QUPID
Quartz
Quartz Photon Intensifying Detector
Katsushi Arisaka
University of California, Los Angeles
Department of Physics and Astronomy
arisaka@physics.ucla.edu
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka
1
Where backgrounds come from?
Underground or
Under high
mountains
Cosmic
Rays
Radio Activities
(U, Th, K…)
Detector
Water Tank
(Liquid Scintillator)
Ultimately photon detectors are the major source of backgrounds.
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
2
Structure and Electron Trajectories of 3” QUPID
Photo Cathode
(-6 kV)
Photo Cathode
(-6 kV)
Quartz
Al coating
APD (0 V)
Quartz
APD (0 V)
Quartz
Invented by Katsushi Arisaka & Hanguo Wang in March 2007.
US Patent (No. 5374826) pending.
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
3
Expected Performance of QUPID
Ø
Large diameter:
3 inch
§ Existing largest PMT with low radioactivity is 2 inch (R8778)
Ø
Extremely low radioactivity: << 1 mBq
§ To be compared with
• Electron Tube ETL D750UKFLA (3 inch) for WARP: ~ 200 mBq
• Hamamatsu R8778 (2 inch) for LUX/XMASS:
~10 mBq
• Hamamatsu R8520 (1 inch) for XENON100:
~1 mBq
Ø
True photon counting
§ 1, 2 … 5 photo-electron
electron peaks are clearly visible.
§ Collection efficiency is ~100%
Ø
Simple HV supply
§ HV supply can be common for all HAPD
• No tube to tube variation of gains
§ Resister chain not necessary
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLAc
4
3” QUPID by Hamamatsu
Comparison of Low-radioactive
Low
Photon Detectors from Hamamatsu
R8520
1 inch
XENON10
XENON100
R8778
2 inch
LUX
(XMASS)
QUPID
3 inch
XENON100+
DarkSide
MAX, XAX
Comparison
Unit
R8520
1 inch
Square
R8778
2 inch
Round
QUPID
3 inch
Round
mm
mm
cm2
cm2
%
25.7 mm square
21.8 mm square
6.60
4.75
72.0%
57 mm diameter
45 mm diameter
25.52
15.90
62.3%
70 mm diameter
65 mm diameter
38.48
33.18
86.2%
1.51
2.09
1.38
$1,100
$231
$2,700
$170
$3,000 exp’d
$90
1.11
0.53
25%
35%
1.3
1.3
16%
25%
35%
2.5
1.1
23%
30%
35%
5
1
30%
1.20
1.00
2.00
0.91
1.32
1
0.2
0.2
0.03
50
10
3.1
0.4
1
0.1
0.03
0.003
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.008
Size
Shape
QUPID/R8778
Dimension
Outer Size
Photo Cathode
Total Area
Photocathode Area
Filling factor
Price
Price
$
Price per potocathode area $/cm2
Performance
QE at 175 nm (Typical)
%
QE at 175 nm (Best)
%
Peak to Vally Ratio
ENF
DQE = QE/ENF (Typical)
%
Radioactivity (U/Th)
Total (Typical)
mBq
Total (Best)
mBq
Per area (Typical) mBq/cm2
Per area (Best) mBq/cm2
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka
7
Radiation Screening
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
8
GATOR Screening Facility at Gran Sasso
Screening of QUPIDs
Spectrum of QUPIDs and Background
(4 QUPIDs x 1 month data)
QUPIDs are invisible!
No QUPID
4 QUPIDs
Screening Results
Activities (mBq / QUPID)
Bayesian Statistics
Health Physics Society
90% CL
95% CL
90% CL
95% CL
U
< 0.36
< 0.49
< 0.37
< 0.47
232
Th
< 0.30
< 0.40
< 0.30
< 0.39
60
Co
0.12 ± 0.06
< 0.21
0.12 ± 0.06
0.12 ± 0.06
< 1.96
< 2.40
< 1.96
< 2.34
238
40
K
Comparison with Other Experiments
Mass
Experimemt
Name
XENON100+
Target
Xe
Photon Detector
Total Fiducial Phase
(kg)
(kg)
250
100
Double
Type
Location Size
Radioactivity
(inch)
(mBq (mBq
/piece) /cm2)
QUPID
Bottom
3
< 0.7
< 0.02
R8520
Top
1
1
0.2
R8778
Top/Bot.
2
20
0.8
LUX
Xe
300
100
Double
XMASS
Xe
800
100
Single R8778Hex
4π
2
5
0.2
WARP
Ar
140
100
Double
3" PMT
Top
3
200
4.4
Mini-CLEAN
Ar
360
100
Single
8" PMT
4π
8
500
1.5
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka,UCLA
13
Measurements
at Hamamatsu
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
14
Fukazawa
QUPID
Suyama
QUPID Test Setup at Hamamatsu
Electron Bombarded Gain(QHP26)
900
800
Electron Bombarded Gain
700
600
G = 812
(6.0 kV)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Photocathode Applied Voltage [-kV]
[
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
16
APD Gain (QHP26)
1000
1.0E-06
Avalanche Gain
Avalanche Gain
100
1.0E-07
10
1.0E-08
1
1.0E-09
G = 194
(433 V)
0.1
0.01
AD Leakage Current [A]
Leakage Current
1.0E-10
1.0E-11
0
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
AD Reverse Bias Voltage [V]
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
17
Systematic Diagram of Readout Prototype
wit AC coupling (Minimum component on QUPID)
Dark Box
Hamamatsu
C5594
(Total G = 107)
QUPID
(G = 812 x 194 = 158,000)
Coax Cable (2m)
1 nF
(1 kV)
Amp
X 63
APD
500 MΩ
Ω
-6kV
(Photocathode)
11/19/2009
Digital Scope
Agilent, Infinium 54845A
8 GHz sampling
100 kΩ
Ω
- 433 V
(APD Bias)
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
18
Data Taking Setup with 2m Cable
Preamp
QUPID
-6 kV
2m coax cable
1, 2 and 3 PE Distribution with 2m cable
3 PE
2 PE
1 PE
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
20
Charge Distribution (~ 2 pe average)
Pedestal
1 PE
2 PE
3 PE
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
21
Charge Distribution (~ 2 pe average)
Pedestal
1 PE
2 PE
3 PE
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
22
QE of New Photocathode (Bialkali - LT)
Argon
Xenon
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
23
Curret with -5% non-linearity (nA)
Saturation point of Photocathode DC current
10000
1000
QUPID
R8778
R8520
QUPID
100
R8778
10
R8520
1
Argon
Xenon
0.1
-200
-100
100
0
Temperature
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
(oC)
24
Applications
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
25
XENON100 upgrade with 19 QUPIDs
•Construction funded by NSF
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
26
DarkSide 50 with 19 + 19 QUPIDs
•50 kg of 39Ar depleted Argon (33 kg fiducial)
•19 + 19 = 38 QUPID
Proposal submitted to NSF, FNAL (soon to DOE)
•Proposal
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka
27
MAX Detector
Xe
2.4 ton
(1.2 ton)
40Ar
5 ton
(2.5 ton)
2m
1m
•DUSEL S4 funded ($3.5M)
•Subcontract
Subcontract to Hamamatsu ($300k)
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
28
XAX (Xenon-Argon
Argon-Xenon)
Water Tank Veto
WIMP (Spin even)
Double Beta Decay
WIMP (Spin odd)
Solar Neutrino
WIMP (Spin even)
12 m
129/131Xe
12 ton
(6 ton)
136Xe
40Ar
7 ton
(4 ton)
70 ton
(50 ton)
1.2 m
2m
4m
12 m
14 m
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
29
Concept of one of XAX Detectors
Liquid Xe (19 ton)
TPB
+ Resistive Coating (ATO)
+ Acrylic Vessel
Radiation- free
Photon Detector
(3” QUPID, Total 3950)
2m
OFHC (Oxygen-Free
High Conductivity Copper)
Vacuum Vessel
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
30
MAX and XAX
Detector Size
Target Mass
1m x 1m 2m x 2m 4m x 4m
Total
Mass
No. Events
Fiducial Cost for
Mass Target
WIMP
Super
Double
pp Solar
Nova
Beta
Neutrino
Neutrino
Decay
10-46 cm2 1027 years
QUPID
3x1053 erg
3" at Top
190
750
3000
100 GeV
6" at Side/Bottom
210
850
3400
/ 1yr
/ 1 yr
Cost for QUPID
$2M
$9M
$36M
0.4
G2
MAX
XAX (Phase I)
G3
XAX (Phase II)
G4
(ton)
(ton)
2.4
1.2
$7M
12
10
5
$3M
10
2.4
1.2
?
12
20
10
$40M
100
70
50
$20M
100
129/131
13
6
?
60
136
7
4
?
40
70
50
Xe
40
Ar
129/131
Xe
Xe
40
Xe
Xe
40
11/19/2009
Ar
Ar
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
100
10 kpc
/ 1yr
11
14
500
3.3
11
95
141
2500
30
56
39
141
31
Photon Detector Test Facility
at UCLA
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
32
Photon Detector Test Facility at UCLA
Ø
UCLA has one of the most extensive test facilities.
§ 25 years of experience (from Kamiokande 20 inch PMT)
§ Cross-calibrated
calibrated with major industries (Hamamatsu, Photonis…)
Ø
Existing Systems (from KTeV & Pierre-Auger)
Pierre
includes:
§
§
§
§
§
§
Ø
Gain vs. HV
Dark Current, Dark Count Rate
Time property – TTS, Rise Time, Fall Time, Pulse Width
Quantum Efficiency
Cathode and Anode Uniformity
Cathode and Anode Linearity
Cryogenic Systems being developed:
§ Cathode and Anode Linearity
§ Vacuum UV (110 – 700 nm) Quantum Efficiency
§ Operation under Liquid/Gas Xenon/Argon
Design of new scanner
QUPID holder & base
(holder made of polyethylene)
Stepper motors
(Lin Engineering
4118L-01-R0)
QUPID
Fiber-optic
cable holder
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
34
Scanner installed in dark box
Cathode uniformity
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
36
-200
200 V bias
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
37
Pulse/DC Linearity System
NIM Box
4 to 1 Filter Wheel
Zero
Switch
Discrete Filter
Wheel
Motor
Motor
Optical
Path
SMA Fiber
Connector
Laser Diode
Lenses
Lenses
NIM 12 Volt Power
Optical Zero
Switch
Continuous Filter
Motor
Drivers
USB Feed
Through
Controller
Light Source for
Linearity Measurement
Cryogenic System at UCLA (Hanguo Wang’s Lab)
PMT/QUPID Cooling System by Cryocooler
Control Panel
PMT/QUPID Cooling System by Liquid Nitrogen
QUPID in the Cooling System
Vacuum UV Spectrometer for QE measurement
•
•
•
Based on McPherson VUVaS 2000
From 120 nm up to 800 nm
Down to liquid Nitrogen temperature
•
Funded by DOE Recovery Act
($135k)
Artin visiting McPherson at Boston (Sept, 2009)
Proposed Readout Scheme
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
47
Systematic Diagram of XENON100+ Readout
APD Receiver
XENON100+
Detector
CAEN V1724
Low Range ( < 100 keV)
QUPID
G=160,000
Amp
X 40
Coax Cable (2m)
1 nF
(1 kV)
FADC
100 MHz
14 Bits
4M samples
Memory
FADC
100 MHz
14 Bits
4M samples
Memory
APD
100 kΩ
Ω
10 MΩ
Ω
High Range ( < 4 MeV)
-6kV
(Photocathode)
- 430 V
(APD Bias)
19 QUPIDs
11/19/2009
8 ch / board ( Total 3 boards)
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
Total 19 x 2 = 38 channels
8 ch / board (Total 5 boards)
48
Systematic Diagram of MAX Readout
APD Receiver
XENON100+
Detector
500 MHz Digitizer
Low Range ( < 100 keV)
QUPID
G=160,000
Amp
X 40
Coax Cable (2m)
1 nF
(1 kV)
FADC
500 MHz
12 Bits
FPGA
APD
10 MΩ
Ω
FADC
500 MHz
12 Bits
100 kΩ
Ω
High Range ( < 4 MeV)
-6kV
(Photocathode)
Total ~1,000 QUPIDs
11/19/2009
- 430 V
(APD Bias)
8 ch / board
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
8 ch / board
49
Summary
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLA
50
Summary of QUPID
Ø
Extremely low radioactivity:
< 1 mBq
Ø
Large diameter:
3 inch
Ø
Special Photocathode:
Bialkali LT
Ø
True photon counting.
Ø
Simple HV supply.
Ø
Production line being established.
§ << 10 times lower than the low radioactive PMTs.
§ Aiming at < 0.1 mBq (required for Double Beta Decay.)
§ 6 inch is also under investigation.
§ > 30 % QE at 170 – 450 nm
§ Low resistivity even at Liquid Ar temperature (( 185 oC)
§ 1, 2, 3… photoelectron peaks clearly visible.
§ 100% collection efficiency.
§ Common HV (-66 kV) for all QUPIDs
§ Resister chain not necessary
§ 6 QUPID /day à 1000 QUPID /year
§ $3000 /piece expected (i.e. less expensive than PMT.)
11/19/2009
Katsushi Arisaka, UCLAc
51