UnitedNations
SecurityCouncil
BackgroundGuide
Chairs:
EagleMUNC
BostonCollegeModel
UnitedNations
Conference
MeganCronquist
cronquim@bc.edu
LindsaySchrier
lindsay.schrier@bc.edu
Website:
www.EagleMUNC.org
March18-202016
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
Introduction
DearDelegates,
MynameisMeganCronquistandIamlookingforwardtobeingyourchairfortheUNSCCrisis
Committee!IamasenioratBostonCollegeandammajoringinElementaryEducationand
PoliticalScience.ThisismythirdtimebeingachairforEagleMUNC.ThefirsttimeIchaired
wasfortheSOCHUMCommitteeatEagleMUNCII.Lastyear,Ihadtheopportunitytochair
theCentralPowersoftheWorldWarIJointCrisisCommittee.
BeingadelegateintheUNSCCrisisCommitteewillgiveyouthechancetoexperienceoneof
themostimportantelementsoftheUnitedNations.WhiletheUNSCtacklesavarietyof
issues,duringtheconferencetherewillbeafocusontwotopics.Thefirstishumantrafficking
inDubai.ThesecondtopicwillbethethreatofBokoHaram.ThethirdtopicwillbeISIS.
Thisyear’sconferencefocuseson“LibertyandSecurity.”Theseideasareextremelyimportant
totheworkingsoftheUnitedNations.BeingintheUNSCwillgivedelegatesthechanceto
exploretheseconceptsastheygrapplewithsolvingissuesthatthreatenthelibertyand
securityofpeoplearoundtheworld.Notonlywilldelegatesconfronttheissueofkeeping
individualsfreeandsafe,theywillalsolookathowtofixmajorworldproblemswithout
infringingonthelibertyandsecurityofstates.
Thankyou,
MeganCronquist
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
DearDelegates,
MynameisLindsaySchrierandIamsoexcitedtobeyourCo-chairforEagleMUNC'sUNSC
CrisisCommittee!IamasophomoreatBostonCollege,majoringinInternationalStudiesand
minoringinWomen'sandGenderStudies,andI'moriginallyfromQuincy,MA.Lastyearat
EagleMUNC,IwasaSimulationStafferfortheSecondContinentalCongressandRioOlympics
2016Committees.IserveasSecretaryofOutreachontheExecutiveBoardfortheBoston
CollegeModelUNtravelteam.
FocusingontheissuesoftraffickinginDubai,andthethreatofBokoHaramandISIS,youwill
beexploringsomeofthemostimportanthumanrightsissues,andrelevantnationalsecurity
problems.TheUNSCtakestheleadinfindingresolutionsthatstriveforpeace,andensure
internationalsecurity.Iamexcitedtoseeyouallcreativelyapproachresolutionsforthese
issues.
Thankyou,
LindsaySchrier
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil(UNSC)isresponsibleforperpetuatingpeaceand
securitythroughouttheworld.1Itconsistsoffifteenmembers,eachwithonevote.TheUnited
States,theUnitedKingdom,RussianFederation,FranceandChinaarepermanentmembers
andeachhavevetopower.Theothertenmembersareelectedfortwo-yeartermsbythe
GeneralAssembly.OneofthemainjobsoftheUNSCistodeterminethepresenceofathreat
topeaceorifanactofaggressionhasoccurred.2
WhentheUNSCseesathreat,ithasmultiplewaysoftakingaction.Itmayurgeparties
involvedinadisputetopeacefullysettletheissue.Itmayalsorecommend“methodsof
adjustment”or“termsofsettlement.”3Occasionally,theUNSCcanimposesanctions,or
“authorizetheuseofforce”ifitisfeltthatthesemeasuresarerequiredfor“internationalpeace
andsecurity.”4
HistoricalBackground HumanTraffickinginDubai
TheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)defineshumantraffickingas
follows:
“Therecruitment,transportation,transfer,harboringorreceiptofpersons,by
meansofthethreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,ofabduction,of
fraud,ofdeception,oftheabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerabilityorof
thegivingorreceivingofpaymentsorbenefitstoachievetheconsentofaperson
havingcontroloveranotherperson,forthepurposeofexploitation.”5
Humantraffickingconsistsofthreeelements.ThefirstisTheAct,orwhatisdoneto
trafficaperson.Thiscouldincluderecruitment,transportationandharboring.Thenext
aspectisTheMeans,orhowapersonistrafficked.Meanscanincludethreats,abduction,or
payingsomebodytocontrolthevictim.Finally,thelastaspectisThePurpose,orwhyaperson
istrafficked.Thiscouldinclude,amongotherthings,forcedlabor,slaveryandremovalof
organs.6
1
“TheSecurityCouncil,”UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,http://www.un.org/en/sc/.
“CurrentMembers,”UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,http://www.un.org/en/sc/members/.
3
“TheSecurityCouncil”
4
Ibid.
5
“HumanTrafficking,”UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime,https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/whatis-human-trafficking.html.
6
Ibid.
2
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
Womenandchildrenare
especiallypronetobeing
trafficked.Fifty-sixpercentof
peoplebeingforcedinto
economicexploitationare
female.Additionally,women
andchildrenmakeupninetyeightpercentofthoseforced
intosexualexploitation.7
Inthepast,theUnited
Nationshasaddressedtheissue
ofhumantraffickingthrough
UNODC,whichdraftslaws,
providesresourcestoimplement
thoselawsandcreatesnational
anti-traffickingstrategies.
Additionally,in2000,the
GeneralAssemblyadoptedthe
Picturesource:http://www.world-guides.com/asia/united-arabProtocoltoPrevent,Suppress
emirates/dubai/dubai_maps.html
andPunishTraffickinginPersons, EspeciallyWomenandChildren.WhilemanyStateshaveratifiedtheprotocol,translatingit
intoactionhasbeendifficult.TomoreeffectivelyimplementtheProtocols,UNODChas
implementedathree-prongedstrategicapproach,consistingofresearchandawareness,
promotionoftheProtocolsandthestrengtheningofpartnershipandcoordination.8
BokoHaram
BokoHaramisaNigerianmilitantIslamistgroupthatwasfoundedin2002byayoung
clericnamedMohammadYusuf.ThegrouppromotesaversionofIslamthatforbidsMuslims
totakepartinanyactivitiesassociatedwithWesternsociety.Oneactivitythatthey
specificallywantforbiddenisseculareducationforbothChristianandMuslimstudents.The
group’sstanceonthisissostrongthatwhiletheirofficialnameisJama’atuAhlisSunna
Lidda’awatiwal-Jihad,residentsofthetownstheyterrorizecallthemBokoHaram,whichis
looselytranslatedto“Westerneducationisforbidden.”9
WhileBokoHaramopposesseculareducationofanykind,thegroupespeciallyopposes
theeducationofwomen.10ThisisbecausetheirversionofSharialawstatesthatawoman’s
placeisinthehome,takingcareofherhusbandandchildren.BokoHaramwilloftenresortto
7
“Traffickinginhumanbeings,”MigrationandHomeAffairs,lastmodifiedFebruary4,2015,http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/homeaffairs/what-we-do/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking/trafficking-in-human-beings/index_en.htm.
8
“HumanTrafficking”
9
FaroukChothia,“WhoareNigeria’sBokoHaramIslamists?,”BBC,May4,2015,http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa13809501.
10
VladimirDuthiers,FaithKarimiandGregBotelho,“BokoHaram:WhyTerrorGroupKidnapsSchoolgirls,andWhatHappens
Next,“CNN,May2,2014,http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/24/world/africa/nigeria-kidnapping-answers/.
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sexualviolencewhenattemptingtokeepwomeninthehomes.11Additionally,thegrouphas
alsobeenbehindnumerousabductionsofschoolgirls.12
ManyactionshavebeentakentoaddressthethreatposedbyBokoHaram.InMay
2013,NigeriadeclaredastateofemergencyinthreestateswhereBokoHaramwasstrongest:
Borno,YobeandAdamawa.ThisgaveNigeria’ssecurityforcesmorefreedominhowthey
chosetogoaftersuspectedterrorists.Manyhumanrightsgroupshaveaccusedthesesecurity
forcesofusingtacticsthatareheavy-handedaswellasillegal.13InMayof2015,UNSecretaryGeneralBanKi-MoonurgedallstatesininvolvedincombatingBokoHaramtomakesurethat
theiractionsagainstthegroupwereinlinewithhumanitarianandrefugeelaw.14
InApril2015,theUNSCcondemnedtheactionsofBokoHaraminthestrongestterms.
Thiscondemnationconsistedofcouncilmembersextendingtheircondolencestothefamilies
ofvictimswhowereattackedbyBokoHaram.Theyalsoreaffirmedthatterrorismisoneof
themostseriousthreatstointernationalpeaceandsecurity.Additionally,theyurgedthe
EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)andtheEconomicCommunityof
CentralAfricanStates(ECCAS)toadoptacommonstrategyforcombatingthegroup.15
ISIS
ISIS,orIslamicStateinIraq,aterroristorganizationthatstartedoffasanalQaeda
splintergroup,formallybeganinOctober2006whenAbuAyyubal-Masri,aleaderofalQaeda,
announceditscreation.Currently,thegroupisbasedoutofSyriaandisbeingledbyaman
namedAbuBakral-Baghdadi.16
ThegoalofISISistocreateanIslamicstatethatwillspanIraq,Syriaandeventuallythe
restoftheworld.Initsattemptstocreatethisstate,thegrouphasbecomewellknownforits
masskillingsaswellaspostingvideosofexecutions.Throughtheseactions,thegroupgained
controlofover34,000squaremilesofIraqandSyriaby2014.However,areportfrom2015
estimatesthatthegrouphaslostaboutaquarterofthisland.17
ISIShasgrowninpowerthroughmanydifferentavenues.Forone,thegrouphasmade
agreatdealofmoneythrough“oilproductionandsmuggling,ransomsforkidnappings,selling
stolenartifacts,extortionandcontrollingcrops.”Inadditiontotheserevenue-creating
schemes,thegrouphasgainedagreaterfollowingthroughitsuseofsocialmediainpromoting
itsreligiousandpoliticalviewpoints.18
11
“BokoHarammilitants‘mustbebroughttojustice’–UNchief,”UNNewsCentre,lastmodifiedMay22,2015,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50941#.VeHOWdNVikp.
12
“BokoHaram:WhyTerrorGroupKidnapsSchoolgirls”
13
Ibid.
14
“BokoHarammilitants‘mustbebroughttojustice’–UNchief,”UNNewsCentre,lastmodifiedMay22,2015,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50941#.VeHOWdNVikp.
15
“SecurityCouncilcondemnsBokoHaramattacksinnortheastNigeria,Chad,”UNNewsCentre,lastmodifiedApril7,2015,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50511#.VeHx6dNVikp.
16
“ISISFastFacts,”CNN,lastmodifiedOctober14,2015,http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/
17
Ibid.
18
Ibid.
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
CurrentIssues
HumanTraffickinginDubai
Everyyear,600,000to800,000peoplearetraffickedacrossinternationalborders.
Duringtheconference,delegateswillfocusonthisissueinrelationtoDubai,themost
populouscityintheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE).19
ThecityofDubaiisfamousforisitsrapidgrowthduetothediscoveryofoilintheUAE
alongwithheavyinvestmentintourisminfrastructure.Touristinvestmentsbroughthotels,
entertainmentandthrivingnightlifetothecity.TheUAEisalsoknownforbeingoneofthe
wealthiestcountriesintheworld.Perannum,theUnitedArabEmirateshasapercapitaGDP
thatisgreaterthan$17,000(US).20
BecauseofDubai’srapidincreaseinsizeandaffluence,therehasbeenagreater
demandforlaborers.Migrantworkersmakeupmorethat90percentoftheUAE’sprivate
sectorworkforce.21Developmentoflawstoprotecttheseworkershasnotbeenabletokeep
upwithdemand.Thishascreatedissuesthathaveledtothetraffickingofwomenthroughout
Dubai.22
Womentendtogettraffickedthroughjobopportunities.TheycometoDubaitowork
injobssuchashairdressingandwaitressing.Then,whentheygettothecity,theiremployer
willconfiscatetheirpassports.Thatemployerwillthenforcethemintoareassuchas
prostitutioninordertogettheirpassportsback.Womenmayalsobeforcedtoworkan
extremenumberofhourswhilebeingthreatenedwithmental,physicalorsexualabuse.23.
Recently,theUAEhastighteneditshumantraffickinglawsinordertocombatthis
issue.Thelawnowsaysthattheintenttocommitahumantraffickingoffencewillbethesame
ascommittingtheactualcrime.24Additionally,humantraffickinglawsthatwerepassedin
2006havebecomemorecomprehensive.Forexample,ifsomebodyisawareofahuman
traffickingcrimeanddoesnotreportit,theywillnowbesubjecttopunishment.25Despite
theseefforts,theextenttowhichtheUAEcombatsforcedlaborisstillunclear.26.
19
“UnitedArabEmirates,”Worldatlas,lastmodifiedAugust14,2015,
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/ae.htm.
20
“DubaiHistory,”GovernmentofDubai,http://www.dubai.ae/en/aboutdubai/Pages/DubaiHistory.aspx.
21
“HumanTrafficking&Modern-daySlavery,”GVNET,http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/UnitedArabEmirates.htm.
22
“Dubai’sPromisedLandofLuxuryLuresWomenIntoSexualSlavery,”Bloomberg,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=amKSCFA_Fm3s.
23
Ibid.
24
DanaMoukhallati,“UAEhumantraffickinglawtightened,”TheNational,March25,2015,
http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-human-trafficking-law-tightened.
25
Ibid.
26
“2013TraffickinginPersonsReport–UnitedArabEmirates,”refworld,lastmodifiedJune19,2013,
http://www.refworld.org/docid/51c2f37a3e4.html.
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BokoHaram
BokoHaramthreatensthe
regionsitoccupiesinmanyways.The
groupabductswomenandchildren,
takesviolentactionagainstsecular
schoolsandhasbeenbehindmany
attacksthroughoutNigeria.This
committeewilldiscussthegeneral
actionsofBokoHaramaswellashow
thoseactionsaffectwomenand
children.
PhotoSource:https://face2faceafrica.com/article/nigeria
BokoHaramfrequentlyabducts
abductions#.VeDwJdNViko
womenandyounggirlsaspartoftheir
terrorcampaign.AlongstringofkidnappingsbeganinMay2013afterthegroup’sleader,
AbubakarShekau,announcedthatthegroupwouldbetakingwomenandchildrenin
retaliationforgovernmentcrackdowns.Heclaimedthattheywouldbeginkidnappingbecause
Nigeriansecuritywastakingthefamiliesofgroupmembers.Hethenwentontosaythat
thosetakenwouldbeginlivesas“servants.”27
Oneprominentkidnappingoccurredin2014whenBokoHaramabductedmorethan
200schoolgirlsintheNigeriantownofChibok.Itisbelievedthattheaimofthiskidnapping
wasnotsolelyretaliation,butalsorelatedtothegroup’sbeliefthatwomenshouldbeinthe
home.28Inresponsetothisevent,atwittercampaigncalled#BringBackOurGirlsbegan.The
campaign’sgoalwastobringattentiontothekidnappingandtodemandthatvarious
governmentstakeactiontofindthegirlsandbringthemhome.29Thecampaigngained
internationaltractionwithprominentsupporters,suchasMichelleObama,usingthehash
tag.30
BokoHaramisalsoknownforitsuseofviolencethroughoutNigeria.InJanuaryof
2015,terroristsfromthegroupopenedfireonsixteenvillagesinnorthernNigeria.Afterthese
attacksitwasfearedthatasmanyas2,000peoplewerekilled.Inadditiontothosethatdied,
atleast30,000peopleweredisplaced.Thegroupsaidthattheaimofthisattackwasto
imposeastricterversionofSharialawinNigeria.31
ISIS
ISIShasbecomeawell-knownthreatinrecentyears.It’sroleininternationalpolitics
hasbecomeincreasinglyimportantasotherterroristgroupshavereactedtoISISandasthe
grouprecruitsmanyyoungpeopleoftheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope.
27
“BokoHaram:WhyTerrorGroupKidnapsGirls”
FaroukChothia,“WillNigeria’sabductedschoolgirlseverbefound?,”BBC,May12,2014,http://www.bbc.com/news/worldafrica-27293418.
29
“BringBackourGirls,”BringBackourGirls,http://bringbackourgirls.us/.
30
IshaSesay,“#BringBackOurGirls,oneyearone:‘Weshouldallfeelshame,’”CNN,April14,2015,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/14/opinions/sesay-bring-back-our-girls-one-year-on/
31
AminuAbubakarandFaithKarimi,“2,000FearedKilledin‘deadliest’BokoHaramattackinNigeria,”CNN,January12,2015,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/09/africa/boko-haram-violence/.
28
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
Overtheyears,ISIShasgottenavarietyofreactionsfromotherterroristgroups
throughouttheworld.InMarchof2015,AbuBakral-Baghdadiacceptedapledgeof
allegiancefromBokoHaram.Thisallegiancehasbeenreportedashelpfulforbothgroups
involved.BokoHaramwillgainmorelegitimacyasittriestoexpandandISISwillgain
legitimacyasaglobalforce.32
However,notallterroristgroupsaresupportingISIS.InSeptember2015,alQaeda
leaderAl-ZawahirideclaredwaronISIS.Thisannouncementhasservedtoshinelightona
divisionbetweenal-QaedaandISIS.Suchadisconnectioncouldhavelargeimplicationsfor
theinternationalcommunityasactionsaretakenagainstbothgroups.33
AnotherlargeissuethattheinternationalcommunityhasfacedinregardstoISISisits
abilitytorecruitthoseintheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope.Withitssupposedtwobillion
dollarbudget,ISIShasbeenabletocreateavarietyofvideosthatappealtowesternersto
comeandjointheirfight.Inadditiontothis,ISISusessocialmediatogettheattentionof
youngpeople.Manypeoplecredittheirrecruitmentsuccesstothecontentofthesevideosand
socialmediaupdates.Ratherthanaskforsuicidebombers,asalQaedawasknowntodo,ISIS
asksforfightersandJihadibrides.34
BlocPositions
HumanTraffickinginDubai
UnitedArabEmirates
TheUnitedArabEmiratesstilldoesnotfullyadheretotheminimumstandardsfor
combatinghumantrafficking,despitesignificanteffortstodoso.Thegovernmentprosecutes
sextraffickingcasesandfundssheltersforsextraffickingvictims.Gradually,thecountryhas
beengivingattentiontotheissueofforcedlaboroffenses.Migrantworkershaveaccessto
hotlinesaswellasaformalprocesstoargueforfairwages.Additionally,thecountryhasput
intoeffectmanyawarenesscampaigns.However,noshelterswereofferedasprotectionfor
thoseforcedintolabor.35
UnitedStatesofAmerica
TheUnitedStatesbelievesthattheUnitedArabEmiratesshouldgivemoreattentionto
thosewhoarecommittinglabortraffickingoffenses.Additionally,theUnitedStatesbelieves
thattheUnitedArabEmiratesshouldputagreaterfocusonprovidingthesameprotectionto
thosewhoarevictimsofforcedlaborasthatwhichisprovidedtovictimsofforced
32
HamdiAlkhshaliandSteveAlmasy“ISISLeaderPurportedlyacceptsBokoHaram’spledgeofallegiance,”CNN,lastmodified
March12,2015,http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/12/middleeast/isis-boko-haram/
33
JamesGordonMeek,“AlQaedaLeaderAl-ZawahiriDeclaresWaronISIS‘Caliph’Al-Baghdadi,”ABCNews,lastmodified
September10,2015,http://abcnews.go.com/International/al-qaeda-leader-al-zawahiri-declares-war-isis/story?id=33656684.
34Aamer,Anwar,“HowISIS’s$2BbudgethelpsitrecruitWesternteenagerstoterrorism,”CNN,lastmodifiedMarch,27,2015,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/27/opinions/aamer-isis-recruiting-western-teenagers/
35
“UnitedArabEmirates:2015TraffickinginPersonsReport,”U.S.DepartmentofState,
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243557.htm.
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prostitution.ThecountryisalsoofthebeliefthattheUnitedArabEmiratesmustputagreater
emphasisontreatingmenandwomenvictimsequallybyensuringthatallservicesthatare
providedtowomenvictims,suchasshelters,arealsoavailabletomalevictims.36
TheUnitedStatesassistsmanycountriesinenforcinganti-traffickinglaws.The
countryalsocreatedthewebsitewww.HumanTrafficking.orgafterarecommendationtodoso
bytheAsianRegionalInitiativeAgainstTrafficking(ARIAT).37
China
In2009,theChinesegovernmentratifiedthe2000UNTIPProtocol.Recently,the
countryhasincreasedcooperationwithforeigngovernments,especiallythosenearChina,to
addresstheissueofhumantrafficking.Chinadealswithagreatdealofhumantrafficking
withinitsborders,whichitiscurrentlystrugglingtoaddress.38
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)
In2004,NATOinitiatedazero-tolerancepolicyinregardstohumantrafficking.By
endorsingthispolicy,membercountries,andothertroop-contributingnations,committed
themselvestoreinforcingeffortsthatcombatandcounterhumantrafficking.Thispolicyhas
fourpartnersoutsideofNATO:Australia,Japan,theRepublicofKoreaandtheNewZealand.
Additionally,Columbia,Malaysia,Mongolia,SingaporeandTonga,joinedasoperational
partnersin2011.39
TheEuropeanUnion(EU)
TheEUbelievesthathumantraffickingisa“modernformofslavery.”In2011,theEU
adoptedanewDirectiveontraffickinghumans.Itcallsforafocusonthe“prevention,
prosecutionofcriminalsandprotectionofvictims.”Additionally,theEUhasa“Strategy
towardtheEradicationofTraffickinginHumanBeings”thatincludeswhattheybelievetobe
realisticmethodsforpreventinghumantraffickingaswellasprotectingthosewhohavebeen
victims.40
36
Ibid.
“UnitedStatesofAmerica,”humantrafficking.org,lastmodifiedMay2007,
http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/united_states_of_america.
38
“China,”humantraffficking.org,http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/china.
39
“NATOPolicyoncombatingtraffickinginhumanbeings,”NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50315.htm.
37
40
“Traffickinginhumanbeings”
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BokoHaram
Nigeria
InordertocombatBokoHaram,Nigeriadeclaredastateofemergencyinthreeofits
statesmostaffectedbytheterroristgroup.Afterdoingthis,Nigeria’ssecurityforceshadmore
leewayforhowtheychosetodealwiththegroup.ThisraisedsomeissuesaboutNigeria
complyingwithhumanrightslaws.41Earlyin2015,Nigerianselectedanewpresident
believingthatformerpresidentGoodluckJonathanwasunabletokeepBokoHaramin
check.42.
UnitedStatesofAmerica
TheUnitedStatesassiststheNigeriangovernmenttoensurethattheeffortstoreturn
thegirlskidnappedinApril2014aremoreeffective.Specifically,theUnitedStatesis
dispatchingamulti-disciplinaryteamaswellasexpandingintelligencesharingbetweenitself
andNigeria.Alongwithavarietyofotherefforts,theUnitedStateshasimposedsanctions
againstBokoHaram.43
EconomicCommunityofCentralAfricanStates(ECCAS)
Earlyin2015,CentralAfricanleaderscreatedafundwithagoaltohelpcountries
affectedbyBokoHaram.ECCASagreedtocontributemostofthe$100millionthatwas
neededtocreatethefund.Inadditiontothismonetarycontribution,thepresidentofECCAS,
GeneralAhmadAlam-Mi,saidthatheislookingtoothercountriestohelpprovidevarious
typesofsupportneededtocombatBokoHaram.Hebelievesthatamilitary-onlysolutionwill
notworkineradicatingthethreatthatBokoHaramposes.Rather,hethinksthatthereneeds
tobediplomaticandmaterialsupport.44
41
FaroukChothia,“WhoareNigeria’sBokoHaramIslamists?,”BBC,May4,2015,http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa13809501.
42
NnamdiObasi,“Nigeria’sfalteringresponseemboldensBokoHaram,”AljazeeraAmerica,January31,2015,
http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/1/nigerias-faltering-response-emboldens-boko-haram.html.
43
“FactSheet:U.S.EffortstoAssisttheNigerianGovernmentinitsFightagainstBokoHaram,”TheWhiteHouse,last
modifiedOctober14,2014,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/10/14/fact-sheet-us-efforts-assist-nigeriangovernment-its-fight-against-boko-.
44
MokiEdwinKindzeka,“CentralAfricanLeadersCreateFundtoFightBokoHaram,”VoiceofAmerica,February16,2015,
http://www.voanews.com/content/central-african-leaders-create-fund-to-battle-boko-haram/2646309.html.
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TheEuropeanUnion(EU)
In2014,theEUdesignatedBokoHaramasaterroristorganization.Thiswasdoneone
dayaftertheUNmadethesamedesignation.AccordingtotheEU,thisillustratestheir“firm
commitmenttosupportNigeria”initsfightagainsttheterroristgroup.45
ISIS
Iraq
IraqdoesnotwelcomeISISinitsborders.InMarchof2015,Iraqbeganamajormilitary
operationtoretrievelandthecountryhaslosttoISIS.However,therehasbeendebateover
theIraqi’sdedicationtothecause.U.S.DefenseSecretaryclaimedthattheIraqiforcesdidnot
havea“willtofight,”aclaimthatmanyIraqistookoffenseto.46WhentheU.S.promisedmore
groundtroopstothecountryinOctober2015,theIraqgovernmentsaidthatdidnotaskfor,
nordiditneed,thisfromtheUnitedStates.47
Syria
ForSyria,ISISisnotthegovernment’stoppriority.Still,somemilitaryactionistaken
againstthegroup.ThismilitaryforceisgenerallyusedwhenISISoperationsareseenasa
threattotheinterestsoftheSyriangovernment.TheleadersofSyriahavebeenknownto
ignore,andsometimesworkwith,theterroristgroup.Oneexampleofthistheregime’s
involvementwithISISoilprofits.48
UnitedStates
TheUntiedStateshastakenafairlyactiveroleincombatingISIS.InSeptember2014,
PresidentBarackObamaannouncedthatthegoaloftheUnitedStateswouldbeto“degrade
andultimatelydestroy”theterroristorganization.49Theactionsthecountryhastakentodo
thisincludesendingspecialforcestoSyria50and(CondonCBS),droneattacks51andvarious
otherstrategies.
45
“EUlistsBokoHaramasaterroristorganization,”EuropeanUnionDelegationtotheUnitedNations,lastmodifiedJune,5,
2014,http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_15096_en.htm.
46
HamdiAlkhshali,“IraqiforceslaunchoperationtodriveISISfromSalaheddin,”CNN,lastmodifiedMay27,2015,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/26/middleeast/iraq-isis/
47
CassandraVinograd,“Iraq:WeDidn’tAskforU.S.GroundOperations,”NBCNews,lastmodifiedOctober28,2015,
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iraq-we-didnt-ask-u-s-ground-operations-n452756
48
JeffreyWhite,“SyrianRegimeOperationsAgainstISIS,”TheWashingtonInstutite,lastmodifiedMarch13,2015,
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/syrian-regime-military-operations-against-isis.
49
RebeccaKaplan,“ObamawillstrikeISIS‘wherevertheyexist,”includingSyria,”CBSNews,lastmodifiedSeptember10,
2014,http://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-will-strike-isis-wherever-they-exist-including-syria/
50
StephanieCondon,“UnitedStatessendingspecialforcestoSyria,”CBSNews,lastmodifiedOctober30,2015,
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/united-states-sends-special-forces-to-syria/
51
GregMiller,“U.S.launchessecretdronecampaigntohuntIslamicStateleadersinSyria,”TheWashingtonPost,lastmodified
September1,2015,https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-launches-secret-drone-campaign-to-huntislamic-state-leaders-in-syria/2015/09/01/723b3e04-5033-11e5-933e-7d06c647a395_story.html
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
Russia
Inrecentmonths,ithasbeenseenthatRussiahastriedtoexpanditsinfluence,inboth
militaryandpoliticalterms,withinSyria.Mostrecently,thecountryhasattemptedtodothis
byreachinganagreementwithIraq,SyriaandIranoninformationsharing.Thisunderstanding
wouldallowthefourcountriestoshareinformationaboutISISwithinthearea.Russiaplanson
usingthisintelligencetoaidinitsSyriantactics,tacticsthattheUnitedStatesopposes,
includingaidingSyrianPresidental-Assad.52
EuropeanUnion(EU)
Recently,theEuropeanUnionhasbeenlookingintocreatinga“pan-Europeanarmy”in
ordertofightvariousinternational“coalitionsofforce.”53Whiletheideahasbeenputaside
duetobudgetaryconcerns,therearestillthosewhobelievethestrategywouldbe
worthwhile.54Thisarmywouldbeseenasawaytobepreparedfor“Russianaggressionand
ISISterror.”55
QuestionstoConsider 1. WhatwouldbethebestmeanstoaddresstheissueofhumantraffickinginDubai
withoutinfringingonTheUnitedArabEmirates’sovereignty?
2. WhatshouldtheUNSCfocusonasitaddressestheissueofhumantrafficking?
Prevention?Prosecution?Protection?
3. HowcantheUNSCensurethatwomenandchildren,whilebeingthemostvictimized,
arenottheonlypeoplereceivingaid?
4. WhatarethebesttacticsforcombatingBokoHaram?
5. WhatshouldtheUNSCfocusonasitaddressestheissuesposedbyBokoHaram?
Education?Violence?Both?
6. HowcantheUNSCensurethatitsrecommendationsarecarriedoutinaccordanceto
humanrightslaws?
7. WhatisthebestwaytodealwiththeallegiancebetweenBokoHaramandISIS?The
divisionbetweenISISandalQaeda?
8. WhatisthebestwaytocombatISISwithoutinterferingwiththenationalsovereignty
ofIraqandSyria?
52
MichaelR.Gordon,“RussiaSurprisesU.S.withAccordonBattlingISIS,”TheNewYorkTimes,lastmodifiedSeptember27,
2015,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/28/world/middleeast/iraq-agrees-to-share-intelligence-on-isis-with-russia-syria-andiran.html
53
AndyEckardt,“EuropeanUnionArmyPlanAimstoProtectContinentfromRussia,ISIS,”NBCNews,lastmodifiedMarch15,
2015,http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/could-joint-european-army-protect-nato-russia-isis-n322841
54
Ibid.
55
Ibid.
UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
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