STEVEN E. CLARK
(Revised 09.01.2015)
Office address:
Department of Psychology
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, CA 92521
(951)-827-5541
Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies
University of California Riverside
(951) 827-4894
Education:
BS Illinois State University, 1981
PhD Indiana University, 1988
Dissertation Committee: Richard M. Shiffrin, Robert, M. Nosofsky, Janet
Metcalfe, and Linda B. Smith.
1. Description of research
My research is concerned with human memory and decision-making, eyewitness identification,
and the role of eyewitnesses in the criminal justice system. The research is guided by
mathematical models of memory, and by normative and psychological theories of procedural
justice. Under that broad umbrella, my research addresses the following questions: How do
witnesses and victims decide whether to cooperate with police and participate in the criminal
justice process? What are the social and cognitive processes that underlie human memory and
eyewitness decision-making? What are the policy implications for the criminal justice system?
What is the relationship between social science, law, and the criminal justice system?
2. Employment history
01/05/15- present
04/01/13-present
10/01/13 – present
07/01/06 - present
07/18/94 - 06/30/06
07/1/88 - 07/18/94
7/1/87 - 06/31/88
Director, UC Consortium on Social Science and Law
Director, Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies
University of California, Riverside
Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology,
Emory University
Professor of Psychology
University of California, Riverside
Associate Professor of Psychology
University of California, Riverside
Assistant Professor of Psychology
University of California, Riverside
Acting Assistant Professor of Psychology
University of California, Riverside
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Steven E. Clark
3. Publications
Manuscripts in preparation
Clark, S.E. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and eyewitness identification reform.
Larson, R.P. & Clark, S.E. Memory and decision processes of children and adults in eyewitness
identification.
Published or in press
Clark, S.E., Wixted, J.T., Benjamin, A.S., Mickes, L., & Gronlund, S.D. (In Press). Eyewitness
identification and the accuracy of the criminal justice system. Policy Insights from the
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Gronlund, S.D., Mickes, L., Wixted, J.T.., & Clark, S.E. (2015). Conducting an eyewitness
lineup: How did the research get it wrong? The Psychology of Learning and Motivation,
Vol. 63, B. Ross (Ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Wixted, J.T., Mickes, L, Clark, S.E., Gronlund, S.D., & Roediger, H.L. (In Press). Initial
Eyewitness Confidence Reliably Predicts Eyewitness Identification Accuracy. American
Psychologist.
Clark, S.E., & Gronlund, S.D. (in press). The development and evolution of theory in
eyewitness identification. In Raaijmakers, J.G.W., & Criss, A. Cognitive Modeling in
Perception and Memory: A Festschrift for Richard M. Shiffrin. New York: Routledge,
Taylor, & Francis.
Clark, S.E., Moreland, & Rush, R.A. Lineup composition and lineup fairness (in press). In T.
Valentine & J. Davis (Eds.) Forensic Facial Identification, Wiley.
Rush, R.A., & Clark, S.E. (2014). Social contagion for correct and incorrect information in
memory. Memory, 22, 937-948.
Mickes, L, Moreland, M.B., Clark, S.E., & Wixted, J.T. (2014). Missing the information needed
to perform ROC analysis? Then compute d’, not the diagnosticity ratio. Journal of
Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 58-62.
Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (2014). Evolution of theory and data in
eyewitness identification reform. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 21, 251-267.
Rush, E., Quas, J., Yim, I., Clark, S., Sumaroka, & Larson, R. (2014). Stress, interviewer
support, and children’s eyewitness identification accuracy. Child Development, 85,
1292-1305.
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Clark, S.E., Brower, G., Rosenthal, R., Hicks, J.M., & Moreland, M.B. (2013). Lineup
administrator influences on eyewitness identification and and confidence. Journal of
Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 158-165.
Clark, S.E., Rush, R.A., & Moreland, M.B. (2013). Constructing the lineup: Law, reform,
theory, and data. In B.L. Cutler (Ed.) Reform of Eyewitness Identification Procedures.
Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Clark, S.E. (2012). Costs and benefits of eyewitness identification reform: Psychological
science and public policy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 238-259
Clark, S.E. (2012). Eyewitness identification reform: Data, due process, and procedural justice.
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 279-283.
Clark. S.E. (2011). Blackstone and the balance of eyewitness identification evidence. Albany
Law Review, 74, 1105-1156.
Clark, S.E., Erickson, M.A., & Breneman, J. (2011). Probative value of absolute and relative
judgments in eyewitness identification. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 364-380.
Godfrey, R.D., & Clark. S.E. (2010). Repeated eyewitness identification procedures: Memory,
decision-making, and probative value. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 241-258.
Clark, S.E., Marshall, T., & Rosenthal, R. (2009). Lineup administrator influence on eyewitness
identification decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15, 63-75.
Clark, S.E., & Godfrey, R.D. (2009). Eyewitness identification and innocence risk.
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 22-42.
Clark, S.E. (2008). The importance (necessity) of computational modeling for eyewitness
identification research. Applied Cognitive Psychology (Special Issue), 22, 803-813.
Carlson, C., Gronlund, S.D., & Clark, S.E. (2008). Lineup composition, suspect position, and
the sequential lineup advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 118128.
Clark, S.E., & Wells, G.L. (2008). On the diagnosticity of multiple-witness identifications.
Law and Human Behavior, 32, 406-422.
Clark, S.E., Howell, R., Davey, S.L. (2008). Regularities in Eyewitness Identification. Law and
Human Behavior, 32, 187-218.
Clark, S.E. (2008). WITNESS Model. In B.L. Cutler (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law.
Thousand Oaks: Sage. (pp. 864-866).
Steven E. Clark
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Clark, S.E. & Loftus, E. (2007). Eyewitness Evidence. In J.R. Greene (Ed.) The Encyclopedia
of Police Science. New York: Routledge. (pp. 491-495).
Clark, S.E., Abbe. A., & Larson, R. (2006). Collaboration in Associative Recognition Memory:
Using recalled information to defend “new” judgments. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 32, 1266-1273.
Clark, S.E. (2005). Re-examining the Effects of Biased Lineup Instructions in Eyewitness
Identification. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 385-424.
Clark, S.E., & Davey, S.L. (2005). The target-to-foils shift in simultaneous and sequential
lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 151-172.
Clark, S.E. (2003). A memory and decision model for eyewitness identification. Applied
Cognitive Psychology, 17, 629-654.
Clark, S.E., & Tunnicliff, J.T. (2001). Selecting lineup foils in eyewitness identification
experiments: Experimental control and real-world simulation. Law and Human
Behavior, 25, 199-216.
Clark, S.E., Hori, A., Putnam, A., & Martin, T.J. (2001). Social collaboration in recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 26,
1578-1588.
Tunnicliff, J.T., & Clark, S.E. (2000). Matching suspects and descriptions in the selection of
distractors for identification lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 231-258.
Clark, S.E. (1999). Recalling to recognize and recognizing recall. In C. Izawa (Ed.), On
Memory: Evolution, Progress, and Reflections on the 30th Anniversary of the AtkinsonShiffrin Model. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum., pp. 215-243.
Clark, S.E. (1999). Special Report: Eyewitness Memory. Fire Findings, 7, 7-11.
Clark, S.E. (1997). A familiarity-based account of confidence-accuracy inversions. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 232-238.
Clark, S.E., & Gronlund, S.D. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How
the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 37-60
Clark, S.E., & Loftus, E.F. (1996). The construction of space-alien abduction memories.
Psychological Inquiry, 7, 140-143.
Clark, S.E., & Loftus, E.F. (1995). The psychological pay-dirt of alien abduction memories.
Contemporary Psychology, 40, 861-863.
Steven E. Clark
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Clark, S.E. (1995). The generation effect and the modelling of associations in memory. Memory
and Cognition, 23, 442-455.
Clark, S.E., & Hori, A. (1995). List-length and overlap effects in forced-choice associative
recognition. Memory and Cognition, 23, 456-461.
Clark, S.E., & Burchett, R.E.R. (1994). Word frequency and list composition effects in
associative recognition and recall. Memory and Cognition. 22, 55-62.
Clark, S.E., Hori, A., & Callan, D.E. (1993). Forced-choice associative recognition:
Implications for global memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 19, 871-881.
Wong, E.H., Lox, C.L., & Clark, S.E. (1993). Relation between sports context, competitive trait
anxiety, perceived ability, and self-presentation confidence. Perceptual and Motor Skills,
76, 847-850.
Clark, S.E. (1992). Word frequency effects in associative and item recognition. Memory and
Cognition, 20, 231-243.
Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1992). Cuing effects and associative information in recognition
memory. Memory and Cognition, 20, 580-598.
Ratcliff, R., Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1990). The list strength effect: I. Data and
discussion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16,
163-178.
Shiffrin, R.M., Ratcliff, R., & Clark, S.E. (1990). The list strength effect: II. Theoretical
mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
16, 179-195.
Nosofsky, R.M., Clark, S.E., & Shin, J.H. (1989). Rules and exemplars in classification,
identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 15, 282-304.
Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1987). Recognition of multiple-item probes. Memory and
Cognition, 15, 367-378.
Smyth, M.M., & Clark, S.E. (1986). My half-sister is a THOG: Strategic processes in a
reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 275-287.
Redding, G.M., Clark, S.E., & Wallace, B. (1985). Attention and prism adaptation. Cognitive
Psychology, 17, 1-25.
Steven E. Clark
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4. Grant Support
University of California, Office of the President (Multicampus Research Projects and Initiatives).
UC Consortium for Social Science and Law
$298,341
01/01/15 to 12/31/17
Federal Funding
Critical Tests of Decision Models for Eyewitness Identification
National Science Foundation
02/01/2011 to 01/31/2016
Memory and Decision in Eyewitness Identification
National Science Foundation
04/01/07 to 03/31/2010
Developing a Model of Eyewitness Identification
National Science Foundation
07/01/02 to 12/31/06
Similarity, Eyewitness Identification, and Models of Recognition Memory
National Science Foundation
7/1/97 to 6/30/2001
Item and Associative Information in Human Memory
National Science Foundation
3/1/93 to 2/28/95
5. Teaching
Undergraduate:
Learning and Memory, Human Memory, Cognitive Processes,
Eyewitness Testimony, Introductory Psychology, Psychology and
Law
Graduate:
Statistical Procedures, Cognitive Psychology, Models of Memory,
Social Processes in Human Memory, Eyewitness Identification
6. Other Professional Activity
Ad hoc reviewer for:
Steven E. Clark
Journal of Experimental Psychology, Psychology, Public
Policy, and Law, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Memory &
Cognition, Journal of Memory and Language, Acta Psychologica,
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Consulting Editor:
Board of Directors
Chair
Panelist (1997)
Panelist (2007-09)
Professional Memberships:
Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, National Science
Foundation, Israel Science Foundation, Applied Cognitive
Psychology, Law and Human Behavior, Journal of Applied
Research in Memory and Cognition, Journal of Applied Research
in Memory and Cognition.
Law and Human Behavior
Association for Criminal Justice Research
American Psychology and Law Society, Conference Committee
National Science Foundation, Human Cognition and Perception
National Science Foundation, Law and Social Sciences
Psychonomic Society, Association for Psychological Science,
Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Society
for Personality and Social Psychology, Law and Society
Association, Society for Empirical Legal Studies, Association for
Criminal Justice Research, American Criminological Society.
Significant University Service:
Director (2015 – present)
UC Consortium on Social Science and Law
Director (2012 – present)
Robert Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies
Chair (2011-2013):
Academic Senate Committee on Undergraduate Admissions
Representative (2012-13):
Campus Representative to the Board of Admissions and Relations
with Schools (UC Office of the President)
Chair (1999 - 2008):
Interdisciplinary Program in Law and Society
Chair
Campus Institutional Review Board
7. Conferences and Invited Presentations in the 21st Century
2014
Clark, S.E., & Moreland, M.B. (Nov. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness
identification reform. American Society of Criminology, San Francisco CA.
Moreland, M.B., & Clark, S.E. (Nov. 2014). Comparative processes in simultaneous and
sequential lineups. Psychonomic Society, Long Beach, CA.
Clark, S.E. (Oct. 2014). No easy answers: New research on the reliability of eyewitness
evidence. Idaho Bench Bar Conference, U.S. District and Bankruptcy Court, Boise, ID.
Clark, S.E. (Sept, 2014). Eyewitness Identification: University of Cincinnati School of Law.
Clark, S.E. (Sept. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform.
Claremont Graduate University.
Steven E. Clark
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Clark, S.E. (Sept. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform.
Center for Psychology and Law, University of California, Irvine.
Clark, S.E., & Moreland, M.B. (May, 2014). The empirical and theoretical evolution of
eyewitness identification reform. Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco,
CA.
Clark, S.E. (April, 2014). Eyewitness identification: Research and Reform. Emory University
School of Law.
Clark, S.E. (March, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research
and reform. Emory University, Department of Psychology.
Clark, S.E. (February, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research
and reform. University of Maryland.
Clark, S.E. (February, 2014). Costs and benefits of eyewitness identification reform. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.
Clark, S.E. (January, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research
and reform. Georgia State University.
2013
Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (March, 2013). Evolution of theory and data in
eyewitness identification reform. American Psychology – Law Society, Portland, OR.
2012
Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (November 2012). Evolution of theory and data
in eyewitness identification reform. Psychonomic Society, Minneapolis, MN.
Clark, S.E. (July, 2012). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological Science and Public
Policy. National District Attorneys Association Meeting, Mystic CT.
Clark, S.E. (June, 2012). Eyewitness evidence: Data and due process. International Conference
on Law and Society, Honolulu, HI.
Rush, R.A., & Clark, S.E. (March, 2012). Eyewitness identification: Absolute OR Relative
judgments and the effects of lineup composition. Annual Conference of the American
Psychology - Law Society, San Juan PR.
Clark, S.E. (March, 2012). Eyewitness identification and the trade-off between correct
identifications lost and false identifications avoided. Annual Conference of the
American Psychology - Law Society, San Juan PR.
2011
Clark, S.E. (November, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Decisions and trade-offs. 52nd
Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seattle, WA.
Gronlund, S.D., Clark, S.E., Carlson, C.A., & Goodsell, C.A. (November, 2011).
Deconstructing the simultaneous and sequential lineup meta-analysis. 52nd Annual
Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seattle WA.
Clark, S.E. (July, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public
policy. UC Center, Sacramento, CA.
Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification. Training seminar for U.S. Attorney,
Washington, DC.
Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public
Steven E. Clark
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policy. Riverside County Bar Association, Riverside, CA.
Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public
policy. Distinguished speaker series, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA.
Larson, R. & Clark, S.E. (March, 2011). Eyewitness participation in the criminal justice system:
Procedural justice, willingness, and actual reporting of crime. Annual meeting of the
American Psychology - Law Society, Miami, FL.
2010
Clark, S.E. (January, 2010). DNA exonerations and eyewitness identification reform: Protecting
the innocent is not free. Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools, New
Orleans, LA.
2009
Clark, S.E. November, 2009). Protecting the innocent is not free. Conference on Empirical
Legal Studies, University of Southern California School of Law.
2008
Brenaman, J.S., & Clark, S.E. (November 2008). Probative value of absolute and relative
decision rules. Annual Meeting of the Society for Judgment and Decision-Making,
Chicago, IL.
Rush, R., & Clark, S.E. (November 2008). Relative and absolute decisions in eyewitness
identification, similarity, and preference. Annual Meeting of the Society for Judgment
and Decision-Making, Chicago, IL.
Clark, S.E. (February, 2008). Invited talk, San Bernardino County District Attorney.
Breneman, J.S., & Clark, S.E. (March, 2008). Diagnosticity of Absolute and Relative Decision
Rules. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL.
Carlson, C.A., Gronlund, S.D., Clark, S.E., & Dailey, S. (March, 2008). Sequential lineup
advantage: Lineup Fairness and Suspect Position. Annual Meeting of the American
Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL.
Godfrey, R.D. & Clark, S.E. (March 2008). The effects of pre-lineup exposure on eyewitness
identification. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society,
Jacksonville, FL.
Rush, R.A. & Clark, S.E. (March, 2008). Using lineup composition to distinguish between
absolute and relative decision rules. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and
Law Society, Jacksonville, FL.
2007
American Psychological Association, 115th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA (Invited
Address, Theoretical Development on the Road from Mistaken Identification to Wrongful
Conviction.
SARMAC (Society of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition), Annual Conference, Bates
College, Lewiston Maine (July, 2007)
Off the Witness Stand. John Jay College of Criminal Justice and CUNY Graduate School, New
York, NY (March, 2007)
Steven E. Clark
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2006
Psychonomic Society Meeting, Houston, TX (November, 2006)
University of Oklahoma (September, 2006)
Litigating Eyewitness Identification, Washington DC (June, 2006)
Federal Defenders, San Francisco, CA (May, 2006)
American Psychology & Law Society Annual Meeting, St. Petersburg, FL.
2005
Psychonomic Society Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychology, Iowa State University
National Meeting on Science, Technology, and the Law, St. Petersburg, FL.
American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, La Jolla, CA
Ontario Crown Conference, Collingswood, Ontario Canada
California Attorneys for Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association, Capital
Case Defense Seminar, Monterey, CA
2004
Decision and Justice Conference. Institute for Mathematical and Behavioral Sciences and
Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine
National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys, Atlanta, GA.
Departments of Psychology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas, El Paso
American Psychology-Law Society Meeting, Scottsdale, AZ
2003
Psychonomic Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Psychology and Law International Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland
Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA
2002
Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA
American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, Austin, TX.
San Bernardino County District Attorneys Office, San Bernardino, CA
International Association for Applied Psychology, Singapore
Los Angeles Criminal Defense Bar, Los Angeles, CA
2001
International Conference on Memory, Valencia, Spain
Society for Research in Memory and Cognition Annual Meeting, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Psychology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas, El Paso
2000
American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, New Orleans, LA
Psychology Department, Claremont Graduate University
Steven E. Clark
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8. Consultation and Expert Testimony
I have testified as an expert in eyewitness memory and eyewitness identification in state courts in
Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Washington. I have testified as an expert approximately
80 times. I have consulted with prosecuting and defense attorneys and law enforcement, and
have and testified in both civil and criminal cases, and in both State and Federal court. I have
also written several reports and declarations for post-conviction appeals.
Steven E. Clark
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