Psychological Analyses
of Physical Activity
Foundations of Sport
Psychology
Sport Psychology Defined
„A
science in which the principles of
psychology are applied in a sport
or exercise setting.
Sport psychologists provide
services to:
„ Elite
athletes
„ Children
„ Mentally
and
physically
challenged
„ Older adults
Presentation Objectives
„ Define sport psychology
„ Identify the role of the sport
psychologist
„ Discuss the history of sport
psychology
„ Explore credentialing issues
„ Discuss multicultural training
issues
Sport Psychology Defined
„
The study of the effect
of psychological and
emotional factors on
sport and exercise
performance, and the
effect of sport and
exercise involvement
on psychological and
emotional factors.
Sport psychologists provide
services to:
„ Average
Participants
„ Parents
„ Coaches
„ Teachers/
Administrators
1
Coleman Roberts Griffith
Sport Psychology: Past to
Present
„ Norman
„
Triplett
(1897)
– social
facilitation
among cyclists
(1893-1966)
Competition Machine
Strube, M.J. (2005). What did Triplett really find?
A contemporary analysis of the first experiment in
social psychology. American Journal of Psychology,
118(2), 271-286.
Franklin Henry
(1904 - 1993)
„ established
first
graduate program
at the University of
California, Berkeley
Coleman Roberts Griffith
– father of sport psychology
– established the first sport
psychology laboratory at
the University of Illinois
(1925)
Coleman R. Griffith
– Worked with Chicago Cubs
Image source: http://www.students.yorku.ca/
~harper/Novermber_2004.html
Women’s Contribution to the
Field of Sport Psychology
„ Dorothy
Harris
„ Eleanor Metheny
„ Camille Brown
„ Celeste Ulrich, and
„ Aileen Lockhart
Henry, F.M., & Rogers, D.E. (1960). Increased response
latency for complicated movements and a “memory drum”
theory of neuromotor reaction. Research Quarterly, 31, 448-458.
Dorothy (Dot) Harris
Dorothy (Dot) Harris
(1931-1991)
(1931-1991)
„
„ Professor
of sport psychology
at the Pennsylvania State
University
„ Instrumental in shaping the field
of sport psychology, especially
as it pertains to women and
girls.
Source: http://idcs0200.lib.iup.edu/~cat/Pages/dhbio.html
„
„
„
First woman president of the North American
Society for Sport Psychology
The first recipient of the Women's Sports
Foundation Award for her contributions to
women in sports
The first woman and first American to be
inducted as a Fellow into the International
Society of Sport Psychology
In 1988, she was awarded the first Fulbright
Scholarship never before granted to the study
of sport psychology
Source: http://idcs0200.lib.iup.edu/~cat/Pages/dhbio.html
2
Eleanor Metheny
Camille Brown
(1908 - )
„ Leigh,
M., & Struder, G.
(1983, September). Eleanor
Metheny. Journal of
Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance,
54(7), 74-77.
„
„
„
Image Source: Wiggins, D.K. (1989). Great speed but little stamina:
The historical debate over Black athletic superiority. Journal of Sport
History, 16(2), 158-185.
Brown, C., & Cassidy, R. (1963). Theory in
physical education: A guide to program
change. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Latchaw, M., & Brown, C. (1962). The
evaluation process in health education,
physical education and recreation.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
- Hall.
Wiles, K., Brown, C., & Cassidy, R. (1961).
Supervision in physical education: A guide to
principles and practices. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice
- Hall.
Celeste Ulrich
„
Oberteuffer, D., & Ulrich, C. (1962). Physical
education: A textbook of principles for
professional students (3rd. ed.). New York,
NY: Harper & Row.
„
Ulrich, C. (1968). The social matrix of
physical education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice
- Hall.
„
Ulrich, C. (Ed.). (1982). Education in the 80's:
Physical education. Washington, DC:
National Education Association.
Aileene Lockhart
„
Lockhart, A. (1957). Modern dance.
Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
„
Lockhart, A.S., & Pease, E.E. (1977). Modern
dance: Building and teaching lessons (5th
ed.). Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
„
Lockhart, A.S., & Spears,B. (1972). Chronicle
of American physical education; selected
readings, 1855
- 1930. Dubuque, IA: W. C.
Brown.
Celeste Ulrich
„
Ulrich, C. (1976). To seek and find.
Washington, DC: American Alliance for
Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
„
Ulrich, C., & Nixon, J.E. (1972). Tones of
theory: A theoretical structure for physical
education
- - atentative perspective.
Washington, DC: American Association for
Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
Aileene Lockhart
„ Pullias,
E.V., & Lockhart, A. (1963).
Toward excellence in college teaching.
Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
„ Slusher,
S.H., & Lockhart, A.S. (1966).
Anthology of contemporary readings: An
introduction to physical education.
Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
3
1950-1980 the “formative
years”
Important developments
(1950-1980)
„
– Sport psychology
emerged as
distinct from
exercise
physiology and
motor learning
„
„
„
Image source:
http://www.humankinetics.com/products/journals/
Important developments
(1950-1980)
„ Smith
Ogilvie & Tutko Problem Athletes and
How to Handle Them
Rainer Martens – youth
sports
Albert Carron – team
cohesion
P. Chelladuraileadership
Image source:
http://www.humankinetics.com/
Important developments
(1985-2000)
„ Brenda
& Smollyouth coaching
and athletes
„ Bill Morgan“iceberg profile”
Bredemeier participation in
athletics and
character
development
Dr. Bill Morgan
Important developments
(1985-2000)
„ Diane
Dr. Brenda Bredemeier
Important developments
(1985-2000)
„ Daniel
Gill – social
psychology,
particularly gender
and cultural
diversity
Gould –
youth sports
Dr. Diane Gill
Dr. Daniel Gould
4
Important developments
(1985-2000)
„ Daniel
Landers -interrelations among
psychological and
physiological variables
„ Tara K. Scanlan – anxiety,
self-esteem and youth
sports
Important developments
(1985-2000)
„ Maureen
Weiss -Character-Building and
Youth Sports
Daniel Landers
Development of professional
organizations
„ 1965-International
Society of Sport
Psychology (ISSP)
– http://www.issponline.org/
„ 1967-North American Society for the
Psychology of Sport and Physical
Activity (NASPSPA)
– http://www.naspspa.org/
Certification
Development of professional
organizations
„ 1985-Association
for the Advancement
of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP)
– http://www.aaasponline.org/index.php
„ Division 47-American Psychological
Association (APA)
– http://www.apa.org/about/division/div
47.html
„ ACSM -- http://www.acsm.org/
Certification
„ USOC
„ Who
gets to be a “sport
psychologist”?
–only a licensed psychologist?
– Visit the “Careers in Sports Psychology”
webpage:
• http://www.wcupa.edu/_academics/sch_
cas.psy/Career_Paths/Sports/Career07.
htm
• Mental training consultant
proposes the Sport
Psychology Registry
„ Three categories
–clinical/counseling sport
psychologist
–educational sport psychologist
–research sport psychologist
• Are “educational sport psychologists
involved in research?
5
What do sport psychologists
do?
Certification
„ AAASP
--
http://www.aaasponline.org
„ Certified
Consultant, AAASP
„ Earned doctorate in an area
related to sport psychology
„ Certification hours,
coursework
What do sport psychologists
do?
„ Educational
Sport Psychologist
– mastered knowledge base of
sport psychology and serve as
practitioners
– teach correct principles of
sport and exercise psychology
to athletes and coaches
How do Clinical and Education
Sport Psychologists’ Roles Differ?
Clinical Sport
Psychologist’s
Domain
Abnormal
Behavior
Normal
Behavior
Educational
Sport
Psychologist’s
Supernormal
Behavior
„ Clinical/counseling
sport psychologist
– trained to deal with
emotional and
personality disorder
problems
What do sport psychologists
do?
„ Research
sport
psychologist
– conduct research to
improve and develop
theories of sport
psychology
Ethics & Accreditation
„ Competencies
„ Boundaries
„ Who
are you serving?
„ Should university programs be
accredited?
6
Multicultural Training Issues
Multicultural Training Issues
„ Graduates
should be trained in the
issues relating to culture and race
„ Multicultural training-counseling that
takes place among individuals from
different cultural/racial backgrounds
„
Multicultural Training Issues
Multicultural Training Issues
„
„ Universalistic model
– Teaching cultural competence to
practitioners
Four domains
Learn helping and intervention
skills through process of role
playing and simulated interaction
4. Experience a supervised
practicum to work with members of
a different culture or race
3.
Multicultural Training Issues
1.
2.
„ Cultural compatibility model
– Matching the ethnic and cultural
background of the practitioner to that of the
client
Our next lecture…
Workshop model
Day or two as needed
„ Motivation
Separate course model
Exercise
Regular college course
3.
Four domains
1. experience heightened awareness
of and sensitivity to cultural groups
different from their own
2. gain knowledge about people who
belong to cultures different from
their own
in Sport and
– Casual Attribution in Sport
Area of concentration
A cluster of college courses
4.
Integrated model
A mix of all of the above
7