Primary Index, Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition

Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Additional Indexes •Index of Standards •Index of Interactive Equations •Index of Materials •Index of Additional Content on CD A Abbreviations accuracy 1324 mathematical signs and 2654 scientific and engineering terms 2652– 2655 symbols for mechanics 2655 welding 1479 Abrasive belt applications 1269 cutting off difficulties 1272 grinding 1269–1270 rotative speeds 1273 selection 1269–1270 contact wheel selecting 1271 cubic boron nitride (CBN) 794, 1217, 1234, 1243 cutting 1269–1272 diamond 1216 grains and materials 1216 grinding 1216 honing 1272–1274 lapping 1274–1277 polishing 1504 stones for honing 1274 Absolute system of measurement 150 temperature 2695 viscosity 2425 zero 2695 Acceleration 150, 175–178 angular 177 constant 175 linear, of point on rotating body 177 of gravity, g 150 Accuracy effect of, on part tolerances 1323 of NC machine tools 1321–1322 positioning 1319 repeatability, and resolution, NC 1319 significance of 1321–1322 Acme leadscrews 2561 Acme threads abbreviations 1922–1923 angle of thread 1921 ANSI Standard 1921–1939 centralizing 1928–1939 checking 2004 diameter allowances 1921 Page 2789 2801 2807 2854 Acme threads (continued) diameter tolerances 1921 drill sizes for 944 form 1921 general purpose 1921–1928 length of engagement 1921 multiple start 1922–1923 stub 1939 alternative 1942 60-degree 1942 thread profile form 1921–1930 tolerances application 1933 types of 1921, 1930, 1933 wire sizes for checking 2004 Active face width 2125 Acute-angle triangles solution 71, 101–102 Addendum 2125 chordal 2144–2145 modification 2173 involute spur and helical gears 2173 Addition decimal fractions 10 fractions and mixed numbers 9 matrix 122 Additives lubricant properties 2429 oil 2427 plastics 553 Adhesives acrylic 2581 bonding 2580 moisture cured polyurethane 2583 one-component 2582 retaining compounds 2583 rubber cements 2583 sealants 2584 threadlocking 2584 two-component 2580 types 2580–2581 Adjoint of a matrix 124 Adjustable-bed press 1388 Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2188 Aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901 Aero-thread 1986 Aging of metal 461 Air 384 Air bending 1346 Air, weight 381 Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 387 Airy points 720 AISI-SAE alloy steels 404–405 carbon steels 402–403 Algebra and equations 30 2701 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2702 Algebraic expressions and formulas 31 rearrangement and transposition of terms 30 Alignment of shafts 2622–2650 Alligation 384 Allowances and tolerances allowance defined 628, 634 allowance for forced fits 630 application 629 bending sheet metal 1347, 1351–1352, 1358 formulas 1347, 1351 cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 634 fits 628–634 metric ISO, British Standard for 662– 671 preferred series 635 tolerance defined 628, 634 unilateral and bilateral tolerances 628 Alloy low melting point used as filler 1386 Alloy cast iron 1404 Alloy steels 397 AISI-SAE designations 400–401 basic numbering system 398, 400 carburizing grades 413 casting 1407 compositions 404–405, 1408, 2242 directly hardenable grades 414–415 drilling and reaming 1060–1063 effects of alloying elements 2243 electrodes (welding) current to use with 1457 elongation 1408 forged and rolled 2241 gears 2241 hardness of heat-treated 424–429 heat treatments 491 mechanical properties 424–429, 1408 milling 1044–1047 numbering system 398, 400 strength of heat-treated 424–429 tensile strength 1408 turning 1026–1029 Alloys aluminum 530–538 antimony 544 bearing 1417, 2357–2359 binary 399 brazing 1426–1432 cast steels 1406 copper 514–529 copper-beryllium 528–529 copper-silicon 528 die casting 1415 magnesium 545, 547 nickel 548–549 nonferrous 513 numbering systems for 398 quaternary 399 soldering 1424 Alloys (continued) ternary 399 titanium 548, 550 Alphabet, phonetic 2700 Alternating current motors 2569–2572 Alternating stress 202 Aluminum alloys 530–538 anodizing 1507 characteristics 543 chemical composition 534, 537–538 electrical conductivity 543 elongation 534–542 high corrosion resistance 543 mechanical properties 543 temper 534–542 ultimate tensile strength 534–542 workability 543 yield strength 534–542 Association 531, 534 bearing material 2360 bending 1351 cast composition 534 characteristics of 530 clad alloys 542–543 coefficient of expansion 376 density 376 designations 534 die casting 1415 elongation 391 heat treatability of wrought 542 machining 1192 melting point 376 soldering 1424 specific heat 376 structural shapes 2603 temper designation 531–534 tensile strength 391 thermal conductivity 376 welding 1460 wrought 542 yield strength 391 American Boiler Makers Association 288 Brass Company 528 Foundrymen's Association 461 Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) 2128, 2131, 2164 Institute of Steel Construction 287 column formulas 285 Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 398, 400 National Standards Institute ix, 2175 (see also ANSI Standard) Society for Metals (ASM) 429 Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 461, 508, 545–547, 1404 copper alloys 513 Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ix, 2175 (see Index of Standards) wire gage 2605 AMO thread 1982–1985 design dimensions 1984 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX AMO thread (continued) design requirements 1983 formulas 1984 gage testing 1983 lengths of engagement 1983 limit of size 1985 swiss screw thread 1985 symbols 1984 tolerances and allowances 1983, 1985 Analysis, break-even 143–146 Analytical geometry 40–55 Angle between lines tangent to two circles 684 between two lines 43 compound 119–121 cutting tool 758 degrees into radians 103, 105 functions of 95–114 helix 2061 indexing 2086 involute functions of 110–114 lead 2061 length of arc of given radius 73, 77–79 length of chord 73, 77–79 measuring by disc method 682 minutes, seconds into decimal degrees 104 minutes, seconds into radian 103 radian into degrees 103–105 sine bar for measuring 678 structural 2600–2602 bent to circular shape, lengths of 2593 moment of inertia 2600–2602 radius of gyration 2600–2602 section modulus 2600–2602 weight per foot 2600–2602 taper per foot corresponding to 683 thread, tolerances on gages 2013 to find, given taper per foot 682–684 tolerance, single point tool 775 trigonometric functions of 106–109 useful relationships among 106 Angular acceleration 177 torque, relation to 180 backlash in gears 2169 indexing 2086–2105 velocity 175–177 of rotating bodies 176 Annealing 408, 461 constant temperature, transformation 483 temperatures carbon steel 483 stainless 494–495 tungsten 499 Annuities (calculation of) 136–137 Anode 1393 Anodizing 1508 hard 1512 ANSI Standard abbreviations 2652, 2655 Acme threads 1921–1939 bolts, nuts, screws, washers 2703 ANSI Standard (continued) bolts, nuts, screws, washers inch 1538–1580 metric 1581–1585 boring tools 899, 903 carbide 899–900 buttress inch screw thread 1946 cap screws inch hex 1542 inch slotted head 1680–1681 inch socket head 1682 metric 1581–1584 socket head 1594 chain, transmission 2537–2542 clearance fits 652–654, 657–658 core drills 888 cutting tools 764–780 cylindrical fits 628 diamond wheels 1240–1245 dowel pins, hardened and ground 1749– 1750 drawing and drafting practices 609 symbols accuracy 1324–1327 between 612 comparison to ISO 612 concentricity 1326 controlled radius 612 diameter 612 parallelism 612 part tolerance 612, 650 perpendicularity 612 position 612, 1324 roundness 612 runout 612 section lining 611 statical tolerance 612 total runout 612, 1327 welding 1476 drill drivers 887, 890 collet type 887 drive screws 1716 drive studs 1757 electric socket and lamp base threads 1980 engineering drawings 610 fine-pitch helical gears 2204–2207 standard gear tooth parts 2136 worm gearing 2191–2194 fire hose connection threads 1970 fits 635 hole basis 653–656 shaft basis 657–660 flat metal products inch sizes 2608–2609 metric sizes 2610 gagemakers tolerances 661 gages 2006–2014 for self-holding tapers 956 for Unified screw threads 2007–2014 usage, recommended 661 gear tooth forms 2131 geometric characteristic symbols 612 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2704 INDEX ANSI Standard (continued) geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 613 grinding wheel safety 1246–1250 grinding wheels 1218–1226, 1234, 1243 grooved pins 1756 hexagon socket head shoulder screws 1686 hexagon spline socket set screws 1689 hose coupling screw threads 1969–1972 interference fits 652, 655–656, 1973–1978 involute splines 2252, 2256 metric module 2272–2277 key drive 953–954 keys and keyseats 2460 keys and keyways 831 knurls and knurling 991–995 letter symbols for mechanics 2655 limits and fits 634–660 lock washers 1565–1569 M profile thread design profile 1882 designations 1899 limits of size 1892 tolerances of internal threads 1889 machine screws 1643–1652 binding head 1651 fillister head 1649 flat, countersunk head 1644–1646 hexagon washer head 1646 metric 1659–1665 oval head 1649–1651 pan head 1648 round head 1652 slotted hexagon 1647 truss head 1647 manufacturers’ standard gage for sheet steel 2608 metric cap screws 1581–1584 clearance fits 653–654, 657–658 hex flange nuts 1601 hex flange screws 1589 interference fits 655–660 nut thread series 1603 nut tops 1601 nuts 1599, 1605 retaining rings 1763–1771 screw 1593 screw threads, M profile 1878–1899 screw threads, MJ profile 1900–1903 screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1581– 1585 slotted hex nuts 1601 square neck bolts 1589–1590 transition fits 655–656, 659–660 microscope threads 1980 milling cutters 809–837 miniature threads 1858–1862 nuts 1538–1542 pins 1746–1762 pipe thread 1956–1965 plain washers 1562–1565, 1608 ANSI Standard (continued) preferred basic sizes 673 fits 652 metric limits and fits 639 metric sizes 648, 673 thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2608 reamers 851–865 retaining rings 1763–1771 rivets 1734–1736 roundness symbols 1325 runout symbols 1327 screw thread symbols 1921–1930, 1933, 1942, 1974 metric 1880 screw threads 1806, 1813–1857, 1878– 1939, 1946, 1977 metric MJ profile 1900–1903 screws and bolts hex structural bolts 1591 hexagon socket 1599 metric 1581, 1585–1588 metric hex bolts 1592 metric neck bolts 1589 square neck bolts 1590 section lining symbols 611 self-tapping thread inserts 1716 self-threading screws inch 1701–1711 metric head types 1718 serrations, involute 2252 set-screws heads and points 1687–1690 socket type 1688, 1693 shoulder screws 1686 slotted headless set screws 1687 spindles and drives for portable tools 972– 975 spline socket set screws 1688, 1693 splines, involute metric module 2272–2277 spring pin 1761 spur gear tooth forms 2131 square head set screws 1690 straight pins 1752 surface finish 747 surface texture 733–746 symbols 661 accuracy symbols 1327 concentricity 612 diameter 1325 for section lining 611 tang drives 951–952 tapers 948–960 thread dimension 1975 threads for electric sockets 1980 thumb screws 1791–1799 T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1726–1728 tolerances 635 allowances for cylindrical fits 628 gagemakers 661 symbols 612 tooth proportions 2135 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX ANSI Standard (continued) transition fits 652, 655–656 twist drills 866–889 Unified threads 1806, 1813–1863 washers inch 1562–1569 metric 1604, 1607 wing nuts and screws 1791–1799 wood screws 1801 woodruff keys 2478–2481 worm gearing, fine pitch 2191–2194 wrench openings 1556 Antifriction bearings 2365–2419 Apothecaries measure fluid 2679 weight 2683 Applications nickel alloys 548–549 APT (automatically programmed tool) axis nomenclature 1315 Arbors circular saw 972 diameters for spring-winding 349 dimensions of centers 851 keys and keyways for 831 milling cutters 827 shell reamer 862 standard milling machine 962–966 Arc checking radius of 687 cutting 1462 electric, cutting of metals 1462–1463 length of given angle and radius 73, 77–79 plasma precision cutting 1462 plasma welding 1458 welding 1433–1458 Area circle 46, 73 circular ring 74 ring sector 46, 74 sector 73 segments 46, 73, 78–79 cycloid 73 donut 46 ellipse 49, 75 elliptical section 49 enclosed by cycloidal curve 68 fillet 74 finding by Simpson’s rule 67 geometrical figures 70–81 hexagon 72 hyperbola 75 irregular outline 67 octagon 72 parabola 74–75 segment of 75 parallelogram 70 plane figures 70–81 plane surface of irregular outline 67 polygon 72 rectangle 70 spandrel 74 2705 Area (continued) square 70 surface of revolution 66–67 trapezium 72 trapezoid 71 triangle 71 units 2675 units and conversion of 2675–2677 various sections 234–243 volume 66–87 Argon, welding gas 1437, 1445, 1458 Arithmetical operations, sequence of 5 progressions 37–38 ASA Code for transmission shafting 299 ASME Standard surface finish 747 Asperities 2420 ASTM Plastics 554 Atmospheric pressure 2686 Atomic symbol 371 weight 371 Austempering 461, 478 Austenite 465, 469 Autocollimation 1322–1323 Automatic screw machines 1170–1175 knurling on 1170 Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2683 Azimuth reading displacements 1322 B B & S automatic screw machines 1170 Babbitt metals 2357–2359 properties of 2359 SAE general information 2357 Backlash 2126 allowance in checking gears by the pin method 2235 bevel gears 2165 calculation 2163 control of allowances in production 2166 control of in assemblies 2168 determining proper amount of 2163 excess depth of cut 2166 fine-pitch gears 2167 gearing 2163–2169 hypoid gears 2165 recommended for gears 2165 Balancing calculations 191–196 counterbalancing masses located in single plane 192–194 located in two or more planes 194–195 dynamic 191 lathe fixtures 195–196 machines 191 rotating parts 191–196 running or dynamic 191 static 191 Ball bearing (see Bearings: ball) Ball screw assemblies 2561 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2706 INDEX Balls, standard 2419 package markings 2411 Band brakes 2455 coefficient of friction 2457 simple and differential 2456 Band saw blade selection 1177–1178 blade types 1178 break-in 1181–1182 speed and feed 1179 speed for cutting materials 1180–1181 speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1179–1181 tooth forms 1178 Barrel effect 1394 liquid capacity 2679 volume 87 Base circle 2126, 2253 diameter 2253 helix angle 2126 oils for metal cutting 1185 pitch 2126 spur gear, diameter 2131 tooth thickness 2126 Basic endurance limit 2173 gear dimensions 2137 rack profiles 2276 size 628 space width 2253 Baumé’s hydrometer 382 conversion 381 Beams 256–272, 2593–2599 channel 2599, 2603 combined stresses in 211–214 curved 275 deflections 256–267, 273–277 designing for 273–277 fixed at one end 268–272 I-beams 2593–2598, 2603 rectangular solid 268–272 stresses in 209, 256–267 stresses produced by shocks 279 supported at both ends 256–272 Bearing capacity, soil and rocks 384 Bearings 2314–2419 ball bearing 2365–2384, 2390 ABEC tolerances 2375–2380 alignment and squareness 2391 allowance for axial displacement in 2382 angular contact 2367 cage materials 2373 clamping and retaining methods 2393– 2398 clearances, running 2400 closures 2393, 2398 deficiencies 2403 design and installation 2382 designation 2373, 2385 double row bearing 2367 equivalent thrust load 2409 Bearings (continued) ball bearing failures 2403 fatigue life 2403 fits 2393, 2398 flanged housing 2373 friction losses 2398 handling precautions 2402 housing bore tolerances 2385–2386 housings, soft metal 2392 life 2403 adjustment factor application 2414 adjustment factor for material 2414 adjustment factors 2414 criterion 2403 limitations 2404 load ratings 2403 locknuts and shafts for 2395–2396 lockwashers for 2394 lubrication method 2400 materials for 2373 mounting 2390 precautions 2393 types 2401 pillow block 2373 plastics 2372 quiet or vibration-free mountings 2393 radial and angular contact 2405–2406 radial and axial clearance 2401 radial, deep groove and angular contact 2404 rating life 2405, 2412 reliability 2414 seating fits 2393 selection 2399 shaft and housing fits for metric radial 2384 bore limits 2385–2386 housing fits 2382–2384 tolerance classifications, metric 2383–2384 limits, metric 2384–2385 single row radial, filling slot 2366 single row radial, non filling slot 2366 soft metal and resilient housings 2392 special or unconventional types of 2372 squareness and alignment 2391 starting torque 2399 static equivalent load 2417–2418 load criterion 2404 load ratings 2415 symbols 2365, 2367 thrust 2370, 2408 thrust load 2409 tolerances 2374, 2380 types 2366, 2404 grease packing guidlines 2436 guide 2317, 2356 hydrostatic 2317 journal 2325 allowable pressure 2330 bearing pressure 2329 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Bearings (continued) journal capacity number 2332 classes 2330 clearance modulus 2330 diameter of bearing 2329 diametral clearance 2330 eccentricity ratio 2331–2332 factor 2332 film thickness 2335 flow factor 2334 flow of lubricant 2332 friction horsepower 2332 friction torque 2332 hydrodynamic flow of lubricant 2334 length of bearing 2329 length to diameter ratio 2330 lubrication analysis 2335 operating temperature 2330 pressure 2330 pressure flow of lubricant 2334 temperature of mineral oils 2332 temperature rise 2335 torque parameter 2332 total flow of lubricant 2335 viscosity of lubricant 2330 keying 2319 laminated phenolic 2361 life adjustment factors 2414 lubricants and lubrication grease 2323 journal bearings 2326, 2329, 2335 plain bearings 2322–2326 materials, plain 2356–2364 aluminum 2357, 2360 babbitt metals 2357 bronze 2359 cadmium alloys 2359 carbon-graphite 2360 cast iron 2360 compatibility 2356 conformability 2356 copper-lead 2357, 2359 corrosion resistance 2358 embeddability 2356 fatigue resistance 2356 graphitic 2362 laminated phenolics 2361 load capacity 2358 nylon 2361 plastics laminates 2361 porous 2361 properties 2356 rubber 2362 SAE compositions 2357 silver 2360 strength 2358 teflon (TFE) 2361 thermal conductivity 2358 tin-bronze 2357 white metal 2357–2358 wood 2362 2707 Bearings (continued) needle 2370 loose roller 2371 symbols 2370 types of 2370 needle roller designations of 2385 fitting and mounting practice 2387 roller and cage assemblies 2387 shaft and housing tolerances 2388–2389 tolerances 2380–2382 pillow block 2373 plain 2314–2364 allowable pressures 2329 boundary lubrication 2318 circumferential-groove 2314 classes of 2314 clearances 2329 controlled clearence noncontact seals 2320 cylindrical-overshot 2316 cylindrical-undershot 2316 design 2317–2354 design notation 2327 die casting in place 1417 displaced elliptical 2316 elliptical-overshot 2316 full film lubrication 2318 full film operational mode 2318 greases 2325 grooving feeding 2326 hardness and surface finish 2321 heat radiating capacity 2325 hydrostatic 2317 journal 2326 journal bearing oil grooving 2326 journal bearing types 2327 journal or sleeve 2314 keying methods 2319 length-to-diameter ratio 2329 lubricants 2323 lubrication analysis 2329 lubrication methods 2322 machining 2321–2322 materials 2356 mixed-film lubrication mode 2318 modes of operation 2317, 2319 multiple-groove 2316 nutcracker 2316 oil bath lubrication 2323 oil feeding 2326 oil grooves 2325, 2329 oil ring lubrication 2323 operating temperatures 2330 pivot-shoe 2316 positive contact 2320 press or shrink fit 2319 pressure 2316 pressure lubrication 2322 pressure profile 2327 retaining methods 2319 rubbing seals 2320 sealing methods 2319–2321 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2708 INDEX Bearings (continued) plain sleeve 2326 solid lubricants 2325 splash lubrication 2322 static seals 2321 surface finish and hardness 2321 three-lobe 2316 types 2314–2317 viscosity temperature chart 2324 waste pack lubrication 2323 porous 2361 retention dowel pin 2320 housing cap 2320 set screws 2319 woodruff key 2320 roller 2365–2419 ABEC and RBEC tolerances 2385 alignment and squareness 2391 allowance for axial displacement 2382 barrel roller 2368 barrel type 2372 bearing closures 2398 cage materials 2373 clamping and retaining methods 2393 closures 2398 cylindrical type 2368, 2372 deficiencies 2403 design and installation considerations 2382 designation of 2373, 2385 failures 2403 fatigue life 2403 fits 2393, 2398 flanged housing 2373 friction losses in 2398 handling precautions 2402 high speed effects 2409 housing bore tolerances 2385–2386 housings, soft metal and resilient 2392 internal clearance 2409 life 2403 adjustment factors 2414 for application 2414 for material 2414 criterion 2403 life adjustment factors 2414 load ratings 2403 location and seating 2390–2398 locknuts and shafts 2395–2397 lockwashers 2394 lubrication 2400, 2409 materials for 2373, 2409 method of designation 2384–2385 mounting 2390 precautions 2393 type 2401 needle type 2387–2389 pillow block 2373 plastics 2372 quiet or vibration-free mountings 2393 Bearings (continued) roller radial 2411, 2419 radial and axial clearance 2401 radial load 2411 rating life 2410, 2412 reliability 2414 seating fits for 2393 selection 2399–2400 self-aligning 2370 shaft and housing fits for 2393, 2398 metric radial 2382–2384 soft metal and resilient housings 2392 special or unconventional types of 2372 spherical roller 2368 spherical type 2372 squareness and alignment 2391 static equivalent loads 2418–2419 static load criterion 2404 stress concentrations 2409 symbols 2365 tapered 2369 tapered roller thrust type 2369 thrust 2369–2370, 2380, 2412 tolerances for 2374–2382 torque, starting 2399 types of 2368, 2409 roller thrust spherical roller 2370 sleeve 2325 spacing and shaft stiffness 2180 tapered land thrust bearing 2338, 2347, 2352 roller bearings 2369 roller thrust bearings 2369 thrust bearing 2338, 2370 ball 2370 symbols 2368 design notation 2339 flat plate design 2338, 2340–2345 depth of chamber 2342 film flow 2341 flow per chamber 2341–2342 friction power loss 2341 kinetic energy correction 2342 length of pad 2341 number of pad 2341 pitch line velocity 2341 radial pad width 2340 required oil flow 2341 flat plate type 2344 friction power loss 2342 leakage factor 2349 load 2339 parallel flat plate 2338 plain 2338 rated life 2408–2414 roller 2369–2370, 2412 symbols 2369–2370 static equivalent load 2418–2419 step design 2338, 2344–2347 depth of step 2346 film thickness 2346 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Bearings (continued) thrust bearing friction power loss 2346 hydrodynamic oil flow 2346 length of pad 2346 number of pads 2346 pad step length 2346 pitch line circumference 2346 pitch line velocity 2346 radial pad width 2345 temperature rise 2346 tapered land design 2338, 2347, 2352 film thickness 2348 friction power loss 2349 length of pad 2348 number of pads 2348 oil film flow 2349 oil flow factor 2349 oil leakage factor 2348 pitch line circumference 2348 pitch line velocity 2348 radial pad width 2348 shape factor 2349 taper values 2348 tilting pad design 2338, 2352 bearing unit load 2353 dimensionless film thickness 2355 film thickness 2354 friction coefficient 2354 length of pad 2353 number of pads 2353 operating number 2353, 2355 pitch line velocity 2353 radial pad width 2353 temperature rise 2354 tolerances 2380 tolerances 2374 metric ball and roller 2375–2382 needle roller 2374 thrust 2374 Bel 2700 Belleville disc springs or washers 344, 350 (see also Springs: disc) Belts and pulleys 2484–2536 flat belts 2487 length formula 2484 rules for diameters and speeds of pulleys 2484 speed limitations 2487 speed in compound drive 2486 synchronous belts 2528, 2532–2536 cross section 2534 designation 2528, 2534 horsepower rating 2535–2536 length determination 2532 pitch lengths 2531 pulley and flange dimension 2530 diameter 2532–2533 size 2533, 2536 tolerances 2534 section dimension 2530 2709 Belts and pulleys (continued) synchronous belts service factors 2528 storage and handling 2525 timing 2528 tolerances 2531 tooth dimensions 2529–2530 torque ratings 2534–2535 width factor 2536 width, finding 2535 widths and tolerances 2532 variable speed belts 2518–2523 arc of contact 2525 cross section selection 2522 degree 2523, 2525 designation 2521 dimension 2518 drive design 2521 groove dimension 2520 horsepower rating 2522–2523 length correction 2524 lengths 2519 sheave dimension 2520 sheave groove data 2521 speed ratio 2522 V-belts 2489–2527 belt lengths and center distances 2494 classical V-belts 2495–2502 arc of contact correction 2502 cross section correction factors 2494 datum length 2496 groove dimension 2497 horsepower ratings 2499 length correction 2501 sheave dimensions 2496–2498 speed ratio correction 2501 double V-belts 2502–2510 arc of contact 2510 design method 2506 effective diameter 2505 effective length 2502 groove dimension 2503 length determination 2505 length-flex correction 2509 number of belts 2506 sheave dimension 2502–2503 tension 2510 tension ratings 2509–2510 tight side tension 2507 effective length 2487 horsepower ratings 2484 light duty V-belts 2510–2513 arc of contact 2510 designation 2510 dimensions 2511 groove dimension 2512 horsepower rating 2512 sheave dimension 2512 narrow V-belts 2489, 2494 arc of contact correction 2495 cross section selection 2493 groove dimension 2491–2492 horsepower ratings 2493 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2710 INDEX Belts and pulleys (continued) V-belts length correction factors 2495 number of belts 2495 sheave dimensions 2489, 2491–2492 outside diameter 2493 size 2493 speed ratio correction factors 2494 ratio 2484 SAE belts and belting 2525 belt dimensions 2526 pulley dimensions 2526 service factors 2527 sheaves 2484 sixty (60)-degree 2525 storage and handling 2526–2527 V-ribbed belts 2513–2518 arc of contact correction 2517 cross-sections 2513 designation 2515 dimensions 2513 effective length 2516 grooved dimension 2514 horsepower rating 2515 length correction 2517 sheave dimension 2514–2515 speed ratio correction 2518 60 degree 2525 speed ratio correction 2523 Bending formulas for beams 267–268 formulas for beams 256–272 formulas for shafts 295–297 pipe and tube 1382–1386 press 1383 roll 1385 rotary draw 1384 use of filling material 1385 roll 1385 rotary draw 1384 sheet metal 1346 allowances 1347, 1351–1352, 1358 aluminum 1347 angle other than 90° 1351 brass 1347, 1351 bronze 1347, 1351 force 1352 formulas 1347, 1351–1352 radius 1346 inside bend 1346 maximum 1347 minimum 1346 steel 1347 three-roll 1353 stress in beams 256–277 structural angles 2600–2602 Bending load, wood 385 Bending moments units conversion 2689 Beryllium and copper alloys 529 Bevel gearing 2177–2189 Bevel gearing (continued) ANSI/AGMA Standard 2181 applications of 2179 bearing spacing 2180 blanks 2179 bronze and brass gears 2243 chordal addendum 2189 chordal thickness 2188–2189 circular pitch 2184 circular thickness 2189 cutting angle 2184 cutting teeth 2180 design 2179 dimensions 2183 face angle 2184 factors for offset of cutter 2188 formed cutters for 2185–2187 German standard tooth form 2217 hypoid gears 2178 materials for 2190 milled 2181, 2188 milling cutters for 829 milling setup 2188 mountings 2180 nomenclature 2181 offset of cutter 2188 pitch cone 2183 pitch diameter 2183 planetary 2211 replacement gear dimensions 2250 selecting formed cutters for 2187 shaft stiffness 2180 spiral 2178 straight 2125, 2177, 2179 thickness of tooth 2184 types of 2177 typical steels used for 2190 Zerol 2125, 2178–2179 BHRA - British Hydromechanics Research Association 2439 Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 628 Binary multiples 2658 Binding head miniature screw 1654 Birmingham wire gage 2605 Birnie's equation 291 Blank diameters, drawing dies 1355, 1357 Blanking and punching 1339 clearance 1340 stripper force elastic stripper 1343 Blanks, sintered carbide 772 Blast cleaning of castings 1412 Block brakes 2458 or multiple indexing 2117–2118 Block and spacer torque test 1618 Blow molding 581 Blow, force of 183 Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 288 Boiling temperature, various substances 372 Bolt hole circles adapting equations for geometry 694 chordal distance 76 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Bolt hole circles (continued) coordinates for 692–704 Type “A” 692, 696, 698 Type “B” 693, 700, 702 Bolts and nuts angularity and eccentricity 1635 ANSI Standard 1540 ANSI, inch dimensions cap or acorn nuts 1549 countersunk bolts 1554–1555 flat jam nuts 1546 hex flat nuts 1546 nuts 1545 slotted nuts 1546, 1548 thick slotted nuts 1547–1548 jam nuts 1545 ribbed neck bolts 1553 round head bolts 1551–1553 round head fin neck bolts 1552 slotted countersunk bolts 1555 square neck bolts 1551, 1554 nuts 1538–1539, 1548 step bolts 1554 T-bolts 1727 T-nuts 1728 Unified 1538, 1545, 1548 wing nuts 1791–1795 ANSI, metric dimensions diameters 1584 heavy hex bolts 1591 heavy hex flange screws 1588 heavy hex nuts 1605 hex jam nuts 1605 hex nuts 1601 prevailing torque hex flange nuts 1604 nuts 1606 reduced diameter bolts 1585 slotted hex nuts 1601 thread series 1603 bolt designation 1539, 1592–1593, 1604, 1626, 1635–1636, 1644, 1658, 1680, 1691, 1694, 1702, 1718, 1794, 1797 British Standard 1676 fine thread 1700, 1955–1981 hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1634 hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1629 metric hexagon 1630 precision hexagon nuts 1628 slotted and castle nuts 1628 Unified 1678 Whitworth 1627–1629, 1672, 1679, 1700 chamfering 1635 combination 1636 counterbore sizes 899, 1612 countersinking 1635 deflection 1521 designation 1636 diameter-length combinations 1594 2711 Bolts and nuts (continued) drill sizes 1612 elongation and tightening tension 1530 elongation measurements 1526 finish 1634 friction coefficient 1530 friction coefficients 1524 grade markings for steel 1534 head markings inch 1534–1535 metric 1592, 1601, 1604 heavy hex structural 1540 heavy hex structural bolts 1591 hex structural 1539 hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1634 hexagon sockets 1599 identification symbols 1593 length of thread 1635 load allowable on bolts 1535 loaded joints 1522 marking 1636 materials properties 1592 metric hex bolts 1592 metric hex cap screws 1595 metric hex flange nuts 1601 metric hex lag screws 1594 metric round head bolts 1593 metric screw 1593 nominal lengths 1634 preload 1521 adjustments 1524 application methods 1526 applications 1523 loaded joints 1522 shear 1522 proof strength 1521 relaxation of preloads 1525 round head neck bolts 1552 socket head cap screws 1594, 1599 spacing for wrench clearances 1555 spline sockets 1599 square 1539 steel nuts 1636 strength grade designations 1534–1535, 1592–1593, 1601, 1604, 1635–1636 tightening 1521 torque 1521 torque prevailing types 1603 torque required to tighten 1521 Unified square 1540–1541 Unified Standard 1540–1541 washer facing 1635 working strength of bolts 1535 wrench and socket clearances 1555 wrench clearances for nuts 1556 wrench openings 1556 yield strength 1521 Bonding plastics 593 Bonding, adhesives 2580 Boring carbide tools for 899–900 cutting time for 1081 insert holder 770–772 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2712 INDEX Boring (continued) wood 388 Boring machine, origin 903 Boring tools carbide carbide tipped round 901 carbide sizes 899 carbide style 899 sintered carbide 899 solid carbide 903 Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 899–900 Boron nitride cubic (CBN) abrasive 1012, 1217, 1234, 1243 cutting tool materials 1012 speeds and feeds for 1032, 1038 Bottom bending 1346 Boundry film lubrication 2421 Box wrench clearances 1561 Box wrench clearances, US-Metric 1561 Brakes band 2455 block type 2458 coefficient of friction 2455 Brass and bronze alloys 514 cast 515–518 speeds and feeds drilling and reaming 1071 wrought 519–527 bending 1347, 1351 speeds and feeds turning 1036 strength data 513 Brass files 989 Brazing 1426–1432 blowpipe 1431 dip 1431 filler metals for 1426 fluxes for 1426 furnace 1431 heating for 1431 induction 1431 methods 1431 resistance 1431 supplying heat blowpipe 1431 supplying heat torch 1431 symbols 1431–1432 vacuum furnace 1431 work 1431 Breakaway torque 1623 Break-even analysis 143–146 Breaking load, bolts 1537 Breaking load, screws 1537 Bricks strength 394 Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe thread 1957–1958, 1986, 1988 drills for 2037 Brinell hardness 505 aluminum alloys 534–542 heat-treated steels 424–429 Rockwell conversion tables 508–509 test 505 British Association basic dimensions 1982 instrument makers threads 1982 standard screw threads 1981 tolerance formulas 1982 tolerances and allowances 1982 British Standard button head screws 1694 buttress threads 1945 cap screws 1695 cheese head screw 1677 clearance holes for metric bolts and screws 2034 combined drills and countersinks 886 core drills 892–893 countersunk head screws 1672, 1676, 1679 deviations for holes 670 deviations for shafts 668 dowel pins, metric 1747–1748 drills and countersinks 890 drills, metric 890, 892–896 fasteners, mechanical properties 1634, 1694 fine threads (BSF) basic dimensions 1955 tolerance formulas 1953 fits 666 hexagon and thin nuts 1632 hexagon bolts 1626 hexagon bolts and screws 1631 hexagon head screws 1676–1677 hexagon nuts 1629 hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1628, 1633 hexagon socket countersunk 1694 hexagon socket screws, metric 1694, 1696, 1699 button head 1698 cap 1695 set 1697, 1699 imperial wire gauge 2605 interference fits 1637 ISO metric grade markings 1634 limits and fits 662–671 tapping drill sizes for 2033 threads 1901, 1919 ISO metric nuts 1632 ISO profile dimensions 1910 limits and fits 667 limits of tolerance for shafts 665 machine screw nuts 1667, 1672 machine screws 1666–1679 countersunk head 1670 material 1667 metric series 1669 slotted countersunk head 1669 machine screws and nuts 1676 machine screws, cheese head 1674 machine screws, metric series 1675 metric and inch pipe threads 1966–1967 basic sizes, preferred 674 bolts, clearance holes 2034 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX British Standard (continued) metric bright metal washers 1641 comparison of British, French, German and Swiss 1920 dowel pins 1747–1748 drills 890–896 gauge and letter sizes 891 hexagon socket screws 1694, 1699 limits and fits 662–671 machine screws and nuts 1666 metal washers 1640 series 1667 series plain washers 1640–1642 series spring washers 1638–1640 spring washers 1639–1640 threads 1920 morse taper 893 mushroom head screw 1677 nuts 1627–1630, 1632–1633, 1666–1676 pan head screw 1677 pipe threads jointing threads 1966 longscrew threads 1966 non pressure tight joints 1965 pressure tight joints 1966 precision metric nuts 1633 preferred metric basic sizes 674 preferred numbers 674 preferred sizes 674 recessed head screws 1676 rivets 1736–1742, 1745 RMS thread 1982 round head screw 1676 screws 1626, 1666, 1679, 1694–1700 thread dimensions 1967, 1982 thread profiles 1863, 1953 slotted head screws 1676 socket head 1695 spark plug threads 1979 spur and helical gears 2172 straight splines 2278 studs 1626, 1637 tolerance for holes and shafts 663, 665 twist drills 892–895 Unified machine screws and nuts 1678 screws and nuts 1678 thread system UNJ profile threads 1863 washers, plain, metric 1640–1642 Whitworth and fine machine screws 1667 Whitworth threads (BSW) 1953–1955 basic dimensions 1954–1955 formulas 1954–1955 instrument threads 1982 machine screws 1679 measuring 1992–1993, 1995, 1998 pipe threads 1965–1966 set-screws 1679, 1700 thread form 1953 tolerance formulas 1953 2713 British thermal units, (BTU) 2695 converted into foot-pounds 2691 power and heat equivalents 2690 Broaches chip breakers 983–984 clearance angles for teeth 983 depth of cut per tooth 982 depth of teeth 983 face angle or rake 983 land width 983 pitch of teeth 980–983 radius of tooth fillet 983 shear angle 983–984 surface 981 total length of 983 types 979–980 Broaching 979–985 cutting oils for 1185 cutting speeds for 1073 difficulties 985 pressure 981 types of machines 983–984 Broken tap, removal of 2037 Bronze bearing material 2359 Bronze bending 1347, 1351 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machines 1170–1175 forming tool formula 799 indexing plates 2079, 2107–2108 milling machine indexing 2079, 2081, 2107–2108 taper 948, 957–958 taper reamers for sockets 864 wire gage 2605 Brush finishing, power 1500–1503 Buckling, columns 282 Buffing and polishing 1501 Buffing wheels 1504 Bulk modulus of various material 394 Burs and files, rotary 989 Bushings gear 2245 Butt joint, riveted 1729–1733 Button head screw 1694 Buttress threads 1945–1952 allowances and tolerances 1951 ANSI Standard inch type 1946 basic dimensions 1945–1946 British Standard 1945 designations 1952 diameter equivalents 1948 diameter-pitch combinations 1945–1946 dimensions 1951 formula 1952 height of thread engagement 1946 lead and flank angles 1948 pitch-diameter tolerances 1947 symbols and formulas 1946 thread form 1946 tolerances 1947, 1950–1951 wire method of measuring 2006–2007 Byte 2658 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2714 C Cables, wire, breaking strength 2616–2621 Cadmium bearing alloys 2359 plating 1509 vacuum coating 1515 Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2373 Caliper gear tooth 2147 measurement of gear teeth 2147 vernier 675 Calorie, kilogram 2690, 2695 Cams and cam design 1174–1175, 2284–2309 accelerating forces 2301 acceleration, velocity, and displacement formulas 2286 classes of cams 2284 constant velocity with parabolic matching 2291 contact stresses 2306 cylinder cams shape 2307 displacement constant velocity 2286 curves 2285 cycloidal 2288 diagrams 2285 harmonic 2287 parabolic 2286 synthesis of 2288 follower systems 2284 forces 2301–2302 friction forces 2302 harmonic motion 2300 layout of a cylinder cams 2307 materials 2301, 2306 compressive stress 2306 milling 2308 offset translating follower 2294 pressure angle 2293, 2302 formula 2297 harmonic motion 2298 parabolic motion 2298 uniform velocity motion 2298 profile determination 2290, 2292–2293 radius of curvature 2299 cycloidal motion 2300 parabolic motion 2300 rise for threading 1173 size determination 2293–2297 stresses, contact 2301, 2305–2306 swinging roller follower 2292, 2296 symbols 2285 torque 2303 translating roller follower 2292 Cams and tool design 1174 Cap screws 1542, 1680–1685 button head 1685 drill and counterbore sizes for 1683 finished, hexagonal 1542 Cap screws (continued) flat head 1684 hexagon socket head 1694 hexagon socket type 1682–1685 hexagonal 1542 metric 1582 round head 1681 slotted fillister head 1681 slotted flat head 1680–1681 slotted head 1680 designation 1680 length of thread 1680 spline socket type 1682–1685 Capitalized cost 141 Carat 2683 Carbide blank designations 772–773 sizes 772–773 Carbide tools 779, 785 application of cutting fluids to 1187 boring 899–900, 1074 coated 1010–1011 cutting 772 grinding 1000–1003 insert holders 760–772, 782–784 insert type 760, 764–772 materials for 785–790, 1009–1011 nose angle 777–778 nose radius 774, 778 rectangular shank 775 sharpening 1000 side cutting edge angle 776 single point 772 sintered 772 square shank 775 standard blanks for 772 style A 775 style B 776 style C 777 style E 778 style EL 778 style ER 778 tips for boring tools 899–900 Carbides and carbonitrides 785–790 Carbon steel 396 AISI-SAE designations 400–401 chemical compositions 402, 2241 classification 410 cold drawn 422–423 electrodes 1457 forged and rolled 2241 free cutting 412 gears 2241 heat treatments 490 mechanical properties 424–429 milling 1044–1047 numbering system 398, 400 structure of 465 tool steel as a cutting tool material 1009 turning 1026–1029 unified numbering system 398, 400 Carbonaceous mixtures 484 Carbon-graphite bearings 2362 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Carbonitrides and carbides 785–790 Carbonitriding 468 Carburizing 461, 467, 484 gas 486 liquid 486 solid materials 484 steels for 413 temperatures alloy steel 491 carbon steel 490 vacuum 486 Cartesian coordinate system 1279 Cartesian coordinates 43 Case hardening 461, 484 steel 484 Cash flow conversion 136–139 annuity to future value 138 annuity to gradient value 138 annuity to present value 138 diagrams 137 future value to annuity 138 future value to gradient 138 future value to present value 138 present value to annuity 138 present value to future value 138 present value to gradient 138 Casing thread 1986 Cast copper alloys 514–518 Cast iron bearings 2360 coefficient of expansion 377 cutting, flame 1463 density 377 ductile 1405 malleable 1405 melting points 377 nodular 1405 specific heat 377 speeds and feeds for drilling, reaming, and threading 1067– 1068 milling 1051–1052 turning 1032–1033 strength 432 thermal conductivity 377 Cast metals, power constant 1083 Cast roller chains 2537 Cast steel 1406 austenitic manganese 1408 chemical composition 1408, 2242 corrosion resistant alloy 1408 elongation 1408 mechanical properties 1407 strength 432, 1407 tensile strength 1408 yield point 1408 Casting processes accuracy 1420 aluminum alloys 1415 ductile iron 1405 extrusion 1421 gravity die casting 1410 2715 Casting processes (continued) gray iron 1410 green-sand molding 1409–1410 investment casting 1418, 1420 investment removal 1420 low pressure casting 1411 permanent mold 1410 shell-molding 1410 squeeze casting 1411 V-process 1410 weights and sizes 1420 Castings alloy steel 1406 blast cleaning 1412 brass and bronze 513 bronze and brass for gears 2243 centrifugal 188 cleaning 1412 cleaning methods 1412 die design 1415 dimensions 1419 ductile (nodular) iron 1405 finishing operations 1411 heat treatment 1411–1412 investment 1418 malleable iron 432, 1405 metal 1409 milling cutters 1421 nodular cast iron 1405 removal of gates and risers 1411 shrinkage of 1413 steel, for gears 2190, 2242 surface texture of 744 tolerances 1419 weight 1412, 1414 Castle and slotted nuts 1539, 1627, 1629 Cathode 1394 Cement, strength of 394 Cementation 461 Cemented carbide tools 785–790 coated 790 drilling with 1060–1063 grinding 1000–1003 materials for 1009–1011 milling with 1043–1052 turning with 1026–1039 Cementite 465 Cements, pipe joints 2584 Center distance, gear set 2137, 2139, 2207 drills reamers and machine countersinks 851 of oscillation 231 of percussion 231 Center distance, gearing 2126 Center of gravity 221–227, 231 any four-sided figure 222 circle sector 223 circular arc 222 cone 225 cone, frustum 225 cylinder 224 cylinder, portion of 224 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2716 INDEX Center of gravity (continued) ellipse segment 223 ellipsoid, segment of 226 fillet 223 of two bodies 225 parabola, area of 224 paraboloid 226 part of circle ring 223 perimeter or area of parallelogram 221 pyramid 225 pyramid, frustum 225 spandrel 223 sphere, hollow 226 spherical sector 226 segment 226 surface 223 spheroid, segment of 226 trapezoid 222 triangle 221 wedge 226 Centering tools, length of point 889 Centerless grinding 1259–1261 troubles 1260–1261 Centers, for arbors and reamers 851 Centimeter-gram-second system of measurement 2656 Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2665 Centipoise (cP) 2425 Centipoises 2698 Centistokes 2698 Centistokes (cSt) 2425 Centralizing Acme threads 1928, 1939 alternative series 1939, 1942 basic dimensions 1930 designation 1933 diameter allowance 1932 diameter tolerance 1933 formulas for determining diameters 1930, 1932 limiting dimensions 1930–1931 major and minor diameter allowances and tolerances 1932 pitch diameter allowances 1932 pitch diameter tolerance 1933 single start screw thread 1932 thread data 1931 thread form 1930 Centrifugal casting 188 clutches 2450 force 187–190 calculation 188 Ceramic coefficient of expansion 389, 792 compressive properties 389 compressive strength 389, 792 cutting tool materials 790–793, 1011 density 389, 792 dielectric strength 389 fracture toughness 792 hardness 389, 792 Ceramic (continued) mechanical properties 389 modulus of elasticity 792 modulus of rigidity 792 poission’s ratio 792 properties 792 tensile strength 389 thermal conductivity 389, 792 whisker reinforced 793 Cermets 785 Cgs system of measurement 2656 Chain cast roller 2537 detachable 2537 pintle 2537 saw files 989 Chamfering insert holder 770–772 Chamfers and corner clearance, gearing 2260 Change gears compound 2042, 2105 finding accurate ratios 2046 finding ratios 2046 helical gear hobbing 2208 helical milling 2061 idler gears 2105 lathe 2042 leads and angles for helical milling 2076– 2077 odd inch pitch threads 2045 output, quick change 2044 relieving helical-fluted hobs 2046–2047 thread cutting, lathe 2042 fractional ratios 2043 fractional threads 2042 metric pitches 2042–2043 modifying the gearbox output 2043 threads per inch with given combination 2042–2043 trains, for fractional ratios 2043 Channels aluminum 2603 moment of inertia 2599, 2603 radius of gyration 2599, 2603 section modulus 2599, 2603 steel 2599 structural 2599, 2603 weight per foot 2599, 2603 Checking Acme threads by three-wire method 2002 enlarged spur pinion 2239 gear size 2221–2239 gears 2230 measurements over pins or wires 2239 radius of arc 687 rake angles indicator drop method 841–842 indicator drops on milling cutter face 842 relief angles indicator drop method 841 indicator drops on end teeth 841 indicator drops on side teeth 841 screw thread dimensions 1997 shaft conditions 688 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Checking (continued) spur gear by wires 2222–2229 spur gear size 2222–2229 Whitworth threads 1997 Cheese head screws 1672, 1677 Chemical composition 1617 Chemical compositions alloy steels 404–405, 1408 aluminum alloys 537–538 carbon steels 402, 1408 cast steels 2242 copper 528 copper alloys 515–527 forged and rolled alloy steels 2242 forged and rolled carbon steels 2241 HSLA steels 421 magnesium alloys 546 molybdenum 499 nickel alloys 548–549 shock-resisting tool steels 455 stainless steels 406–407 tool steels 441 treatment of metals 1505 vapor deposition (CVD) 788 Chemical elements 371 atomic number 371 atomic weight 371 melting temperature 371 symbol 371 Chemical surface treatment of metals 1506– 1508 Chilled cast iron 1404 Chip flow angle 1139 Chip thickness 1132, 1197 Chipbreakers 763 angular shoulder type 763 grinding 1002–1003 groove type 763 light cuts 764 parallel shoulder type 763 Chord length for given number of divisions 695 length given angle and radius 73, 77, 79 Chordal addendum 2126, 2145 milled bevel gear teeth 2189 milled, full-depth gear teeth 2143–2144 Chordal distance of bolt circle 76, 695 Chordal thickness 2126 gear teeth 2142, 2144, 2188 milled bevel gear teeth 2189 milled, full-depth gear teeth 2143–2144 Chrome 1509 Chromium gearing material 2242 plating 1467 tool steels 449 Chucking reamers 845 expansion 854 rose 846 Chucks drill, tapers and threads for 961 hexagonal, for portable tools 975 spindle, for portable tool grinders 972 2717 Cincinnati milling machines, indexing movements 2113–2116 Circles 46 center 46 chords for dividing circumference of 695 enclosed within a circle 88–91 enclosed within a rectangle 93 general equation 46 geometry of 60 lengths of chords for dividing 695 moment of inertia 237 packing in circles 88–91 in circles and rectangles 88–93 in rectangles 93 radius 46 radius of gyration 237 section modulus 237 segments 73, 77–79 squares of equivalent areas 80 Circular arc center of gravity 222 disk, radius of gyration 229 gear teeth 2135 measure 2662 mil gage for wires 2675 pitch 2126, 2253 given center distance and ratio 2141 pitch gears, diameters of 2148 pitch in gears 2148 ring moment of inertia 238 radius of gyration 238 section modulus 238 sector area 46, 74 saws, arbors for 972 sector segment 695 sector, area 46, 73 segment area 73, 77 formulas 77 table of dimensions 78–79 thickness 2126 milled bevel gear teeth 2189 outside diameter has been enlarged 2142 has been reduced 2142 tools 806 Circumference chords for dividing 695 Clad aluminum alloys 543 Cladding with lasers 1498 Classical belts and pulleys V-belts 2495–2502 datum length 2496 groove dimension 2497 horsepower rating 2499 length correction 2501 sheave dimension 2496–2497 Classification of carbon steels 410 Clavarino's equation 291 Clearance 2126 angles Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2718 INDEX Clearance (continued) angles boring tools 899–900 milling cutters 837 reamers, tooth rest position 847 box wrenches 1561 drill sizes, machine screw 2030 for wrench 1555 holes 628, 635, 638, 653 hex-head bolt and nut 899 inch machine screws 2030 metric bolts and screws 2034 machine screws 1665 socket head cap screws 1612 square neck bolts 1611 tapping screws 1721 Clearance holes 1609 inch fasteners 1609 metric fasteners 1610 substitute drills for 1610 Cleveland forming tool formula 799 Clevis pins 1747 Clutches 2446–2454 angle of cone 2449 angle of dividing head for milling 2453– 2454 centrifugal and free-wheeling 2450 cone 2448–2449 cutting teeth 2452–2453 cutting with angular cutters 2452, 2454 disk 2446 double angle cutter 2454 friction 2446, 2448 friction coefficients 2448 magnetic 2449–2450 positive 2451–2452 power capacity of 2447 saw tooth 2453 single angle cutter 2453 slipping 2450 wrapped spring 2450 CNC 1279–1314 back boring 1298 canned cycles 1295 Cartesian coordinate system 1279 computer based programming 1282 contouring 1300 coordinate geometry 1279 depth of thread 1302 features 1283 fixed cycles 1295 G address 1284 G codes 1284 holes 1294 indexable threading insert 1302 lathes 1288, 1302 M codes 1287 manual data input (MDI) 1283 manual programming 1281 MDI, manual data input mode 1307 multiple repetitive cycles 1300 CNC (continued) multi-start threads 1305 N Address 1284 O address 1284 offsets 1292 parametric programming 1306 peck depth 1296 program structure 1284 programming ABS 1312 absolute 1287 arc radius 1290 block number N 1284 branching 1313 circular interpolation 1290 comments and messages 1284 computer 1282 cutter radius compensation 1293 cutter radius offset 1293 defining a plane 1290 equidistant toolpath 1293 F-address 1288 feed rate override 1289 FIX 1311 fixed cycles 1295 FUP 1312 G00 1290 G01 1290 G02, G03 1290 G17, G18, G19 1290 G20, G21 1287 G32, G76 multi start threads 1305 G32, G76 threading 1304 G33, G34 threading 1304 G41, G42 1289, 1293 G43, G44 1293 G50 1288 G54 - G59 1292 G65 prep command 1307 G70, G76 1300 G71, G73 rules 1302 G73 1302 G73 fixed cycle 1296 G74 fixed cycle 1297 G76 one cycle 1304 two cycle 1305 G76 fixed cycle 1298 G80 fixed cycle cancellation 1299 G81 fixed cycle 1295 G82 fixed cycle 1296 G83 fixed cycle 1296 G84 fixed cycle 1297 G85 fixed cycle 1297 G86 fixed cycle 1298 G87 fixed cycle 1298 G88 fixed cycle 1299 G89 fixed cycle 1299 G90, G91 1287 G93 1289 G94,G95 1288 G96, G97 1288 G96, G97, spindle speed 1302 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX CNC (continued) programming helical interpolation 1292 IJK vector 1290 incremental 1287 inverse time feed rate 1289 lathes 1288, 1302 linear interpolation 1290 long hand threading 1304 looping 1313 machining holes 1294 macros 1282, 1305–1314 # symbol 1307 ABS 1312 arithmetic functions 1310 basic skill requirements 1307 boolean functions 1312 branching 1313 common applications 1307–1308 common features 1307 defined variables 1308 determining if active 1307 examples of 1313 functions 1310 functions and constants 1308 G65 arguments 1308 G65 prep command 1307 G65, call command 1308 logical functions 1308, 1312 looping 1313 MDI, manual data input mode 1307 miscellaneous functions 1312 rounding functions 1311 SQRT 1312 trigonometric functions 1310 variables 1308 common 1309 declarations 1309 global 1309 local 1309 system 1309 manual 1281 milling offsets 1292 modal command 1290 modal, G-codes 1284 modal, M-codes 1287 M03, M04 1287 M98, call subprogram 1305 M99, end subprogram 1305 parametric 1306 preparatory commands, G 1284 preset method 1293 program number O 1284 radius 1290 rapid motion 1290 repetitive commands 1300 ROUND 1311 S-address 1287 shop floor 1282 spindle function 1287 spindle override 1288 spindle rotation 1287 2719 CNC (continued) programming SQRT 1312 subroutines 1305 T-address 1289 techniques 1305 thread cutting 1302 threading commands 1304 tool function 1289 tool length offset 1293 tool nose radius compensation 1289 lathes 1293 touch-off method 1293 units of measurement 1287 work offset 1292 rectangular coordinate system 1279 Shop floor programming 1282 shop floor programming 1282 single point threading 1302 spindle speed cutting, peripheral, or surface 1288 subprograms 1305 subprograms, (subroutines) 1305 thread calcualtions 1302 thread cutting 1302–1305 thread milling 1292 threading commands 1304 infeed 1303 angular method 1303 compound 1303–1304 flank 1303–1304 modified angular method 1303 plunge method 1303 radial 1303 operations 1304 threading commands 1304 turning and boring 1300 Cobalt alloys 1011 Cobaltchrom steel 496 elongation 392 hardness 392 tensile strength 392 yield strength 392 Coefficient of expansion aluminum 376 cast iron 377 ceramics 389 common materials 375 copper alloys 376 ductile iron 377 plastics 390 thermoplastics 375 titanium alloys 377 various substances 375 friction 165–166, 2459 rolling resistance 167 steel on various materials 166 various materials on metal 2448 heat radiation 375 heat transmission 375 Cofactors of a matrix 124 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2720 INDEX Coining 1346 Cold-form tapping 2035–2037 Cold-work tool steels air hardening 453 chemical composition 453 heat treatment 453 oil hardening 452 Collets 969–971 Colloidal suspension 1394 Coloring metals 1506–1508 Columns 281–287 American Institute of Steel Construction 285, 287 American Railway Engineering Association formulas 281 eccentrically loaded 282 Euler formula 282–285 J. B. Johnson formula 284–285 Rankine or Gordon formulas 281, 283 steel pipe, allowable concentric loads 286– 287 Combination 19 drill and tap 2039 involute spline types 2263 shank, helix single end mills 819 Combination die 1378 Combined drills and countersinks 885 Combined stress 211–214 normal stresses at right angles 211 Common fractions 8 Compensation, insert radius, NC 782–784 Complex conjugate 18 Complex or imaginary numbers 18 Composite, checking of gears 2169 Compound angles 119–121 indexing 2080–2086 Compound die 1378 Compression in columns 281–287 springs 304–324 Compression bending 1385 Compressive properties ceramics 389 definitions 201 strength ceramics 389 common non-metals 394 iron and steel 432 magnesium alloys 547 wood 386 strength, wood 386 Concave arbor-type milling cutters 827 Concrete strength 394 Conductance, thermal 2694 Conductivity electrical, of metals 1398 electrical, of plastics 572 Cone center of gravity 225 clutches 2448–2449 Cone (continued) frustum center of gravity 225 of volume 84 polar moments of inertia 248 radius of gyration 230 polar moments of inertia 248 radius of gyration 230 volume 84 Coned springs 350 Conical pendulum 173 Conjugate fractions 12, 14 Constants, fundamental 2660 Constructional steels 1227–1228 Contact diameter 2126, 2155 diameter, gearing 2155 ratio 2126, 2156 face 2126 gearing 2156 total 2126 stress 2126 stresses, cams 2306 Contamination of lubricants 2438 Contents of tanks 68–69 Continued fractions 11–12 use of as conjugates 13–14 Convergents 11–14 Conversion acceleration 2698 acres to hectares 2675 bending moments 2689 Celsius to Fahrenheit temperatures 2695 centimeter to inch 2665 coordinate systems 43–45 cutting speed formulas 1015 density units 2684 energy units 2693 fahrenheit and celsius temperatures 2695 flow units 2682 force units 2688 fractional inch to millimeter 3 millimeter to fractional inch 3 moment and torque units 2689 moment of inertia units 2699 newton-meters into pound-inches 2689 numbers to powers-of-ten notation 15 pound-inches into newton-meters 2689 power units 2693 pressure units 2688 section modulus units 2699 specific gravity 382 tables angular measure 103, 105 cutting speed and diameter to rpm 1016, 1250 cutting speed formulas 2039 decimal multiples of SI units 2658 foot-pounds into Btu 2691 fractional inch to millimeter 2664 hardness 508–509 horsepower into kilowatts 2691 millimeter to fractional inch 2664 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Conversion (continued) tables pounds-force into newtons 2689 power and heat 2690 radians into degrees 103, 105 thermal conductance 2694 torque units 2689 U.S.gallons into liters 2678 UK gallons into liters 2678 velocity units 2698 viscosity 2698 work units 2693 Convex arbor-type milling cutters 827 Coolants for lapping 1277 machining aluminum 1192 magnesium 1193–1194 tool sharpening 1002–1003 zinc alloys 1194 tapping 2039 Coordinate system 43–45 converting to another 44 Copolymers 553 Copper coloring 1506 lead bearings 2357–2360 passivation 1506 plating 1510 wire 2606 Copper and copper-base alloys classification 514 coefficient of expansion 376 composition 515–527 copper-silicon alloys 528 copper-zinc-tin alloys 528 strength 394 density 376 die casting 1416 elongation 391, 515–527 hardness 391 machinability 515–527 melting points 376 passivation 1506, 1508 powdered metal alloys 393 specific heat 376 speeds, for drilling and reaming 1071 for turning and milling 1036 tensile strength 391, 515–527 thermal conductivity 376 UNS number 514–527 yield strength 391, 515–527 Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2363– 2364 Copper-base powdered alloys density 393 elongation 393 hardness 393 rupture strength 393 ultimate strength 393 yield strength 393 Cordeaux thread 1987 Core drills 888 2721 Corner-rounding milling cutters 812, 827 Corrosion-resisting alloys 415, 418, 513, 529 Cosecant 95 Cosine law of 96 Cost cutting grinding 1154 feeds and speeds 1157 function 1147 minimum 1146, 1148, 1200 optimum 1148 regrinding 1155 tools with inserts 1155 Cotangent 95 Cotter pins, standard sizes 1746, 1757, 1760 Cotters 2482 Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 577 Counterbores cutters and guides 898 pilot 898 solid 898 three piece 898 Counterboring 897 Countersinks 851, 903 combined with drills 884 machine 851 Countersunk head cap screws 1680 rivets 1734, 1736, 1742 British Standard 1742 screw, British Standard 1676 screws 1644–1646, 1649–1650, 1672– 1684 British Standard 1672–1679 Couples of forces 156 Couplings connecting shafts 2443 double-cone 2444 fire-hose 1970–1972 flexible 2445 hose 1969–1970 interference fits 2444 knuckle joint 2446 safety flange 2443 shaft 302 single keys used as fixed 2265–2266 slipping 2450 universal 2445 Crane motors 2576–2577 Crater-resistant carbide tools 1010 Creep 201, 204, 309 rupture 201, 568 Critical slenderness ratio 282 speeds 197–198 formulas for 197–198 of rotating bodies and shafts 197–198 speeds of rotating shafts 302 temperatures, heat treatment 461, 470 determining 473 Critical points of decalescance 472–474 recalescance 472–473 Croning shell mold process 1410 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2722 INDEX Cross recesses for machine screws 1652 for self-tapping screws 1704 Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 611 Crossed helical gears 2125 Crowned involute splines 2269 Crushing strength, wood 385 Cryogenic treatment, steel 505 cSt (centistokes) 2425 Cube, volume 82 Cubes of wire diameters 347 Cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1012, 1032, 1034, 1038, 1216–1217, 1234, 1243 grinding wheels 1234, 1243 conversions 2678 equations 34 measure 2678 Cumulative fatigue damage 203 Cupola malleable iron 1405 Curve, normal distribution 1319–1322 Curved beams 275 stress correction factor 275 Curved tooth files 988 Cutoff 1338 Cutoff or roughness sampling length 743 Cut-off tools, circular dimensions 807 Cutter bevel gear, formed types 2185–2186 box-tool 1171 compensation, NC 782–784 helical gear, formed type 2204 internal gear 2170 Cutting abrasive 976–978 bevel gear teeth 2180 blades 795 clutch teeth 2452 costs grinding 1154 electric arc 1462–1463 fluids 1182–1187 application of to carbides 1187 aqueous solutions 1183 broaching 1185 carbides 1187 chlorinated oils 1183–1185 magnesium 1185, 1187 mineral oil 1185 selection 1183–1185 soluble oils and compounds 1183 sulfurized oils 1183, 1185–1186 various alloys 1183–1185 gas torch cutting 1462, 1464 metals oxidizing flame 1462 roller chain sprocket teeth 2556 time for turning, boring and facing 1081 time per piece 1153 Cutting fluids for different materials 1184 for different operations 1184 for steel 1184 Cutting forces 1139 Cutting plane irons 795 Cutting speed economic 1149 files and burs 990 lives 1161 optimum 1151 Cutting speeds and feeds 1008–1073 automatic screw machine 1171–1172 bandsaw 1179–1181 broaching 1073 chip thickness 1022–1024 cutting speed calculations 1035 cutting tool materials 433–459 CVD diamond tools 1012 diamond tools 1011 drilling and turning titanium and titanium alloys 1037 drilling, reaming, and threading copper alloys 1071 ferrous cast metals 1067–1068 glass 1064 light metals 1069 plain carbon and alloy steels 1060–1063 stainless steels 1066 tool steels 1065 equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 1022–1024 rpm for given cutting speed 1016–1020 rpm for given drill sizes and speed 1016 formulas for 1015, 1035 honing 1272–1274 metal cutting saws 1081 milling 1039–1052 feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1053 ferrous cast metals 1051–1052 plain carbon and alloy steels 1044–1047 stainless steels 1049–1050 titanium and titanium alloys 1037 planing 1081 reamers 1070 rpm for different speeds and diameters 1017–1020 shaping 1081 tapping 1071–1073, 2089–2103 thread chasing 1071–1073 tool inserts 782–784 life 1013 adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058 steels 1030, 1048–1049, 1065 turning copper alloys 1036 ferrous cast metals 1032–1033 light metals 1037 stainless steels 1031 superalloys 1038 titanium and titanium alloys 1037 tool steels 1030 unusual materials 1081 twist drills 1070 work materials 1008 Cutting tool grade 1058 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Cutting tools 757–772 angles 757–772, 782–784 angular milling 814, 820, 833, 836, 846 application codes, ISO 791 boring-bar 899–900 carbide grade selection 785–795, 1010– 1011 carbon tool steels 1009 carbonitrides (cermets) 785–790, 1011 cast nonferrous alloy 1011 cemented carbides 785–790, 1009–1011 ceramics 790–792, 1011 checking relief and rake angles 838, 842 chipbreaker 760 chucking reamers 846 clearance angles 838, 843 coated carbides 1010 coatings 788, 1010 crater-resistant carbides 1010 cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1012, 1217, 1234, 1243 CVD diamond 1012 diamond 793, 1011 polycrystalline 793, 1011 fluting, for reamers 845–846 grades 1010–1011 grinding 835–843 checking rake and relief angle 841 high-speed steel 1009 indexable insert holder 759 indexable inserts 759, 782–784 machining data 794 materials 779, 785, 1008–1012 carbide ceramics 792 metals compositions and properties 786 hardness 786 rupture strength 786 structures 786 tungsten carbide 786 oxide ceramics 792 silicon nitride base 793 superhard 793 milling 808–843 hand of flute helix 811 side 811 staggered tooth 811 point configuration 766 radial relief, eccentric type 838 rake angles 838 rose chucking reamers 846 sharpening 997–998 single-point 757–772 specifications, ISO 790 spline 836 titanium carbides 790, 1010 tool bit 759 tooth rest positions 843 trouble-shooting checklist 1014 T-slot cutters 812 tungsten carbide 779, 785, 1009 2723 Cutting tools (continued) tungsten carbide combined with other elements 788 wheels for sharpening milling cutters 835– 837 Woodruff keyseat cutters 832 Cutting, surface, peripheral speed 1288 Cyanide hardening (cyaniding) 462, 468, 485 Cycloid 2126 area 73 curves, area enclosed by 68 Cylinder center of gravity 224 collapsing pressure 293–294 hollow polar moment of inertia 246 radius of gyration 230 volume 84 plates and shells 288–294 polar moment of inertia 246 portion of volume 83–84 portion of, center of gravity 224 radius of gyration 229 strength to resist internal pressure 290–294 volume 83 working pressure vs. radius ratio 291 Cylindrical coordinates 45 tank, contents 68–69 to rectangular coordinates 45 Cylindrical grinding 1251–1259 automation in 1254–1255 basic process data 1254 high speed 1254–1255 machines 1251 operating data 1253 selection of grinding wheels 1219, 1233– 1234, 1243, 1252–1253 traverse and plunge grinding 1251 troubles 1255–1258 workholding 1252 Cylindrical roller bearings, symbols 2368 D Damascus steel 399 Dardelet thread 1987 Daylight savings time 2700 Decalescence point in steel hardening 472– 474 Decibel 2700 Decimal fractions 10 inch into fraction inch 3, 2664 multiples and submultiples of SI units 2658 Dedendum 2126 Definitions gear terms 2125–2128, 2173–2175 spline terms 2253–2255, 2268 surface texture 735 surfaces of solid materials 733 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2724 INDEX Deflection beams 256–267, 273–277 calculation 210 flat plates 288–290 shaft, linear 298 shaft, torsional 297–298 springs compression and extension 321–324 torsion 339–342 Degrees, expressed in radians 103, 105 Density 380 aluminum 376 cast iron 377 ceramics 389 copper alloys 376 copper-base powdered alloys 393 ideal 2660 iron-base powdered alloys 393 nickel alloys 377 plastics 390 plastics materials 390 powdered metals 393 stainless steels 377 titanium alloys 377 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 units conversion 2684 wood 387 Department of Commerce 293 Deposition rates (welding) 1439 Depreciation 139–140 double declining balance method 139 property class and factors 140 statutory depreciation system 139 straight line method 139 sum of the years digit method 139 Depth of cut 1013 Depth of engagement 2253 Derivatives of functions 35 Design rules for blanking and punching 1334 parts produced by bending 1335 parts produced by drawing 1336 Detachable chains 2537 Diameter factor 1202 Diameter of circle enclosing smaller circles 88–91 Diameters for finished shafting 299 Diametral pitch definition 2126 equivalent circular pitch and tooth proportions 2134–2135 metric modules and circular pitch 2220 knurls, (ANSI) Standard 991–995 system 2130 Diamond built up edge 795 concentration 1000–1001 cratering 795 dust for lapping 1276 grinding wheels 1229–1246 laps and lapping 1276 Diamond (continued) tool materials 793, 1011–1012 truing 1235–1239 wheels 1000–1002, 1240–1246 composition 1243 designation symbols 1240–1243 diamond concentration 1000–1002 feeds and speeds 1246 grades, grit sizes 1000–1001 modifications 1243 operating guidelines for 1246 operations and handling 1246 selection of 1245 shapes of standard 1240–1243 speeds and feeds 1246 terminology 1240 thread grinding 2053 work speeds 1246 Di-Basic Acid Esters 2430 Die classification of 1378 combination 1378 compound 1378 effect of clearance 1342 Multiple-station 1378 opening profile 1342 progressive 1379 sheet metal bending allowances 1358 blank diameters for drawing 1355 diameter reductions in drawing 1357 stripper force 1343 single-station 1378 steel rule 1379, 1381–1382 cutting edges 1380 dimensions 1380 heat treatment 1382 stamping 1379–1382 transfer 1379 Die casting alloys 1415–1418 bearing metals 1417 design 1414–1415 dies machines 1417 files 989 injection molding 1417 machining zinc alloy 1194 porosity 1414–1415 skin effect 1415 Dielectric strength ceramics 389 plastics 390 Diemaker's reamers 834 Dies and taps combination drill and tap 2039 maximum pitches 2060 tap drill size 944, 2029 Acme threads 944 formula 2030 metric 2033 pipe 2038 Unified 2021–2028 Dies, threading, maximum pitches 2060 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Differential indexing 2104 pulley 171 Diffusion Bonding 1367 Diffusion bonding 1365, 1367 Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 613 Dimensions and tolerancing 2463 Dip brazing 1431 Disc spring 350–364 contact surfaces 351, 354 forces and stresses 354 group classes 350 materials 351 nomenclature 350 stacking 352 Disk circular, radius of gyration 229 clutches 2446 method of measuring tapers 682 springs 344 Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2382 Distance across bolt circle 686 Distance between two points 40 Distribution curve, normal 1319 Dividing fractions and mixed numbers 9 head, angular position 833–836 numbers written in powers-of-ten notation 16 Dolly bars for riveting 1734 Double angle milling cutters 814 Double V-belts (see Belts and pulleys: double V-belts) Double-cone clamping couplings 2444 Dovetail slides, measuring 682 Dowel pins 1746–1752 designation 1750–1751 ductility 1750 hardened ground machine 1749–1750 hardened ground production 1750–1751 lengths and sizes 1750 metric 1746–1748 shear strength 1750–1751 unhardened ground 1751–1752 Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 609 Draw-in bolt ends 965 Drawing ANSI Standard line conventions 609–610 surface texture symbols 741–742 welding 1486 applying surface texture symbols 742 bisect angle 62 circle around square 64 circle around triangle 63 circular arc 63 data for gear blanks 2160 data for gears 2163 data for involute splines 2263 data for spur and helical gear 2163 data, splines 2265 2725 Drawing (continued) dies blank diameters 1355 blanks for rectangular shells 1359 divide line into equal parts 61 drafting practices 609 ellipse 51, 64 equilateral triangle 62 helix 65 hexagon around circle 64 hyperbola 65 involute 65 ISO 1302 747 metric dimensions on 744 parabola 65 parallel lines 62 perpendicular lines 61 scales of metric drawings 745 sheet metal 1353 cylinders 1355 cylindrical cup with flange 1355 cylindrical cup without flange 1354 deep 1353 drawability 1354 mechanics of 1353 wrinkling 1353 diameters of shell blanks 1355 force for first operation 1358 force for subsequent operations 1359 number of draws 1354 rectangular flanged shells 1360 rectangular parts 1359 sheet sizes 609 specifying spur and helical gear data on 2161 square around circle 64 symbols ANSI Standard section lining 611 geometric 612 ISO 612 lines 610 materials 611 tangent to circle 63 tempering, steel 479 triangle around circle 63 45-degree angle 62 60-degree angle 62 Dressing grinding wheels 1235–1239 Drilling accuracy of drilled holes 896 automatic screw machine feeds and speeds 1171 cutting speeds for 1170 ferrous cast metals 1067–1068 light metals 1069 superalloys 1038 titanium and titanium alloys 1037 tool steels 1065 difficulties 1064 estimating thrust, torque, and power 1089– 1091 feed factors 1090 holes in glass 1064 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2726 INDEX Drilling (continued) holes, accuracy of 896 horsepower and thrust for 1089–1091 machine, shaftless motor type 2574 spade 1074 Drills accuracy of drilled holes 896 and countersink plain types 885 and countersinks, bell types 885 angle of cutting point 997–999 ANSI Standards 866 chucks, tapers 961 cobalt high-speed steel 897 combined drills and countersinks 884–886 commercial microdrills 1125–1126 core, taper shank 886 counterbores 866 cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 1016 definitions of terms 866 diameter factors, thurst 1090 diameter factors, torque 1090 diameters of tap 2021–2028 driver, collet type 890 driver, split sleeve 890 drivers 890 for taper pin reamers 1753, 1756 grinding 997–1000 jobbers length 868–874 length of point 889 letter sizes and gauge 891 metric, British Standard 886–896 nomenclature 866 screw machine drills 868–879 sharpening 998–1000 sizes for tapping 2029 for Acme threads 944 sizes for tapping Acme threads 944 spade 1074 specifications 1754 steels for 896–897 straight shank 866 straight-shank drill sizes core drills 888 letter 872–873 metric 868–878 number 868–872 straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizes fractional 869–878 letter 872–873 metric 869–878 number 869–872 screw machine length 879 tangs for 878 tap and clearance hole sizes 2030 taper shank 866 taper-shank core drills 885–888 taper-shank drill sizes fractional inch 880–885 metric 880–885 terms 866–867 twist 866–889 twisted Drills (continued) twisted jobber series 894 parallel series 895 types 866–867 Drives nose key 953–954 screws 1701, 1716 square, for portable tools 973 studs 1760 taper 952–953 Drunken thread 1987 Dry measure 2679 Dryseal pipe threads 1962–1965 assembly limitations 1965 designations 1964–1965 diameter pitch combinations 1965 fine taper 1965 limitation of assembly 1962 limits on crest and root 1962 pressure tight joints 1962 taps for 940 types 1962 DST 2700 Ductile cast iron 1405 iron 432, 1405 Ductility 1333 Duranickel, machining 1194 Durometer tests 509 Dynamic balance 191 stresses 279 Dynamic factor 2174 Dynamic stresses 279 Dynamic viscosity 2425 Dynamometers 2456 Dyne 2425, 2656 E Earth, composition of crust 384 Eccentricity 2261 Echols thread 1987 Economic impact of lubrication 2423 Economic tool-life 1149 ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 1022–1024 EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1394 EDM 1393 capacitor 1394 craters 1394 dielectric filter 1394 fluid 1394 strength 1394 discharge channel 1394 dither 1394 duty cycle 1394, 1397 electrical controls 1398 electrode growth 1394 wear 1394 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX EDM (continued) electrode materials 1399 electrode uses 1400 electro-forming 1394 electronic controls 1396 Farad 1394 flushing 1396 gap current 1394 gap voltage 1394 heat-affected zone 1397 ion 1394 ionization 1394 low-wear 1394 machine settings 1397 materials 1399 characteristics 1399 elctrode 1399 metal removal rates 1398 negative electrode 1394 no-wear 1394 overcut 1395 plasma 1395 plunge (sinker) method electrode materials 1398 machine settings 1396 making electrodes 1401 metal removal rates 1398 positive electrode 1395 power parameters 1395 process 1395 quench 1395 recast layer 1395, 1398 secondary discharge 1395 spark frequency 1397 spark in and out 1395 square wave 1395 stroke 1395 UV axis 1395 white layer 1395 wire 1403 drilling holes 1403 EDM 1395 guide 1395 speed 1395 wire electrode 1403 wire method 1393 workpiece materials 1398 Effective dimensions, splines 2253, 2261 length of bolt 1525 Efficiency 2127 influence of friction on 165 machine tool 1085–1091 of lubrication filters 2442 riveted joints 1730–1734 Elastic limit 200 limit, plastics 562 modulus 200 in shear (torsion) 200 spring materials 344–346 various materials 200 2727 Elastic (continued) properties of material 394 region 200, 1529–1530 tightening fasteners in 1523–1528 Electric arc, cutting metals 1462–1463 fixture threads 1981 motor keys and keyseats 2477 socket and lamp base threads 1980 Electrical fixture threads 1980 lamp base 1980 socket shell threads 1980 Electrical network 127 Electrical relationships 2699 Electrode diameter, sheet metal 1451 making 1401 machining graphite 1401 material 1399 brass 1400 copper 1400 copper-tungsten 1400 graphite 1400 steel 1400 zinc 1400 material selection 1401 uses on various materials 1400 wear 1401 Electrodes (welding) characteristics of standard types 1452 AWS E60XX 1449 current to use with 1438, 1457 deposition rates 1435, 1439–1441 diameter to use 1434, 1443, 1451 selecting GTAW tungsten type 1455–1458 wire, feed rates 1438 Electrohydraulic forming 1371 Electromagnetic forming 1370 Electromagnetic metal forming 1370 Electron beam diffusion bonding 1368 Electropolishing 1512 Elements, table of chemical 371 Elevation reading displacements 1322 Ellipse 48, 51 area 75 drawing 51, 64 eccentricity 48 foci 48 general equation 48 major axis 48 methods of drawing 64 minor axis 48 moment of inertia 238 radius of gyration 238 section modulus 238 segment, center of gravity 223 Ellipsoid polar moment of inertia 247 radius of gyration 231 volume 85 Elliptic gears Gears and gearing elliptic 2211 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2728 Elongation alloy steel 1408 aluminum 391 aluminum alloys 534–542 carbon and alloy steels 424–429 carbon steel 1408 carbon steel rounds, squares, and hexagons 422–423 cobalt alloys 392 copper alloys 391, 515–527 copper-base powdered alloys 393 copper-beryllium alloys 529 copper-silicon alloys 528 high-strength, low-alloy steels 421 iron-base powdered alloys 393 magnesium alloys 547 measurement of bolts 1526 nickel alloys 392, 548–549 plastics 390 powdered metals 393 ranges 1334 stainless steel 392, 430–431 steels 391, 1407 titanium alloys 550 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 Emery grades 1505 grain numbers for polishing 1505 End mills angles for milling teeth in 833 ANSI Standard 816–826 combination shanks for 818 high speed steel 819 plain and ball end 822 terminology of 815 with combination shank 819 with straight shanks 820–821 with taper shanks 821 with weldon shanks 816, 818–819, 822 Endurance limit 201, 2173–2174 for spring materials 314 Energy 181–182, 1394 and momentum 179 kinetic 181–183 potential 182 units conversion 2693 Engagement, length of thread 1536 Engine lathe, change gears 2042 Engineering economics 134–146 Enlarged pinions center-distance system for 2154 in helical gearing 2204–2207 in spur gearing 2146, 2154 Epicyclic gearing 2211–2214 bevel gear type 2212–2214 ratios 2212–2214 Epicycloidal curves, areas 68 Equations cubic 34 line 41 quadratic 32 simultaneous 125 Equations (continued) solution of first degree with one unknown 32 first degree with two unknowns 32 numerical with one unknown 34 quadratic with one unknown 32 using Newton-Raphson method 34 Equilateral triangle 95 Equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 1022–1024 Equivalent pitch ratio 2127 Equivalent uniform annual cost 142–143 Erg 2656 Etching and etching fluids 1505–1506 Euler’s formulas for columns 282–283 Evaluating alternatives 140–143 benefit cost ratio 143 capitalized cost 141 equivalent uniform annual cost 142 net present value 140 payback period 143 rate of return 143 Evaluation length 736 Evaporation, latent heat of 372 Everdur copper-silicon alloy 528 Exbi 2658 Expansion chucking reamers 854 fits 631 hand reamers 856 Explosive forming 1369 Exponent 14 External spline 2254, 2263 External spur gear 2125 Extrusion applications 1422 for tubes 1422 of metals 1421 process 1421 cold 1421 hot 1421 F Fabric, bonding 2582 Facing cutting time for 1081 Facing insert holder 770–772 Factorial 19, 110 Factors of numbers 20–29 prime number 20–29 Factors of safety 204 machine columns 284 shafts 296, 301 tubes subject to external pressure 294 wire rope 2619–2620 F-address, CNC programming 1288 Failure fatigue, modes of 203 fatigue, springs 314 of riveted joints 1730 of springs 348 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Fasteners compressible washers designation 1579 dimensional characteristics 1579 dimensions 1579–1580 finish 1579 lot number 1579 materials 1579 performance 1579 symbols 1579 workmanship 1579 hardened steel beveled washers 1577 designation 1577 dimensional characteristics 1578 dimensional conformance 1578 dimensions 1577 finish 1577 materials 1577 mechanical properties 1577 slope 1578 symbols 1578 taper 1578 workmanship 1577 hardened steel flat washers designation 1577 dimensional characteristics 1577 finish 1577 materials 1577 symbols 1577 tolerances 1576 workmanship 1577 hardened steel washers 1576 circular clipped washers 1576 flat washers 1576 heavy hex nuts 1573 corner fill 1574 countersink 1574 designation 1575 dimensional characteristics 1575 dimensional conformance 1575 grade symbols 1575 materials 1575 nut thickness 1575 overtapping 1575 proof load 1574 source symbols 1575 thickness 1574 thread gaging 1575 threads 1575 tops and bearing surfaces of nuts 1574 true position of tapped hole 1574 width across flats 1573–1575 workmanship 1575 heavy hex structural bolts 1570 plastics 597 structural bolts bearing surface 1572 body diameter 1570–1572 bolt length 1572 designation 1570 dimensional characteristics 1573 finish 1570 2729 Fasteners (continued) structural bolts grade symbols 1570 head height 1571 head taper 1572 height 1570 identification symbols 1573 length 1570 material 1573 materials 1570 thread length 1571–1572 threads 1570 true position of head 1572 width across corners 1571 workmanship 1570 structural steel 1570 Fasteners detecting counterfeit 1535 Fatigue combined with creep 204 contact 204 corrosion 204 cumulative damage 203 failure, modes of 203 influence of stress on 202–204 life factor involute splines 2268 low/high cycle 203 properties 201 S-N diagrams 201, 203 springs 314 surface 204 thermal 203 FCAW (flux-cored arc welding) 1442 Feed rates centering tools 1171 for drilling 1171 for milling 1039 for turning 1026–1039 hollow mills 1171 number of teeth 1167 Feeds and speeds 1008–1073, 1078, 1170– 1171, 1179–1182 grinding 1197 total costs 1157 Feet and inches into inches 2662 into meters 2674 Feet per minute into rpm 1015–1020, 2039 Fellows stub tooth gears 2137 Ferrite 465 Ferrous cast metals, speeds for drilling, reaming, and threading 1067–1068 for milling 1051–1052 for turning 1032–1033 Fiber, vulcanized, strength of 394 Fibers 553 Files 1500 chain saw 989 characteristics 987 classes 987 American pattern 987 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2730 Files classes curved tooth 987 machinist’s 987 mill or saw 987 rasp 987 Swiss pattern 987 coarseness of cut bastard 987 coarse 987 second 987 smooth 987 cross section 987 curved tooth class 988–989 cut double cut 987 double cut finishing 987 rasp 987 single cut 987 cutting speeds 990 definitions of terms 986 flat 988 machinist’s class 988 flat 988 general purpose 988 half round 988 hand 988 knife 988 pillar 988 round 988 square 988 three square 988 warding 988 wood 988 mill or saw class 987 blunt hand saw 988 blunt mill 988 blunt triangular 988 cantsaw 987 crosscut 987 double ender 987 mill 987 taper saw 988 triangular saw 988 web saw 988 pillar 988 rasps 989 rifflers 989 rotary 989 round 988 shear tooth 989 special purpose 989 aluminum rasp 989 brass file 989 chain saw 989 die casting 989 foundry 989 lead float 989 long angle lathe 989 shear tooth 989 square 988 Swiss pattern class 989 (continued) Files (continued) Swiss pattern class blunt machine 989 die sinker 989 die sinker rifflers 989 needle 989 silversmiths rifflers 989 teeth, cut of 987 warding 988 wood 988 Filler metals for brazing 1426 Fillet area 74 center of gravity 223 radius 2127 Fillister head machine screws 1649 Fillister head miniature screw 1657 fillister head miniature screw 1653 Film lubricating transition 2421 thickness ratio 2420 Filter efficiency, lubrication 2442 filtration ratio, B 2442 Filtration lubrication 2441 lubrication efficiency 2442 Fine blanking 1343 tool dimensions 1345 V-projections in tools 1345 Finishing, power brush 1500–1503 Fire hose connection screw threads 1970–1972 Fire hose connection screw threads ANSI Standard 1970 thread designation 1970 thread form 1970 Fits 635 actual 635 and limits graphical representation 638–640 tolerances designation 649 basic shaft fits 639 bilateral hole fits 639 British Standard limits and fits 667 minimum and maximum clearances 666 tolerance limits holes 665 shafts 665 clearance fits 653–654, 657–658 cylindrical allowances and tolerances for 628 ANSI Standard 634–660 British Standard 662 definitions 628 expansion 631 forced 629, 646 metric ISO, British 662–671 metric radial, ball and roller bearing shaft and housing 2382 preferred series 635 shrinkage 631, 646 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Fits (continued) cylindrical transition 640, 645 drive 639 expansion 631 force 638–639, 646 allowance 630 pressure in assembling 630 hole basis British Standard 663 figure 651 hole system 635 interference 635, 652 locational 638 clearance 638, 643 interferance 648 interference 638 transition 638, 645 metric clearance fits 653–654, 657–658 metric interference fits 655–656 metric transition fits 655–656 running 638, 641 shaft basis British Standard 663 figure 651 shaft system 635 shrinkage 631, 638–639, 646 allowance 631–633 sliding 638, 641 transition 635, 652 Flame cutting of metals 1462–1464 cutting torch 1463 hardening 487 spraying process 1516 Flanged duct connections 1377 Flanged housing bearings 2373 Flank of tooth 2127 Flat belts rivets 1736 head cap screws 1680, 1684 head machine screws 1644–1646, 1676 metal products, preferred thicknesses 2610 plate circular 290 square and rectangular 288–289 strengths 288–290 thin radius of gyration 228 stayed surfaces in boiler work, strength 288 Flat head miniature screw 1654 Flexible belts 2484 couplings 2445 Flexural modulus, plastics 390 Floor and bench stand grinding 1268 Flow, units conversion 2682 Fluid maintenance 1190 biocide treatment 1190 personal protective clothing 1190 system service 1190 Fluidized bed furnace 461, 470 Fluting cutters, reamers 845–846 2731 Fluxes brazing 1426 soldering 1424 Foot-pound equivalents 2690 into British thermal units 2691 Force 149, 199 acceleration resulting from 179–180 addition and subtraction of 153 algebraic composition and resolution of 156–164 algebraic solution forces in same plane 157–159 forces not in same plane 161–164 and couples, work performed by 182 centrifugal 187–190 calculating 188 colinear 156 components of 153, 156 composition 153, 156 concurrent 156 components of single force 157 coplanar 156 couples of 155–156 differential pulley 171 disc springs 354 for moving body on horizontal plane 169 friction 179 graphical representation 153–157 moment of 149, 155 noncoplanar 156 normal component 179 of blow 183 of gravity 179 on inclined plane 168 parallel 154 parallelogram of 154 polygon of 154 pound 150–151 relationship to time 199 resolution of 153, 156 into rectangular components 161 resultant 153, 156 any number of concurrent forces 161 locating when components are known 164 non-intersecting forces 159–160 non-parallel, non-intersecting forces 163 parallel forces 158 parallel forces not in same plane 162 single force and couple 158 three or more concurrent forces 157 two concurrent forces 157 screw 171 sheet metal work 1342 systems 153 toggle joint 172 units conversion 2688 work performed by 182 Formed cutters for internal gears 2170 Formica, machining 1195 Forming electrohydraulic 1371 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2732 INDEX Forming (continued) electromagnetic 1370 explosive 1369 radial 1371 rubber pad 1364 stretch 1361 stretch-draw 1361 stretch-wrap 1361 superplastic 1365 Forming tools 796–807 arrangement of 801 circular 799 constant for determining 801 corrected diameter 801 diameters of 801–807 with top rake 801 diameter 800 dimensions 797 feeds per revolution 801, 807, 1170 formula 799 Acme machine 799 Brown and Sharpe machine 799 Cleveland machine 799 screw machine dimensions 806 speeds for 801, 807 straight 796 with rake 796 Formulas algebraic 31 area 70–75 column American Railway Engineering Association 281 Euler 282–285 Johnson 282 Rankine or Gordon 281 straight-line 281 contour milling 2121 critical speeds 197–198 cutting speed 1015 derivative 35 dimensions of milled bevel gears 2181, 2183 dimensions of SAE standard splines 2281 dimensions of standard spur gears 2131 distance across bolt circle 686 for helical gears 2195, 2197–2201, 2203, 2206 for module system gears 2217, 2219 integral 35 internal gears 2171 linear motion, constant acceleration 175 pendulum 173 proportions of ANSI fine-pitch worms and wormgears 2191 rearrangement of 30 rotary motion, constant acceleration 177 tooth parts, coarse pitch spur gear 2131 torque capacity of involute splines 2266 transposition 30 triangle oblique 71, 101–102 Formulas (continued) triangle right 71, 98, 100 trigonometric 96–97 volume 82–87 work and power 186 Fractional inch to millimeter conversion 3, 2664 Fractional threads 2042 Fractions 10 conjugate 12 continued 11–12 use of 13–14 mixed numbers 9 Free body diagram 179 cutting steels 412 wheeling clutches 2450 Freezing mixtures 376 French metric screw threads 1920 thermal unit 2695 thread 1987 Fretting damage 2270 Friction 165–167, 179, 2420 brakes 2455–2458 clutches 2446, 2448 coefficient in gears 2174 coefficients 166, 1531, 2448, 2455–2459 bolts 1524 hexagon head bolt and nut 1530–1531 nuts 1524 rolling resistance 167 static steel on various materials 166 torque 1530–1531 effect on efficiency 165 fluid 2420 in brakes 2457 kinetic 2420 laws of 165 rolling 167 solid 2420 static 2420 wheels horsepower 2459 wheels, power transmission 2457–2458 Friction loss in bearings 2398 Fuels, equivalent 2694 Full film lubrication 2421 Functions derivatives 35 integration 35 involute 110–114 of angles graphic illustration 105 sevolute 110 trigonometric 95–97, 106 tables of 106–109 versed cosine 110 versed sine 110 Fundamental constants 2660 Furnace brazing 1431 Furnaces, steel heat-treating 461, 469–470, 501 Fusion, latent heat of 372 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX G G-address, CNC programming 1284 Gage blocks 705–708 calibration and verification of 706 care of 705 precision 707 federal specifications for 707 inch sizes 707 metric sizes 708 sets inch sizes 707 metric sizes 708 wringing 706–707 Gage tolerances 2012–2013 Gagemakers tolerances 661 Gages ANSI Unified thread classification 2007 constants for computing dimensions 2012 form 2009, 2012 formulas for limits 2014 tolerances for plain gages 2012 hypodermic needle 2606 rods 2604 sheet metal 2608–2610 sheet zinc 2608–2609 thickness and diameter sizes, galvanized sheet 2608–2609 thread form 2010 tolerances 2010 tubing 2604 usage, ANSI Standard recommended 661 wire 347, 2604, 2606 zinc 2608–2609 Gaging methods and measuring instruments 675 Gallons cylindrical tanks 68–69 in tank at given level 68–69 into cubic inches 2678 U.S. into liters 2678, 2681 Galvanized, (welding) 1434 Gap-frame press 1388 Gas carburizing 486 illuminating, specific gravity 381 metal arc welding (GMAW) 1434 specific gravity 381 specific heat 373 tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 1453–1458 Gear cutters, formed involute 2144, 2170, 2205 milling cutters for chain sprockets 829–830 14.5 deg pressure angles 828–829 number for bevel gears 2185–2186 Gear cutting block or multiple indexing 2117–2118 2733 Gear cutting (continued) excess depth to obtain backlash 2166 formed cutter selection 2148, 2185–2186, 2204 internal gears 2170 Gearing materials effect of alloying metals 2242 chrome-molybdenum 2243 chrome-nickel 2243 chrome-vanadium 2243 chromium 2242 manganese 2243 molybdenum 2243 nickel 2242 nickel-modybdenum 2243 vanadium 2243 forged and rolled alloy steels 2241 carbon steels 2241 non metallic 2245 applications 2246 bore sizes 2247 diametral pitch for given power 2247 diametral pitch for given torque 2248 keyway stresses 2247 mating gear 2246 power transmitting capacity 2246 preferred pitch 2247 safe working stress 2246 tooth form 2246 sintered materials 2243 steel castings 2242 Gears and gearing 2195–2239 active face width 2125 active spline length 2253 actual safety factor 2174 actual space width 2253 actual tooth thickness 2253 AGMA Standards 2164, 2168 angular backlash 2163–2169 arc of action 2125 of approach 2125 of recession 2125 thickness of internal gear tooth 2170 thickness of pinion tooth 2170 axial pitch 2125 plane 2125 thickness 2126 backlash 2163–2169, 2235 angular 2169 recommended 2165 bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2180 bevel gears 2177–2189 blanks design of 2161 for fine pitch gears 2160 bottom land 2126 bronze and brass castings for 2243 bulk temperature thermal flash factor 2175 bushings for gears 2245 calculated safety factors 2174 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2734 INDEX Gears and gearing (continued) calculating dimensions of milled bevel gears 2183 replacement gear dimensions 2249 spur gear proportions 2131 case hardening steels for 2240 change gears, for lathe 2042 checking gear sizes 2221–2239 pressures 2169 spur gear sizes 2231–2234 chordal measurement of teeth 2236–2238 circular pitch system 2130 coefficient of friction 2174 contact ratio factor 2156, 2173–2174 crossed helical 2125 deburring tooth profile 1500 design of bevel gear blanks 2179 diametral pitch definition 2126 preferred 2136 system 2130 differential indexing ratio 2104 drawing data for spur and helical gears 2163 information to be given on 2172 efficiency 2127 elasticity factor 2173–2174 endurance limit 2174 enlarged pinion fine-pitch 2150 meshing without backlash 2154 reduced dimensions to avoid interference 2146 epicyclic 2211–2214 equivalent pitch radius 2127 external spur gears 2125 dimensions for checking over wires 2222–2225 face advance 2127 Fellows stub tooth 2137 fillet radius 2127 fillet stress 2127 finishing gear milling cutters 2150 flank of tooth 2127 forged and rolled alloy steels for gears 2241 carbon steels for gears 2241 formed cutters for bevel gears 2187 formulas for helical gears 2195, 2197–2201, 2203, 2206 for module system gears 2217, 2219 for spur gears 2131–2132, 2135, 2137– 2138 given center distance and ratio 2137, 2139 to mesh with enlarged pinion 2154 gear ratio, definition 2127 geometrical factor 2174–2175 given center distance and ratio 2139 Gears and gearing (continued) harder pinion 2241 heat treatment to permit machining 2240 helical 2125, 2195–2210 herringbone 2210 highest point of single tooth contact (HPSTC) 2157 hypoid bevel gears 2125, 2178 increasing pinion diameter to avoid undercut or interference 2148 inspection of gears 2169 integral temperature criterion 2175 interference 2127 internal diameter 2127 internal gears 2127, 2170 spur 2125, 2170–2171 dimensions between wires 2226–2229 invention 2248 involute curve 2130 land 2127 lead 2127 length of action 2127 life factor 2173–2174 line of action 2127 load distribution 2174 lowest point of single tooth contact (LPSTC) 2127, 2155–2156 lubricant influence 2174 roughness, and speed 2173 lubrication film factor 2174 material quality 2173 materials for 2240–2246 bevel gears 2190 maximum hob tip radius 2156 measuring gear size over wires 2221–2239 teeth 2147 methods of cutting internal gears 2170 metric module gear cutters 2148 module system 2217–2220 module, definition 2127 mountings for bevel gears 2180 nomenclature of gear teeth 2129 non-metallic 604, 2245 normal plane 2127 number of teeth 2127 to avoid undercutting 2154 outside diameter 2127 pin method of checking size 2221–2239 pinions flanges composition 2245 pitch diameter 2130 obtained with diametral pitch system 2130 pitch point 2127 plane of rotation 2127 planetary 2211 plastics gearing 604 pressure angle 2128, 2135 profile checker settings 2158 rack 2128 ratchet gearing 2215–2216 ratio, defined 2127 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Gears and gearing (continued) relative sizes of internal gear and pinion 2170 replacement gear dimensions 2249 roll angle 2128 root diameter 2128 selection of involute gear milling cutter 2148 shapers, root diameters of gears cut on 2138 size factor 2173 size, checking 2221–2239 specifications 2163 spur gear 2129–2163 external 2125 internal 2125, 2170–2171 standard normal diametral pitches 2172 steels for 2240, 2242 straight bevel 2125 surface condition factor 2174 tangent plane 2128 tangential force 2173 teeth invention 2248 terms used in gear specifications 2161 through hardening steels for 2240 tip relief 2128 tooth caliper, vernier 2147 tooth face 2128 tooth profile deburring 1500 producing a radius 1500 tooth proportions comparative sizes and shape of 2129 fine-pitch involute spur and helical gears 2135 for enlarging fine-pitch pinions 2152– 2153 tooth stiffness constants 2174 tooth surface 2128 tooth thickness allowance for shaving 2141 tooth-to-tooth composite error 2169 total composite error 2169 total face width 2128 transverse load distribution factor 2174 transverse plane 2128 trochoid curve 2128 true involute form diameter 2128, 2157 undercut 2128 limit for hobbed involute gears 2157 Van Keuren wire diameter 2229 wear equalizing 2241 welding factor 2175 whole depth 2128 wire diameter 2229 work hardening factor 2173–2174 working depth 2128 worm gears 2125, 2191–2194 zerol bevel 2125 zone factor 2173–2174 Gears, metric thread on inch lead screw 2044 General purpose Acme threads 1921–1928 2735 General purpose Acme threads (continued) data 1923 designation 1922–1923 form 1921, 1923, 1930 formulas for diameters 1923 limiting dimensions 1922–1926, 1930 pitch diameter allowances 1923 thread form 1923, 1930 Generator shaft keys and keyseats 2477 Geneva wheel 171 Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 613 datum feature 615 material removal required or prohibited 741 mean line 735 relation of surface roughness to tolerances 738 Geometrical constructions 61–65 dimensioning and tolerancing 613 progression 37–39 propositions 56–60 symbols for drawings 612 symbols, comparison of ANSI and ISO 612 German standard gear tooth 2217 screw threads, metric 1920 Gib-head keys 2475 Gibi 2658 Gleason system, Zerol bevel gears 2178 Glue, pattern 1412 Glue, plastics 593 GMAW (gas metal arc welding) 1434 welding carbon steels 1437 welding stainless steel 1437 GO and NOT GO gages 2271 Gold, plating 1512 Goodman diagram 202–203 Gordon formula for columns 281, 283 Grade markings on bolts and nuts ASTM and SAE 1534 inch 1534 metric 1634 Grams into ounces, avoirdupois 2683–2684 per cubic centimeter into pounds per cubic inch 2685 Granite parallel, high precision 719 Granite rock-types and properties 709 Granite, strength 394 Graphical solution of force systems 153–157 Graphite materials for bearings 2362 Graphitic materials for bearings 2362 Gravitational system of measurement 150 Gravity acceleration due to 150 center of, in various geometrical figures 221–227 die casting process 1410 force of 179 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2736 INDEX Gravity (continued) specific 380 gases 381 liquids 381 various substances 381 Gray cast iron 1404 Grease 2420, 2431 additves 2433 application 2435 classification 2433 consistency rating 2433 National Lubricating Grease Institute 2433 properties 2432 Greek symbols and alphabet 2652 Green sand molding 1409–1410 Green wood, weight per cubic feet 387 Grind wheels safe operating speeds 1248–1250 Grindability data 1205–1207, 1228–1229 Grindability of tool steels 1228–1232 Grinders spindles for portable 974 Grinding 1216 abrasive belt grinding 1269 abrasives 1216–1218 basic rules 1197 carbide materials, diamond wheel 1212 carbide tools 1000–1003 cast iron 1209 centerless 1259–1261 centerless grinding troubles 1260–1261 ceramic materials, diamond wheel 1212 chip breakers 1002–1003 cost 1215 cutting forces 1203 cutting time formula 1153 cutting torque 1203 cylindrical 1251–1259 cylindrical grinding troubles 1255–1258 data selection including wheel life 1204 data, wheel life selection 1204 diamond wheel 1000–1002, 1212–1213, 1240–1246 ECT,grinding 1198 equivalent diameter factor 1202 feeds 1197 finishing 1205 floor and bench stand 1268 fluids 1183 grindability groups 1205 grinding rules and data selection 1197 heat resistant alloys 1211 inconel 1211 internal centerless 1259 milling cutters 835 minimum cost conditions 1200 mounted wheels and points 976 offhand grinding 1268 optimization planning 1215 optimum grinding data for roughing 1200 planing tools 764 plunge 1251 Grinding (continued) portable grinding 1268 power 1203 procedure to determine data 1207 ratio 1197 relative grindability 1206 rene 1211 rpm, various speeds and diameters 1250 screw threads 2053–2056 side feed, roughing and finishing 1205 silicon carbide wheels 1000–1002 spark-out time 1202 specific metal removal rates 1202 speeds 1202 spindles for portable tools 972 stainless steels 1208 surface 1261–1267 surface finish, Ra 1201 surface grinding troubles 1266 swing-frame 1268 terms and definitions 1206 tool steels 1209–1211 tools carbide 1000–1002 twist drills 997–1000 traverse 1251 unhardened steels 1208 user calibration of recommendations 1213 vertical and angle spindles 972 wheel life cost 1215 grinding data relationship 1199 grinding ratio 1197 life vs. cost 1215 relationships and optimum grinding data 1199 wheel safety 1246–1250 handling 1246 inspection 1246 machine conditions 1246 mounting 1246 portable grinders 1249 safe operating speeds 1248–1250 speed conversion table 1250 speeds, maximum 1249 storage 1246 wheels 1216–1239, 1246–1250 abrasive materials for 1216–1217 angles for eccentric type radial relief angles on milling cutters 840–841 bond properties 1217, 1266 CBN 1217, 1234, 1243 cubic boron nitride 1216, 1234 cutting fluids 1204 diamond 793 truing of 1235–1239 dressing and truing of 1235–1239 eccentric type 840 faces, shapes of 1227 finishing 1205 grades 1217 handling 1247 inspection 1247 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Grinding (continued) wheels markings, standard 1218–1219 mounted wheels and points metric 978 mounting and safety 1246–1247 radial relief angle 840 roughing 1205 safe operating speeds 1204 selection of 1204, 1219–1239 sequence of markings 1218 shapes and sizes, standard 1219–1227 metric 1225–1226 side feed 1205 silicate bonding process 1266 single point truing diamonds 1239 storage 1247 structure 1217–1218 truing diamond feeds 1238 diamond sizes 1238 dressing of 1235–1239 vitrified 1266 wheel markings 1218 work speed and depth of cut selection 1198 in rough and finish grinding 1202 Grooved drive studs dimensions 1760 hole sizes 1760 Grooved pins 1756 designation 1757 hole sizes 1757 lengths and sizes 1756 materials 1757, 1759 properties 1759 requirements 1757 standard sizes 1759 type 1758 Grooving and oil feeding of bearings 2325 Grooving insert holder 770–772 GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) 1453–1458 Guerin process 1364 Guide bearings 2317, 2356 Guldinus or Pappus rules 66 Gutta percha, turning 1082 Gyration, radius of 228 bar, small diameter 228 circular disk, thin 229 circular ring, thin flat 229 cone, frustum 230 cylinder, hollow 230 ellipsoid 231 flat plate, thin 228 hollow cylinder, thin 230 hollow sphere 231 paraboloid 231 parallelepiped 229 parallelogram 228 prism, rectangular 230 ring 228 sphere, hollow 231 2737 Gyration, radius of spherical shell, thin 231 thin flat plate 228 (continued) H Half circle moment of inertia 237 radius of gyration 237 section modulus 237 Hand expansion reamers 856 of flute helix 811 of milling cutter 809 reamers 844 Hard facing 1464 austenitic high chromium irons 1465 austenitic manganese steels 1465 cobalt base alloys 1465 copper base alloys 1466 high speed steels 1464 materials 1464 nickel-chromium-boron alloys 1467 Hard rubber, machining 1195 Hardening 471–473 alloy steels 414 steel 461, 470, 473 flame 487 induction 487 temperatures stainless steel 494–495 tool steels 473 test methods 466 tool steels 435 Hardmetals 785–795 carbonitride based 788 coated 790 ISO classifications 791 titanium carbide 787 tooling for wood and nonmetals 795 tungsten carbide 786–788 Hardness 465 aluminum alloys 534–542 bearings 2321 ceramics 389 cobalt alloys 392 copper alloys 391 copper-base powdered alloys 393 heat-treated steels 422–423 iron-base powdered alloys 393 magnesium alloys 547 nickel alloys 392 number Brinell 510 Rockwell 510 steel 1407 O-ring 2587, 2589 plastics 390 powdered metal alloys 393 relation to tensile strength 509 scales comparison 507–509 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2738 INDEX Hardness (continued) scales Rockwell 506 unhardness scales 510 stainless steel 392 steel 391 carbon and alloy 424–429 tool steels 446, 448–449, 455, 458 testing 505 Brinell 505 conversion errors, causes 509 conversion tables 508 durometer 509, 2590 Hultgren ball 505, 509 Keep’s test 507 Mohs hardness scale 509 monotron 507 Rockwell 506, 508 scleroscope 506, 509 Turner's sclerometer 509 Vickers 506, 509 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 Hardness number conversion 1625 Harmonic 174 Harvey grip thread 1987 HDL, Hydrodynamic Lubrication 2421 Heat absolute temperature and zero 2695 coefficients of radiation 375 coefficients of transmission 375 fahrenheit-celsius conversion 2695 freezing mixtures 376 ignition temperatures 376 latent 372 loss from uncovered steam pipes 373 mechanical equivalent 2695 power equivalents 2690 quantity measurement 2695 radiating capacity of bearings 2325–2326 radiation coefficient 375 scales 2695 specific 372–373 temperature scales 2695 thermal energy 2695 Heat treating furnace fluidized bed furnace 471 oven or box 470 pit type 470 pot type 470 retort 470 vacuum furnace 470 Heat treatment 461–505 alloy steel 491 carburizing temperatures 491 normalizing temperatures 491 tempering temperatures 491 carbon steels 490 molybdenum high speed steels 500 stainless steel 494–495 quenching medium 494–495 tempering temperatures 494–495 stainless steel temperatures 494–495 Heat treatment (continued) steel 407, 461–470, 473, 1407 annealing 408, 461, 465, 482 annealing temperatures 483 baths quenching 477 carburizing temperatures 484, 490 case hardening 484 cleaning work after case hardening 486 colors for tempering 480 cooling period 504 cooling subzero, to improve properties 504 cyanide hardening 485 decalescence point 461, 470 defects in hardening 475 flame hardening 487 furnaces 461, 469–470 hardening baths 475 hardening temperatures 461, 470, 473, 491 hardening, defects in 475 induction hardening 487–489 interrupted quenching 477 lead bath temperatures 475 liquid baths 474 nitriding 501 normalizing 408, 482, 484 temperatures 490 oil quenching 475 pack-hardening 485 pressure-spraying quenching 476 protective coatings for molybdenum steels 500 quenching 498 temperatures 491 quenching baths 475 recalescence point 461, 470 scale formation 475 spheroidizing 482, 484 stabilizing dimensions 503–504 strength and hardness of AISI steels 424– 429 stress relieving 408 subzero treatments 504 surface hardening 489 tanks for quenching baths 477 tempering 464, 479 temperatures 490 tempering period 504 time aging 503 water quenching 476 Hectares into acres 2675 Helical end mills 821 gear, helix angle 2062 milling, change gears 2061 wire screw thread inserts 1716 Helical coil insert 1614 block and spacer torque test 1618 breakaway toque 1623 coatings 1614 configuration 1614 dimensions 1614 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Helical coil insert (continued) maximum locking torque 1623 properties 1614 self locking toque 1623 torque test 1618 torque test spacer 1624 Helical coil screw thread Inserts chemical composition 1617 compatibility 1613 dimensions 1613 hardness 1625 helical coil insert 1614 insert length data 1617–1622 inspection 1617 length selection 1624–1625 material selection 1624 tapped hole 1613 taps 1625 threaded hole data 1615–1616 tolerance classes 1613 types 1613 Helical coil screw thread inserts 1613 Helical gearing 2125, 2195–2210 addendum 2195 modifications 2173 backlash 2164 British Standard 2172 calculations 2195 center distance 2195 exact 2198 for enlarged 2207 change gears 2208 checking gear size 2230, 2235 cutter for milling 2204 data on drawings 2163 direction of thrust 2195 enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2204, 2206– 2207 feed rate change 2209 fine pitch teeth 2206 formulas 2195, 2197–2201, 2203, 2206 helical overlap 2127 helix angles 2196, 2201 herringbone type 2210 hobbing 2208, 2210 involute form milling cutter 2205 lead accuracy 2209 lead of tooth 2195 machine with differential 2209 without differential 2208 measurements using wires or balls 2235 milling the helical teeth 2205 minimum center distance 2201, 2203 normal tooth thickness 2135 pitch diameter 2195 pitch of cutter 2196 replacement gear dimensions 2251 shafts at right angles 2199–2200 parallel 2197–2198 shafts at right angle 2202 2739 Helical gearing (continued) specifications 2161 spur gear replacement by helical gears 2249, 2251 thrust 2195 tooth proportions 2135 tooth thickness measurement 2235 troubleshooting 2210 wire diameter 2230 Helical milling development of helix 2061 helix angle 2062 lead of ahelix 2061 Helical overlap 2127 Helix 2061 angle 2062, 2127 angle factor 2174 angles, screw threads 1844–1853 constructing 65 end mills with welden shanks 817 lead and diameter 2077–2078 lead and pitch radius 2078 lead angle 2062 lead for given angle 2073–2075 measurement of angle 2061 number of tooth 2078 Herringbone gearing 2210 failures 2210 Hertz stress 2127 Hertzian contact area 2421 Hexagon area 72 distance across corners 81 moment of inertia 236 radius of gyration 236 section modulus 236 High-energy-rate metal forming 1369 Highest point of single tooth contact (HPSTC) 2127, 2157 High-speed steels 446–448, 1009 annealing rehardening 498 as cutting tool materials 1009 cobalt 896–897 cobaltcrom 496 cooling period 504 cutters 838 drawing 498 hardening molybdenum 499 heat treatment 496 annealing 499 cutting efficiency 497 equipment 501 hardening temperatures 497 preheating tungsten 496 quenching molybdenum 500 tungsten 497–498 subzero treatment 505 tempering molybdenum 500 time for through hardening 497 molybdenum 446, 451, 499–501 hardening 499 quenching straightening 498 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2740 INDEX High-speed steels (continued) tempering 498 tool 448 tungsten 448, 451, 496, 499 tungsten annealing 499 High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels (see HSLA steels) Hob tip radius, maximum 2156 Hobs change gears for relieving 2046 roller chain sprocket 2555–2556 tip radius, maximum 2156 worm gear 2191 Hoisting chain and wire rope 2613 Holders for NC, insert 766–772, 782–784 Hold-on or dolly bars for riveting 1734 Hole circles adapting equations for geometry 694 coordinates for 692–704 Type “A” 692, 696, 698 Type “B” 693, 700, 702 Hole sizes, tapping 2031–2032 Holes accuracy of drilled 896 difficulties in reaming 852 for riveted joints 1729 for tapping 2021–2028 in glass, drilling 1064 sizes for self-tapping screws 1709 Hollow circle, moment of inertia 237 circle, radius of gyration 237 circle, section modulus 237 cylinder, radius of gyration 230 mills, feeds and speeds 1171 sphere, radius of gyration 231 Homopolymers 553 Honing process 1272–1274 adjustments 1273–1274 carbide tools 1002–1003 rotative speeds in 1272–1274 stock removal, rate of 1272 tolerances 1274 Hooke’s law 561 plastics 555 Horsepower 149 calculating by dynamometer 2457 chain transmission 2547–2551 converted into kilowatts 2690–2691 disk clutches 2447 drilling different materials 1089 dynamometer test 2456–2458 electric motor 2573 ratings 2566 equivalents 2690–2691 formulas 186 friction wheels 2457–2459 gearing 2245–2246 hour equivalents 2690 machining 1083–1091 nonmetallic gears 2245–2246 planing and shaping 1083–1087 Horsepower (continued) roller chains 2547–2551 set-screw transmitting capacity 1699 shafting 295–297 spade drilling 1079, 1089–1090 torque equivalent 295–297 V-belt drives 2487 Hose connection screw threads 1968–1972 ANSI Standards 1968 basic dimension 1971 tolerances 1971 Hot-working, tool steels for 449 HSLA steels 400–401 application 420 chemical compositions 421 composition 420 elongation 421 formability 421 properties 420 tensile strength 421 toughness 421 weldability 421 yield strength 421 Hunting tooth ratio 2194 Hydrant screw thread 1970–1972 Hydraulic press 1389 Hydrodynamic film lubrication 2421 Hydroforming process 1364 Hydrometer, Baumé’s, and specific gravity 381 Hyperbola area 75 area construction 65 eccentricity 54 foci 54 general equation 54 major and minor axis 54 Hypocycloidal curves, areas 68 Hypoid gears 2125, 2176, 2178–2179 applications of 2179 Hypotenuse 95 Hysteresis 309 I I-beam aluminum 2603 standard structural steel 2598 structural moment of inertia 2594–2598 section modulus 2594–2598 steel 2594 weight per foot 2594–2598 Idler gears 2105 Ignition temperature 376 Impact force of 183 Impact strength, Izod carbon and alloy steels 424–425 plastics 390 Impulse 184–186 angular momentum 185 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Inch decimals of, into millimeters 2668–2669 into centimeter and millimeter 2665 millimeters into decimals of 3, 2664, 2670–2671 Inclinable-frame press 1388 Inclined plane 169, 179 force for moving body on 169 forces on 168 motion on 179 Inconel metals 548–549 Index plates, one hole moves of angular values 2087 Indexable carbide inserts 764 insert holder boring 770–772 chamfering 770–772 end cutting edge angle 769 facing 770–772 grooving 770–772 identification system 765, 767 insert shape 769 lead angle 769 NC 766–772, 782–784 planing 770–772 plunge angle 770 rake angle 769 selection 769 shank sizes 767 shape 770 tracing 770–772 turning and backfacing 770–772 turning and facing 770–772 Indexing angular 2086–2103 block or multiple 2117–2118 Brown and Sharpe milling machine 2107– 2112 compound 2080–2085 compound gearing ratio 2105 differential 2104 ratio of gearing 2104 gear ratio finding 2105 head angular position for milling end mills and angular cutters 833–836 head worm wheel with 64 teeth 2119 hole circles 2079 milling machine 2079–2085 movements 2081–2103, 2105–2116, 2119–2120 number of holes 2079 ratio of gearing 2105 reamer teeth for irregular spacing 845 simple 2079–2085, 2107–2112 simple and differential 2107–2112 smaller angles 2103 tables 2117 Indicator drop method 841 Induction annealing 489 2741 Induction (continued) brazing 1431 hardening 468, 487, 489 equipment 487 gear teeth 489 normalizing 489 Inertia 149 electric motor 2574 moment of 233–255 polar 244–245 Injection mold design 585 Injection molding 584 plastics 592 Injection molding, metal 1417 Insert configuration 1617 Insert length data 1617–1622 Insert length selection 1624–1625 Insert radius compensation 782 Inserts hardmetal materials 785–795 holders for NC 766–772, 782–784 indexable 764–772, 782–784 radius compensation, NC 782–784 screw thread 1716 self-tapping screw 1716 throw away carbide 785 Inspection methods 675 Instrument maker's thread system 1980 Integration of functions 35 Interest 134–137 compound 134 finding unknown rate 136 nominal vs. effective 135 simple 134 Interference 2127 Interference fit threads 1973–1978 allowances 1977 British Standard 1637 change in diameter 1978 coarse threads 1977 design and application data 1974 designation symbols 1974 dimensions 1975 driving speed 1976 driving torque and length of engagement relation 1977 engagement lengths 1976 interferences 1974, 1976 lead and angle variations 1978 lubrication 1976 materials for 1976 profile 1973 spur gearing 2146, 2148 surface roughness 1977 thread dimensions 1975 tolerances for pitch diameter 1977 torques 1976 variation in axial lead 1978 Interferometer 714, 732, 1322 Internal diameter 2127 Internal gears 2127 spur 2125, 2170 International System (SI) units 2656 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2742 INDEX Interpolation 121 Interrupted quenching 476–477 Inverse and direct proportions combined 7 of a matrix 125 ratio or reciprocal 5 Investment casting 1418 design 1420 making procedure 1418 milling cutters 1421 materials 1419 Investment casting alloy elongation 391–392 hardness 391–392 tensile strength 391–392 yield strength 391–392 Involute 2127 constructing 65 curve properties 2131 curve, properties 2130 functions 110–114 gear cutters, formed type 2148, 2170 serrations 2252 true form diameter in gears 2128 Involute splines 2127, 2252, 2255–2273 American National Standard 2252 application factor 2267 basic dimension 2258 basic rack profile 2277 bursting stress 2269 chamfers and fillets 2260, 2277 circular pitch 2253, 2258 classes of tolerances 2258 combinations 2263 combinations of types 2263 compressive stress at side teeth 2269 compressive stresses allowable 2268 crowning for misalignment 2269 diametral pitch 2254 dimensions, effective and actual 2273, 2275 drawing data 2263, 2265 effect of spline variations 2261 effective and actual dimensions 2261–2262, 2271 clearance 2254 space width 2254 tooth thickness 2254 variation 2254, 2276 fatigue life factor 2268 fillet 2254 chamfers 2260, 2277 root splines 2254, 2260 fit classes 2258, 2273, 2277 flat root splines 2254, 2260 form circle 2255 form clearance 2255 form diameter 2255 formulas 2277 basic dimension 2257, 2273, 2275 2-pin measurement 2271 Involute splines (continued) fretting damage 2270 inspection methods 2270 types of gages 2271 with gages 2271 interchangeability 2263 internal splines 2255, 2263 lead variations 2255, 2261 length of engagement 2255 length of splines 2266 load distribution factors 2267 machining tolerance 2255, 2277 major circle 2255 major diameter fit 2255, 2258 manufacturing 2283 maximum actual space width 2262 actual tooth thickness 2262 effective space width 2263 effective tooth thickness 2262 metric module 2272–2277 milling cutter 836 minimum actual space width 2262 actual tooth thickness 2262 effective space width 2262 effective tooth thickness 2263 minor circle 2255 minor diameter 2255 misalignment 2267 parallelism variation 2255 pin measurement of 2271 pitch 2255 circle 2255 diameter 2255 point 2255 pressure angle 2255 rack profiles 2276 reference dimensions 2263, 2265, 2277 shear stress allowable 2268 at pitch diameter 2269 at the pitch diameter of teeth 2269 under roots of external teeth 2268 side fit 2258 sizes and lengths, estimating 2265–2266 space width and tooth thickness limits 2262, 2273 stub pitch 2255 symbols 2255–2256, 2263, 2273 tensile stresses allowable 2268 terms and definition 2253, 2273 tolerances 2258, 2273, 2276 tolerances and variations 2276 tooth numbers 2255, 2258 proportions 2255–2277 thickness limits 2262, 2276 thickness modification 2276 torque capacity formulas 2266 total index variation 2255 total tolerance 2255 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Involute splines (continued) types and classes of fits 2258 variations 2261, 2276 allowance 2255, 2261 eccentricity 2261 effect of 2276 effect of profile 2261 lead 2261 types of 2253, 2276 wear life factors, flexible splines 2268 width and tooth thickness 2276 Iron and copper-base sintered bearings 2364 castings 1404 coloring 1507 copper-base sintered bearings 2363 Iron-base powdered alloys 393 density 393 elongation 393 hardness 393 rupture strength 393 ultimate strength 393 yield strength 393 I-section moment of inertia 238 radius of gyration 238 section modulus 238 ISO Standard cleanliness code for lubrication 2439 drawing symbols, compared with ANSI 612 geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 613 metric grade markings on bolts 1634 hexagon bolts, screws and nuts 1630 limits and fits, British Standard 662 thread 1901, 1919 thread system, miniature screw threads 1910 surface finish 747 profiles 750 surface parameter symbols 748 washers, compared with ANSI 1607 ISO surface finish 747 ISO VG - viscosity 2425 Isosceles triangle 95 Isothermal quenching 479 Izod impact strength carbon and alloy steels 424–425 plastics 390 J Jacobs tapers 961 Jam nuts, standard 1539, 1545–1546 metric 1605 Jarno taper 948, 959 Jig boring lengths of chords 704 2743 Jobbers reamers 857 drills 868–874 Johnson, J. B., column formula 284–285 Joining plastics 593 Joints riveted 1729 toggle 172 universal 2445 Journal bearing (see Bearings: journal) K Karat 2683 Keep’s hardness test 507 Kelvin, degrees 2695 Key and spline sizes and lengths 2265 Keying bearings 2319 Keys and bits, hexagon and spline 1692 Keys and keyseats 2460 alignment tolerances 2473 ANSI Standard 2460 chamfered keys 2477, 2482 cotters 2481–2482 depth control values 2473 depth of keyseat 2482 depths for milling keyseats 2482 effect on shaft strength 301 estimating key sizes 2265 filleted keyseats 2477, 2482 fitting 2476 gib-head keys 2475 keyseat milling cutters, Woodruff 832 keyseats, depth of 2473, 2482 milling cutters and arbors 831 parallel and taper 2473, 2476 plain 2475 rectangular parallel keys 2469 set screws for keys 2477 shaft diameter 2472 size vs. shaft diameter 2472, 2482 strength considerations for shafts 301 tolerances 2475, 2477–2479 transmission chain 2542 woodruff keys and keyseats 2477 Keys and keyways designation 2460, 2469 dimension of square and rectangular parallel keys 2461 dimensions and tolerances 2467 dimensions and tolerancing 2463 keyways dimension 2463 keyways tolerances 2463 lengths and tolerances 2460–2461, 2466 materail 2469 material 2460 parallel keys dimensions 2465 parallel keys tolerances 2465 square and parallel keys 2461 square and rectangular type 2460–2464 tolerances 2460, 2469 woodruf 2469 Kibi 2658 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2744 Kilogram calorie 2695 Kilograms into pounds 2683–2684 per cubic meter into pounds per cubic foot 2685 per square centimeter into pounds per square inch 2687 per square meter into pounds per square foot 2687 per square meter into pounds per square inch 2687 Kilometers into miles 2674 Kilopascals into pounds per square inch 2687 Kilowatt hour equivalents 2690 into horsepower 2691 power required for machining 1083 Kinematic viscosity 2425 Kinematics and kinetics 149 Kinetic energy 181–183 Kingsbury thrust bearing 2338 Kirchoff current law 127 Kirchoff voltage law 127 K-Monel, machining 1194 Knee tools, speeds and feeds 1171 Knees (see Right angle plate) 723 Knoop hardness numbers 507 Knuckle joints 2446 proportions 2446 Knurls and knurling 991–995 automatic screw machines 1170–1175 concave 995 diagonal teeth 991 diametral pitch knurls 991–995 dies marking 995 flat tools 993 formulas 993 lathe knurls 991 revolutions required for top knurling 1170 sizes, preferred 991 speeds and feeds 1171 straight teeth 991 tools 992 tracking correction 991 work diameter tolerances 994–995 L Lag screws and threads 1543–1544 metric 1586 Lame’s formula for internal pressure 291 Land gear tooth drill 866 Laps and lapping 1274–1278 abrasives 1277 carbide tools 1002–1003 charging laps 1276 cutting properties 1277 cutting qualities 1277 flat surfaces 1275 grading abrasives for 1275 grading diamond dust for 1276 Laps and lapping (continued) lubricants 1277 materials for 1274–1275 pressures 1278 rotary diamond 1276 tests 1278 wear 1277 wet and dry 1278 Lasers 1487–1499 beam focusing 1487–1488 beams 1487 cladding 1498 cutting metal with 1491 cut edge roughness 1492 cutting speeds 1495 heat-affected zone 1493–1494 kerf widths 1492 narrow kerf 1492 cutting nonmetals 1493–1494 direct drilling 1497 drilling 1497 drilling rates 1498 drilling theory 1497 hardening rates 1498 heat affected zones 1493 heat treatment 1498 industrial applications 1489 industrial systems 1489 light 1487 marking 1499 mask marking 1499 materials 1490, 1498 nonmetals cutting rates 1495 safety 1490 scanned beam marking 1499 thermal properties 1491 trepanning 1498 types of industrial 1489 welding conduction 1495 deep penetration keyhole 1495 joint design 1495–1496 processing gas 1496 helium 1497 rates 1495–1496 theory 1495 Latent heat 372 Lathe change gears 2042 fixtures, balancing 195–196 screw constant 2042 Law of cosines 96 Law of sines 96 Lay symbols 744 Lead angle of cutting tools 757 inserts 782 angle of screw thread 2061 tables for 1844–1853, 1923, 1931, 1942, 2004 of helix change gears and angles for milling 2076–2077 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Lead (continued) of helix find change gears for milling 2063–2072 for given angles 2073–2075, 2078 of milling machine 2060 of screw thread 1989, 2061 side cutting edge 762 Lead and lead alloys element 371 lead bath 475 tempering in 481 melting temperatures 371, 481 solder 1424 Lead-base alloys, die casting 1417 Leaded-bronze bearings 2357–2360 Leadscrews 2561 Length differences due to temperature 378 engagement of screw thread 1536 of action 2127 of engagement 2031 of rivets for forming heads 1734 units and conversion of 2661–2674 Lengths and tolerances 2460–2461 Letter symbols for mechanics 2655 Levers 167 Light duty Belts and pulleys V-belts 2506–2513 laser 1487 metals drilling, reaming, and threading 1069 milling 1043 turning 1037 wave interference bands, measuring surface variations with 731 Limestone cutting speed for 1082 strength 394 Limit D or DU on taps 911 elastic 200 endurance 201 H- and L-limits 906 proportional 199–200 Limits and fits actual size 634 allowance 634 ANSI Standard preferred metric 639 basic size 634–635, 648, 663 British Standard for holes and shafts 663– 671 cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 634–660 definitions 639 design size 634 deviations for holes 670 deviations for shafts 668 dimension 634 gagemakers tolerance 661 gages, plain 629, 661 gages, thread 2010 graphical representation 639–640 2745 Limits and fits (continued) indicating on drawings 628 maximum material condition 635 metric screw threads 1882 minimum material condition 635 screw thread gages 2010 size, nominal 634 symbols 650 tolerance 634, 649 bilateral 635 unilateral 635 tolerance limit 635 tolerances 635, 663 woodruff keys 2478–2479 Line angle between two 43 conventions for drawings 609 distance between point 40, 43 distance to external point 41 equation of 41 geometry of 58 intermediate points on 40 of action 2127 parallel 42 perpendicular 42 slope of 41 Linear coefficient of expansion 375, 378–379 metals 375–377 plastics 375 deflection of shafting 298 Linear motion 2561 Liquid baths, heating steel in 474 depth to volume conversion 68–69 specific gravity 380 Liters into cubic feet 2680 into U.S. gallons 2678 Lloyd and lloyd thread 1988 Load rating, static, bearings 2415 ratings and fatigue life, bearings 2403– 2419 Lobing 690 Lock nut pipe thread 1988 Lock nuts, ball and roller bearing 2395 Lock wire proceedure 1537 Locking torque 1623 Locknuts, ball and roller bearing 2395 shafts for 2396–2397 Lockwashers ANSI Standard 1566–1569 ball and roller bearing 2394 British Standard, metric plain 1640–1642 spring 1638–1640 spring type 1566–1567 tooth lock 1568 tooth type 1566, 1568–1569 Logarithms 17 common 17 mantissa 17 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2746 INDEX Logarithms (continued) natural 17 using calculator to find 17 Long angle lathe file 989 Long hand threading, CNC 1304 Low pressure casting 1411 Löwenherz thread 1945 L-section moment of inertia 242 radius of gyration 242 section modulus 242 Lubricants 2423 bearings 2323–2325 cutting 1182–1187 electric motors 2578 grease 2323, 2431 operating temperature 2325 press work 1372 blanking operations 1372 drawing operations 1372 effects on 1372 removal from formed parts 1373 properties of additves 2429 temperature vs. viscosity 2324 Lubrication 2322–2325, 2420–2442 absolute viscosity 2425 additive properties 2429 analysis 2335 analysis, journal bearings 2329 application 2433 comparison of methods 2437 bearings grease packing guidlines 2436 blanking 1372 boundry film 2421 chain 2559 cleanliness codes 2439 contamination 2438 contamination with water 2440 delivery methods 2436 drawing 1372 economic impact 2423 efficiency filtration 2442 film thickness 2335 film thickness ratio 2420 film transition 2421 films 2420 filter efficiency 2442 filter filtration ratio 2442 filtration 2441 grease 2431 application 2435 greases 2324 hertzian contact area 2421 hydrodynamic 2421 hydrodynamic flow 2334 ISO cleanliness 2439 kinematic viscosity 2425 method 2400 mixed film 2421 motors 2578 oil 2424 Lubrication (continued) oil bath 2323 oil film thickness values 2423 oxidation 2430 plain bearings 2322 press work mechanical and hydraulic presses 1391 pressure flow 2334 recirculative oil systems 2435 replenishment rates 2435 roller chain 2559 selection 2433 selection for bearings 2323 surface degredation 2423 systems 2436 lost lubricant 1392 re-circulating 1392 temperature effects 2426 terminating oil systems 2435 theory 2420 total flow 2335 viscosity 2324, 2425 viscosity index (V.I.) 2426 viscosity selection 2433 waste pack 2323 wear corrosive 2424 mechanical abrasion 2424 mechanical adhesion 2424 mechanical fatigue 2424 Lumber, sizes of sawn 388 M M codes, CNC 1287 M profile tap limits 930 Machinability copper alloys 515–527 of wood 387 Machine accuracy, effect of on part tolerances 1323 countersinks 851 cutting time formula 1153 elements, subjected to compressive loads 282 nuts coating 1667 screw coating 1667 screw nuts 1676 settings costs 1152 settings economy 1152 tool accuracy 1319 efficiency 1087 repeatability 1319 resolution 1319 Machine screw taps 904 Machine screws ANSI Standard 1643–1665 binding head 1651 body diameter 1644 British Metric 1666, 1679 British Standard 1675–1676 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Machine screws (continued) British Unified 1676–1678 BSW and BSF 1666, 1672, 1679 cheese head 1674 chesse head screw 1674, 1677 clearance holes, metric 1665 countersunk head 1645, 1660–1661, 1671 countersunk head screw 1676 cross recesses 1652 designation 1644, 1658 diameter of body 1658 diameter of unthreaded shank 1668 end of screws 1671 fillister head 1649 flange head metric 1663 flat head 1644–1646, 1660 header points for metric 1649–1650, 1666 header points for threading 1650–1651 hex and hex flange 1663 hexagon head screw 1647, 1677 hexagon nuts 1643 hexagon washer head 1646 lengths of thread 1658, 1667–1668 metric countersunk 1659, 1661 metric recessed countersunk head 1659 metric thread lengths 1659 metric, ANSI standard 1658–1665 mushroom head screw 1677 nuts for 1643 oval head 1649–1651, 1661 pan head screw 1648, 1662, 1673, 1677 radius under the head 1668 recessed flat head 1660 recessed pan head 1662 round head screw 1652, 1676 slotted and crosses 1660, 1662 slotted countersunk head 1645, 1670 slotted pan head 1673 slotted, recessed 1661 square nuts 1643 tap and clearance drills 2021–2028, 2030, 2034 thread 1659, 1667 truss head 1647 washerhead 1646 washers for 1562–1567, 1640–1642 Machine tool lathe, change gears for fractional ratios 2043 motor types 2576–2577 Machinery foundations 384 Machining aluminum 1192 bearings 2321 copper alloys 1195 economy chip thickness 1162, 1164 depth of cut 1162, 1164 high speed 1161 high speed milling 1168 formica 1195 hard rubber 1195 2747 Machining (continued) magnesium 1193–1194 micarta 1196 monel and nickel alloys 1194–1195 nonferrous metals 1192–1195 plastics 598 power constants 1083–1084 power factors chisel-edge 1090 drill diameters 1090 feeds 1084, 1091 machine tool efficiency 1087 metal removal rates 1087 tool wear 1084 work materials 1089 power, estimating 1083–1090 unit horsepower for 1079, 1083–1084, 1088 processes, ANSI Standard tolerance grade relationships 635, 637, 662 speeds and feeds (see Speeds and feeds) tolerances and variations 2276 ultrasonic 1196 zinc alloy die castings 1194 Machining holes, CNC 1294 Macromilling 1108 Magnesium alloys 545–547, 1416 applications 545 bearing strength 547 coloring 1508 compositions 546 compressive strength 547 cutting fluids for 1187, 1193–1194 designations 545 die casting 1416 elongation 547 extruded bars 546 machining 1193–1194 mechanical properties 547 plate 546 pressure die casting 546 properties 547 sand and permanent mold 546 shear strength 547 sheet 546 soldering of 1426 tensile strength 547 yield strength 547 Magnesium, coating 1510 Magnetic clutches 2449–2450 Malleable iron castings 1405 Iron Research Institute 1413 strength 1405 Manganese bronze castings 517 gearing material 2243 steel 404–405 Manganese-bronze castings 517 Mantissa, logarithm 17 Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet steel 2608 Marble turning 1082 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2748 Martempering 479 Martensite 469 Mass 149–151 units and conversion of 2683–2685 Material 2460, 2469–2470 Material strength 1624 Materials disc spring 351 mechanical properties of 199–200 spring, disc 351 Mathematical constants, frequently used 16 signs and abbreviations 2654 Matrix 122–125 addition 122 adjoint 124 cofactors 124 column 122 determination 123 diagonal 122 identity 122 inverse 125 minors 124 multiplication 122 rank 125 row 122 simultaneous equations 125 singular 125 square 122–123 subtraction 122 zero 122 Maximum bending load, wood 386 temperature, plastics 390 MBEC bearing tolerances 2359 MDI 1283 Mean positional deviation 1319–1322 Measurement of backlash 2167 Measuring angles with sine-bar 678 buttress thread 2006 compound angles 119–121 dovetail slides 682 gear size 2221–2239 instruments and gaging methods 675 over pins bolt circle 686 gear size 2221–2239 splines 2271 over pins, bolt circle 686 pitch diameter thread ring gages 2007 three wire method 1996 radius or arc, over rolls 686–687 tapers 681 center distance 685 diameter 685 threads American standard 1995–1997 buttress 2006–2007 taper screw 2005 tapered 2005 Measuring (continued) threads using micrometer 1989 using screw thread gage 2006 using three-wire method 1990, 2006 Whitworth 1997 V-shaped groove, over pins 686 with light-wave interference bands 731 with micrometer 677–678, 1989 with vernier 675–676 Measuring screw threads Acme thread 1995 Acme thread thickness 2001 ball point micrometer 1990 buckingham involute helicoid formula 1999 buttress thread 1995, 2006 contact pressure, measurement 1993 formula for checking pitch diameter 1995 formula to taper pipe threads 2005 formula, three wire method 1994 helical gear formula 1999 lowenherz 1995 pipe thread 1995 pitch diameter equivalent 2005 profiles 1991 three wire method 1993 Acme threads 2001, 2003 buttress thread 2006 checking thickness of Acme thread 2001 stub Acme threads 2001, 2003 testing angle of thread 2002 wire diameters and constants 2003 wire sizes 2002 V thread 1995 Whitworth 1995, 1997 wire accuracy 1993 wire diameter 2006 wire sizes for checking pitch diameters 1992 worm thread 1995 Mebi 2658 Mechanical equivalent of heat 2695 Mechanical press 1386 Mechanical properties aluminum alloys 542 bolts, inch sizes 1534–1535 bolts, metric sizes 1581 ceramics 389 copper 528 magnesium 545–547 nickel 548–549 plastics 390, 575 powdered metal alloys 393 spring wire 395 stainless steels 430–431 steel 432 titanium 548, 550 tool steels 433 various materials 199–200 wood 385–386 Mechanics of materials 149 acceleration 177, 179 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Mechanics of materials (continued) acceleration due to gravity, g 150 algebraic solution of force systems 153, 156–164 angular impulse 185 momentum 185 velocity 175, 177 center and radius of oscillation 231 of gravity 221–227, 231 of percussion 231 centrifugal force 187–190 calculating 188 couples 155–156 differential pulley 171 dynamics 149 energy 181–182 force 153, 156–157 force of a blow 183 graphical solution of force systems 153– 157 impulse and momentum 184–186 angular 185 inclined plane 169, 179 kinetic energy 181–183 levers 167 linear velocity 175 metric SI units 149–153 moment of inertia 232–248 momentum 184–186 Newton's laws 179 pendulums 173–174 potential energy 181–182 pound force 150 power 186–187 pulleys 170 radius of gyration 228–231 radius of oscillation 231 scalar and vector quantities 153 screw 171 SI metric units 149–153 statics 149 toggle joints 172 torque 180 units 150 vectors 153 velocity, angular 175–178 velocity, linear 175–176 wedge 169 wheels 170 work 182, 186–187 and energy relation 182 and power formulas 186–187 performed by forces and couples 182 Melting points alloys of copper and zinc 1426–1427 alloys of lead and tin 1424 aluminum 376 brazing alloys 1426–1429 cast iron 377 2749 Melting points (continued) chemical elements 371 copper alloys 376–377 solder 1424 stainless steels 377 titanium alloys 377 Metal aluminum alloys 376 balls, standard 2419 bonded grinding wheels 1000–1001, 1217 casting 1409 coatings conversion coatings 1506–1508 surface coatings 1508–1515 coloring 1506–1508 drawing 1353 etching 1505–1508 foundry patterns 1413 identification 399, 509 injection molding 1417 numbering systems for 398–407 patterns 1413 plasma welding 1458–1460 removal rate 1087, 1202 slitting saws 813 spraying process 1516 temperature effect on strength 395 working basic theory 1331 fluids application 1189 occupational exposure 1188–1191 working fluids 1188–1189 Metal washers bright 1640 metric series 1640–1641 Metallography 492 Metallurgy, powder 1423 Meters into feet 2674 Metric basic sizes, British Standard preferred 674 bolts and screws, British Standard clearance holes for 2034 box wrench 1561 conversion factors 2665 dimensions on drawings 744 dowel pins, British Standard 1747–1748 drawings, scales 745 fasteners ANSI hex nuts 1601 ANSI nut thread series 1603 bolts and screws bolt designation 1593 bolt thread lengths 1593 cap screws 1595, 1598–1599, 1612 clearance holes 1611 countersink 1612 diameter-length combinations 1594, 1596 drill and counterbore sizes 1612 drilled head dimensions 1599 hex flange screws 1595 hex screws 1595 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2750 INDEX Metric (continued) fasteners hex structural bolts 1596 identification symbols 1593 neck bolts 1596, 1611 socket head cap screws 1597 socket head neck screws 1611 thread length 1593–1594 hex structural bolts 1591 nuts 1601, 1603 ANSI Standard 1601 bearing surfaces 1601 materials 1601 mechanical properties 1601 heavy hex structural bolts 1591 hex bolts 1592 inch vernier, dual 676–677 International System of Units (SI) 2656– 2658 ISO limits and fits, British Standard 662 micrometer, reading 677–678 module, gear cutter 2148 gear teeth 2217–2220 round head square neck bolts 1589–1590 screw shoulder socket head 1587 shoulder socket head 1587 screw threads aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901 basic profile 1808, 1883 crest diameter tolerance 1915 design profiles 1913 designation 1913–1914 diameter pitch combinations 1900–1901, 1919 dimensional effect of coating 1888 fits 1883 fundamental deviation 1885, 1914 length of thread engagement 1885, 1913 lengths of engagement 1915–1918 limiting dimensions formula 1888 limits and fits 1882 limits and tolerance 1915–1918 M crest 1879 M profile 1879 external thread 1879 internal thread 1879 M profile designations 1885 minor diameter tolerances 1885 MJ profile designations 1903 symbols 1903 root form 1879 tolerance system 1885 tolerances of external threads 1890, 1892–1893 tolerances of pitch -diameter 1890 series British ISO hexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1630 machine screws and nuts 1666–1675 metal washers 1640–1642 Metric (continued) series British ISO spring washers 1638–1640 SI units, factors and prefixes 2658 sizes, preferred for flat metal products 2610 systems of measurement 2656 threads, British (ISO) 1901, 1910, 1919 threads, SI 1953 twist drills, ANSI 866–885 vernier, reading 676 washers, plain, ANSI 1604, 1607 wrench, clearances 1561 Metric system (SI) 149–150 base units 151 in mechanics calculations 149–153 in strength of materials calculations 199, 209–211, 214, 217–220, 228, 232–233, 256, 269, 273–274, 276–277, 279–280, 282, 289–293, 296–298, 300–302 Metrology gage blocks 705–708 parallel bars 716–723 right angle plate 723–731 surface plates 708–715 Micarta, machining 1196 Microfabrication processes and parameters 1122 Microinch 2661 into micrometers (microns) 2672–2673 Micromachining 1092 abrasive wear 1100, 1102, 1106 attrition wear 1100, 1127 brittle materials 1109–1110 chip load 1094–1095, 1103, 1108, 1120– 1121, 1128–1131 chipping 1096, 1100–1104, 1111 coatings for microtools 1097 commercial microdrills 1125–1126 commercial micromills 1122, 1124 compared with macromachining 1092– 1093, 1098, 1102, 1104, 1106, 1111, 1128 crater wear 1102–1103, 1121 cumulative tool life 1106 cutting fluid 1102, 1110–1113, 1118, 1121, 1125, 1130 cutting speed 1129 CVD 1097 depth of cut 1092, 1094–1096, 1103–1104, 1106, 1110–1111, 1121–1122, 1128– 1130 diamond machinable materials 1127 ductile-regime machining 1108–1110 theory 1109 elastic modulus 1110 flood cooling 1111–1112, 1121–1122 goniometer 1113 grain size 1092, 1096, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1128 laser displacement sensor 1098–1099 lateral tool offset calculation 1098 machine tool requirements 1092 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Micromachining (continued) macrofacing 1121–1122 mechanical edge finder 1098–1099 microcutting tools 1093–1094, 1096 microdrill 1092–1094, 1098–1101, 1112, 1125–1126, 1130 microdrilling 1092, 1096–1098, 1104, 1111–1112, 1122, 1125, 1128–1130 microdrilling/milling parameters 1129 microdroplet 1113–1114, 1118–1120 microfabrication 1092, 1122 microfacing 1095 microhardness 1110, 1128 micromill selection 1130 micromilling 1092–1093, 1095–1097, 1104, 1108, 1111, 1120–1123, 1128– 1130 micromist 1112–1114, 1120–1123, 1125– 1126, 1128 micromist lubrication contact angle 1113, 1115–1119 contact angle measurement 1115, 1118 drop size measurement 1113 sessile drop technique 1113, 1115 slide technique 1114–1115 droplet measurement techniques 1114 dynamics of microdroplets 1118 force balancing of microdroplets 1119 wetting 1113–1114, 1116, 1118–1119 microtool 1092–1130 microtool offset 1100 microturning 1092, 1096, 1122, 1127– 1128 microturning parameters 1128 miniaturization 1092, 1127 minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) 1112 mirror-finish 1110 MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) 1112, 1120–1121 negative rake 1110, 1127 normalized diameter 1116, 1118 pecking cycle 1125–1126 pendant drop technique 1113 physical vapor deposition 1097 plug gage 1093, 1098 propelling microdroplets 1118 properties of selected lubricants 1115 p-type silicon wafers 1110 PVD 1097 selection of cutting fluid 1113 sensor requirement 1098 single crystalline diamond tools 1094, 1110, 1127 speeds and feeds 1128, 1130–1131 spindle runout 1092–1093, 1096, 1125, 1129 spindle speed, macro vs. micro machining 1093 stiffness of microtools 1094 surface finish 1094, 1104, 1108, 1110– 1111, 1128–1129 2751 Micromachining (continued) surface microhardness 1110 Taylor equation 1103, 1106 tool damage 1100–1102, 1105 edge radius 1094–1097, 1102, 1110– 1111, 1128 flank wear 1102–1104, 1106–1107, 1121–1122 geometry 1096, 1110, 1122 materials 1096 offset 1097–1101 offset and positioning 1097 offset calculation 1098, 1100 required included angle 1097 sharpness 1094 stiffness 1093–1094 tool life 1102–1107, 1111–1112, 1120– 1121, 1123, 1128, 1130 torsional stiffness 1093–1094 turning parameter selection 1129 vertical tool offset 1099–1101 vertical tool offset calculation 1100 work hardening of titanium alloy 1128 workpiece materials 1106 Micrometer into microinches 2672–2673 reading 677–678 screw thread 1989 Micromist lubrication benefits 1112 contact angle measurement 1115, 1118 cutting fluids in micromachining 1111 drop size calculation 1115 drop size measurement 1113 sessile drop technique 1113, 1115 slide technique 1114–1115 dynamics of microdroplets 1118 force balancing microdroplets on tool 1119 in macrofacing 4140 Steel 1121 in micromilling 316L SS 1120 propelling microdroplets toward tool 1118 properties of selected lubricants 1115 safety 1112 selection of cutting fluid 1113 Microscope screw thread 1981–1985 Mil 2661 Miles into kilometers 2674 Military plating specifications 1508–1515 Mill or saw files 987 Miller index nomenclature 1109 Miller indices 1108–1109 Millimeters hundreds of, into inches 2665 into inches 3, 2664–2665, 2670–2671 thousandths of an inch, into 2668–2669 Milling angular 814, 820 cam 2308 change gears for helical or spiral 2060– 2078 chip geometry 1162 cost 1161 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2752 INDEX Milling (continued) cutters, hollow 1171 depth of cut 1055–1057 economy 1168 feeds for cemented carbide cutters 1043–1052 high-speed steel cutters 1053 in inches per tooth for cemented carbide cutters 1043–1052 helical, change gears for different leads 2060–2078 horsepower for 1081–1091 lead angle 1055, 1057 machine tool shanks 967 short lead 2061 speed adjustment factors 1055–1057 speeds and feeds aluminum alloys 1043 automatic screw machine 1171 copper alloys 1036, 1054 ferrous cast metals 1051–1052 light metals 1043 metal slitting (saws) 813, 1042 plain carbon and alloy steels 1044–1047 stainless steels 1049–1050 titanium and titanium alloys 1037 tool steels 1048–1049 thread 2058–2059 Milling cutters 808–843 ANSI Standard 809–832 arbor keys and keyways 831 arbor type 827 bevel gear 829, 2185–2186 casting 1421 clearance angles 808, 837 commercial micromills 1122, 1124 concave and convex 827 corner rounding 812, 827 double angle 814 eccentric type radial relief 838 end mills 816–826 medium helix 825 stub length 825 terminology 815 with weldon shanks 825 gear 828–829 grinding or sharpening 835–843 hand of cut 809–810 cutter 809 flute helix 811 rotation 810 helical gear 2205 high speed steel 819 indicator drop methods of checking relief and rake angles 838 keys and keyways 831 keyseat 832 metal slitting (saws) 813 mounting method 809 multiple flute 821 number of teeth 808 Milling cutters (continued) peripheral teeth 839 pitch diameter 2205 plain and ball end 822 radial relief angle 839 rake angles 808, 838 relief on cutting edges 809 relieved corner rounding cutters 812 roller chain sprocket 829–830 selection of 808 setting angles for milling teeth in 833–836 sharpening wheels 836 shell mills 815 single angle 814, 820–821 sintered carbide 838 speeds and feeds for sharpening 837 spline shaft 836 spur gear 828, 2148 taper and weldon shanks 812 teeth, clearance angles 837 terminology 813 tool material 838 T-slot 812 weldon shanks 812, 824, 826 with taper shanks 821 Woodruff keyseats 832 Milling machine Brown & Sharpe 2107 centering plugs 965 Cincinnati 2113–2116 cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle gears 828–829 draw-in bolt ends 965 indexing 2079–2120 lead of 2060 spindle noses 962–963, 966 tapers for 962 tool shanks 964 V-flange, NC 967 Miner's law of linear damage 203 Mineral oil 2427 Miniature end mills 820–821 Miniature screw threads 1858–1862 basic thread form 1858 design thread form 1858–1859 formulas 1858 hole sizes 2032 root flats 1862 tapping 2032 tolerances and size 1861 Miniature screws 1653 binding head 1653–1654 fillister head 1653, 1657 flat head 1653–1654 pan head 1653–1654, 1657 Minors of a matrix 124 Minutes into decimals of a degree 103, 105 Miscelaneous threads, aero-thread 1986 Mixed film lubrication 2421 Mixed numbers 9 Mixtures, rule of 384 Modal, CNC G-codes 1284 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Module 2127 splines, metric 2272–2277 system gearing 2217–2220 diametral pitch 2219 formulas 2217, 2219 rules 2219 Modulus of elasticity, E (Young’s modulus) 200 for various materials 200 iron and steel 432 nickel-based alloy 308–309 nonferrous metals 513 of various materials 394 perforated metal 2607 plastics 390, 557, 561–562 spring materials 345–346 elasticity, plastics 555 polar section 209, 244–245 rupture powdered metal alloys 393 wood 385–386 secant 562 shear, G (rigidity) 200 for various materials 200, 577 in angular deflection formula 210 nonferrous metals 513 spring materials 346 Mol 384 Mold dispensable patterns 1419 Molding green sand 1409–1410 shell 1410 Molds, steels for permanent 455 Molecular weight 384 Molybdenum gearing material 2243 high-speed steels chemical composition 499 tool steels 446, 448–449, 451 steels, SAE 400 Moment and torque in combined stresses 211 in simple stresses 209 unit conversion 2689–2690 Moment of a force 149, 155 Moments of inertia 232–248 angles, steel 2600–2602 built-up sections 233 channels, aluminum 2603 channels, steel 2599 circle 237 circular ring 238 cross-sections 234–243 ellipse 238 formulas for various sections 234–243 half circle 237 hollow circle 237 I or S shapes, steel 2598 I-beams, aluminum 2603 I-beams, steel 2594–2598 I-section 238 L-section 242 2753 Moments of inertia (continued) octagon 237 of complex areas 248 pipe 2457–2458 plane areas 232 polar 232, 244–248 cone, frustum 248 cylinder, hollow 246 ellipsoid 247 paraboloid 247 prism 246 pyramid 246 solid ring 247 sphere 246 spherical sector and segment 247 torus 247 rectangles 235, 249 round shafts, table for 250–255 structural channels 2599, 2603 trapezoid 236 triangle 236 T-section 241 units conversion 2699 wide flange, steel 2594–2597 Z-section 243 Momentum 184–186 Monel metals, machining 1194 properties 548–549 Monotron for hardness testing 507 Morse reamers for sockets 863 stub taper shanks 948 taper shank twist drill 893 tapers 948–959 Mortising wood 388 Motion accelerated 177, 179–180 constant acceleration 175 constant velocity 175 force and work 179, 182 general formulas 175, 177 constant acceleration 175, 177 Newton first law 179 second law 179 third law 179 on inclined plane 169, 179 rotary, formulas 177 uniformly accelerated 175 Motors, electric 2565 adjustable speed motors 2568 adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2569 alternating current 2569–2572 armature rotors 2579 ball or roller bearings 2578 brushes 2578 characteristics 2568–2577 classes of standards 2565 commutators 2578 compound-wound 2569–2570 constant speed motors 2568 current definitions 2565 DC motors 2576–2577 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2754 INDEX Motors, electric (continued) design letters 2565 direction of rotation 2567 frame sizes, standard 2565 high frequency induction 2571 horsepower requirements 2573 induction motor 2570 injurious operating conditions 2575 inspection schedule 2578–2579 insulating materials 2575 locked rotor current and torque ratings 2566–2567 lubrication, proper 2578 maintaining and repairing 2578–2579 maintenance 2578 mechanical condition 2578 monthly inspection 2578 mounting dimensions, standard 2565 multiple speed induction 2571 multispeed motor 2568 NEMA 2565–2567 standards for 2565–2566 polyphase AC motor 2570 polyphase wound-rotor 2566 pull up torque 2566, 2568 rotation, standard direction 2567 rotors and armatures 2578 selection 2573–2574 shunt-wound 2569 single-phase motors characteristics 2572 space limitations 2574 speed reducer type 2573 speed requirements 2573 squirrel cage induction 2569–2570 squirrel cage rotors 2579 synchronous motor 2570 temperature effects 2575 torque and inertia requirements 2573 torque definitions 2567 type, dc and ac 2568 types and characteristics for different applications 2576–2577 variable speed 2567–2568 weekly inspection 2578 windings 2578 wound rotor induction 2571 wound rotor type 2570 Mounted wheels and points 976–978 Mounting bearings 2390 Multiple or block indexing 2117–2118 Multiplication of matrix 122 Multiplying decimal fractions 10 fraction and mixed numbers 9 numbers written in powers-of-ten notation 15 Music wire 305 Music wire, gages 2604 N N-address, CNC programming 1284 Nails and spikes, standard 1800 Napthenic oil 2427 National Tube Co. 294 Nautical measure 2661 Neat resins 552 Negative and positive numbers 4 Negative functions of angles 106 NEMA standards for electric motors 2565– 2567 Net present value 140 Neutral axis sheet metal 1347 Newton's laws of motion 179 Newton’s laws of motion 151 Newton-Raphson method 34 Newtons into pounds force 2689 Nickel alloys 548–549 applications 548–549 chemical composition 548–549 chromium steels, SAE strength 432 coefficient of expansion 377 density 377 elongation 392, 548–549 gearing material 2242–2243 hardness 392 machining 1194–1195 melting points 377 plating 1511, 1513 specific heat 377 tensile strength 392, 548–549 thermal conductivity 377 yield strength 392 Nitinol, machining 1194 Nitralloy steels 485 Nitriding 467, 485 high-speed steel tools 501 ion nitriding 485 Nitrogen, liquid temperature 631 Nodular cast iron 1405 Nomenclature bevel gears 2181 gear teeth 2129 spur gears 2130 Nominal clearance 2255 Nominal vs effective interest rates 135 Nondestructive testing symbols 1485–1486 Nonferrous metals 513 machining 1192–1195 modulus of elasticity 513 modulus of shear 513 shear strength 513 strength 394, 513 tensile strength 513 yield strength 513 Normal distribution curve 1319–1322 positional deviation 1319–1322 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Normalizing 408 temperatures, alloy steel 490–491 Norton Company 1219, 1227–1233 Nose radius 762 carbide tools 774 single point tool 774 Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1800 Number of teeth 2127 Numbering systems for aluminum alloys 534 for aluminum alloys, wrought 537 for metals and alloys 398, 400 for steel 398–401 Numbers associative law 4 commutative law 4 distributive law 4 identity law 4 inverse law 4 positive and negative 4 powers-of-ten notation 14, 16 preferred series 639, 674 prime 20–29 progressions 37–38 Numerical control accuracy, repeatability, and resolution 1319–1322 axis nomenclature 1315–1318 cutter compensation 782 insert holders for NC 782 insert radius compensation 782 part tolerance symbols ANSI 1324–1327 compared to ISO 612 repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1319–1322 tapping 2038 tool compensation 782 nose radius compensation 782–784 total indicator reading 1317 V-flange tool shanks 967 Nut taps 927 Nuts acorn 1549 ANSI, inch dimensions flat jam 1546 hex 1539 hex flat 1546 hex slotted 1546, 1548 hex thick slotted 1547–1548 jam 1545 machine screw 1643 square 1539, 1548 T-type 1728 Unified 1545, 1548 ANSI, metric dimensions heavy hex 1605 hex jam 1605 hex, styles 2 and 3 1601 metric hex flange nuts 1601, 1603 prevailing torque, hex 1604, 1606 slotted hex 1601, 1603 2755 Nuts (continued) British Standard 1676 ISO metric 1630–1633 metric 1666, 1670, 1672, 1677 British Standard Unified 1678 Whitworth 1627, 1629, 1679, 1700 crown, low and high (SAE) 1549 friction coefficients 1524 high, SAE 1550 slotted, high hex (SAE) 1550 wing nuts 1791–1794 wrench clearances 1555 wrench openings 1555 Nylon bearings 2361 properties 390 O O-address, CNC programming 1284 Obtuse-angle triangles solution 71, 101–102 Octagon area 72 moment of inertia 237 radius of gyration 237 section modulus 237 Offhand grinding 1268 Offsets CNC milling 1292 Ohm’s law 2699 Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2325 Oilless bearings 2363–2364 Oils 2420 additive ingredients 2427 additives 2427 and compounds, machining 1182–1195 emulsifying or soluble 1183 mineral 1185–1186 sulfurized and chlorinated 1185–1186 application 2435 coating 1512 film thickness in machine parts 2423 film thickness values 2423 lubricating 2424 mineral 2427 synthetic 2429 temperature effects 2430 temperature oxidation effects 2430 tempering 479 Open end wrench clearances 1556 Open-end press 1388 Operations on complex numbers 18 Orbit 1395 Order of performing arithmetic 5 O-ring 2587–2592 applications 2588, 2590 compounds 2591 diametral clearance 2590 flurocarbon 2591 gland depth 2588 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2756 O-ring (continued) groove dimensions and clearances 2587, 2590 hardness 2589 nitrile 2591 reciprocating seals 2588 ring materials 2592 silicon 2591 squeeze 2587 static seals 2588 surface finish in contact with 2589 tolerances 2590 washers, backup 2588 Oscillation, center and radius of 231 Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2683–2684 Out of roundness 690 Oval head machine screws 1649–1651 Overhead machine-hour distribution 146 man-hour distribution 146 man-rate distribution 146 Oxidation effects on oil 2430 Oxygen gas in welding 1438, 1463 P Pack hardening 485 Packing in circles 88–91 in circles and rectangles 88–93 in rectangles 93 PAG 2429 Palladium, plating 1513 Pan head machine screws 1648 Pan head miniature screw 1654, 1657 PAO 2429 Paper, bonding 2582 Pappus or Guldinus rules 66 Parabola 54 area 74–75 center of gravity 224 constructing 65 directrix 54 focus 54 general equation 54 latus rectum 54 segment of area 75 vertex 54 Paraboloid center of gravity 226 polar moment of inertia 247 radius of gyration 231 segment volume 87 volume 86 Parallel bars 716–723 Airy points 720 calibration flatness (straightness) 720 height and width, matched sets 722 precision 720 Type I, solid 716 Type II, ribbed 717 Parallel bars (continued) Type III, box parallel 718 Type IV, adjustable parallel 719 Parallel lines 42 Parallelogram area 70 center of gravity 221 geometry of 58 of forces 154 radius of gyration 228 Parison 581 Parraffinic oil 2427 Parting 1339 Passivation of copper 1506 Patterns for castings 1412 dispansable 1419 master mold 1419 materials 1412 metal 1413 shrinkage allowances 1413, 1419 varnish 1413 weight of casting from 1414 wood selection 1412–1413 Payback period 143 Pearlite 465, 469 Pearlitic malleable iron 1405 Pebi 2658 Pendulum 173–174 calculations 173 conical 173 formulas for 173 physical 173 simple and compound 173 torsional 173 types of 173 Penetration 1336 Percentage 7 Percussion, center of 231 Perforated metals, strength and stiffness of 2607 Peripheral speed, CNC spindle 1288 Permanent mold, casting process 1410 Permanickel, machining 1194 Permutation 19 Perpendicular lines 42 Petroleum oils, application 2694 Phenolic plastics 2361 Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1988 Phonetic alphabet 2700 Phosphor-bronze, worm gearing 2245 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 788 Piano wire, working stresses 314 at elevated temperatures 315–316 Piles, weight of 382 Pillow block bearings 2373 Pin method for checking gear sizes 2221 allowance for backlash 2235 for involute splines 2271 wire diameters 2221, 2230 spur gear sizes 2231–2234 V-shaped grooves 686 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Pinion, spur gear enlarged to avoid undercut 2146 Pins clevis 1747 cotter 1746, 1757, 1760 dowel 1746–1752 grooved 1756, 1760 metric dowel 1746, 1748 spring 1761–1762 straight 1751–1753 strength of taper 220 taper 1753–1756 Pintle chains 2537 Pipe and pipe fittings British threads 1966–1967 columns 286–287 dryseal 1962–1965 measuring by wire method 2005 taper 1956 threads 1962–1965 heat loss from uncovered steam 373 internal thread in pipe couplings 1960 loads, table of 286–287 plastics threads 578 reamers, taper 864 sealing joints 1730 taps, dimensions Briggs and Whitworth 2037 internal dryseal 1964 power for driving 2037 threads American National Standard 1956–1964 British Standard 1965–1967 designation and notation 1956 welding 1469 fill passes 1471 flux cored electrode 1472 fusion 1472 position 1470 flat 1470 horizontal 1470–1471 overhead 1470 vertical up and down 1471 procedure 1473 carbon steel 1473–1475 MIG 1473–1475 root 1473–1475 thick walled 1473–1475 root passes 1470 thin wall 1472 Pipe and tube bending 1382 Pitch 2127 broach teeth 979–982 circle 2127 circular, of gears 2130 diameters, gears circular pitch 2148 helical 2195 pin method of checking 2221 spur 2131, 2148 worms 2191 2757 Pitch (continued) diameters, roller chain sprockets 2543– 2544 diameters, thread diameters, thread checking 1989 for tensile stress area 1528 metric, M profile 1890–1892 unified 1813–1853 wire sizes for measuring 1991 diameters, thread unified 1817 gear 2131 plane 2127 rivets 1729, 1733–1734 screw threads, measuring 1989 worm gearing 2191 worms 2191 Pitot tube 2682 Plain bearing (see Bearings: plain) Plain milling cutters 810 Plain washers inch 1562–1565 metric 1607 types 1607 Plane figures, areas and dimensions 70–81 Plane of rotation 2127 Planetary gearing 2211–2214 bevel gears 2211 compound drive 2211 direction of rotations 2211 Planetary thread milling 2059 Planing estimating cutting speeds 1081 power required 1083–1087 speeds and feeds 1081 time 1081 tool grinding 764 wood 388 Planing insert holder 770–772 Plastic deformation 1336 Plasticizers 553 Plastics 551–607 aging at elevated temperature 571 amorphous 552 anisotropy 556 application properties 554 assembly 597 assembly with fasteners 597 ASTM tests 554 beams 588 bearings 2372 anti-friction 2372 laminated, plain bearings 2361 sleeve 2361 bending stress 606 blow molding 581 bonding 593 brittleness 556 cellular 553 characteristics 551 chemical bonding 593 chemical resistance of 575 closed cell 553 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2758 INDEX Plastics (continued) coefficient of expansion 390 coefficient of friction 557 compressive strength 566 creep 558, 569 crystalline 552 density 390, 554 design analysis 575 for assembly 593 for injection molding 579 stress 577 developing prototypes 602–603 drilling speeds and feeds 601 effects of temperature 570 elasticity 555, 562 electrical properties 572 conductivity 572 elongation 390 environmental effects 574 fasteners 597 fibers 553 fillets 591 flexural modulus 390 flow properties 592 gearing 604 accuracy 607 backlash 606 service factors 606 tooth form factors 605 hardness 390, 556 haze 555 heat dissipation factor 573 hetrogeneous 556 homogeneous 556 homopolymers 553 Hooke’s law 555 impact resistance 592 inhomogeneous 556 injection mold design 585 injection molding 584 isotropy 556 izod impact 390 Izod test 556 LCP 552 Liquid-crystalline Polymers 552 load-bearing 588 machining 598 cutting off 600 drilling 600 molded 602 sawing thermoset cast 602 tapping 601 threading 601 turning 600 manufacturing 579 material 551–552 elastomers 552 thermoplastic 552 maximum temperature 390 mechanical fasteners 593 mechanical properties 575 effect of temperature on 570 Plastics (continued) milling 602 mixtures coploymers 553 modulus of elasticity 555, 561 mold flow 592 non newtonian 592 normal strain 561 notch sensitivity 556 open cell 553 parison 581 physical properties 554, 557 pipe threads 578 plasticity 555 polyurethanes 583 press fits 577 processing thermosets 581 proportional limit 562 PUR 583 region 200 reinforced 583 relaxation 569 resins 552 sawing, speeds and numbers of teeth 602 secant modulus 562 shear modulus of G 565 shear stress 563 sheet thermoforming 581 shrinkage 555 snap-fit 593 specific gravity 390, 554 sprue 584 stiffeness 579 stress 559 normal 560 stress relaxation 569 stresses and deflections 588 structural analysis 575 safety factors 575 structures 552 temperature index 571 tensile impact 570 tensile modulus 390 thermal properties 570 thermal stresses 578 thermoplastic 551 thermosetting 551 toughness 556 transparency 555 ultimate strength 562 undercuts 591 viscoelastic 557 wall thickness 587 water absorption 555 welding 595 dielectric 597 electromagnetic 597 hot gas 596 induction 597 spin 596 vibration 596 yield point 555, 562 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Plates flat, strength and deflection of 288–290 shells and cylinders, strength of 288–294 Plating 1508–1515 chromium 1467 magnesium anodic treatment 1510 magnesium, coating 1510 phosphate coating 1513–1514 surface coatings 1508 zinc 1515 Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 2616– 2621 Plunge angle 770 Poise 2425, 2698 Poisson’s ratio 200 flat plates 288 for various materials 200, 290, 394 perforated metal 2607 plastics 562 Polar coordinates 43 Polar moment of inertia 232, 244–248, 250– 255 cone 248 frustum 248 cylinder, hollow 246 ellipsoid 247 formulas 246–248 masses 232 paraboloid 247 plane areas 232 prism 246 pyramid 246 solid ring 247 spherical sector 247 spherical segment 247 torus 247 Polar section modulus 244–245, 250–255 Polishers, spindles for portable 974 Polishing and buffing 1501 abrasives 1501, 1504 operations 1504 speeds 1504 wheels, material 1501 Polyalkylene glycols 2429 Poly-alph-olefins 2429 Polygon area 72, 76 forces 154 formulas and table 76 length of side 76 radius of circumscribed circle 76 radius of inscribed circle 72, 76 Polygon shafts 2282 connections 2282 dimensions of 2282 manufacturing 2283 strength of connections 2283 three- and four-sided designs 2282 Polyol-Esters 2430 Polyphase motors 2567, 2570 Polyurethane plastics 2591 Polyurethanes 583 Porosity, pressure die castings 1414 2759 Porous bearings 2361 Portable grinding 1268 safety 1249 Portable tools hexagonal chucks for 975 spindles and drives for 972–975 Positional deviation, mean 1319–1322 Positioning accuracy 1319–1322 Positive and negative numbers 4 Positive clutches 2451 Positive functions of angles 106 Potential energy 181–182 Poundal 2690 Pounds force 150–151 force into newtons 2689 mass 151 per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic meter 2685 per cubic inch into grams per cubic centimeter 2685 per square foot into kilograms per square meter 2687 per square inch into kilograms per square centimeter 2687 per square inch into kilopascals 2687 Powder metallurgy 1423 briquetting tools 1423 design 1423 limiting factors 1423 metal process 1423 Powdered metal alloys copper base 393 density 393 elongation 393 hardness 393 iron base 393 tungsten base 393 Powdered metal bearings 2361 Power calculating by dynamometer 2457 consumption spade drilling 1079 cutting tool 1085 feed factors 1084 for driving pipe taps 2038 general formulas 186 heat equivalents 2690 in mechanics 149 motor 1085 required for machining 1083–1091 roots of numbers 14 transmission belting 2487–2536 by friction wheels 2458 capacity 2246, 2447 chain 2547–2551 disc clutch 2447 friction wheels 2457–2459 units conversion 2693 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2760 INDEX Power brush brush finishing 1500–1503 brush uses 1500 deburring 1500 deburring tooth profile of gears 1500 Power constant alloy steels 1085 high temperature alloys 1084 nonferrous metals 1084 plain carbon steels 1085 stainless steel 1084 tool steels 1084 wrought steels 1085 Power of ten notation 14, 16 expressing numbers in 15 Power transmission roller chain 2537–2560 Precipitation hardening 462 heat-treatment 542 Precision bolts and screws, British 1627–1628, 1634 gage blocks 707 investment casting 1418 Preferred basic sizes, ANSI Standard 673 hole basis metric fits, ANSI Standard 652, 656 metric sizes ANSI Standard 648, 673, 2610 British Standard 674 numbers, ANSI Standard 672 numbers, British Standard 674 roughness average values (Ra) 743 roughness values and roughness grades 751 series for tolerances and allowances 635 series maximum waviness height values 744 shaft basis metric fits, ANSI Standard 651, 657–660 thicknesses for flat metal products, metric 2610 uncoated metals and alloys 2608 Preload measurements 1525 Preload relaxation 1525 Preparatory command, CNC 1284 Present value and discount 136 Press adjustable-bed 1388 bending 1383 gap-frame 1388 hydraulic 1389 inclinable-frame 1388 lubrication 1372 mechanical 1386 mechanical vs. hydraulic advantages, disadvantages 1390 open-end 1388 selection 1392 sheet metal working 1386 solid-frame 1388 straight side 1389 Pressure angle 2128 angle, cams 2293 composite checking of fine-pitch gears 2169 cylinders and tubes, collapsing pressure 293–294 definition and units for 152–153 effect on wood property 386 Lame’s formula for internal 291 spherical shells, strength to resist internal 291 tight joints 1960 tube, collapsing pressure 294 unit conversion 2686–2687 Prime numbers and factors 20–29 Principle reference planes 2128 Prism polar moment of inertia 246 volume 82 volume formula 66 Prismoidal formula for volume 66 Processing thermosets 581 Production rate 1147 Profile checking, gearing 2158 Progression arithmetical 37–38 geometrical 37–39 Prony brake dynamometer 2457–2458 Properties mechanical 199–200, 394 compressive 201 definitions 199 fatigue 201 modulus of elasticity values 200 perforated metal 2607 Poisson’s ratio values 200 shear 201 strength 394–395, 422–423 thermal 372–373, 395 yield point values 200 of materials aluminum alloys 530 copper alloys 513 copper-zinc-tin alloys 394 magnesium alloys 545–547 metals 394 nickel alloys 548–549 nonferrous alloys 513 plastics 390 powdered metal alloys 393 specific gravity 381 spring wire 395 standard steels 396, 418, 422–423 titanium alloys 548, 550 tool steels 448, 459 wood 387 strength effect of heat or temperature 570 Proportion 5–7 compound 5 inverse 6–7 simple 6 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Proportional limit 199 plastics 562 Protractor, reading vernier scale on 675 Providing backlash 2166 PTFE plastics 2361, 2585 Pulley speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1015– 1020 taps 927 Pulleys and belts and belt drives 170–171 and wheels in mechanics 170–171 arc of contact correction factors 2495 center distances, V-belt 2487 center to center distance 2484 cross section correction factors 2494 diameter and speeds 2485 diameter in compound drives 2485 differential 171 flat belt 2484, 2487 length correction factors 2495 length of belt traversing three pulleys 2486 lengths of open and crossed belts 2484 lengths of V-belt 2490 rules for calculating diameters and speeds 2484 sheave size 2493 speed in compound drive 2486 speed ratio correction factors 2494 speeds, rpm into feet per minute 2039 V-belt 2484 wrap angles 2484 Pull-up torque 2566 Punching and blanking 1339 deformation force 1342 deformation work 1342–1343 force of press 1342 PUR 583 Pyramid center of gravity 225 frustum center of gravity 225 polar moment of inertia 246 volume 82 volume of frustum 83 Q Quadrant 106 Quadratic equations 32 Quenching 407 baths 477 tanks for 476 high speed steel 498 induction heating 489 interrupted 476–477 media 466 self 489 tungsten 498 air cooling 498 salt bath 498 2761 R Rack 2128 gear 2132 milling, indexing 2120 spline, metric 2277 Radial forming 1371 Radian per second conversion from rpm 177 Radians equivalent to degrees 103, 105 Radius of arc, checking 686–687 of curvature 2299 of gyration 228, 231 angles, steel 2600–2602 bar of small diameter 228 bar, small diameter 228 channels, aluminum 2603 channels, steel 2599 circle 237 circular disk, thin 229 circular ring 238 circular ring, thin flat 229 cone 230 cone, frustum 230 cylinder 229 cylinder, hollow 230 ellipse 238 ellipsoid 231 flat plate, thin 228 half circle 237 hexagon 236 hollow circle 237 hollow cylinder, thin 230 hollow sphere 231 I-beams 2594–2597 I-beams, aluminum 2603 I-section 238 L-section 242 octagon 237 paraboloid 231 parallelepiped 229 parallelogram 228 prism, rectangular 230 rectangle 235, 249 ring 228 S- or W-shape, steel 2598 sphere 231 sphere, hollow 231 spherical shell, thin 231 structural angles 2600–2602 thin flat plate 228 thin spherical shell 231 trapezoid 236 triangle 236 T-section 241 various cross-sections 234–243 wide flange, steel 2594–2597 Z-section 243 of oscillation 231 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2762 Rails size to carry given load 277 strength of 277 Rake angles 761 checking milling cutter 838 single-point cutting tools single-point cutting tools lead angles 761 turning tool 758 Ram tube bending 1385 Rank of a matrix 125 Rankine's formulas for columns 281, 283 Rankine, temperature 2695 Rasps 989 aluminum 989 Ratchet gearing 2215–2216 frictional 2216 multiple pawl 2216 pitch of wheel teeth 2216 reversing 2216 shape of wheel teeth 2216 types 2215 Rate of return (interest) 135–136, 143 Ratio 5–7 and proportion 5–7 compound 5 contact, in gearing 2151–2156 epicyclic gearing 2211–2214 fractional, change gears for 2043 gear for differential indexing 2104 geometrical 37–39 inverse or reciprocal 5 mean proportional 6 of volumes 87 Poisson’s 200 slenderness, columns 281 Ream, paper 2699 Reamer bull center 863 center 863 Reamers 844–865 ANSI Standard 844–865 arbors for shell 862 Brown & Sharpe taper socket 864 center and countersink 851 centers for 851 chucking 846, 849, 853, 858–859 straight flutes 858–859 definition 847 die-maker's 865 drills for taper pin 1754–1756 driving slots and lugs 857 expansion chucking 854 expansion hand 856 finishing 863 fluting cutters 845–846 dimension 846 fluting to obtain negative rake 844 formed 846 hand 845, 855–856 squared shank 856 straight and helical flutes 855–856 helical flutes 862 Reamers (continued) jobbers 857 letter sizes 859 machine countersinks 852 morse taper socket 863 negative front rake 844 pipe 864 rose chucking 846, 860 straight and helical flutes 860 shell 857, 861 straight and helical flutes 853, 861 straight flutes 857–858 straight shank 852 stub screw machine 859, 862 taper pin 865 taper pin reamers, drills for 1753, 1756 taper pipe 864 taper shank 853 taper, milling teeth 833 terms applying to 847 threaded end 845 dimension 845 tooth-rest position for grinding clearance 847 wire gage sizes 858 Reaming automatic screw machines 1171 cutting speeds for copper alloys 1071 ferrous cast metals 1067–1068 light metals 1069 stainless steels 1066 tool steels 1065 difficulties 852 bellmouth holes 852 oversize holes 852 poor finish 853 taper pin 1755 Rearrangement of terms in formulas 30 Recalescence point in steel hardening 461, 470 Recessing tools, speeds 1171 Reciprocals of numbers 5, 8 Rectangle area 70 moment of inertia 235, 249 radius of gyration 235, 249 section modulus 235, 249 table of section moduli 250 Rectangular coordinates 43 cylindrical coordinates 45 spherical coordinates, relationship 44 Rectangular keys 2460 Refrigeration of steel 504 Reinforced plastics 583 Relative density 380 Relief and rake angles for single-point cutting tools 760, 2040 indicator drop method of checking 838 Relief angles for single-point cutting tools 760 turning tool 758 Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1319 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Replacement-gear dimensions 2249 Resinoid bonded wheels 1000–1001, 1217 thread grinding 2053 Resins 552 Resistance brazing 1431 Retaining rings 1763 ANSI Standard 1763–1771 centrifugal capacity 1787 compressed in bore 1769 diameter tolerances 1781–1782 dimensions in inches 1780, 1783 expanded over shaft 1767 external dimensions 1784, 1787 external series 1763–1764 external spiral 1774, 1778 failure of 1781, 1788 groove bottom radii 1764 groove design and machining 1785–1786, 1789 groove diameter 1764 groove diameter tolerances 1782 groove failure 1788 groove width 1764 groove width tolerances 1782 industrial 1786 internal 1787 internal spiral 1772, 1776 load capacity 1779 material 1779 metric performance data 1767 ring free diameter 1764 rotation between parts 1788 seated in groove 1767, 1769, 1771–1772 selection 1763 self locking dimensions 1786 self locking external and internal 1787 self locking inch series 1787 self locking types 1786 spiral 1774 standards 1787–1790 tapered 1763–1764 thickness 1775, 1779 thickness tolerances 1775, 1779, 1781– 1782 thrust load capacities 1785 thrust load safety factors 1784 width capacity 1781 Retarded motion 175 Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 967 Reyn 2425, 2698 Rhodium plating 1514 Right angle plate 723–731 calibration and maintenance 728 flatness calibration 729 parallelism calibration 729 squareness calibration 730 grades 723 types 726 Type I Class 1, plain 726 Class 2, slotted 726 Class 3, measuring plane 726 Type II, inside right angle 726 2763 Right angle plate (continued) Type III, universal 727 Type IV, machinist’s adjustable 727 Type V, toolmaker’s adjustable 728 Type VI, toolmaker’s non-adjustable 728 Right-angle triangles solution 71, 98–100 Rigidity modulus of (shear) 200 spring materials 344–346 Ring area and volume 66 radius of gyration 228 solid polar moment of inertia 247 stresses in loaded 219–220 Rivet allowable stresses 1731 ANSI Standard 1734–1736 belt 1736 British Standard 1742, 1745 cold forged 1742 hot forged 1742 lengths 1742 snap head 1742 universal head 1742 button head 1734, 1736 cone head 1734 cooper's 1736 countersunk 1734, 1742 diameters for given plate thicknesses 1729 dimension countersunk head 1745 dimension snap head 1745 excess length to form head 1734 flat head 1736, 1742 hold-on or dolly bar sets 1734 large rivets, standard 1734 material 1730 mushroom head 1742 pan head 1734, 1736 pitch 1729, 1733–1734 sets, dimensions of impressions in 1734 shearing strength 1733–1734 small rivets, standard 1734–1736 spacing 1729 steel 1730 strength 1730 tinner's 1736 truss 1736 types 1729 Riveted joints 1729–1734 allowable stresses 1730 double and triple 1733 efficiency 1730–1731 failure 1730 holes for 1729 joint failure 1730 joint strength 1730–1731 rivet length for forming heads 1734 rivet materials 1730 strength 1731 types of riveted joints 1729 working strength 1730 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2764 INDEX Rockwell hardness conversion to Brinell hardness 508–509 number 510 scales 506 Rod gages 2604 Roebling wire gage 2604 Roll pipe and tube bending 1385 Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp base 1980 Roller bearing (see Bearings: roller) Roller chain, double pitch 2538 Rolling contact bearings 2365–2419 friction resistance 167 Rolling screw threads 2048–2052 cylindrical die machines 2048 diameter of blank 2049 diameter of threading roll 2050 flat die machines 2048 in automatic screw machines 2050 shapes and kind of thread 2050 speeds, and feeds 2051 steels for 2049 Root diameter gearing 2128 Roots and powers of numbers 14 finding square and cube 14 Rope wire 2613 definitions of terms 2613–2614 strength and properties 2616–2621 Rose chucking reamers 846 fractional sizes 860 Rotary draw bending 1384 Rotary file or burs 989 Rotary motion formulas 177 Rotating parts, balancing 191–196 Roughness control of 733 cutoff 743 height values 735–736 parameters rules for determining 751 rules for measurement of 751 symbols indicating degree of 733–736 values, grades, surface finish 751 Round head machine screws 1652 Royal Microscopical Society thread 1982– 1983, 1985 Rpm conversion to radian per second 177 for various cutting speeds and diameters, inch units 1017–1020 metric units 1019–1020 for various grinding speeds and diameters 1250 Rubber bearings 2362 bonded grinding wheels 1217 bonding 2581 turning 1081 Rubber pad forming process 1364 Running balance 191 Rupture strength copper-base powdered alloys 393 iron-base powdered alloys 393 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 S SAE Standards babbitt metals 2359 bearing metals 2359 crown or acorn nuts 1549 die casting alloys 1415 high nuts 1550 V-belts 2525 Woodruff keyseat cutters 832 SAE steels basic numbering system 398 compositions 398, 400, 404–405 heat treatments for 490 Safe loads for wire rope 2616–2621 Safety factors of 204, 2174 flange couplings 2443 for wire rope 2619–2620 Salt baths for heat treating 474 Sand blast cleaning 1412 Sanders, spindles for portable 974 Sanding wood 388 Sandstone and limestone, strength 394 Saw tooth clutches 2453 Saws band 1177–1182 circular, arbors for 972 metal-cutting, speeds 1081 metal-slitting 813 sharpening files 987 slitting 813 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) 2425 Scalar and vector quantities 153 Scleroscope 506 Screw machines automatic 1170–1175 automatic box-tools 1171 drilling speeds and feeds 1171 drills 872, 879 forming tools with rake 796–801 knurling 1170–1171 reaming speeds and feeds 1171 speeds and feeds 1171–1172 stock required for given production 1175 threading cams 1170 Screw thread insert taps 1625 Screw thread Inserts chemical composition 1617 compatibility 1613 dimensions 1613 hardness 1625 helical coil 1613 helical coil insert 1614 insert length data 1617–1622 inspection 1617 length selection 1624–1625 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Screw thread Inserts (continued) material strength 1624 tapped hole 1613 taps 1625 threaded hole data 1615–1616 tolerance classes 1613 types 1613 Screws and bolts 1538 angularity and eccentricity 1635 ANSI head recesses 1704 breaking load 1537 British Standard BSF 1679 inch 1626–1629, 1666, 1694–1700 metric 1634, 1666–1675, 1694–1699 Unified 1676, 1678 Whitworth 1626, 1629, 1679, 1700 cap 1542, 1680–1685 cap, metric 1582 drive 1701, 1716 force for turning 171 form 1635 grade markings for steel 1534–1535 head recesses 1704 heavy hex 1542 hex cap 1539 inserts 1716 jig and fixture button head 1698 heavy hex 1542 hex 1539 lag screw 1543–1544 metric 1586 length of engagement 1536 length of thread 1635 mechanical principle of 171 metric British Standard 1675 cap 1582 diameters 1584 flange 1588–1589 formed 1583 heavy hex 1584 ISO 1631 reduced body diameter 1585 shoulder socket head 1587 socket 1694 miniature 1653 self-threading 1701–1725 set 1687–1700 shoulder 1686 shoulder, metric 1587 sockets for 1689 sockets metric series 1696 strength of 1535 stress areas 1528, 1536 tap drills 2029–2037 tap marking symbols 908 thumb 1795, 1798–1799 Unified Standard 1538, 1678 wing 1795 2765 Screws (continued) wood 1801 worm threads 2191–2194 Sealants 2584 anaerobic pipe 2586 gasket materials 2585 pipe joining 2584 silicone rubber gasketing 2585 tapered pipe threading 2585 types 2584 Sealing bearings 2319–2321 Seasoning steel, sub zero 505 Secant 95 Secant modulus (plastics) 562 Section lining, standard for drawings 611 Section modulus angles 2600–2602 circle 237 circular ring 238 ellipse 238 for torsion 279 formulas for various sections 234–243 half circle 237 hexagon 236 hollow circle 237 I-beams 2594–2598 I-section 238 L-section 242 octagon 237 polar 244–245, 250–255 rectangle 235, 249 rectangles, table for 249–250 round shafts, table for 250–255 structural shapes angles, steel 2602 channels, aluminum 2603 I-beams or S-shapes aluminum 2603 steel 2598 wide flange, steel 2594–2597 steel 2599 trapezoid 236 triangle 236 T-section 241 units conversion 2699 Z-section 243 Segment, circular 73, 77–79 area 46, 73, 78–79 height for given angle and radius 73, 77–79 Self alignment roller bearings symbols 2368 Self locking torque 1623 Self-threading screws 1701–1725 countersink heads 1701 cross recesses 1704 designations 1702 drill size 1712 drilled hole sizes 1710 drive type 1701–1702 extruded hole sizes 1710 fillister head 1702 head cross recesses 1704 hex head 1702 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2766 INDEX Self-threading screws (continued) hex washer head 1702 hole sizes 1709, 1712 inch, metric 1716 metallic drive 1702 metals brass sheet metal 1712 monel steel 1712 stainless steel 1712 steel 1712 metric 1716–1725 clearance holes 1721 cutting tapping 1718 designations 1717–1718 drilled hole sizes 1722, 1724 extruded hole sizes 1721 head types 1716–1717 heat treatment 1720 hole sizes for steel 1721–1725 hole sizes for tapping 1721 material 1720 punched hole size for steel 1722, 1724 recommended lengths 1719 tapping 1721 thread and point types 1717 thread cutting types 1716–1720 tapping 1718 thread forming 1718 tapping 1722–1723 types 1716–1719 thread tapping in asbestos 1723 in cast metals 1724–1725 in plastics 1723, 1725 in plywoods 1723 in sheet metal 1724 pan head 1702 round head 1701 self-tapping inserts 1716 sheet metal hole sizes 1712 slotted pan head 1702 steel thread cutting 1713 thread and point dimensions 1705–1708 types 1703–1704 thread cutting 1708 sheet metals 1712 tapping 1704 types 1701, 1704, 1706 thread forming 1705–1706, 1709–1710 types 1703–1704 torsional strength requirements 1716 truss head 1702 types of 1701 Sellers screw thread 1988 Sensitivity factor, gear material 2174 Series, infinite 35, 110 Set-screws British Standard metric 1694–1700 Whitworth 1700 cone point 1687–1699 cup point 1687–1699 Set-screws (continued) dog point 1687–1699 flat point 1687–1699 headless 1687 hexagon and spline 1688 hexagon socket 1694, 1697, 1699 hexagon socket type 1699 holding power 1699 oval point 1687 spline socket type 1693 square head type 1690–1691, 1700 Sevolute functions 110 Shaft alignment 2622–2650 dial indicators 2623–2632 indicator formats 2633–2650 procedure 2628 rim and face method 2623, 2629, 2633– 2650 soft legs 2625 tolerance guide 2622 Shaft conditions checking 688 out of roundness 692 no. of lobes 692 V-block angles 692 out-of-roundness, lobing 690 Shafts 295–303 allowances and tolerances for fits 628 British Standard for fits 662–671 brittle materials, formulas for 301 checking for various conditions of 688– 692 critical speeds of 302 deflection, linear 298 deflection, torsional 297–298 effect of keyways on strength 301 factor of safety 296, 301 hollow 303 horsepower transmitted by 295–298 linear deflection 298 maximum allowable working stress 301 moment of inertia, polar 244–245, 250– 255 polygon type connections 2282 round, section moduli 250–255 steel, diameters of 299 strength 295–297 torsional deflection 297–298 strength 295–297 hollow vs. solid 303 transmission, design of 299–301 Shanks taper 948–959 Shapes of grinding wheels 1219–1227 of mounted wheels and points 976–978 Shaping wood 388 Shaping, speeds and feeds 1081 Sharp V-thread 1806 Sharpening carbide tools 1000–1002 circular saws 987 diamond wheels for 1001 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Sharpening (continued) drills 998–1000 milling cutters 832–833, 836–837 Shaving blanked workpiece 1346 punched workpiece 1345 Shear formulas for 209 modulus 200 of G spring materials 344–346 of various materials 200, 394 properties 201 spring design 346 stress 199, 210 combined with tension or compression 211 in beams 211–214 Shear spinning 1363 Shear strength cast iron 432 magnesium alloys 547 nonferrous metals 513 rivets 1733–1734 steels 432 wood 386 wrought iron 432 Shear tooth files 989 Shearing 1336 clearance 1338 cutoff and parting 1338 forces 1336 fracture 1336 parting 1339 rotary cutters 1337 straight inclined blades 1337 straight parallel blades 1336 with rotary cutters 1337 Sheaves for V-belt drives 2489 for wire rope 349, 2614 Sheet metal 1331–1392 and wire gages 2608–2610 bending 1346 allowances 1347, 1352, 1358 formula 1347, 1351 formulas 1347, 1351 radius 1346 maximum 1347 minimum 1347 springback 1351 blanking and punching 1339 clearances 1335, 1340 cutoff 1338 deep drawing 1353 designing parts for production 1334 die opening profile 1342 drawing 1353 edging process 1373 fine blanking 1343 forming 1371 ironing force 1360 ironing process 1360 joining and edging 1373 2767 Sheet metal (continued) joining process 1373 joint types joint types angle frame 1377 button punch snap lock 1375 clinch bar slip and angle 1377 clinch type flanged connections 1377 corner standing seam 1375 double flanges and cleats 1377 double seam 1375 flange 1375 flange and flange corner 1374 flanged duct connections 1377 flanged end and angle 1377 flat drive slip 1376 flat S slip 1376 flush lap 1374 formed flanges 1377 groove seam 1375 hem 1376 hemmed S slip 1376 pittsburg 1375 plain lap 1374 raw and flange corner 1374 slide corner 1375 standing drive slip 1376 standing seam 1374 joints 1374 neutral axis 1347 parting 1338 punching 1339 screws 1701 shaving 1345 shearing inclined blades 1337 rotary cutters 1337 springback 1351 stock allowances 1348–1350 stress 1331 stripper force 1343 theory of metalworking 1331 work and force 1342 Sheet sizes for drawings 609 Sheet steel bending 1347, 1351 Sheet thermoforming 581 Shell blanks, diameters 1355 mills 815 molding 1410 plates and cylinders, strength 288–294 reamers 861 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1449– 1452 Shielding gases 1437 Shipping measure 2678 Shock-resisting tool steels 453 chemical composition 455 heat treatment 455 Shocks, stresses in springs 279 stresses produced by 279 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2768 INDEX Shore’s scleroscope 506, 508–509 Shoulder screws 1686 Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1413 Shrinkage fits 631, 638–639, 646 allowances 631–633 SI system units binary prefixes 2658 factors and prefixes 2658 history 2656 in strength of materials calculations 199, 209–211, 214, 217–220, 228, 232–233, 256, 269, 273–274, 276–277, 279–280, 282, 289–293, 296–298, 300–302 list of 2658–2659 metric 151 use of in mechanics 149–153 Side cutting edge 762 Side milling cutters 811 Sigma (standard deviation) 1320–1321 Significance of accuracy 1319–1322 Signs and abbreviations mathematical 2654 scientific and engineering 2652–2655 Signs of trigonometric functions 96 Silicon carbide grinding wheels 1000–1001 Silicone 2430 Silver bearing material 2360 brazing filler alloys 1426 plating 1514 Simple indexing 2107–2112 proportion 6 stresses 209–210 Simpson's rule 67 Simultaneous equations 125 Sine bar checking angle 679 checking taper per foot 680 checking templets 680 measuring angle of templet 679 settling to a given angle 679 settling10- inch to an angle 680 types of 678 use of 678 Sine, law of 96 Single tooth contact 2127 Single-angle milling cutters 814, 820–821 Single-point cutting tools 757–780, 899–900 angle tolerances 780 carbide tips and inserts for 772–780 chipbreakers 763–764 definitions and terms 757–760 end cutting edge angles 762 indexable inserts 764–766 insert toolholders 764–772, 782–784 lead angles 762 nose radius 762, 779 numerical control tool compensation 782– 784 planing tools 764 rake angles 761 relief angles 760 Single-point cutting tools (continued) relief angles for thread cutting 2040 side cutting edge angle 762 tip overhang 773–774 tool contour 757 tool holders, indexable inserts 764–772 Single-station dies 1378 Singularity of a matrix 125 Sinking funds 137 Sintered carbide tools ANSI Standard 772–780 tool materials 1009–1011 gear materials 2243 metal bearings 2361 Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1942 Size factor cover 2174 Sizes of sawn lumber 388 Slate cutting speed for 1081 Sleeve bearings 2325 Sleeves, Morse taper 957 Slenderness ratio, columns 281–282 Slides, measuring 682, 686 Slipping clutches, couplings 2450 Slitting saws, metal 813 Slope of a line 41 Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1726 Slug 150 S-N diagrams 201, 203 Socket ANSI hexagon and spline 1689 head, screw type British Standard metric 1694 cap 1682–1685, 1695 drill and counterbore sizes for 1683 keys and bits for 1692 set 1699 shoulder 1686 metric socket head 1587 reamers, Morse taper 863 taper shank 948–959 threads for electric 1980 wrench clearances 1557, 1559 Solders and soldering 1424, 1426 alloys for 1424 aluminum 1424 fluxes 1424 forms 1424 magnesium 1426 methods 1424–1426 stainless steel 1426 ultrasonic fluxless 1426 Solid-frame press 1388 Solidification temperature 631 Solids, volumes and dimensions 82–87 Soluble oils for machining operations 1183 Solution heat treatment 462 Sorbite 479 Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2556– 2557 Spacing holes on jig borer 695 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Spade drills and drilling blades 1075–1076 drilling 1076, 1078 feed rates for 1077–1078 geometry of 1074 power consumption and thrust 1079–1080 Spandrel area 74 center of gravity 223 Spark out time 1202 Spark plug threads 1979 dimensions 1979 hole in cylinder head 1979 Spatter, (welding) 1458 Specific gravity 380 conversion 382 gases 381 liquids 381 of various metals 380 plastics 390 Specific heat 372–373 aluminum 376 copper alloys 376 gasses 373 Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2573 Speeds calculating cutting speeds 1015–1020 critical, of rotating shafts 302 pulleys, rules for calculating 2484 rpm for different diameters and cutting speeds 1015–1020 Speeds and feeds, machining 1008–1073 abrasive belt grinding 1269 bandsawing 1179–1182 CBN grinding wheels 1234 cutting 602, 1013, 1015, 1070, 1077, 1170–1182 drilling 1171 diameters and rpm 1016 feeds for spade drills 1077–1078 end milling 1039 face milling 1039 form-turning 1171, 1187 general 1070, 1170–1171 grinding wheels maximum peripheral speeds 1249 truing and dressing 1237–1238 wheel and work speeds 2055 grinding with diamond wheels 1246 honing 1269–1274 milling 1021 nonferrous metals 1192–1195 reaming 1070, 1171 reaming and threading 1021 rotary files and burs 990 sawing band 1179–1182 circular 1081 shaping 1081 slit and slot milling 1039, 1042–1057 superalloys 1038 surface grinding 1265–1267 2769 Speeds and feeds, machining (continued) tables, how to use 1021–1024 tapping and thread cutting 1060–1069, 1071–1073, 1171, 2016–2017 thread rolling 2051–2052 titanium and alloys 1037 tool life 1013–1024 adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058 tool steels drilling reaming, and threading 1065 milling 1048–1049 turning 1030 turning 1021, 1025–1039 carbon and alloy steels 1026–1029 copper alloys 1036 ferrous cast metals 1032–1033 hard-to-machine materials 1038 light metals 1037 speeds and feeds 1025–1039, 1171 stainless steels 1031 superalloys 1038 titanium 1037 tool steels 1030 Sphere hollow center of gravity 226 radius of gyration 231 polar moment of inertia 246 radius of gyration 231 surface area 85 volume 85 Spherical and rectangular coordinates, relationship 44 coordinates 44 sector center of gravity 226 polar moment of inertia 247 volume 85 segment center of gravity 226 polar moment of inertia 247 volume 85 shell, thin 231 shells, strength to resist internal pressure 291–293 surface center of gravity 223 wedge volume 86 zone volume 86 Spheroidal graphite iron 432, 1405 Spheroidize, annealizing 408 Spheroidizing 408, 484 Spikes and nails, standard 1800 Spindle for portable tools 972–975 noses 962–967 Spinning 1362 conventional 1362 shear 1363 tube 1363 Spiral bevel gears 2125, 2178–2179 tooth contact 2178 Spline keys and bits 1692 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2770 INDEX Splines 2255 application factors 2267 comparison of symbols 2273 data and reference dimensions 2265 dimensions, formula 2281 fatigue-life factors for 2268 fittings 2279–2281 fittings, torque capacity 2281 for large misalignments 2269 formulas for SAE standard 2281 involute 2252–2277 (see also Involute splines) involute, socket keys and bits 1692 machining tolerances and variations 2276 milling cutter 836 SAE standard splined fittings 2280–2281 terms, symbols, and drawing data 2263 variations 2261 Spray transfer (welding) 1436 Spraying process, flame (metal) 1516 Spring 304–349 arbor diameters for 349 Belleville 344, 350–364 clock 344 compression, formulas for 317–318 coned 350–364 conical compression 344 constant force 344 copper-base spring alloys 307–308 deflections for compression 321–324 extension 321–324 torsion 339–342 design data 315–349 disc 350–364 contact surfaces 351, 354 forces and stresses 354 group classes 350 materials 351 nomenclature 350 stacking 352 stress 354 elevated temperature stresses 314–315 endurance limit for spring materials 314– 315 extension 320–329 extension spring design 327–329 failure in 348 force, disc 354 heat treatment of 344–346 helical compression spring design 316– 320 helical, shock stresses produced in 279 high-carbon spring steels 305 index 315 materials 305–309 miscellaneous 344 moduli of elasticity 344 motor 344 music wire arbor diameters 349 nickel-base spring alloys 307–309 pins 1761–1762 shock stresses produced in helical 279 Spring (continued) spiral 344 stainless spring steels 306–307 steels for 305–307 stresses 315–316 produced by shocks 279 tolerances compression and extension 328–331 for torsion 337–344 torsion bars 343 design 331–337 modulus 344–346 volute 343–344 wire diameters for 305 maximum working temperature 308 tensile strength 395 Spring pins coiled type 1762 designation 1761 lengths and sizes 1761 materials 1761 slotted type 1761 Spring washers double coil rectangular section 1639 single coil square section 1640 Springback, sheet metal 1351 Sprockets chain transmission 2537 idler 2553 Spur gearing 2129 addendum modifications 2173 AGMA tolerances for fine pitch gears 2168 American National Standard tooth forms 2131, 2135 angular backlash 2169 backlash 2163–2169, 2235 backlash range 2164 basic dimensions 2137 blanks for fine pitch gears 2160 British Standard 2172 bronze and brass gears 2243 caliper measurement of tooth 2147 center distance 2155 variable 2137, 2139, 2141 center distance for enlarged pinion 2154 checking gear size 2221 chordal addendum 2144–2145, 2147 measurement 2238 thickness 2142, 2144–2145, 2147 circular pitch system 2130, 2148 thickness 2142 given outside diameter 2141 composite error inspection 2169 contact diameter 2155 lowest point of single tooth 2155–2159 ratio 2155–2156 data on drawings 2163 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Spur gearing (continued) diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and shaping 2138 diametral pitch shown full size 2129 diametral pitch system 2129–2130 dimensions and formulas 2131 drawing data 2163 enlarged pinions 2146, 2204–2207 external 2125 Fellows stub tooth systems 2137 fine-pitch 2135, 2160 finishing gear milling cutters 2150 formulas for basic dimensions 2257 full-depth, teeth 2131, 2142 gear milling cutters, series of metric module 2148 gear tooth parts 2132–2137 checking 2221 German standard tooth form 2217 hob tip radius, maximum 2156 interference, avoiding 2146, 2148 internal 2125, 2170 internal arc thickness 2170 internal gear and pinion sizes 2170 internal gears rule 2171 involute curve properties 2130 lowest point of single tooth contact 2156 measurement of tooth with caliper 2147 measurement over pins 2221 measurement over wires 2231–2234 mesh with enlarged pinion 2154 milling cutters 2148 metric module 2148 minimum number of teeth 2154 module system 2217–2220 nonmetallic 604, 2245 outside and root diameters 2138, 2148 pinion arc thickness 2170 pitch diameters, tabulated 2148 profile checker settings 2158 reduced gear 2146 replacement gear dimensions 2249 root and outside diameters 2138, 2148 specifications 2161 to avoid undercutting by hob 2154 tooth contact of highest point 2157 dimensions 2132–2137 forms 2131 measurements over wires 2231–2234 proportions 2135 thickness measurement 2141 true involute form (TIF) diameter 2157 undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2157 Square area 70 circles of area equal to 80 distances across corners 81 of wire diameters 347 prism volume 82 recesses, for machine screws recesses, for machine screws for self-tapping screws 1704 2771 Square (continued) roots of numbers 14 Square and rectangular parallel keys 2461 Square keys 2460 Square rectangular keys and keyways 2460 Square thread 1944 Squeeze casting 1410 Squirrel cage induction motors 2566 S-shapes, structural steel 2598 moment of inertia 2598 radius of gyration 2598 section modulus 2598 weight per foot 2598 Stabilizing gages 503 Stacking disc springs 352 Stainless steels 397, 415, 418 application 418–419 characteristics and applications 415 chemical compositions 406–407 coefficient of expansion 377 compositions 406–407, 418–419 cutting, flame 1462–1463 density 377 electrodes (welding) current to use with 1457 elongation 392, 430–431 hardness 392 heat treatments 494–495 mechanical properties 430–431 melting points 377 properties 418–419 soldering 1426 ultrasonic 1426 specific heat 377 speeds for drilling, reaming, and threading 1066 for milling 1049–1050 for turning 1031 strength 432 tensile strength 392, 430–431 thermal conductivity 377 yield strength 392, 430–431 Stamping blank diameters 1355 fine blanking 1343 steel rule dies 1379–1382 Standard deviation 1319–1321 nomenclature 2175 organizations 2175 wire gage (SWG) 2605 Static 149 balancing 191 equivalent load, bearings 2415 load rating, bearings 2415 Statistics absolute error of the sample mean 129 analysis 128 applications 130 coefficient of variation 129 confidence interval 129 degrees of freedom 129 distribution curves 128 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2772 INDEX Statistics (continued) example, manufacturing 132–133 normal distribution curves 128 normal distributions 1319 population mean 129 relative error of the sample mean 129 sample mean 128 sample standard deviation 128 standard deviation 1320 Students distribution 131 t-distribution 131 Stayed surfaces, flat 288 Steel alloy compositions of SAE 404–405 general properties 424–429 Bessemer 410, 412 carbon steel structure 465 carburizing 411, 413, 484 case hardening 484 cast for gears 2242 castings 1406 brinell hardness number 1407 elongation 1407 mechanical properties 1407 tensile strength 1407 yield point 1407 chromium compositions 418 nickel austenitic 415, 418 classification 396, 401 cobalt high-speed 896–897 cobaltcrom 496 color of heated 480 coloring 1507 columns, pipe 286–287 corrosion-resisting 415–418 Damascus 399 deep-drawing 410 elongation 391 free-cutting 412, 414 stainless 415 gearing, hardness 2243 gearing, industrial 2243 hardening 461, 470 hardness 391 and tensile strength relationships 509 of heat-treated 424–429 heat treatment 407–408, 461–470, 496– 505 of high speed steel 496 high-speed 438 hypereutectoid 468 hypoeutectoid 468 induction hardening 487 killed 410 molybdenum compositions 415, 418 high-speed 446 molybdenum nickel chromium, SAE compositions 415, 418 nickel, SAE compositions 415 Steel (continued) SAE compositions 404–405 nitriding 485 numbering systems for 398–400 pipe columns, allowable concentric loads 286–287 rimmed 410 rivets 1730 rolled sections, shape designations 2593 SAE specification numbers 398, 400–401 sheet, standard gage 2608–2609 silicon-manganese, SAE compositions 404–405 stainless 406–407, 415, 418 strength 432 and hardness data 424–429, 432 of heat-treated 432 structural shapes 2593–2602 subzero treatment 502–505 taps 2016 tensile strength 391 tool 433–459 tungsten compositions 448 high-speed 448 twist drill 896–897 yield strength 391 Steel rule dies 1379, 1381–1382 cutting edges 1380 dimensions 1380 heat treatment 1382 Steel wool 990 Steel-threading screws cast metals 1713, 1715 depth of panetration 1715 drill sizes 1715 hole sizes 1715 plastics 1713, 1715 Stellite alloy 1011 Step bearings 2338, 2344–2347 STI tapped holes 1613 STI threaded hole data 1615–1616 Stock, amount required for screw machine production 1175 Stoke 2698 Straight bevel gears 2125 line 40 line column formula 281 pins 1751–1753 designation 1753 materails 1753 Straight pipe threads free fitting mechanical joints 1960 hose couplings 1960 locknuts 1960 mechanical joints 1960–1961 Straight splines, British Standard 2278 Strain lateral 200 longitudinal 200 ratio of 200 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Strain-hardening exponent 1333 Strength hollow vs. solid shafts 303 of polygon connections 2283 of screws and bolts 1535 riveted joints 1730 struts or columns 281–287 tensile 200 ultimate 200 wire rope 2614–2621 yield perforated metal 2607 Strength of materials 199 angles, lengths of bent 2593 beams 268–272 shock stresses in 279 channels, elements of 2599, 2603 columns 281–287 AISC formula 285 AREA formula 281 Euler formula for 282–285 Gordon formula 281, 283 Johnson formula for 282 combined stresses 211–214 compression 201 critical speeds of shafts 302 curved beams 275 cylinders 290–294 definitions 199–200 deflection of beams 256–267, 273 Euler formula 282–285 factors of safety 204 ferrous metals 432 flat plates 288–290 heat-treated steels 424–429 influence of temperature 394 Izod impact 390, 424–429 J. B. Johnson column formula 282–285 keyways in shafts 301 linear deflection in shafts 298 mechanical properties 199–200 metals, properties of 394 modulus of elasticity 200 modulus of shear 200 moment of inertia 234–243 built-up sections 233 perforated metals 2607 pipe columns 286–287 plates, shells, and cylinders 288–294 polar moment of inertia 244–245, 250–255 section modulus 244–245, 250–255 rails 277 Rankine, column formula 281, 283 rings, stresses and deflections 219–220 section moduli tables 234–255 shafts 295–303 American Standard design code 301 brittle material formula for 301 shafts critical speeds of 302 effect of keyways on strength of 301 horsepower transmitted by 295–298 torsional strength of 295–297 2773 Strength of materials (continued) shear 199, 201 shells, spherical 291–293 shocks, stresses produced by 279 simple stresses 209–210 springs, shock stresses in 279 steels 432 straight-line column formula 281 stress 152, 199 areas of screw threads 1536 concentration factors grooved shaft in torsion 208 shaft with transverse hole in bending 208 relieving 408 working 204 struts or columns 281–287 taper pins, strength of 220 temperature effects 395 tensile stress 199 torsional strength of shafting 295–297 tubes 293–294 working stresses 204 Young’s modulus 200 Stress 152 alternating 202–203 area of thread 1528, 1930 combined 211–214 concentration factors 205–208 grooved shaft in torsion 208 shaft with transverse hole in bending 208 contact, in cams 2305–2306 cyclic 201 disc springs 354 in beams 209–214, 256–279 in bolts when tightening 1523, 1531–1533 in involute splines 2268 in loaded ring 219–220 in shafting 299–301 in splines allowable contact stress 2174 allowable shear 2268 in springs 279, 315–316 produced by shocks 279 relieving 408 shear 210 in beams 211–214 simple 209–210 spline teeth compressive 2269 strain curves 199–200 superposition of 211 three-dimensional, or triaxial 215–217 true 1332 units and conversion of 2686–2688 working, of various materials 204 Stress-strain 1332 curve 1333 nominal 1332 true 1332 Stress-strain relationship 1332 Stretch-draw forming 1361 Stribeck curve 2421 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2774 INDEX Structural shapes aluminum 2603 steel 2593–2602 angles, properties of 2600–2602 channels, properties of 2599 I- or S-shapes, properties of 2598 standard designations 2593 strength 432 wide flange, properties of 2594–2597 Structure of carbon steel 468 Stub Acme screw threads 1921, 1932–1939 alternative 1939, 1942 ANSI Standard 1932–1942 basic dimensions 1922 designations 1939 formula for determining diameters 1939 limiting dimensions 1923 shear area 1923 stress area 1923 thread data 1942 thread form 1921, 1939 wire sizes for checking 2004 29- and 60-degree 2059, 2064 Stub screw machine reamers 859 Stub tooth gearing 2132, 2137 Fellows 2137 former American Standard 2132, 2137 outside and root diameters 2131, 2138 Stub’s iron and steel wire gage 2605 Studs British 1626, 1637 drive 1757 Studs and pins designation 1757 hole sizes 1757 material 1757 standard sizes 1757 Subtracting decimal fractions 10 fractions 9 matrices 122 Subzero treatment of steel 502–505 carburized parts 504 Superhard tool materials (CBN) 1012, 1038, 1217, 1234, 1243 Superplastic forming 1365–1366 Surface coatings for metals 1508–1515 finish and hardness of bearings 2321 grinding 1261–1267 advantages 1261 common faults and causes 1266–1267 principal systems 1262–1264 process data for 1265 selection of grinding wheels for 1216– 1227, 1261, 1264–1265 wheel recommendations 1264–1265 of revolution, area 67 roughness measurements 740 produced by common production methods 738–739 produced by laser cutting 1493 Surface (continued) relationship to tolerances 738, 740 speeds, diameters and rpm CNC spindle 1288 cutting speeds formula 1015–1020, 2039 grinding wheels 1248, 1250 pulleys and sheaves 1015, 1017–1020, 2039 Surface finish standards, list of ISO 748 Surface finish text height 747 Surface parameter symbols, ISO 748 Surface plates 708–715 calibration 711 autocollimator 713 interferometer 714 repeat-o-meter 712 granite properties 709 materials and grades 708 Surface texture 734 applying symbols 741 castings 744 comparing measured values to specified limits 750 control and production 733 cutoff for roughness measurements 740 definition of terms 733, 735 drawing practices for symbols 740–742 error of form 733 finish 1201 differences between ISO and ANSI 747 flaws 733 graphical centerline. 735 instruments of measurements 739 lay 733, 744 symbols 744–745 measurement 738 area averaging methods 740 instruments 739 non-contact 739 probe microscope 739 skidded instruments 740 skidless instruments 739 profile 735 measured 735 modified 735 nominal 735 real 735 total 735 variation 2255, 2261 root mean square 738 roughness 733 average (Ra) 737, 743 evaluation length 737 parameters 737 production method 739 profile 735 sampling length 736 roughness spacing 735 topography 736 roughness average (Ra) 737 roughness sampling length 743 sampling length 736 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Surface texture (continued) spatial resolution 736 standard roughness sampling lengths 743 symbols 613, 740–742, 744 lay 744–745 material removal 741 proportions of 741 system height resolution 736 topography 736 measured 736 modified 736 traversing length 736 use of symbols 741 valley 736 waviness 734, 736 evaluation length 736, 738 height 738, 744 long-wavelength cutoff 736 parameters 738 profile 736 sampling length 736 short-wavelength cutoff 736 spacing 736 topography 736 Surveyor's measure 2661 SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) 2425 Swing frame grinding 1268 Swiss pattern files 989 Symbols abbreviations 2652, 2654–2655 ANSI Y14.5M 611–612 applying surface texture 741 arc and gas welding 1476–1484 arrow 1476 basic weld 1476 bearing ball bearings 2365, 2367 cylindrical roller bearings 2368 needle bearings 2370 roller bearings 2365 self alignment roller bearings 2368 tapered roller bearings 2369 thrust ball bearings 2368 thrust tapered roller bearings 2369 between, ANSI 612 brazing 1431–1432 buttress threads 1946 cams and cam design 2285 chemical elements 371 concentricity, ANSI 612, 1326 contour and finish 1477 controlled radius, ANSI 612 diameter, ANSI 612, 1325 diamond wheel marking 1240–1243 dimensions 1477 drawing practices for surface texture 740– 742 gagemakers tolerance 661 geometric characteristic 612 geometric controls forms 613 locations 613 orientation 613 2775 Symbols (continued) profiles 613 runout 613 straightness 613 Greek 2652 grinding wheel markings 1218–1219 hole basis 652 involute splines 2255–2256, 2263 lines for drawings 610 mechanics 2655 metric module involute splines 2273 nondestructive testing 1485–1486 parallelism, ANSI 612, 1326 perpendicularity, ANSI 612, 1327 reference line 1476 roundness, ANSI 612, 1325 runout, ANSI 612, 1327 screw thread, for tap marking 908 section lining aluminum 611 bronze 611 cast and malleable iron 611 earth 611 insulation 611 magnesium 611 materials 611 rock 611 sand 611 steel 611 white metal 611 shaft basis 652 standard geometric section lining 611 statical tolerance, ANSI 612 surface profile, ANSI 612, 1325 surface texture 741–742, 744 tolerances 650 total runout, ANSI 612, 1327 welding 1476, 1486 Synchronous belts (see Belts and pulleys: synchronous belts) Synthetic oils 2429 System of measurement absolute 150 gravitational 150 Système International d’Unites (SI) in mechanics calculations 149–153 units of 2656–2659 T Tangent 95 Tangential force 2174 Tanks contents at given level 68–69, 78 cylindrical, capacity in gallons 68–69 quenching bath 476–477 Tantung alloy 1011 Tap drill selection (See Tapping and tap drilling: tap drills) Taper American (ANSI) Standard 948–960 applications of standard 959 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2776 INDEX Taper (continued) British Standard 948 Brown & Sharpe 948, 957–958 collets 969–971 for given angle 684 gages for self-holding 956 Jacobs 961 Jarno 948, 959 machine tool spindle 948, 959 measurement methods 681 measuring with V-block and sine bar 681 method of dimensioning 681 milling machine spindles, arbors and spindle noses 962–966 Morse 948–959 stub taper shanks 948 per foot and corresponding angles 683 pin reamers 865, 1755 pins 1753, 1756 designation 1754 diameter 1754 drilling spefications 1754 drills for 1753, 1756 hole sizes 1753 materials 1753 small ends 1754 strength 220 reamers Brown & Sharpe 864 Morse 863 rules for figuring 684 self-holding and self-releasing 948–956 steep machine 955, 960 Taper pipe threads 1956–1958 angle of thread 1959 basic dimensions 1957 external 1959 form 1956 internal 1959 lead 1959 pitch diameter formula 1956 railing joint 1960 taper 1956 taps 940 thread length 1956 tolerances on taper 1959 Tapped holes 1613 Taps 912–917 blank number 926 cut thread 936 D or DU limits 911 definitions 912–917 dimensions dimensions cut thread 917, 919–920, 924–925 extension taps 924 fine pitch taps 925 fractional size 922 ground thread 917, 919–922, 924–925 machine screw 922 metric size taps 923 neck and shortened thread length 921 Taps (continued) screw thread inserts 922–923 straight pipe 927–928 taper pipe 927–928 tolerances 920 fractional sizes 930, 937 ground thread 906, 911, 941–942 ground thread limits 930, 933–934 limits and tolerances 910–911 locational tolerance 929 M profile thread limits 930 machine screw sizes 926, 933, 941 marking 906 metric sizes 926, 930, 934 thread 911 thread in inches 942 number of flutes 926 oversize 907 pulley 906 runout tolerance 929 screw thread insert 1625 spiral point 926 straight flutes 926 straight pipe 939 styles 904 tap thread H- and L-limits 906 taper pipe 940 terms 912 thread forms 904 thread limits 909 thread tolerances 909 tolerances straight pipe 929 taper pipe 929 types of 904 undersize 907 UNS thread 906 Taps and tapping 2015–2040 automatic screw machine 1171 clearance holes ISO metric bolts and screws 2034 CNC machine 2038 cold form tapping 2035–2037 coolant 2039 cutting oils 1186 cutting speeds 1060–1069, 1071–1073, 1171, 2017 hole size before tapping 2031–2032 Unified miniature thread 2021–2032 length of engagement and tolerances 2031 lubrication 1186 methods of tapping 2015 nitriding of 2016 numerically controlled 2038 pipe power for driving 2038 tap drills for 2037 pipe threads drill sizes 2037 power required 2038 pitch increased to compensate for shrinkage 2059 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Taps and tapping (continued) rake angles for various materials 2017 removing a broken tap 2037 serial taps and close tolerances 2016 speeds 2016–2017 spiral fluted 2016 pointed 2015 square threads 944, 947 steel 2016 surface treatment of 2016 tap drills Acme threads 944 American National threads 2029 machine screws 2030 diameter of tap drill 2020 ISO metric threads 2033 coarse pitch 2033 cold form 2037 pipe Briggs (NPT) 2037 Whitworth 2037 Unified thread system cold form 2036 miniature 2032 tapping specific materials 2017 alloy steel 2018 aluminium 2019 carbon steel 2017 copper alloys 2020 free cutting steel 2019 gray cast iron 2019 high temperature alloys 2019 high tensile strength steels 2018 malleable cast iron 2019 nodular cast iron 2019 stainless steel 2018 titanium and titanium alloys 2019 taps Acme 944 drill hole size 944–945, 947 adjustable 944 markings standard 908 square thread 944 thread series designations 908 tolerances on minor diameter 2030–2031 Unified thread form 1806 Taylor tool life equation 1022, 1103–1104, 1106, 1134–1136, 1149, 1156 T-bolts and T-slots, ANSI Standard 1726– 1727 Tebi 2658 Teflon (TFE) bearings 2361 Temper designations, aluminum alloy 531– 542 Temperature absolute 2695 boiling points, various substances 372 changes in length due to 378 critical, heat treating of steel 462, 465, 469 effect on working stresses, of springs 314– 315 2777 Temperature (continued) effects on drawing dimensions 613 effects on oil 2426, 2430 fahrenheit and celsius 2695 ignition 376 influence on strength of metals 395 judging by color, steel 480 of carbon dioxide, solid 632 of freezing mixtures 376 of ignition, various materials 376 of lead bath alloys 481 of nitrogen, solid 632 required to develop tightening stress in bolt 1526, 1528 Tempering 407–467, 479–480 double 482 in oil 481 in salt baths 481 in sand 482 lead bath temperatures 481 steel 408, 481 temperature 480 carbon steel tools 480 Tensile modulus (See Modulus of: elasticity) strength 200, 202–203 aluminum alloys 391, 534–542 ceramics 389 cobalt alloys 392 copper alloys 391, 515–527 copper-beryllium alloys 529 copper-silicon alloys 528 copper-zinc-tin alloys 528 Everdur 528 magnesium alloys 547 nickel alloys 392, 548–549 nonferrous metals 513 spring wire 395 stainless steel 392, 430–431 steel 391, 422–431 heat-treated 424–429 high-strength, low-alloy 421 relation to hardness 509 titanium alloys 550 wood 386 strength, alloy steel 1408 strength, carbon steel 1408 strength, steel 1407 stress 199, 202 test 203 Test Instrument (TI) 729 Therm 2690, 2693 Thermal conductance 374 conductance units conversion 2694 conductivity 374 aluminum 376 cast iron 377 ceramics 389 copper alloys 376 nickel alloys 377 stainless steels 377 titanium alloys 377 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2778 INDEX Thermal (continued) cracking of cutting tools 1187 energy 2695 expansion coefficients 375, 378 stresses 378 plastics 578 Thermometer scales 2695 Thicknesses, preferred metal products 2610 uncoated metals and alloys 2608 Thin flat plate 228 Thin spherical shell radius of gyration 231 Thread cutting, CNC 1302–1305 Thread locking 2584 Threading cam, screw machine 1170, 1174 cutting speeds, threading dies 1170 Threads and threading 1806, 1857, 1878, 1882, 1889, 1892, 1899–1942 Acme thread 1921–1944 pitch diameter allowance 1923, 1928 aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901 Aero-thread 1986 allowance and tolerance 1951 American microscope objective (AMO) 1982–1985 American National form 1806 angle, wire method of testing 2002 ANSI Standard Acme thread 1921–1939 buttress thread 1946–1952 form or profile 1806 M profile thread 1878–1899 allowances 1883–1886 basic profile 1808, 1883 coarse pitch 1882–1883 coated threads 1886, 1888 crest and root form 1879–1884 data 1881 design profile, M series 1879, 1882– 1883 designations 1899 external thread design 1884 external thread root 1884 fine pitch 1884 lengths of engagement 1885–1890 limiting dimensions 1893, 1920 limits and fits 1882 limits of size 1888 major diameter tolerances 1890 minor diameter tolerances 1889, 1899 pitch diameter tolerances 1890 profile data 1881 profile series 1882 ANSI Standard symbols 1880 thread series 1880, 1884 tolerance grades 1883–1888 MJ profile thread 1899–1902 Unified thread system 1813–1864 allowances 1817–1843 basic dimensions 1844, 1853 coarse thread series 1816–1844 Threads and threading (continued) coated 1857 definitions 1808–1812 design profile 1814 designations 1856–1857 dimensions 1817–1843 external and internal thread forms 1806, 1860 fine and extra fine series 1816–1849 hole sizes for tapping 1857 internal and external profile 1814 limits 1817–1843, 1854 miniature screw thread 1858–1862 miniature, design dimensions 1860 pitch diameter tolerances 1856 standard series, tables of 1817–1843 thread classes 1845–1849 thread form, data and formulas 1806, 1813–1816 thread series 1814 uniform 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 28-, and 32-pitch series 1816–1853 Briggs pipe thread 1986 British Standard buttress threads 1945 ISO metric 1901, 1919 ISO profile 1910 pipe 1965–1967 RMS thread 1982 UNJ profile 1863 Whitworth 1953–1955 casing thread 1986 change gears for lathe 2042 for fractional output 2043 modifying the quick change gearbox output 2043 changing pitch slightly 2060 chasing, cutting speeds for 1060–1073 checking by three-wire method, tables 1997, 2002 classes of tolerance 1845–1928, 1946 CNC 1302–1305 cutting calculations 1302 lathes, cutting threads 1302 long hand threading 1304 multi-start threads 1305 thread milling 1292 threading commands 1304 threading operations 1304 Cordeaux thread 1987 crest diameter tolerance 1915 cutting 2040 square 944 cutting, change gears 2042 cutting, change gears fractional ratios 2043 Dardelet thread 1987 definitions 1808–1812 design and application data 1974 design dimensions and tolerances 1860 designation of Unified threads 1817–1857 designation symbols for 908 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Threads and threading (continued) on taps, marks and symbols for identifying 908 deviation formulas 1914 diameter pitch combinations 1816, 1901, 1919 diameters of wires for measuring 1991 dies, maximum pitches 2060 dimensional effect of coating 1888 drunken thread 1987 dryseal pipe 1962 Echols thread 1987 electric socket and lamp base 1980 electrical fixture threads 1980 external thread tolerances 1893 formulas for three-wire measurement 1990–1991 French thread 1987 fundamental deviation 1885 gages for screw threads 2007 classification 2007 for unified screw threads 2007 standard tolerances 2013 grinding 2053–2056 centerless method 2057 Harvey grip thread 1987 helix angle 1810, 1844–1853 hole size for tapping 1857 hose coupling 1971–1972 indexable threading insert, CNC 1302 instrument makers' 1980 interference fit 1810, 1973–1978 internal threads in pipe couplings 1960 International Metric thread system 1807 ISO metric 1808, 1901, 1919 design profile 1913 designation 1913–1914 fundamental deviation formulas 1914 lengths of thread engagements 1913 lead angle 2062 length of thread engagement 1810, 1913, 1915–1918 limiting dimensions formula 1888 limits Class 1A and 1B 1818–1843 Class 2A and 2B 1817–1843 Class 3A and 3B 1817–1843 limits and tolerance 1915–1918 Lloyd and Lloyd thread 1988 lock nut pipe thread 1988 Löwenherz 1945 M profile limits of size 1892 maximum material condition 1810 measuring screw threads 1989–2014 measuring screw threads three wire method 1990–2007 contact pressure 1993 formulas 1994–1995, 1997, 1999, 2005–2006 accuracy 2000 Whitworth best wire sizes 1992–1993 formulas 1995 2779 Threads and threading (continued) metric screw threads ANSI Standard M profile 1878–1899 allowance 1878 comparison with inch threads 1878 MJ profile 1899–1902 designations 1903 diameter-pitch combinations 1900 symbols 1903 British Standard ISO metric 1910–1919 ISO metric 1808 British Standard 1910–1919 miniature 1910 trapezoidal 1903–1909 micrometers for measuring pitch diameters 1989 microscope objective thread 1981 milling 2058–2059 changing pitch of thread slightly 2059 classes of work 2059 multiple cutter method 2058 planetary method 2059 single cutter method 2058–2059 miniature ISO metric 1910 Unified 1858–1862 minor diameter tolerances 1857 modified square thread, 10-degree 1944 molded in 593 multiple, designation 1857 multi-start threads, CNC 1305 National standard form or profile 1806 Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1988 pipe ANSI Standard 1956–1965 dryseal 1962–1965 taper 1956–1958 pitch 1811 pitch diameter 1811 pitch, changing slightly 2060 pitch, maximum when die cut 2059 pressure tight joints 1960 rolled lamp base threads 1980 SAE standard screw thread 1988 saw-tooth 1945 screw thread, definition 1812 self-forming screws 1701–1704, 1709 self-tapping screws 1704 Sellers screw thread 1988 sharp V-type thread 1806 single point threading, CNC 1302 spark plug threads 1979 square thread 1944 ten-degree modified 1944 stress area 1528, 1536, 1812, 1930 Acme thread 1923, 1927 Unified fine thread 1844 stub Acme screw threads 1921, 1932–1939 stub thread, 60-degree 1942 tap drill sizes 2021–2029 taper, measurement by wire method 2006 thread calculations 1302 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2780 INDEX Threads and threading (continued) thread cutting, CNC 1302 thread forms 1806 thread grinding accuracy obtainable 2053 from the solid 2055 multi-ribbed wheels 2054 number of wheel passes 2054–2055 ribbed wheel for fine pitches 2055 roughing and finishing wheels 2054 single edge wheel 2053 wheels 2053 and work rotation 2055 grain size 2057 hardness of grade 2056 speeds 2056 truing 2056 types for 2053 work speeds 2056 thread milling, CNC 1292 thread rolling 2048–2052 advantages of process 2051 automatic screw machines 2050 blank diameter 2049 dies, cylindrical 2048 dies, flat 2048 in automatic screw machines 2050 machines used 2050 precision thread rolling 2049 production rates 2048 speeds and feeds 2051 steels 2049 thread selection 1856 tolerance system 1885, 1911 tolerances grade dimensions 1892 of external threads 1890 of pitch diameter 1890 tools relief angles, single-point 2040–2041 tools for square threads 944 trapezoidal metric thread 1903, 1905, 1909 formulas 1904 US Standard 1806 watch 1858–1862 Whitworth 1983 truncated 1983, 1985 wire sizes for checking pitch diameters 1991–1992 Three-dimensional stress 215–217 Three-wire measurement gears 2221–2239 screw threads 1990–2007 Thrust bearing (see Bearings: thrust) Thumb screws dimensions 1798 flat-head type 1795, 1798–1799 lengths 1798 materials 1795 points 1799 cone point 1799 cup point 1799 dog point 1799 Thumb screws (continued) flat point 1799 oval point 1799 threads 1799 types 1795 TI (Test Instrument) 729 Tin lead, plating 1510 Tin plating 1515 Tin-base alloys, die casting 1417 Tin-lead alloys for soldering 1424 Titanium and titanium alloys coefficient of expansion 377 density 377 melting points 377 properties 548, 550 specific heat 377 speeds and feeds 1037, 1073, 1181 thermal conductivity 377 Titanium Metals Corp. 550 Titanium carbides as cutting tool materials 1010 T-nuts, ANSI Standard 1728 Toggle joint 172 Tolerances 784, 1911 ANSI Standard 635 application of tolerances 629 bilateral and unilateral 628 symbols 612, 650 ANSI symbols 1324–1327 ball and roller bearing 2374–2384 British Standard 663 British Standard ISO threads 1911 buttress threads 1946–1947, 1950 clearance fit 649 compression spring 328–331 core drill, metric 893 cut thread 937 cylindrical fits 628 designation of limits and fits 649 dimensions on drawings 628 drilled holes 896 extension spring 328–331 fundamental deviations 663 gagemakers 661 gages, direction of tolerances on 629 gear, composite tooth to tooth 2169 gear, composite total 2169 grades relative to machining processes 637, 662 hole basis 649 honing 1274 interference fit 649 involute splines, inch 2252 involute splines, metric 2273, 2276 ISO metric threads 1911 crest diameter tolerance 1915 finished uncoated threads 1915, 1918 tolerance classes 1912 tolerance grades 1912 tolerance positions 1912–1913 tolerances classes 1912 keys and keyways 2475 knurling 995 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Tolerances (continued) limits and fits 663 machine screw taps 931–932 nut threads 1911 obtainable by various operations 635, 637, 662 preferred series of 635 relationship to surface roughness 738, 740 screw thread inserts 941–942 shaft basis 649 symbols 612, 1324–1327 tapped holes 2030 taps 904, 931–932, 937 thread gage 2010 torsion springs 337–344 transition fits 649 twist drill, metric 893 Unified screw tap threads 932, 937 Unified thread gages 2013 unilateral and bilateral 628 Tolerancing and dimensions 2463 Tolerancing and geometric dimensioning 613 Ton long and short 2683 metric 2683 Tool change schedule 1153–1154 compensation, NC 782–784 contour, cutting tools 757 cost per batch 1154 cost per edge 1155 cost, cutting 1154 forming 796–807 grade, cutting 1058 grinding, angles 757–763 holders 766–772 letter symbols 768 indexable inserts 764–772, 782–784, 791 knurling 991–995 life 1013, 1133, 1141, 1153 adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058 adjusting factors drilling 1058 end milling 1058 face milling 1058 reaming 1058 colding relation 1136 cutting speed 1146 drilling 1145 economic 1149 economy 1149 envelope 1138 factors for turning life carbides 1034 CBN 1034 ceramics 1034 cermets 1034 polycrystalline diamond 1034 feed speed 1146 global optimization 1150 grinding 1145 milling 1145 2781 Tool (continued) optimization models 1149 optimum 1151 surface finish 1143 Taylor’s equation 1134–1136 turning 1145 materials 785–795, 1008–1012 nose radius compensation, NC 782–784 shanks, ANSI Standard for milling machines 964 sharpening carbide tools 1000 grinding wheels for 1000–1003 twist drills 997–1000 single-point 757, 899–900 steels 433–459 air hardening 453 alloying elements effects 437–438 applications 443 chemical compositions 441 chromium types 449 classification of 438 cold work 452–453 cutting speed for 1030, 1048–1049, 1065 decarburization limits 459 dimensional tolerances 459 faults and failures, common 436–440 grindability of 436, 1228–1232 hardening 435 hardness 436 high-carbon, high-chromium 452 high-speed 446 hot work 449, 451 machinability 435 machining allowances 459 mechanical properties 433 mill production forms 458–459 mold 453, 455 molybdenum types 446, 451 numbering system 398, 400 oil hardening 453 properties of 433–436 shock resisting 453, 455 special purpose 453–457 speeds drilling, reaming, and threading 1065 speeds, milling 1048–1049 speeds, turning 1030 tolerances on dimensions 459 toughness 436, 441 tungsten types 448 water hardening 457–458 wear resistance 436 trouble-shooting checklist 1014 wear 996–998, 1132 Tooling cost equivalent 1154 Tooling cost time 1154 Tooth rest position milling cutter grinding 843 reamer grinding 847 Torches, metal cutting 1462 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2782 Torque 149 calculating, for tightening bolts 171 capacity formulas involute spline 2266 spline fittings 2281 clamping force 1529 coefficient 1530–1531 electric motor 2567, 2574 pull-up 2566 relationship to angular acceleration 180 starting, small bearings 2399 tension relation 1532 tightening, for bolts 1521–1533 torsion springs 331, 333 unit conversion 2689 Torque test 1618 Torque test spacer 1624 Torsion and bending of shafts, combined formulas 209, 215, 299–301 deflection of shafts, formula 297–298 formulas for shafts 295–297 modulus 209, 344–346 springs, design 337 strength of shafts 295–297 Torus polar moment of inertia 247 volume 87 Total indicator reading, NC 1317 Toughness HSLA steels 421 tool steels 441 Transfer die 1379 Transmission chains 2537 cast roller chains 2537 detachable chains 2537 nonstandard 2537 pintle chains 2537 roller chain sprockets 2540 caliper diameter 2544 classes 2542 diameters 2542–2543 flange thickness 2545 manufacture 2557 materials 2557 proportions 2546 roller chains 2537, 2539 attachments 2541 bar steel sprockets 2546 bent link plate 2541 bore and hub diameters 2552 bottom diameter 2544 center distances and chain links 2552 roller chains cutters for sprockets 2557 cutting sprocket tooth forms 2556 design procedure 2560 dimensions 2539 drive ratings 2558 hob design 2555 horsepower ratings 2547–2560 idler sprockets 2553 installation and alignment 2559 Transmission chains (continued) keys, keyways and set-screws 2542 length of driving chain 2553 lubrication 2559 multiple strand cast sprockets 2546 nomenclature 2538 nonstandard 2537 numbering system 2540 parts 2538 pin dimensions 2541 pitch 2540 selection 2547 single strand cast sprockets 2546 straight link plate 2541 tolerances 2540, 2544 tooth form 2554 tooth section profile dimension 2545 types 2537 ultimate tensile strength 2540 types 2537 Transmission shafting design 299–301 Transpose of a matrix 123 Trap rock, strength 394 Trapezium area 72 Trapezoid area 71 center of gravity 222 moment of inertia 236 radius of gyration 236 section modulus 236 Trapezoidal screw threads 1903–1909 data 1905–1909 formulas 1904 Trepanning 1080, 1498 Tresca shear theory (plastics) 577 Triangle acute 71, 95, 101–102 area 71 center of gravity 221 equilateral 95 geometry of 56 isosceles 95 moment of inertia 236 obtuse 71, 95, 101–102 radius of gyration 236 right-angle 71, 95, 98–100 section modulus 236 solution 95–102 oblique angle 101–102 right angle 98–100 Triaxial stress 215–217 Tribology, see lubrication 2420 Trigonometric formulas 96–97 functions of angles 95–114 signs of 96 using calculator to find 110 identities 96–97 tables 106–109 Trochoid curve 2128 Troostite 479 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Trouble-shooting broaching 985 drilling 1064 machining difficulties 1014–1015 reaming 852 tools 437–440 Troy weight for gold and silver 2683 True stress-strain 1332 Truing and dressing grinding wheels 1235– 1239 T-section moment of inertia 241 radius of gyration 241 section modulus 241 T-slots and T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1726– 1727 T-slot cutters, standard 812 Tube collapsing pressure 293–294 gages 2604 maximum allowable pressures 294 strength of 293–294 subjected to external pressure factor of safety 294 thickness and working pressure 293–294 wall thickness gages 2593, 2604 Tube spinning 1363 Tungsten carbide tools grinding 1000–1002 carbide tools materials 1009 electrodes, welding 1453–1458 powdered alloys density 393 elongation 393 hardness 393 rupture strength 393 ultimate strength 393 yield strength 393 steels 448 compositions 442, 448 high-speed, heat-treatment of 496 tool steels 448 Turner's sclerometer 509 Turning and facing, insert holder 770–772 cutting speeds for copper alloys 1036 ferrous cast metals 1032–1033 hard-to-machine materials 1038 light metals 1037 plain carbon and alloy steels 1026–1029 stainless steels 1031 cutting speeds for superalloys 1038 titanium and titanium alloys 1037 tool steels 1030 unusual materials 1081 cutting time for 1081 insert holder 770–772 speed adjustment factors depth of cut 1034 feed 1034 lead angle 1034 2783 Turning (continued) speeds and feeds 1025–1039, 1171 Twist drill 866, 870–896 equivalent of gage or letter size 868–872 grinding (sharpening) 997–999 length of point on 889 parallel shank jobber 894 parallel shank long series 895 tolerances, metric 893 types 866 Type metal 544 U U.S. Board of Supervising Inspectors 288 Dept. of Commerce, formula for pressure in tubes 293 gallons into liters 2681 standard screw threads 1806 standard sheet metal gage 2608 UK gallons to liters 2678, 2681 Ultimate strength common materials 394 compressive 201 copper-base powdered alloys 393 iron and steel 432 iron-base powdered alloys 393 nonferrous metals 513 plastics 562 shear 201 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 Ultrasonic fluxless soldering 1426 Uncoated metals and alloys, preferred thicknesses, metric 2608 Undercut, in spur gearing 2146 Unified numbering system for metals (See UNS number) Unified thread system cold form tap drill sizes 2036 screw thread form 1806–1808, 1812–1864 British UNJ 1863 diameter-pitch combinations 1816 hole sizes for tapping 1857, 2021–2028 miniature screw thread 1858–1862 standard series 1814, 1817–1843 coarse thread 1844 constant pitch 1846–1853 extra-fine thread 1845–1846 fine thread 1844–1845 thread classes 1854–1856 screw thread form thread designation 1856–1857 thread formulas 1815 threaded fasteners bolts, screws, and nuts 1538–1580, 1626, 1643, 1666, 1676–1678, 1680–1682, 1684–1687, 1690, 1693, 1701, 1716, 1794, 1799 tensile stress area 1528–1529, 1536 tensile stress due to tightening 1524 Uniform motion 175 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2784 Unit systems cgs 150, 2656 MKS 150, 2656 MKSA (m-kg-s-A) 2656 SI metric 2656, 2658–2659 US customary 2660 Unit under test (UUT) 720 Units of measure and conversion factors angular and circular 2662 Apothecaries’ fluid 2679 area 2675 barrel 2679 dry 2679 electric wires 2675 energy 2693 flow 2682 fluid 2678–2679 force 2688 heat 2690 inertia and momentum 2699 length 2661 mass and weight 2683 Apothecaries’ weight 2683 Avoirdupois or commercial 2683 Troy weight 2683 miscellaneous 2699 nautical 2661 power 2690, 2693 pressure and stress 2686 shipping 2678 surveyors 2661 temperature 2695 thermal conductance 2694 velocity and acceleration 2698 viscosity 2698 volume 2678–2679 work 2693 Universal joints 2445 angular velocity of driven shaft 2445 intermediate shaft 2446 maximum and minimum velocities 2445 UNS number 398 copper alloys 515–527 copper and copper alloys 514 number 402–403 plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 398, 400, 404–405 series of different metal 398 stainless steel 398, 406 Upsetting, steel for cold 410 UUT (Unit under test) 720 V V.I. (Viscosity Index) 2426 Vacuum furnace brazing 1431 Van Keuren gear measuring tables 2221–2234 Vanadium, gearing material 2243 Variable speed belts (see Belts and pulleys: variable speed belts) Varnish, pattern 1413 V-belts (see Belts and pulleys: V-belts) V-block 686, 688–692 Vector and scalar quantities 153 Vee-block 686, 688–692 Velocity 149, 175–178 angular 175, 177 rpm to radian per second conversion 177 converting to rpm 1015–1020 linear 175 of points on rotating bodies 177 unit conversion 2698 Vernier scale dual metric-inch 676–677 reading 675 reading a metric 676 reading on a protractor 675 Versed sine and versed cosine 110 V-flange tool shanks and retention knobs 967– 968 Vickers hardness 506 Viscosity absolute 2425 conversion table for lubricating oils 2698 index (V.I.) 2426 kinematic 2425 lubrication 2425 temperature chart for SAE oils 2324 unit conversion 2698 Vitrified bonded wheels 1000–1001, 1217 coolants for 1185 thread grinding 2053 Volume barrel 87 cone 84 cube 82 cylinder 83 hollow 84 portion of 83–84 ellipsoid 85 frustum of cone 84 geometrical figures 82–87 measures 2678 of solids 82–87 paraboloid 86 paraboloidal segment 87 prism 82 prismoidal formula 66 pyramid 82 frustum of 83 solid of revolution 66 specific gravity 380–382 sphere 85 sphere hollow 86 spherical sector 85 segment 85 wedge 86 zone 86 square prism 82 torus 87 units and conversion of 2678, 2682 wedge 83 V-process, casting 1410 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX V-shaped groove, checking by pins 686 V-thread 1806 Vulcanized fiber, strength 394 W Wahl spring curvature correction factor 314 Washburn & Moen wire gage 2605 Washers ANSI, lock 1565 ANSI, plain 1562–1567, 1604, 1607 Belleville or disc spring 344, 350 British Standard metric 1640–1642 metric spring 1638–1640 designations 1641 metric 1604, 1607 designations 1607 materials 1607 preferred sizes 1562–1565 spring lock type 1566–1569 tooth lock type 1566–1569 Watch screw threads 1858–1862 Water contamination of oil 2440 Watt equivalent 2690 Waviness 733 height values 738 Wax in oil 2427 Wear life factor involute spline 2268 Wear resistance cutting tool 996–997 Wedge 169 center of gravity 226 mechanical principle of 169 spherical, volume 86 volume 83 Weight 151 air 381, 384 angles, structural steel 2600–2602 avoirdupois or commercial 2683 castings, from pattern weight 1414 channels, structural 2599, 2603 earth 384 earth or soil 384 hollow shafts 303 I-beams 2594–2598 metric measures 2683 mol 384 molecular 384 nails and spikes 1800 of natural piles 382 per feet of wood 386 specific gravity 380–382 steel S-sections 2598 troy, for gold and silver 2683 water 380 wide flange, steel 2594–2597 wood 386–387 Weldability, HSLA steels 421 Welding 1433–1486, 1495 aluminum 1460 ANSI welding symbols 1476–1486 application of 1480–1484 nondestructive testing 1485–1486 2785 Welding (continued) arc cutting of metals 1463 basic symbols 1476–1477 codes, rules, regulations, specifications 1478 controls 1437 current ranges diameter, sheet metal 1451 current selection 1456 cutting metals with electric arc 1463 metals with oxidizing flame 1462 with lasers 1491 definitions and symbols 1476–1484 designations 1479 dies 1485 dimensions 1477 electrode 1433–1434, 1438, 1456–1458 AWS E60XX 1450 AWS E70XX 1452 carbon steels 1434 characteristics 1451 composition 1456 current ranges 1456 diameters 1451 sizes 1434 stainless steels 1434 thoriated 1457 zirconiated 1457 electron beam welding 1468 FCAW (flux-cored arc) 1442–1449 all position electrodes 1445–1446 alloy steeels 1442 carbon steels 1442, 1444 contact tip recess 1445 deposition rates 1447–1449 electrodes 1442–1443, 1448 diameter 1447 gas shielded 1442, 1444 material condition 1443 porosity and worm tracks 1445 selection 1443 settings 1443 shielding gases 1449 stainless steeels 1442 weld requirements 1443 fill passes 1471, 1474–1475 filler metals 1458 fluxes 1433 gas shielded, all position 1442 GMAW (gas metal arc) electrode diameters 1434 metal thickness 1439–1440 optimum settings 1441 shielding gases 1435, 1437 alloy steels 1435 aluminum 1437 carbon steels 1435 stainless steels 1436 spray transfer 1439–1441 welding sheet steel 1435 GTAW (gas tungsten arc) 1453–1458 aluminum 1457 current 1453 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition 2786 INDEX Welding (continued) EWP electrode 1457 filler metals 1458 selecting tungsten electrode 1456–1458 shielding gases 1458 hard-facing 1464 laser cutting 1491–1495 welding 1495 letter designations for processes 1479 materials used in welding 1476 nondestructive testing 1485–1486 PAW (plasma arc) 1458 applications 1459 cutting 1461–1462 equipment 1459 fusion 1460 gases for 1458 of aluminum 1460 surface coating 1461–1462 surfacing 1461 pipe welding 1469 plasma arc welding gases 1458 shielding gases 1459 argon 1459 helium 1459 hydrogen 1459 plastics 595 process letter designation 1479 process names 1433 shielding gas 1458 SMAW (shielded metal arc) 1449–1452 characteristic of electrodes 1449 specifications 1478 supplementary symbols 1477–1478 symbol 1477 arrow side 1482 bead type back 1481 bevel groove 1480 built up surface 1481 electron beam 1480, 1484 fillet 1480–1481 intermittent fillet 1482 letter designations 1478 melt thru weld 1484 plug groove 1480 process 1478 symbol resistance-seam 1480 single pass back 1481 square groove 1480 U- groove 1483 V-groove 1482 tungsten electrode compositions 1456 Weldon shanks dimensions of 816–826 end mills 816–817, 819 Wheel life in grinding (See Grinding: wheel life) Wheels abrasive cutting 976–978 and pulleys in mechanics 170–171 Wheels (continued) buffing 1504 diamond 1000–1002, 1240–1246 dressing 1235–1238 Geneva 171 grinding 1216–1239 diamond 1240–1246 mechanical principles of 170 polishing 1501, 1504 silicon carbide 1000–1001 White cast iron 1404 White metal bearing alloys 2357–2358 Whitworth bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and studs 1626–1629, 1666–1667, 1679, 1700 screw thread form 1806, 1953–1955, 1965–1966, 1981–1985, 1987–1988 drills for pipe taps 2037 measuring 1992–1993, 1995–1996, 1998 truncated thread 1983 wire size for measuring threads 1992 Wide-flange shapes, steel 2594–2597 moment of inertia 2594–2597 radius of gyration 2594–2597 section modulus 2594–2597 weight per foot 2594–2597 Wind chill temperature 2700 Wind velocity to pressure 2700 Windlass 170–171 Wing nuts and screws nuts dimensions 1791–1794 finish 1795 materials 1795 standard 1791–1794 types 1791 screws 1791–1799 dimensions 1795 lengths 1798 materials 1795 points 1799 cone point 1799 cup point 1799 dog point 1799 flat point 1799 oval point 1799 threads 1799 screws types 1795 Wire checking screw threads 1990 Acme threads 1995, 2004 buttress threads 2006 contact pressure 1993 formulas for large lead angles 1993– 2004 taper screws 2005 circular mill measurement 2675 copper 2606 diameters, raised to powers 347 EDM 1393, 1402 music 347, 2604 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX Wire (continued) nails and spikes 1800 preferred thicknesses 2609 rod gages 2604 rope 2613 sheet metal gages 2608–2610 size for checking gears 2221 for external spur gears 2221 for helical gears 2235 for internal gears 2230 for spur and helical gears 2230 spring, tensile strength 395 tubing, wall thickness gages 2604 wire gages 2604 Wire rope breaking strengths 2614 classes 2614–2618 construction 2613 definitions of terms 2613–2614 factors of safety 2619–2620 installation 2620 plow steel, strength of 2616–2621 properties 2614 safe loads for 2619–2620 simplified practice recommendations 2618 sizes 2616–2621 specification 2614 strength 2616–2621 weight 2616–2621 Wood bearings 2362 bonding 2580 boring 388 compression perpendicular to grain 385 compression strength 386 crushing strength 385–386 density 387 dimensions of sawn lumber 387 hardmetal tooling for 795 ignition temperatures 376 machinability 387 maximum bending load 386 mechanical properties of 386 effect of pressure treatment 386 mechanical property 385 modulus of rupture 385–386 mortising 388 patterns 1412 planing 388 sanding 388 screws 1801 shaping 388 shear strength 386 shear strength parallel to grain 386 tensile strength 386 tooling for wood and nonmetals 795 Woodruff keys and keyseats ANSI 2477 cutters 832 key 2481 dimensions 2478–2479 number 2481 keyseat 2787 Woodruff keys and keyseats (continued) dimensions 2480–2481 hub 2481 milling cutter 2481 shaft 2481 Woodruff keys and keyways 2469 designation 2470 materials 2470 tolerances 2470 Woodruff keys dimensions 2470 Woodruff keyways dimensions 2471 Woodworking cutters 795 Work 149, 182 formulas 182 formulas for work and power 186 maximum load in bending wood 385 relation to energy 182 sheet metal forming 1342 units conversion 2693 Working stress 200, 204, 212 at elevated temperature 315 factors of saftey 204 of bolts 1535 shafts 301 springs 301, 315–316 Worm gearing 2191–2194 addendum 2191 ANSI Standard, fine-pitch 2191–2193 effect on profile and pressure angle of cutting diameter 2193 of production method 2193 fine-pitch 2191–2194 formulas for dimensions 2191 hobs for 2191 lead angles 2191 material 2193, 2245 number of threads or “starts” 2194 multi-thread worms 2194 single-thread worms 2194 outside diameter 2191 pitch diameters, range 2192 pitches, standard 2191 pressure angles 2191 proportions 2191 ratio of teeth to thread starts 2194 tooth form of worm and wormgear 2193 Worm wheel, indexing movements 2119 Wrapped spring clutches 2450 Wrench clearances for box wrenches, metric 1561 for hex wrenches 1557, 1559 for open end wrenches 1556 for spacing of bolts 1555 openings, ANSI Standard 1556 torque cap screws 1522 steel bolts 1522 studs 1522 Wrinkling, sheet metal 1353 Wrought copper alloys 519–527 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition INDEX 2788 Wrought (continued) copper-beryllium 529 iron strength 432 temperature effect on 394 thickness gage for sheet 2608–2609 Y Yield point 200 for various materials 200 heat-treated steels 424–429 iron and steel 432 plastics 562 steel 1407 Yield strength 200 aluminum alloys 391, 534–542 carbon steel 1408 cobalt alloys 392 compressive 201 copper alloys 391, 515–527 Cu-base powdered alloys 393 Cu-beryllium alloys 529 Cu-silicon alloys 528 Everdur 528 iron-base powdered alloys 393 magnesium alloys 547 nickel alloys 392, 548–549 nonferrous metals 513 perforated metal 2607 plastics 562 shear 201 spring wire 395 stainless steel 392, 430–431 steel 391, 422–431 high-strength, low-alloy 421 titanium alloys 550 tungsten-base powdered alloys 393 Young’s modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity) Z Zero, absolute 2695 Zerol bevel gears 2125, 2178 Zinc plating 1515 Zinc-base alloys, die casting 1416 ZNP curve 2421 Z-section moment of inertia 243 radius of gyration 243 section modulus 243 Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com

Primary Index, Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition

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