemical senses.
____ 59. A mental rule you use to organize sensations into perceptions is called a:
a. perceptual set.
b. sensation scheme.
c. visual grouping.
d. Gestalt rule.
____ 60. Both schemas and perceptual sets are:
a. concepts or mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information.
b. depth cues that rely on both monocular and binocular cues.
c. Gestalt grouping principles.
d. neural firing patterns that indicate sensations are being received by the ganglion cells.
____ 61. One of the strongest schemas we use to organize visual information is the schema for:
a. colors.
b. human faces.
c. voices.
d. dangerous situations.
____ 62. If someone asks you to look at a cloud and says, “Doesn't it look like the state of Nebraska?,” they have
changed your:
a. perceptual set.
b. monocular cue.
c. perceptual constancy.
d. figure-ground.
8
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 63. According to the concept of perceptual sets, if you want to make sure a friend enjoys a new movie,
which of the following strategies should you use?
a. Make sure your friend is convinced that the movie will be very funny.
b. Help your friend keep an open mind about the movie and not form preconceptions.
c. Talk with your friend during quiet spots in the movie and make sure the dialog is
being understood.
d. Sit farther from the screen to make sure all the sensations are received.
____ 64. You look at a painting and see a peaceful farm scene, but your friend looks at the same painting and says,
“It looks like something really bad is about to happen to those people.” Which of the following concepts
might best explain your different perceptions?
a. perceptual set
b. perceptual constancy
c. figure-ground
d. Gestalt grouping
____ 65. Which of the following situations is a perceptual set most likely to influence?
a. copying a definition out of a dictionary
b. measuring your height and weight
c. watching a dramatic movie
d. counting out change
____ 66. After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal
aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of:
a. perceptual adaptation.
b. perceptual set.
c. relative clarity.
d. the phi phenomenon.
____ 67. A friend calls you and says, “I found this Web site that plays songs backward and I heard these totally
weird messages.” Which of the following is an accurate explanation for these “messages” your friend
heard?
a. Artists put backward messages in songs that can be perceived from the sensations due
to monocular cues.
b. Playing a song backward activates powerful auditory schemas and we may be able to
hear messages placed in songs that we cannot hear when the song is played normally.
c. Hearing a song played backward might violate our Gestalt rules for hearing music,
causing use to perceive messages.
d. Your friend most likely listened to the backward songs using a specific perceptual set,
causing your friend to hear a message.
____ 68. Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of perceptual sets and schemas?
a. Both perceptual sets and schemas are mental frameworks we use to organize
information.
b. Schemas lead to Gestalt perceptions that create perceptual sets.
c. Perceptual sets are used to organize sensations and schemas are used to organize
perceptual sets.
d. We have thousands of perceptual sets but only a very few schemas.
9
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 69. If you are asked to interpret some random ink blots, which of the following objects are you most likely
to see because of the influence of strong, pre-existing perceptual sets?
a. animal images
b. human faces
c. family scenes
d. geometric shapes
____ 70. You read a newspaper story about someone seeing a face in a piece of toast. Which of the following
concepts could best explain why so many people perceive human faces in ambiguous stimuli, like toast?
a. Gestalt
b. schemas
c. convergence
d. constancy
____ 71. Whether you perceive the men or the arrows in the accompanying image depends on:
a. Gestalt groupings.
b. binocular cues.
c. figure-ground relationships.
d. depth perception of the visual cliff.
____ 72. Seeing two columns of triangles and one column of circles in the image here demonstrates which of the
following Gestalt principles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
proximity
continuity
closure
similarity
10
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 73. Seeing three pairs of vertical lines in the accompanying image demonstrates which of the following
Gestalt principles?
a. proximity
b. continuity
c. closure
d. similarity
____ 74. Seeing a complete circle, triangle, and square in the accompanying image demonstrates which of the
following Gestalt principles?
a. proximity
b. continuity
c. closure
d. similarity
____ 75. Seeing a wavy line going through a horizontal line in the accompanying image demonstrates which of the
following Gestalt principles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
proximity
continuity
closure
similarity
11
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 76. The accompanying visual illusion is called:
a. the Müller-Lyer illusion.
b. the Ponzo illusion.
c. the Ames room.
d. the Gestalt-perspective illusion.
____ 77. Whether you perceive a saxophone player or the woman's face in the accompanying image depends on:
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 78. The
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gestalt groupings.
binocular cues.
figure-ground relationships.
depth perception of the visual cliff.
accompanying visual illusion is called:
the Müller-Lyer illusion.
the sensory adaptation illusion.
the visual cliff illusion.
the Gestalt-length illusion.
12
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 79. Which of the following perceptual theories would best help explain why you perceive a cube in the
accompanying image?
a. Gestalt theory
b. perceptual adaptation
c. binocular cues
d. retinal disparity
____ 80. The perception that the dog on the left side of the image is smaller than the dog at the right side of the
image is because of which of the following monocular depth cues?
a.
b.
c.
d.
interposition
texture gradient
relative clarity
linear perspective
13
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 81. The perception that the line at the bottom of the image is smaller that the line at the top of the image is
caused by which of the following monocular depth cues?
a. interposition
b. texture gradient
c. relative clarity
d. linear perspective
____ 82. We perceive the door as a rectangle in each of the accompanying images because of which perceptual
principle?
a.
b.
c.
d.
size constancy
shape constancy
lightness constancy
sensation constancy
14
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 83. Most people perceive a face in the image here. Which of the following statements best explains why?
a.
The figure-ground relationships in the images cause the visual cortex of the brain to
see eyes and noses in the images.
b. Our schema for human faces is very strong, leading us to often organize visual images
into faces.
c. Binocular cues like images that resemble two eyes lead us to monocular cues, such as
face perceptions.
d. The Gestalt principle of proximity causes our perceptual sets to change for each
image.
____ 84. Which of the following perceptual principles leads to the perception of the circle in the accompanying
image?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the Gestalt closure principle
binocular depth perception cues
convergent perceptual sets
figure-ground visual schemas
15
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 85. The accompanying image changes if you look at it upside down because:
a.
the figure-ground relationships are unclear, causing different perceptual sets to be used
when we view the image.
b. interposition of the images with each other interferes with our perceptual sets.
c. we assume an overhead light source, causing us to interpret shading in the image
differently.
d. our depth perception is changed when we look at images upside down.
____ 86. Which of the following combinations of perceptual principles are involved in the Ames room illusion,
pictured here?
\
a.
b.
c.
d.
shape constancy and depth perception
interposition and texture gradient
convergence and retinal disparity
Gestalt and figure-ground
16
Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 87. Gestalt psychologists were most interested in which part of perceptual experiences?
a. how parts are organized into whole perceptions
b. how senses work to communicate with brain structures
c. how neural impulses are created by energy and chemicals
d. how culture influences perceptions
Essay
1. Jenny just finished watching a movie about a main character who can predict the future. That night,
Jenny has a dream about a friend being mean to her at school. She is convinced the next day that the
dream comes true when a friend looks at her funny. Explain why psychologists would be skeptical
about Jenny's claim of ESP, and the role perceptual set might have played in Jenny's perception of
the dream and the day.
2. Explain how binocular depth cues and Gestalt grouping principles would influence your perception
of a group of students you see walking down the hallway toward you.
3. Imagine you are looking at a painting in a museum. Explain how grouping principles, monocular
depth cues, shape constancy, and perceptual sets might influence your perception(s) of the painting.
17
ID: A
Module 7
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: C
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
2. ANS: C
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
3. ANS: C
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
4. ANS: D
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
5. ANS: A
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
6. ANS: D
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
7. ANS: C
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
8. ANS: A
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
9. ANS: C
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
10. ANS: D
PTS: 1
SKL: Knowledge
11. ANS: A
The Gestalt psychologists researched how
perception.
REF: 119
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 119
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 118
OBJ: 7-1
parts of visual perceptions are organized into “the whole”
PTS: 1
REF: 119
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
12. ANS: B
Gestalt psychologists researched how we organize different parts of what we see into a “whole”
perception.
PTS: 1
REF: 119
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
13. ANS: A
Figure-ground relationships describe how we organize visual fields into objects (figures) separate from
their surroundings (ground).
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
14. ANS: C
Figure-ground relationships describe how we organize visual images into figures (objects) and the
background (ground).
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
1
SKL: Application
ID: A
15. ANS: D
Since the team members wore uniforms of different colors, Cheri perceived the players who were wearing
similar colors as being on the same team. The team members weren't necessarily closer to one another,
so proximity is not involved, and no closure of incomplete pictures was involved. Color constancy does
not apply to this situation.
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
16. ANS: D
Grouping principles (like similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity) describe the factors that
determine why we organize parts of images into groups.
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
17. ANS: C
The closure principle applies when we mentally fill in gaps in our visual perception, such as mentally
connecting the dots to complete a picture.
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-1
SKL: Application
18. ANS: A
Closure causes us to fill in missing information in visual input, such as the example described. Color
constancy would not be involved, and proximity and similarity involve placing items into groups.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
PTS:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
ANS:
SKL:
1
A
Knowledge
B
Knowledge
A
Knowledge
D
Knowledge
D
Knowledge
B
Knowledge
B
Knowledge
A
Knowledge
B
Knowledge
A
Knowledge
C
Knowledge
REF: 121
PTS: 1
OBJ: 7-1
REF: 122
SKL: Application
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 123
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 124
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 124
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-2
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-2
2
ID: A
30. ANS: C
The ocean is perceived in the background, making it the ground and the islands the figure. Perceptual set
and Gestalt principles do not apply as specifically to this situation.
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
31. ANS: C
Jumping across a gap depends on the ability to judge how far you need to jump. Depth perception
provides the visual information needed to judge distance.
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
32. ANS: A
Shooting a free throw requires the player to accurately judge the distance to the basket. None of the
other tasks depend on depth perception.
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
33. ANS: B
Helicopter pilots need to constantly judge distances to take off, land, and avoid collisions. The other jobs
listed don't necessarily depend on depth perception.
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
34. ANS: D
Since very young children did not move over the visual cliff, Gibson and Walk's experiments indicated
that depth perception may develop very early in life, possibly even before the child is born.
PTS: 1
REF: 122
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
35. ANS: C
Retinal disparity depends on the brain receiving a different image from each eye.
PTS: 1
REF: 123
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
36. ANS: D
We know that a large object will appear small if it is far away from us because of the monocular depth
cue called relative size.
PTS: 1
REF: 125
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
37. ANS: C
Pablo can only use monocular depth cues since he's painting on a flat canvas, and linear perspective is
the only monocular depth cue listed.
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-2
SKL: Application
38. ANS: B
Because of linear perspective, parallel lines (like lines of train tracks) seem to draw together in the
distance.
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-2
3
SKL: Application
ID: A
39. ANS: D
Since we know about how big a horse is, our brain will maintain that particular size perception even as the
horse gets closer to us.
PTS: 1
REF: 128
OBJ: 7-2
40. ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 128
SKL: Knowledge
41. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 128
SKL: Knowledge
42. ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 128
SKL: Knowledge
43. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 129
SKL: Knowledge
44. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 130
SKL: Knowledge
45. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 130
SKL: Knowledge
46. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 129
SKL: Knowledge
47. ANS: C
Perceptual constancy causes our perceptions of the size, shape,
constant even as visual conditions change.
SKL: Application
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
OBJ: 7-3
and lightness of objects to remain
PTS: 1
REF: 128
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
48. ANS: B
Size constancy causes us to perceive objects as being constant in size even as their distance changes,
causing the visual image they project on the retina to change in size.
PTS: 1
REF: 128
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
49. ANS: A
Size constancy causes us to perceive objects (such as an elephant) as being constant in size even as their
distance changes, causing the visual image they project on the retina to change in size.
PTS: 1
REF: 128
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
50. ANS: B
Shape constancy causes us to perceive shapes as constant even though our viewing angle changes. We
usually perceive the top of a coffee cup as a circle even when we look at it from a different angle because
shape constancy causes us to maintain our perception of the top as a circle.
PTS: 1
REF: 129
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
51. ANS: D
Shape constancy causes us to perceive shapes as constant even though our viewing angle changes, such as
seeing a window as a rectangle even though from a certain viewing angle it actually makes a trapezoidal
shape on the retina.
PTS: 1
REF: 129
OBJ: 7-3
4
SKL: Application
ID: A
52. ANS: C
Lightness constancy causes us to perceive objects as having a constant level of lightness, even if the
lighting conditions change. Since we “know” that paper is white, we might perceive a gray piece of paper
as white in very dim light.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
53. ANS: A
Lightness constancy causes us to perceive objects as having a constant level of lightness, even if the
lighting conditions change. Since we “know” that the t-shirt is white, we will still perceive it as white
even in very dim light.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
54. ANS: C
We perceive the book to be a rectangle, not a trapezoid, because we know books are rectangles, and our
brain maintains this perception even if our angle of viewing the book changes.
PTS: 1
REF: 129
OBJ: 7-3
SKL: Application
55. ANS: A
Since we know the dog's color, our brain will maintain that lightness perception even if lighting
conditions change.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ:
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF:
SKL: Knowledge
ANS: A
Telling you what a cloud looks like changes your
perceive it.
7-3
130
SKL: Application
OBJ: 7-4
130
OBJ: 7-4
130
OBJ: 7-4
130
OBJ: 7-4
132
OBJ: 7-4
132
OBJ: 7-4
perceptual set for the cloud, influencing how you will
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
63. ANS: A
A perceptual set can influence how we perceive an experience. A perceptual set that a movie will be
funny might make your friend perceive the movie as more enjoyable.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-4
5
SKL: Application
ID: A
64. ANS: A
Your perceptions of the painting were guided by different perceptual sets, or ways of organizing the
sensations you received.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
65. ANS: C
Perceptual sets are likely to influence perceptual situations that depend on interpretation of sensations.
A perceptual set could influence how we experience a dramatic movie because our expectations about the
content of the movie will influence how we interpret it. The other situations listed do not depend on
personal interpretation of stimuli.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
66. ANS: B
Our expectations influence how we perceive stimuli such as normal aches and pains.
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
67. ANS: D
“Backward” messages in songs are perceived because of pre-existing perceptual sets. If we expect to hear
a message in a song, that expectation creates a perceptual set that causes our brains to organize
sensations into a perception of the message.
PTS: 1
REF: 132
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
68. ANS: A
Perceptual sets are mental frameworks used to organize sensations, and schemas are mental frameworks
used to interpret our experiences in the world.
PTS: 1
REF: 132
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
69. ANS: B
Some of our most powerful perceptual sets and schemas are for human faces, and we are very likely to
perceive faces out of even random visual sensations, such as inkblots.
PTS: 1
REF: 132
OBJ: 7-4
SKL: Application
70. ANS: B
Some of our strongest schemas are for human faces. Our perceptual sets are guided by our schemas, so it
is common to perceive a face in random visual stimuli.
PTS:
71. ANS:
SKL:
72. ANS:
SKL:
73. ANS:
SKL:
74. ANS:
SKL:
75. ANS:
SKL:
1
C
Knowledge
D
Knowledge
A
Knowledge
C
Knowledge
B
Knowledge
REF: 132
PTS: 1
OBJ: 7-4
REF: 120
SKL: Application
OBJ: 7-5
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-5
PTS: 1
REF: 120
OBJ: 7-5
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-5
PTS: 1
REF: 121
OBJ: 7-5
6
ID: A
76. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 133
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Knowledge
77. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 130
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Knowledge
78. ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 133
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Knowledge
79. ANS: A
Gestalt theory is concerned with how we perceive “whole” images out of individual parts, such as how the
perception of a cube emerges from the colored circles and white spaces.
PTS: 1
REF: 119
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
80. ANS: D
Linear perspective leads us to perceive the lines in the image converging in the distance, causing us to
perceive the dog on the right to be farther away. Since the images of the dogs make the same size image
on our retina, we perceive the dog on the right as larger.
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
81. ANS: D
Linear perspective leads us to perceive the lines in the image converging in the distance, causing us to
perceive the line at the top of the image as farther away. Since the images of the lines make the same
size image on our retina, we perceive the line at the top as larger.
PTS: 1
REF: 126
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
82. ANS: B
The actual shape of the door in the second and third image is a trapezoid, but our perception of the
rectangle is held constant because of shape constancy. We know that doors are rectangular, so that shape
is held as our constant perception of the door.
PTS: 1
REF: 129
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
83. ANS: B
Some of our strongest schemas are for faces, and we will perceive human faces in many visual images.
PTS: 1
REF: 132
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
84. ANS: A
Our brain uses the closure principle to create the perception of a ring by filling in the gaps in the image.
PTS: 1
REF: 134
OBJ: 7-5
SKL: Application
85. ANS: C
Since we assume an overhead light source, the shading in each image causes us to perceive depth in the
flat images. When the images are turned upside down, we perceive depth in the images differently because
we interpret the shading differently.
PTS: 1
REF: 134
OBJ: 7-5
7
SKL: Application
ID: A
86. ANS: A
The Ames room creates dramatic illusions about size of objects in the far corners by tricking us into
believing that the room is straight and square. Shape constancy causes us to perceive the tiles on the
floor and windows in the wall as squares and rectangles, creating the illusion that the back wall is straight,
which then creates illusions related to depth perception and size.
PTS: 1
87. ANS: A
SKL: Knowledge
REF: 133
PTS: 1
OBJ: 7-5
REF: 119
SKL: Application
OBJ: 7-1
ESSAY
1. ANS:
Jenny formed a perceptual set about her ability to predict the future by watching the movie. This
perceptual set might cause her to think her dream could predict the future, and cause her to interpret
her friend's look the next day as hostile.
PTS: 1
2. ANS:
You might place students in particular groups with grouping principles such as similarity (students
who appear similar might be perceived as belonging to the same group) or proximity (students
walking close together might be perceived in the same group). Binocular depth cues such as retinal
disparity would influence our perception of how far away the group of students is.
PTS: 1
3. ANS:
Grouping principles might influence how you group elements of a painting, such as perceiving all the
people in similar clothes in the same group. Monocular depth cues such as linear perspective are
often used in paintings to indicate which objects are closer and farther away. Shape constancy would
influence our perception of familiar objects, even if they are viewed from different angles in the
painting. Perceptual sets might influence our overall perception of the painting, such as interpreting
the emotion of a person in the painting.
PTS: 1
8