Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
MICROCYSTIS AND THEIR TOXINS IN SOME ETHIOPIAN LAKES: SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS
AND THEIR POTENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH RISK.
By
SAMSON TILAHUN
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of harmful algal blooms in Lakes and other surface waters is becoming a global concern. Although not well understood and conflicting reports appear,
climate change, introduction of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus due to rapid population growth, urbanization and increased agricultural development practices
and industrial operations are considered to be the triggering factors for the occurrence of potentially toxic algal blooms. In fresh water systems, such harmful algal
blooms are largely caused by cyanobacteria of the genera, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylinderospermopsis, Microcystis, and Planktothrix (Oscillatoria). They are
known to produce a variety of toxins that cause acute and possibly chronic public health problems and fatal poisoning in aquatic and domestic animals. The recurrent
development of such ecologically damaging blooms is becoming increasingly common in the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes area as well, where water bodies are used as
sources of income, food and drinking water supply. The protection of public health, wild and domestic animals through appropriate measures requires generation of
dependable data on algal toxins of surface waters as well as investigation of risk factors dictating the occurrence of the blooms and production of the toxins. Although
there are some few reports here and there, a comprehensive study in this regard is scanty in the country. The proposed research work will, therefore, update and complement the existing data on the occurrences of harmful algal blooms, type and level of algal toxins. Furthermore, the project aims to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in Microcystis populations with a view to identify the physico-chemical drivers of bloom development and productions of associated toxins. The data generated through the proposed research work will hopefully provide scientific information usable in the development of strategies geared towards the protection of public health and sustainable use of aquatic resources.
ASSESSING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS, DETERMINANTS AND FORECASTING INCIDENCE OF
DIARRHEAL DISEASES IN NORTHWESTERN PARTS OF AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
BY
MULUKEN AZAGE
ABSTRACT
Diarrhea has remained a major public health problem that causes high level of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Research findings on diarrhea diseases in Ethiopia so far have focused solely on prevalence and common determinants (socio-demographic, behavioral and environmental sanitation variables) of diarrhea which
are insufficient and fail to capture other important disease determinants, climatic factors. Spatial and temporal patterns of diarrhea and diarrhea predication model
using climate variability and routine surveillance data in Ethiopian have not yet conducted. Thus, data on identification of hot spot areas of diarrhea and its trend
and early recognition of infectious disease using models are significantly important for public health planners and decision makers in disease prevention and control.
The main aim of the study is to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns, and identify determinants of diarrhea and to develop a model for diarrheal disease prediction in north-western parts of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Retrospective spatio temporal, cross sectional and case control studies will be employed to address the
purpose of the study. Monthly data of diarrhea from the routine surveillance system of health centers will be collected for spatial and temporal pattern, and time series analysis. Cases of diarrhea will be Geo-coded at district level to investigate the spatial patterns and hot spots of diarrhea. Monthly data of diarrhea will be
mapped to observe the seasonal patterns of diarrhea diseases. Primary data from cases (diarrhea) and control (none diarrhea) of mothers or caregiver of under-five
children will be collected to identify determinants of diarrhea diseases. Data entry and cleaning will be done using EPI INFO 3.5.3. SPSS 16 will be used to do regression and time series analysis. ArcGIS 10.2 will be used for spatial analysis. Spatial statistic will be used will be used to identify clusters of diarrhea. Different time series models will be compared and best fitted model will be used to develop a model for diarrhea prediction. Identification districts with hotspot of diarrhea and its
temporal patterns, determinates of diarrhea diseases and developing a model for diarrhea diseases prediction in the study area will be the output of this study.
POTENTIAL OF LOCAL SUBSTRATES & PLANT SPECIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM (CR) IN
TANNERY EFFLUENTS USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEMS (CWSS),
BAHIR DAR, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
BY
AGEGNEHU ALEMU
ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia the number and types of industries are increasing due to government attraction of investors and commitment for industrialization. But waste management of these industries is not given due attention and most of them discharge their waste to the nearby open lands and water bodies. Bahir Dar Tannery is one of
these industries which discharge its solid waste directly to the open land and liquid waste directly to the Blue Nile River without any form of treatment. It is the
study cite of the research. Leather processing industries are chemical intensively using and one of the top pollutants which release chromium bearing waste to the
environment. Although Cr (III) is essential nutrient in micro levels it is toxic to microorganisms, plants, animals and humans when it is found in high concentrations
anthropogenically. Cr (VI) causes cancer, damages the kidney, liver and gastritis in humans. The conventional treatment methods of Cr in tannery wastewater are
either expensive, produce secondary waste, energy intensive or a complicated process what the polluters dislike. The focus of this study is to investigate the potential of adsorption of local substrates (rocks) and plant species and develop low cost environmentally benign and simple operation Cr treatment method using locally
available substrates (rocks) and plant species using horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system that can be applicable for tannery industries in our
country.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
TREATMENT OF COMBINED SUGAR AND ETHANOL DISTILLERY WASTEWATER
USING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FOLLOWED BY ADSORPTION
BY
JEMAL FITO
ABSTRACT
Sugar industry is one of the most important agriculture based industries making a significant contribution to the national economy. In many developing countries, sugar industry remained as one of the core agricultural industries. However, most of the sugar and ethanol distillery wastewater in developing countries discharge their
large volume of effluent without adequate treatment which play a major role in polluting the environment. This may be due to the lack of know-how and financial support. In Ethiopia there are three large-scale sugar factories and two molasses ethanol distilleries that are producing sugar and ethanol, respectively. Currently, Metahara sugar factory and molasses based ethanol distillery are discharging huge volume of wastewater into the environment. The effluent is affecting the environment particularly the soil and the water bodies. Additionally, bagasse fly ash which is the byproduct sugar factory is another pollutant that deteriorating the environment. However, bagasse fly ash can be used as low cost adsorbent. There are several treatment technologies for sugar and ethanol distillery wastewater. Biological treatment
methods, particularly anaerobic digestion are an incredible alternate for degradation of high strength industrial wastewater due to its effectiveness in pollution control
and energy recovery. Two-phase anaerobic digestion treatment is preferable for high strength industrial wastewater because it increases the production of biogas and
removal efficiency of organic matter. But anaerobic treatment alone cannot remove all pollutants from wastewater. Hence adsorption is one of the possible treatment
options that can be coupled with anaerobic digestion. Separately, the sugar factory and ethanol distillery wastewater was studied anaerobically using different reactor
but the combined wastewaters of two factories were not investigated. Therefore, the intension of this study is to determine physiochemical quality analysis of both industries. Based on the quality of the effluents, the combined wastewater of two factories will be treated using two phase anaerobic digestion followed adsorption of
the bagasse fly ash at laboratory scale. The efficiency of the treatment system and suitability of the final effluent for reuse will be identified.
SUITABILITY OF HIGHLAND BAMBOO (YUSHANIA ALPINA) FOR THE TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER: CASE STUDY
OF ADDIS ABABA
BY
KENATU ANGASSA WAKUMA
ABSTRACT
Constructed wetland technology is used for the treatment of many different types of waste water from point and non-point sources pollutants in many countries of
the world. However, this type of technology in Ethiopia is at infant stages to apply it. Its significance for wastewater treatment system design to enhance the process
becoming increasingly important treatment method in every environmental management. The application of designed constructed wetland for wastewater at given
place to other place is not applicable, because the performance of constructed wetland is depends on many factors such as climatic condition, substrate used, locally
available vegetation, waste water type and operating condition. For this reason suitability of bamboo plant for wastewater treatment will be studied. This research
will focus on the application of highland bamboo for municipal wastewater treatment used in constructed wetland will be designed for specific purpose for this research. Different approaches (two substrates, two water flow patterns and plant) will be used for comparison of wetland performance. This experiment will be run
for one year from starting bamboo plantation to maturation period for treatment capacity.
INVESTIGATION OF OPEN POND ALGAL BIOREACTOR INTEGRATION OPTION
TO MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
BY
KENENI ALEMU HAILU
ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia due to rapid urbanizations, economic development and industrializations, huge number of wastewater generated day to day. As the result water resources and the environment are being polluted from both point and non-point sources at an increasing rate especially in the urban vicinity. The major constitute of
wastewater production is municipal wastewater. Different technologies for treatment of municipal wastewater are available. However, the necessary investment
for this technology for municipal wastewater treatment seems hard to achieve for a developing country like Ethiopia in terms of financing the construction and
maintaining the ongoing operational costs. In this treatment system large amount of energy is necessary for pump operation, aeration, sludge disposal and other
steps involved in the process. Due to the present energy crisis, energy-consuming treatment processes without any valuable by-products or energy produced do not
promote a sustainable future especially for developing countries. This indicates the urgent need to develop low cost suitable technologies to treat wastewater before it discharged into water bodies with valuable resource recovery. Microalgae based wastewater treatment systems are cost effective way to remove biochemical oxygen demand, pathogens, phosphorus and nitrogen than multistage conventional treatment processes. This system requires, no chemicals in the process, low
construction cost and low maintenance that green biomass is produced instead of sludge so that valuable products could be recovered from the nutrient rich
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
MODELING NITROGEN REMOVAL IN INTEGRATED ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR AND CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM AT MODJO TANNERY
BY
RISKO ASSEFA MENGISTU
ABSTRACT
Proper operation and control of tannery wastewater treatment plant is vital in producing effluent which meets quality requirements of regulatory agencies such as the
environmental protection authority and minimizes detrimental effects on the environment as well as public health. A better operation and control of the WWTP can be
achieved by developing a robust mathematical tool for predicting the plant performance based on past observations of certain key parameters. Mathematical modeling is a significant part of wastewater treatment system design since it can enhance the process of understanding of the operation and it’s becoming increasingly important tools in every environmental management practices. Successes have been documented in treating various types of wastewater using constructed wetlands
(CW) or sequencing batch reactor (SBR). However, maximizing CW & SBR performance is critical for meeting flow as well as treatment regulations and most studies are
severely limited in their applicability with integration to one to another. Therefore the goal of this research is to model this integrated anaerobic-aerobic sequencing
batch reactor (SBR) and constructed wetland (CW) system for biological nitrogen removal by using the activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM 1); To analyze relationships
between physico-chemical parameters and contaminant removal efficiency on WWTP by using four complementary statistical models and to develop Artificial Neural
Networks model for predicting the performance of integrated WWTPs for biological nitrogen removal in tannery wastewater. Furthermore, the study will assess the
plant performance, possible extension and options for process optimization. In order to achieve these objectives, the tannery wastewater will be characterized and a
number of key kinetic and stoichiometric parameters will be determined. The study will be useful in developing predictive engineering design model to cope with different levels of the industrial wastewater treatments demands. The study will contribute to the application of control and optimization tool for removal of nitrogen in the
fields of wastewater treatment. The research output will support and enlighten recent theoretical results. Moreover, the study will serve as reference for further broad
and detailed investigation on the subject in environmental decision-making in the country.
HOSPITAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT THROUGH SUBSURFACE FLOW
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEMS
BY
SIMACHEW DIRES
ABSTRACT
Hospitals discharge considerable amounts of chemicals and microbial agents in their wastewaters such as heavy metals, disinfectants, multidrug resistant
microbial strains and pharmaceuticals. Many of these compounds resist normal wastewater treatment and may end up in surface water where they may
influence the aquatic ecosystem and interfere with the food chain. The aim of this study is to assess hospital wastewater treatment efficiency of Constructed wetland Systems by using different wetland plant species and substrates. Eight horizontal subsurface flow pilot Scale wetlands will be constructed at
the compound of Hawassa University Referral Hospital. A total of four plant species namely Typha domingensis, Cyperus Papyrus, Aroideae Colocasia
(Elephants ear) and Sugar cane (Andropogoneae Saccharum) with two substrates of different size (gravel and broken brick) will be compared to treat hospital wastewater. Their removal efficiency for BOD5, COD, TN, ammonium, nitrate, TP, phosphate, TDS, electrical conductivity, TSS, six heavy metals
(arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury, zinc and silver), indicator organisms (total Coliform, faecal coliforms, drug resistant strain) and fifteen pharmaceuticals will be measured.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF MALARIA AND ITS RISK FACTORS: A STUDY COUPLING THE MAGNITUDE AND
DETERMINANTS OF MALARIA IN AN EPIDEMIC PRONE AREA OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
BY
ADMASU TASSEW TSEGAYE
ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia about 75% of the land mass is malarious putting above two-third (68%) of the country’s population at risk. Major epidemics have occurred at approximately 5-8 years intervals. Certain environmental, human related and entomological factors are indicated as determinants of malaria in the country, but the studies mainly emphasized on altitude, rainfall and temperature relations and lowland settings are much omitted. The current research aims to thoroughly analyze spatial-temporal dynamics of malaria with its environmental, human and vector related risk factors. The research will be conducted in Mirab Abaya District, Southern
Ethiopia between January 2014 and June 2015. Repeated cross-sectional survey in community based prospective approach will be conducted for the parasitological
data. The sample size will be estimated by single proportion estimate. Anopheline mosquito larva will be collected along with habitat and physico-chemical characterization of the breeding sites. Weather data will be collected from national meteorological agency (NMA). Pyrethrum space spray and light traps will be used to
collect adult vectors. Microscopic identification aided with appropriate keys will be employed and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be used to identify sibling
species which cannot be identified by morphology. Blood fed vectors of the sample will be investigated for the blood meal source by enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA). Stata software (Stata corp, 2009, Chicago) Stata/SE for windows version 11 will be used for the data analysis. The association between independent
variables and the respective outcomes will be determined by Pearson correlation. Principal component analysis will be implemented to calculate wealth index of
households. All important predictor variables will be fitted to logistic regression model to determine the relative contribution of each to the outcome of interest
(malaria prevalence). Relative risk will be calculated to compare the risk of malaria among individuals, household, and villages characterized by varying risk factors.
This research work is expected to clearly indicate the magnitude and major risk factors of malaria in the study area so as to complement missing gaps in the implementation of control measures within the scope the study.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
DOMESTIC RAINWATER HARVESTING: RELIABILITY, QUALITY AND POINT-OF-USE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS INSEMI-ARID CITY OF MEKELLE, ETHIOPIA
BY
GETACHEW REDAIE
ABSTRACT
Based on United Nations proxy indicators, 87% of the global population have access to improved water sources. Still, 884 million people are still lacking access to safe
water, most of them from developing countries. In Ethiopia, some 30 million people have no access to improved sources to date. It is also identified as a water deficit
country starting from the year 2000 and will be one of the water scarce countries by the year 2025 In response to the increasing water scarcity challenge many developed countries have grown and adapted many alternative water supply mechanisms, recording remarkable advances in best practices to increase their water access
and play a role in mitigating the looming water crisis. Nonetheless, developing countries such as Ethiopia have not yet considered alternative supplementary water
supply sources to date. The main objective of this research is thus to determine domestic rainwater harvesting: reliability, quality, and point-of-use treatment using the
semi-arid urban city of Mekelle, Ethiopia, as a case study. Longitudinal study design will be used to determine reliability of rainwater harvesting and investigate the
spatiotemporal rainwater quality trend. Field experiment and laboratory based experiments will be used to assess the suitability of roof top materials for rainwater
harvesting and explore treatment options respectively. This study will also adopt a mass balance approach to determine rainwater harvesting storage reliability. Physicochemical, bacteriological and heavy metal quality of rain water samples will be analyzed following standard methods for generating data. Prior to analysis of the data using statistical tools, univariate quantitative analysis will be used to summarize the frequency distribution and determine the central tendency. We will also use
suitable multivariate statistical tools to test our research hypothesis. From the family of multivariate analysis, principal component analysis and analysis of variance
will be applied to the complete data set to identify factors affecting rainwater composition for the second and third objectives.
HOUSEHOLD MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY AND WATERBORNE HEALTH RISKS
IN RELATION TO DIARRHEAL DISEASE, WEGERA WEREDA, NORTH GONDAR, ETHIOPIA
BY
HAILEMARIAM FELEKE YALEW
ABSTRACT
Water is mandatory for all life including harmful microorganisms. Globally, unsafe drinking water, coupled with insanitation condition kills at least 1.6 million children under the age of five. The most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water is contamination. Globally, the greatest risk to public health
from microbes in water is associated with consumption of drinking-water that is contaminated with human and animal excreta. One of the most important human
diseases is diarrheal illness which is associated with many health risks and it is a major public health problem. Acute diarrheal disease accounts for more than 1.8
million deaths annually, particularly in children <5 years of age, and more than 40% of those deaths occur in Africa. Globally, diarrhea is the third largest cause of
morbidity and the sixth largest cause of mortality among population of all ages. In Ethiopia, diarrhea is the major killer of children and thus is a serious public health
problem. Among the nine regions of Ethiopia, Amhara has a population of 19 million and 90 000 children under 5 years of age die annually from diseases related to
water and sanitation. The objective of this study is an assessment of water collection and storage practice; household microbial water contamination and diarrheal
related potential health risks in Wegera Wereda, North Gondar, Ethiopia. In this study, descriptive cross sectional and case control study design will be applied to
evaluate household’s water use practice, microbial quality of drinking water and diarrhea related potential health risks.The outcome of the current study will reveal
that household’s drinking water deterioration condition in the study area. Hence, this would help the regional government to intervene on point of use drinking water quality in the region.
NATURAL ZEOLITE –AO COMPOSITE MIXTURES FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL
FROM DRINKING WATER
BY
MESERET DESSALEGNE
(FELEKE ZEWGE, ISABEL DIAZ)
ABSTRACT
Fluoride is one of the very few contaminants that have been shown to cause significant health effects. More than 11 million people living in the Ethiopian Rift Valley
depend on drinking water which is contaminated by fluoride and more than 80 % of the children suffer from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis which is mostly
common among older ones. In my study, I have tested nine natural zeolite samples collected from Northern part of Ethiopia for fluoride removal. XRD characterization of the samples showed that among those samples, seven of them are stilbite type of zeolites. These samples were tested and have low fluoride adsorption capacity. We then used aluminumoxyhydroxide (AO) to improve fluoride removal efficiency of natural zeolites and at the same time decrease the cost of using AO.
Composite mixtures were prepared from locally manufactured aluminium sulfate and natural zeolites with different ratios. The batch adsorption study showed that
composite mixture prepared by Z-Al (1:1) at a dose of 2g/L could reduce the fluoride concentration initially 10mg/L to below 1.5 mg/L. This was compared with a
composite prepared from synthetic zeolite with similar conditions. I have got comparable adsorption efficiency of 86% and 91% for composite mixtures prepared
with synthetic and natural zeolites respectively. Detail experiments are being undertaken for investigation this material but we can see that it can reduce fluoride
concentration of drinking water below the WHO standard which increases the efficiency natural zeolites; at the same time decrease the cost of preparing AO.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
IMPACT OF WATER AND SANITATION HYGIENE EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON UNDER-FIVE DIARRHEAL DISEASE
IN JIGJIGA RURAL AREAS, EASTERN ETHIOPIA: A CLUSTER RANDOMIZED TRIAL
BY
ABDIWAHAB HASHI
ABSTRACT
Diarrheal diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. There is a general agreement
that the cause of child mortality and morbidity in developing countries is multi-factorial. Interaction of socioeconomic, biological, behavioural and environmental factors influences the survival of children. Though the relationships between these factors and the occurrence of diarrhea in children and the impact of WASH interventions on diarrheal diseases have been documented elsewhere, there are limited studies in Ethiopia in general and in Fafan Zone, Somali region particularly. The present
study assessed the socio-economic, environmental and behavioural factors associated with the occurrence of diarrheal disease among under-five children and the impact of WASH interventions on diarrheal diseases among under-five children in Fafan Zone. The main objective of this study is to assess, describe and evaluate the factors associated with under-five diarrheal diseases, the water quality and water and sanitation hygien interventions and their impact on under-five diarrheal diseases in
Jigjiga Woreda, Fafan Zone, Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia from June 2014 to December 2014. For the first objective, community based cross-sectional study will be
used, with quantitative data collection method. One thousand, Four hundred and Seventy four one mothers/care takers of index under-five children living in the households will be selected randomly from all Kebele of Jigjiga Woreda in Fafan Zone will constitute the study population. Data will be collected using structured and pretested questionnaire will be entered into a computer, edited and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 16. For the second objective qualitative study using in depth
interview and focus group discussion will be conducted. For the third objective, bacteriological laboratory assessment of drinking house hold water quality will be done
for the selected randomized intervention and control community households before and after the intervention trial. For the fourth objective, Community cluster randomized trail study will be done to study the impact of water and sanitation hygiene interventions on under five diarrheal diseases in the rural kebeles of Jigjiga Woreda. A total of 23 clusters was calcualted to estimate diarrhea incidence in the control group, at the 5% significance level (2-tailed) with a power of 80%, 10% drop out
and design effect of three from clustering. The intervention of this study will be an educational intervention of water and sanitation hygiene. The fifth sobjective is to
review systematically published articles to evaluate the effectivess of WASH interventions in Ethiopia.
DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF LATRINE ADOPTION, USAGE AND THE ASSOCIATED
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS: LONGITUDINAL STUDY AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
IN OROMIYA REGION OF ETHIOPIA
BY
FIKRALEM MEZGEBU
ABSTRACT
Sanitation continues to be the challenge for developing countries creating a great impact in under-five child mortality. Evidences indicate open defecation
is very prevalent in Ethiopia as a result of low latrine adoption and low latrine use behavior(1-5). Despite this fact, efforts have been made to improve the
situations. Many programs on latrine adoption and use invested a lot of resources without bringing significant improvements. Moreover, contradictory evidences on the level of latrine adoption, and use in Ethiopia are creating confusions on program planners as well as policy makers(6, 7). The objective of
this study is to determine the level of latrine adoption, latrine use, and behavioral and socio-cultural determinants. This study aimed to determine the current latrine adoption (ownership), latrine use behavior, risk factors and the changes in latrine adoption, latrine use, risk factors in one year duration.
Hence, the pattern of changes will be associations will be determined, and it will examine which factors changes when latrine adoption and latrine use behaviors changes The research design is longitudinal study by employing community survey using structured questioner to collect data at two points at the
baseline, and after one year.one thousand and sixteen household heads in Oromiya region rural community of siraro will be interviewed. Association will
be made on the positive or negative changes in latrine adoption, latrine use behavior, and risk factors. Qualitative method using FGD and Key informant
interview will be used to explore and describe the values, beliefs and socio-cultural practices on latrine adoption and use.
THE EFFECT OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) ON TRACHOMA ELIMINATION IN AMHARA
NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
BY
BESELAM TADESSE
ABSTRACT
Trachoma is a contagious infection of the eye, caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. This preventable disease can lead to blindness if left untreated. Water, sanitation
and hygiene (WASH) are a crucial but all too often underplayed part of the prevention and control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Improving the sanitation, hygiene, and
access to clean water within a community will lower the prevalence of active trachoma in a sustainable manner. Unless if only surgery and antibiotic therapy are provided, with
little effort to make sustainable changes in hygiene and sanitation, only the symptoms of the disease, not the causes, will be addressed. The African region is the most trachoma
affected area in the world with in the region Ethiopia is estimated to have the highest burden of disease. The burden is even greater in the Amhara National Regional State.
Therefore to tackle the burden of trachoma the WHO endorsed SAFE strategy has been implemented throughout all districts of the Amhara National Regional State since 2007.
The goal of this PhD thesis is to evaluate the effect of Water, Sanitation and Hygieneinterventions on trachoma control in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara National Regional State,
Ethiopia. Specifically to determine whether the implementation of SAFE strategy has significantly reduced the prevalence of trachoma, to assess the attitude and knowledge of
East Gojjam zone communities towards the role of hygiene practices and latrine utilization on trachoma control, to assess the continuity of water supply and sanitation services
and to qualitatively investigate the challenges of household and community level WASH accesses and practices in East Gojjam zone. This study will be carried out in one of the
largest Zone of Amhara National Regional State, East Gojjam zone. The study have both quantitative and qualitative components. For the study that involves quantitative data
comparative cross sectional and single population based cross sectional study designs utilizing multistage cluster sampling will be used to see the effects of SAFE strategy on
trachoma elimination and to measure the community attitude towards the role of hygiene practices and latrine utilization as well as to assess the continuity of water supply
and sanitation services respectively. Pretested and structured household questionnaires will be administered to the sampled household heads. Twelve ophthalmic nurses or ophthalmic medical assistants and three health extension workers will be recruited for data collection and supervision respectively. A separate team will carry out 24 FGDs involving
120 men and 120 women. Thirty six in-depth interviews will be conducted with administrators, health extension workers and household heads by data collectors. Besides, secondary data will be collected from the selected gott respective health and Water Resources Development offices.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF HAND HYGIENE PRACTICE ON DIARRHEAL DISEASES
AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN:
A COMMUNITY RANDOMIZED FIELD TRIAL, IN THE KILTE-AWLAELO DEMOGRAPHIC
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE SITE (KDHSS), TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
BY
YEMANE ASHEBIR
ABSRACT
Evidence suggests that improved handwashing can have a major impact on public health and significantly reduce the two leading causes of childhood morbidity and
mortality, diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infection. Moreover handwashing with soap can prevent the transmission of a variety of pathogens; it may be more
effective than any single vaccine. However, handwashing rates are considerably low in Ethiopia, with only around 17% of primary caregivers washing their hands with
soap after defecation, and with the majority washing their hands with only water before eating. Hence, this dissertation is designed to assess the effect of hand washing practice on diarrheal diseases and identify factors affecting handwashing habits. the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hand hygiene practice on diarrheal diseases among under five children: “A Community Randomized Field Trial” in the Kilte-Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (KA-DHSS), Tigray, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative study will be carried out from randomly selected 1758 households of mothers/caregivers and their under-five children: to assess effect of hand washing practice on diarrheal diseases in under-five children and identify factors affecting mothers hand washing habit. Cluster randomized trial: clusters will be assigned randomly to the intervention and control arms; and from these clusters a total of 512 households (256 in each arm) with mothers of
under-five children will be selected randomly. Households under the intervention will be received soap and weekly hand washing education but the counterpart households will continue their usual trained. The data entry and data analysis will be performed using EPI Info Version 6.04 and SPSS Version 16 statistical packages respectively. Descriptive measurements and the strength of association between variables will be determined using odds ratio, with 95% confidence interval and P-values of
0.05 or lower. Intention- to- treat analysis will be used to compare the incidence of diarrhea among children. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) with log link Poisson distribution family will be used to consider the repeated and clustered nature of the data. Magnitude of diarrheal diseases among under-five children; identification of factors that affect mothers/caregivers’ hand washing habit and their hand washing compliance at each critical junction.
DRINKING WATER QUALITY RELATED TO INTESTINAL PARASITIC
INFECTION AND MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN LESS THAN 5YEARS OLD
BY
HERODA GEBRU
ABSTRACT
Parasitic infections, caused by intestinal helminthes and protozoan parasites, are among the most prevalent infections in humans in developing countries. In Ethiopia intestinal parasitic prevalence is high in different region with different magnitude and the health problems in children are communicable diseases arising from
the environment and particularly related to water and sanitation, most of which being associated with microbial contamination of drinking water. This study will
determine water quality, under nutrition and other risk factors that have association with intestinal parasitic infection and helminthes re infection. The objectives of
this study are to determine the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection, to determine and compare the microbiological water quality among water sources and
risks associated with intestinal parasitic infection, to examine the association of intestinal parasitic infection and malnutrition and to find out helminthic infection
before and after treatment. A community based cross sectional study will be combined with cohort studies. For the first and fourth specific objectives crosssectional study design will be used. For the second specific objective comparative cross-sectional design will be used. While for the third and fifth specific objective
cohort study design will be conducted. The outcome of this study will help to understand the current magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection and its association
with water quality and malnutrition. Also the outcome of this study will provide information on helmenthic re infection rate and risks associated with re infection.
Also it will help the health sector planners to conduct cost benefit analysis and choose intervention where to be implemented.
BIOACCULATION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) AND
MERCURY: IN REFERENCE TO LAKE TANA, ETHIOPIA
BY
HABIBA GASHAW
MICROCYSTINS IN LAKE WATER, ALGAL SESTON AND TISSUES OF NILE TILAPIA
IN SELECTED RIFT VALLEY LAKES OF ETHIOPIA.
BY
TIGIST WUBSHET
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN:
USING HYDROCHEMISTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES AND HYDROGRAPHS
BY
TAYE ALEMAYEHU, PHD STUDENT
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
P.O. BOX 30664
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
taye_77@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Baro Akobo River basin shows deviation from the general perception about the commonly known Ethiopian aquifers and from what has been understood before. Trans-regional structures, folds, faults and the lateral and vertical lithologic variations, paleo-depositional environments play major role in modifying the hydrologic nature of the basin. Following the geological and structural controls, anthropogenic processes are becoming the growing influencing factor to modify the
eco-hydrologic systems. The strong structural controls are clearly seen on the drainage and flow patterns while the differences in sub-basins hydrographs act as a
signature of the prevailing eco-hydrological conditions in each sub basin. Time series rainfall – runoff analysis of nearly a century old data shows decreasing and
more erratic trends in rainfall and flow patterns in recent decades. Environmental isotopes of Oxygen (d18O), Deuterium (d2H) and Tritium ( 31H ) show that the
groundwater of the basin is modern and very young in age. These results are indications of the limited holding capacity of the aquifers in the recharge areas and
the degree of anthropogenic impacts. The atmospheric influences in modifying the chemistry of the different types of waters in the basin are as important as the
geochemistry of the host rocks, both in the recharge and depositional areas. The Basin is potentially vulnerability to anthropogenic and climate variability impacts
that is demonstrated by the above facts. This is a matter of great concern for this shared aquifer and the major recharge areas of the Sobat River.
LARGE SCALE DYNAMICAL FEATURES THAT GOVERN HYDROLOGIC FLUXES IN ETHIOPIA
A FOCUS ON ASSESSING THE ROLES OF IOD AND ENSO ON PRECIPITATION AND EVAPORATION FLUXES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SURFACE RUNOFF OVER BLUE NILE BASIN IN ETHIOPIA
BY
GOSSA DAMTEW
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ABSTRACT
Hydrologic fluxes are the processes by which water moves between the Earth’s Hydrologic reservoirs. They are highly variable over the Earth’s surface in
both space and time. Parts of the difficulty in studying the hydrologic cycle arises from such huge variability in hydrologic fluxes over time and space. Understanding the driving mechanisms responsible for the variabilities of hydrologic fluxes is particularly important for management of water resources. In
this case study we are going to evaluate the roles of IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole mode of interannual variability) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on
the precipitation and Evaporation fluxes and their sensitivity to surface Runoff over selected basin in Ethiopia. Although there are a number of large scale
features associated with anomalous climates in Ethiopia (such as QBO,AEJ, TEJ and etc.) due attention, however, is given to the evaluations and consequently comparisons of the roles of IOD and ENSO on the precipitation and evaporation fluxes in Ethiopia. This is because; first, the roles of IOD on Ethiopian climate has not been well understood so far; second, according to the IPCC fifth assessment report (IPCC, WG1AR5, 2013) both El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole mode of interannual variability (IOD) will remain the dominant mode of natural climate variability, affecting climate extremes in East Africa, and that the regional rainfall variabilities they induce likely intensifies. Spatial-temporal correlations functions are used to
examine the influences of both interannual variability indices on the hydrologic fluxes and water resources in Ethiopia. Input variables need for the analyses are generated from CRU (NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) and a newly developed Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) under the Coupled Model
Inter-comparison Project 5(CMIP5).
USING REMOTE SENSING DATASET TO CHARACTERIZE AND UNDERSTAND
THE TREND OF THE LAKE LEVELS AND TEMPERATURE IN
THE RIFT VALLEY LAKE REGIMES, ETHIOPIA.
BY
MENELIK HAILU MEKONNEN
ADVISORS: PROF. HONGJIE XIE
DR. MEKONNEN GEBREMICHAEL
DR. WOLDEAMLAK BEWKET
ABSTRACT
A full understanding of the water resource availability in the Rift Valley Lakes Basin is essential to determining the right development interventions for the Rift Valley Lakes Basin. Such an understanding will permit an equitable and sustainable allocation
of water resources throughout the basin. This paper will use all available clear-sky MODIS Terra imagery between 2000 and
2012 and Aqua imagery between 2002 and 2012 to study spatial and temporal variations in lake temperature of rift valley
lakes. Moreover, All Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)/ Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLA14) Release-31 elevation data crossing the study region during 2003–2009 will be obtained from the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center
(NSIDC) to analyze the lake’s water level and temporal change. In addition this study will investigate cause of variation in lakes
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED SPATIO-TEMPORAL HYDROLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON
THE OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN OF ETHIOPIA
BY
ELIAS TEDLA SHIFERAW1,
Mekonnen gebremichael2, edith a zagona3, dereje hailu4, solomon seyoum5
1ethiopian institute of water resources, addis ababa university, ethiopia
2department of civil and environmental engineering, university of california, usa
3department of civil, environmental and architectural engineering, university of colorado, usa
4department of civil engineering, addis ababa university, ethiopia
5ethiopian institute of water resources, addis ababa university, ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Considering the use of water resource in a sustainable manner and projecting the future likelihood patterns of this resource under different scenarios can
help to mitigate and adapt the multi-dimensional impact of climate change. Omo-Gibe River basin is one of the highest socio-economic development sites
due to its tremendous potential for hydropower and irrigation. However, in recent years, the climate variations induced hydrological variability poses a challenge on decision making for planning, design and operation of hydropower plants. Hence, there should be a better understanding and projection of all the
systems which can lead to a sustainable and optimal use of water for the intended purpose. The main goal of this study is to synthesize and understand future water resources distribution over space and time, and the extent of climate change induced hydrological variability in the Omo-Gibe River basin. After
applying a hydro-climate modelling across the river basin with a catchment area of 79,000km2, results showed upstream reservoirs will be highly vulnerable
due to the change while downstream reservoirs will be less affected. Moreover, steam flow reduction has been projected during the main raining season
while a relative marginal stream flow increment during the low flow season. These exemplify, the change will cause a negative impact on the generation capacity of cascade hydropower plants along with long term investment on large scale hydraulic structures. However, a reduction in flow variability will create
a positive phenomenon for environmental flow.
CHARACTERIZATION OF REGIONAL VARIABILITY OF SEASONAL WATER BALANCES WITHIN THE OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN,
ETHIOPIA
BY
ADANECH YARED
MURUGESU SIVAPALAN, SOLOMON S. DEMISSIE, ALBERTO VIGLIONE, CHARLOTTE MACALISTER AND DEREJE H.
1 Department of Water Resources Engineering, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources,
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
2 African Climate Policy Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
4 Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
5 Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
6 International Development Research Center, Canada
7 Depart of Civil, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Characterization and understanding of the hydrological variability in Ethiopia is important to improving existing capabilities to forecast short-term and long-term
drought and flood conditions and for sustainable water management. In this work we focus on the Omo Gibe River Basin, which is the second most important basin
of Ethiopia in terms of water availability. Because of the limitation of runoff data in the region, the characterization of the hydrologic variability is obtained through
runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB). The analysis consist in the following three parts: 1) characterization of climate and landscape characteristics of the river basin; 2) rainfall-runoff modeling of nine catchments for which runoff data are available; and 3) regionalization of the water balance components in the Omo
Gibe River Basin by model-parameter transfer in fifteen ungauged catchments. The results are stratified according to the four Ethiopian distinct seasons: Bega,
Belig, and Kiremit and Tsedey. In the northern catchments of the Basin vegetation cover and water balance is homogeneous but in the southern catchments vegetation covers are heterogeneous. From this information in the northern part of the Basin landscape and climate is much more homogeneous, but in southern part
big heterogeneity is occurs according to water balance, landscape and vegetation covers. Our results show that the north central, western catchments including
Amara catchment from north eastern catchments have high precipitation, runoff and storage and low AET and PET (2805.3mm/year, 778.8mm/year, 2254.8mm/
year, 10.867mm/year and 95.4mm/year). These are the higher sources of water in the Omo Gibe Basin. The availability of blue water at northern catchments of
the Basin is higher than southern catchments of the Basin; in the southern catchments green water availability is high. Northern catchments are variable flow regime than southern catchments; in the southern catchments the combination of insistent rainfall and/or the dominance of groundwater contribution to stream
flow. In the Omo-Gibe River Basin except Mansa, Meki and Hamerkoke catchments all other catchments are elastic. But in Mansa, Meki and Hamerkoke catchments 1% precipitation change leads to a 1% change in stream flow. In the Omo-Gibe River Basin there is a big heterogeneity of seasonal water balance; the variety of water balance from highest value of north catchments to lowest value of south catchment is for Precipitation, runoff, AET and storage (129.933mm/season to
0.233mm/season, 609.6mm/season to 3.33mm/season, 676.83mm/season to 1.7 mm/season, 222.467mm/season to 28.367mm/season) ; PET from lowest value
of north catchments to highest value of south catchments is 95.4mm/season to 260.933mm/season.
Keywords. Omo-Gibe River Basin, HBV-Light Model, Catchment Characterization, Parameter Regionalization, Flow Prediction to Ungauged Catchments, Hydrology,
Seasonal Water Balance and Signature of catchment response.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
CLIMATE CHANGE IMAPCT ON VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL INTENSITY IN UPPER BLUE NILE BASIN
BY
LAKEMARIAM YOHANNES WORKU
+251-931-500444 mistrelake@yahoo.com
NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY OF ETHIOPIA,
P. O. BOX 1090
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
ABSTRACT
Extreme rainfall events are major problems in Ethiopia with the resulting floods that usually could cause significant damage to agriculture, ecology, infrastructure, disruption to human activities, loss of property, loss of lives and disease outbreak. The aim of this study was to explore the likely changes of precipitation extreme changes
due to future climate change. The study specifically focuses to understand the future climate change impact on variability of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency in
Upper Blue Nile basin. Precipitations data from two Global Climate Models (GCMs) have been used in the study are HadCM3 and CGCM3. Rainfall frequency analysis
was carried out to estimate quantile with different return periods. Probability Weighted Method (PWM) selected estimation of parameter distribution and L-Moment
Ratio Diagrams (LMRDs) used to find the best parent distribution for each station. Therefore, parent distributions for derived from frequency analysis are Generalized
Logistic (GLOG), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), and Gamma & Pearson III (P3) parent distribution. After analyzing estimated quantile simple disaggregation model
was applied in order to find sub daily rainfall data. Finally the disaggregated rainfall is fitted to find IDF curve and the result shows in most parts of the basin rainfall intensity expected to increase in the future. As a result of the two GCM outputs, the study indicates there will be likely increase of precipitation extremes over the Blue
Nile basin due to the changing climate. This study should be interpreted with caution as the GCM model outputs in this part of the world have huge uncertainty.
Key Words: Rainfall Intensity, Climate Change, GCMs, disaggregation, Extreme Precipitation
REMOTE SENSING BASED ESTIMATION OF EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION USING SELECTED ALGORITHMS;
THE CASE OF WONJI SHOA SUGAR CANE ESTATE
BY
MULUGETA GENANU a,
Tena Alamirew b, Gabriel Senay c, Mekonnen Gebremichael d
a. Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
b. Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
c. USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, USA
d. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,
University of California- Los Angeles, California, USA
ABSTRACT
The goal of every grower is to practice irrigation management to fulfill water needs profitably, safely, and in an environmentally responsible way. For this, accurate
knowledge of the amount of evapotranspiration (ET) is critical. The focus of this study was to estimate and compare the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the Wonji
Shoa Sugarcane Estate using different remote sensing algorithms. The daily ETa of the sugarcane was estimated and thematically mapped pixel-by-pixel using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms on
Landsat7 ETM+ and MODIS images acquired on four days in 2002. The algorithms were based on image processing which uses spatially distributed spectral satellite
data (visible, near infrared and thermal infrared) and ground meteorological data to derive the surface energy balance components. The results obtained revealed
that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 –
6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively.
The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002;
0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ETa over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. Dry periods exhibit
greater variability compared to wetter periods. Generally during the dry season, ET is limited to the well watered sugarcane fields and water storage areas only. During the peak rainy season, ETa was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. All the three algorithm results showed that generally well watered sugarcane fields
BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF LAKE HAWASSA IN SOUTH ETHIOPIA
BY
YONAS GIRMA
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
P.O.Box 89 Kality, AA
yonasent@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In hydrology, hydrographic information on lakes has important importance. Bathymetries are used to develop Water levelVolume-Lake area relationships. In addition, monitoring Lake bathymetry for temporal comparison had become attractive as
an indicator for environmental changes. From hydrographic information, Lake Ecosystem functioning, life times of reservoirs or
erosion - sedimentation rates of catchments can be derived. A methodology for rapid bathymetric survey and map generation
for Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia, using recent advances in Global Positioning Systems, portable sonar sounders, Goestatistics and
GIS software analysis tools is presented in this paper.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”
EFFECTS OF SEASONAL VARIABILITY ON BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
AND GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS, AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG C
HILDREN IN WEST GOJAM, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.
BY
MESKEREM GIRMA
ABSTRACT
Thus all sources of water that are intended for human consumption must be free from pollution. Polluted water increases the risk of disease transmission to
consumers. The most common and widespread health risk associated with water is microbial contamination (2). According to World Health Organization
statistics, diarrheal diseases accounted for 17% of all deaths worldwide in children younger than 5 years of age, resulting in approximately 1.8 million
deaths annually. Moreover, children six consumption of contaminate water has been associated with diarrhea in every continent worldwide; examples are
the World Health Organization estimates that improved water quality would reduce the global burden of GI by 31% (3). The prevalence of GI is determined
by the socioeconomic and health conditions, education and beliefs, contamination of water and food, age is also an associated factor related to the individual’s immunologic status and behavioral patterns contributing to the high prevalence of GI in children than in adults. This contamination might explain increased rates of GI (9,12) and waterborne disease outbreaks (13, 14) especially during rainy season. Similarly, in temperate regions, periods of heavy rainfall
can increase the risk or incidence of waterborne disease. The objective of study assess effects of seasonal variability on bacteriological quality of water
sources and gastrointestinal illness, and its associated factors among children in West Gojam, Amhara Regional state. A combination of cross sectional and
longitudinal study designs will be used. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques will be used in the study. The water source will be all
protected water sources, and source of population will be all under five children with mother or care givers
ECO-FRIENDLY HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHOD
FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDY OF BGI ETHIOPIA BREWERY’S WASTEWATER
BY
ABEBE WORKU
ABSTRACT
This study will be conducted at St. George Brewery located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital city. The Brewery was established at the same location in 1923 and is currently
owned by BGI Ethiopia PLC. The total area of St. George Brewery is 3.13 Hectares out of which 1.6 Hectares is built-up area. The Brewery annual production is above 1,104,000
Hectoliters of beer. It is by far the most dominant brewer with a market share of around 50 percent nation-wide and even higher in Addis Ababa. The factory produces substantial volume of wastewater approximately 1250m3/day. The wastewater treatment system employed at St. George Brewery is UASB reactor coupled with post aeration tank.
Therefore, this study is proposed with the objective of investigating the potential to use hydroponic treatment method as alternative for Brewery wastewater. In the investigation
physicochemical parameters such as PH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature (T), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Nitrate nitrogen (No3 - N), Ammonium-nitrogen NH4+ -N, phosphate (PO43-), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses of the raw wastewater of the industry before and after treatment will be carried out based on the standard methods at Leather Industry Development Institute lab. The effluent discharge point is the sampling
site that will be chosen in the Brewery to collect raw wastewater as required for feed and analyses. Five sampling points in the hydroponic treatment system will be assigned to
collect samples monthly from the treatment system for analyses. Composite and grab sampling techniques will be employed for the wastewater samples during on-site and offsite measurements. Selection of suitable plants, composition of their nutrient uptake and their efficiency of pollutant removal will be analyzed. To meet the objective, pilot hydroponic treatment system will be designed and installed in the experimentation site with proper monitoring. The research will be conducted for about 7 months. Eco-friendly Hydroponic Wastewater Treatment Technology is proposed for investigation to fill the gap of (nutrient recovery, production of valuable products, complexity of the technology, high
cost, high skilled personnel, use of chemicals and being unfriendly for the environment) using conventional wastewater treatments. In contrast to conventional wastewater treatment systems, hydroponic systems are associated with green-ness, since the treatment units are completely covered with green plants. This is because of the possibility of plants
in wastewater treatment to recycle nutrients by means of production of valuable plants. Plants take up nutrients and water by their roots, hence in hydroponic wastewater treatment the wastewater can be regarded as a nutrient solution. The technology is expected to show nutrient recovery and production of valuable products which is a serious limitation in conventional wastewater treatment and it can lead to solve the global issues such as the shortage of water, environmental pollution, and instability of ecological system in
various ways. As a result the findings of the study will help as input in improving the existing industrial wastewater management practices in general and Breweries in particular
by investigating its potential use as an alternative. Furthermore, it may serve as an input for further
HEALTH RISK EVALUATION ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY METALS IN THE
LITTLE AKAKI RIVER OF ADDIS ABABA
BY
MINBALE ASCHALE
ABSTRACT
Urbanization and population surges are causing increasing demands for food; this is especially in developing countries. Consequently, the cultivation of horticultural
surfaces within and outside the urban centers has been intensified. Urban agriculture therefore, plays a significant role in providing vegetables for urban consumption, whereby it is often associated with wastewater reuse leading to the accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in soil. A typical case of this is in Addis Ababa, where quality irrigation water is scarce. Due to uncontrolled solid and liquid wastes discharged in to different open water systems, pollution of fresh water
sources pose a great danger to the health and well being of the local people. The main objective of this research will be to investigate the potential health risk associated with heavy metals in the Little Akaki River and vegetables grown in farms of Addis Ababa which have been irrigated with river water and to propose mitigation
measures to reduce the impact on health status of the people associated with this contamination. River water samples, sediments, soils and matured leaf samples of
cabbage, swiss chard, kale, potato, carrot and lettuce at early maturity, from Burayu, Kolfea, Kera, Gofa and Akaki vegetable farms were collected and digested with
HNO3/H2O2 to determine heavy metal contents using ICP-MS instrument. The concentration of metals in River water, sediment and soil show patterns of behavior
linked to source contribution and anthropogenic activities around the river and its tributaries. Vegetables grown at environmentally contaminated sites could take up
and accumulate metals at different concentrations that are toxic to human health. Cr and Pb accumulation is very high in potato and carrot in all farms but Ba, Sr, Zn,
Fe, Mn and Ni concentration is high in lettuce, swiss chard, kale and cabbage. The present findings highlight that the metal pollution status of Little Akaki River and
some of its tributaries, sediments and vegetables grown under Little Akaki River water irrigation is alarming. With increasing in vegetable consumption by the community the situation could worsen in the future.
Ethiopian institute of water resources
First Annual Symposium
Theme: “Water Resources Management”