KOMUNIKASI
WIRELESS
Herman Tolle
PAT S2 SKI TE
Universitas Brawijaya
1
Outline
 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel
 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Tipe Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Kontent & Aplikasi
 Spektrum Frekuensi
 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal
 Mode Komunikasi
 Prinsip kerja GPS
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang
elektromagnetik, frekuensi/ spektrum radio, yang
memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/
penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar,
video) tanpa koneksi fisik
 Muncul sebagai jawaban atas keterbatasan
jaringan wireline.
 Mobilitas manusia yang tinggi dan informasi yang
selalu dekat menjadi faktor pendorong utama
berkembangnya teknogi ini.
 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)
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Wireless technology
 Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of
information between two or more points that are not
physically connected.
 Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television
remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of
kilometers for deep-space radio communications.
 It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
 Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units,
garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards
and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite
television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
Komunikasi Nirkabel
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang
elektromagnetik
 Gelombang elektromagnetik
•
•
•
•
Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)
Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l)
c=fxl
Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium
meredam lebih besar
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Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel
Non
Cellular
Fixed
Wireless
contoh :
point to point communication, infra
red communication, LMDS,
Microwave communication
contoh :
Cellular
Wireless
Communication
Non
Cellular
Mobile
Wireless
PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800,
DECT
contoh :
paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC)
, dispatching system, PAMR (Public
Access Mobile Radio) dsb
contoh :
Cellular
GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS,
PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS,
C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb
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How is the information transferred?
Wireless operations permits services, such as long range
communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with
the use of wires.
Telecommunications systems:
•
•
•
•
radio transmitters and receivers,
remote controls,
computer networks,
network terminals, etc.
They use some form of energy
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radio frequency (RF),
Infrared light,
Microwave communication,
Laser light,
Visible light,
Acoustic energy, etc.
to transfer information without the
use of wires.
Microwave
communication =>
Radio Frequency
communication =>
Infrared
communication =>
Penggunaan Wireless network:
• To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,
• To provide a backup communications link in case of normal
network failure,
• To link portable or temporary workstations,
• To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or
financially impractical,
• to remotely connect mobile users or networks.
• to connect laptop users who travel from location to location.
• for mobile networks that connect via satellite.
• to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations
• Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired
implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings.
Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel
Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):
 Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)
 Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)
 Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah
 WiFi: jarank menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi
 WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi
 Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah
 RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil
Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):
 Limited Mobility (Flexi)
 Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G)
 Satellite (GMPCS)
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Types of Wireless Communications:
 point-to-point communication:
from one location to the other
 point-to-multipoint
communication: from a single
location to multiple locations
 Broadcasting: from one location
to all locations simultaneously
 Cellular networks: this networks
allows the user to wander about
any where in the country and
stay connected
 other wireless networks.
Broadcasting Antenna
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL
RADIO TRANSMISSION:- easily generated, Omni-directional ,
travel long distance , easily penetrates buildings.
• PROBLEMS:- frequency dependent , relatively low bandwidth
for data communication , tightly licensed by government.
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION:- widely used for long distance
communication , relatively inexpensive.
• PROBLEMS:- don’t pass through buildings , weather and
frequency dependent.
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL
INFRARED AND MILIMETER WAVES:Widely used for short range communication , unable to pass
through solid objects , used for indoor wireless LANs , not
for outdoors.
LIGHT WAVE TRANSMISSION:- unguided optical signal such as
laser , unidirectional , easy to install , no license required.
PROBLEMS:- unable to penetrate rain or thick fog , laser beam
can be easily diverted by air.
Jenis Teknologi Nirkabel
Degree of mobility
Driving
UMTS
CDMA
Systems
beyond 3G
>2010
GSM
GPRS
Standing
Walking
UMTS
HSDPA
EDGE
EV-DO
EV-DV
IEEE
802.16e
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
DECT
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x)
BlueTooth
0.1
1
10
IEEE
802.16a,d
100
Mbps
User data rate
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Standard Nirkabel
IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19
IEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee Alliance)
Sensors
(BAN)
IEEE 802.22
RAN
WAN
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16d
WiMAX
IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi Alliance
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB,
Bluetooth
Wi-Media, BTSIG,
MBOA
MAN
LAN
PAN
RFID
(AutoID Center)
BAN: Body Area Network
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
ETSI HiperMAN
&
HIPERACCESS
ETSI-BRAN
HiperLAN2
ETSI
HiperPAN
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System Evolution Scenario
st
Generation 1 Generation
(Cellular) Analog voice
2nd Generation
Digital voice &
Low rate data
3rd Generation
4th Generation
Voice & High speed ALL-IP Broadband
Ubiquitous & Seamless
data
Multimedia
WLAN++
1000
）
Maximum transmission
rate
TRmax Mbps
（
WLAN+
802.11n, etc.
WiMAX
100
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc.
HIPERLAN2, etc.
3G+
Nomadic
HSDPA,
10
4G
cdma2000(3X), etc.
3G
Bluetooth, etc.
W-CDMA,
1
Local
0.1
Mobile
0.01
Cdma2000, etc.
2G+
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
～1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Year
19
GSM Evolution
GSM CS
Up to 9,6 Kbps
2G
GSM GPRS
Up to 115 kbps
GSM HSCSD
Up to 38,4 kbps
UMTS
Up to 2 Mbps
or 384 in mobility
3G
2.5G
EDGE
Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to
GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage
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CDMA Standards Evolution
IS-95A CDMA
Voice, packet9.6/14.4 Kbps
IS-95B CDMA
Voice, packet64 Kbps
IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps
600 Kbps peak
IS-2000 1XEV-DO
600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak
All IP
Source: CDMA2000-A world view
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IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)
IMT-2000 Terrestrial
Radio Interfaces
IMT-2000
CDMA
Direct Spread
WCDMA
(UMTS)
IMT-2000
CDMA
Multi Carrier
CDMA2000
1X and 3X
CDMA
IMT-2000
CDMA
TDD
IMT-2000
TDMA
Single Carrier
UTRA TDD
And TD-SCDMA
TDMA
UWC-136/
EDGE
IMT-2000
FDMA/
TDMA
DECT
FDMA
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Content & Aplikasi
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Spektrum frekuensi
104
102
100
10-2
Radio
Spectrum
104
106
108
10-4
Micro
wave
1010
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Alokasi Frekeunsi !
1012
10-6
IR
10-8
UV
1014
1016
Visible light
10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
X-Rays
1018
1020
Cosmic
Rays
1022
< 30 KHz
30-300KHz
300KHz – 3MHz
3 MHz – 30MHz
30MHz – 300MHz
300 MHz – 3GHz
3-30GHz
> 30 GHz
1024
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
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Frequency
• FM RADIO
• TV BROADCAST
• GSM PHONES
• GPS
• PCS PHONES
• BLUETOOTH
• Wi-Fi
88 MHZ
200 MHZ
900 MHZ
1.2 GHZ
1.8 GHZ
2.4 GHZ
2.4 GHZ
Contoh: Panjang gelombang
GSM :
 Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
 Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
PCS
 Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
 Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
Bluetooth:
 Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
 Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm
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Frequency Carrier/Kanal
• Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi
tertentu.
• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
• Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bitrate)
• Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk
mentransmisikan informasi secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple
access).
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Example
• Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A
and B
• Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
• There are 3 channels
• Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one
way)
• For full duplex communication:
• Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
• Use time division in a channel
Station A
Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
Station B
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Simplex Communication
• Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
• To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex
communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
• We can use Time Division Multiplexing
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Duplex Communication - FDD
• FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
Forward Channel
Reverse Channel
Base Station
B
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency
bands
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Duplex Communication - TDD
• TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
M
B
M
B
M
B
Base Station
B
A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time
slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in
U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel
991 992
…
1023
1
Forward Channel
…
2
799
824-849 MHz
991 992
…
1023
1
2
…
799
869-894 MHz
Channel Number
Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
Center Frequency (MHz)
0.030N + 825.0
0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799
0.030N + 870.0
991 <= N <= 1023
0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
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What is Mobility
• Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the
user terminals are static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
• Mobility and portability
• Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
• Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
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Degrees of Mobility
• Walking Users
• Low speed
• Small roaming area
• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
• Vehicles
•
•
•
•
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
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The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
• Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
• Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
• Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.
• Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services
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Advanced 3g and 4g in wireless
mobile communication
3g
4G
3G AND 4G MOBILE PHONES
3G
4G
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)
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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
 Sistem navigasi yang menggunakan satelit yang berorbit
pada Bumi.
 Satelit GPS memberikan informasi lokasi dan waktu
mana saja yang ada di planet Bumi ini selama peranti
GPS yang memerlukan informasi ini dapat "melihat"
lebih dari tiga satelit GPS di saat yang bersamaan.
 Satelit-satelit GPS dikelola oleh pemerintah Amerika
Serikat dan pertama kali dioperasikan secara penuh oleh
departemen pertahanan Amerika Serikat.
 Aplikasi yang menggunakan peta dapat memanfaatkan
informasi dari satelit GPS untuk menentukan lokasi
pengguna pada petanya
GPS Location Estimation
• GPS receiver compares the time when the signal was sent
by the satellite with the time the signal was received.
• From this time difference the distance between receiver
and satellite can be calculated.