C叩y鴫由t19さ6町也eAme出払D恥bdo威dA瓜血onJnc・
0012−1‘49／86β（相．75
DeYel（pment山師hology
1986，V01．22，No．2，265−270
ExaminlngtheStrange−SituationProcedure
WithJapaneseMothersand12−Month−01dInfants
Keikolもkahashi
SokaUniversity，Tbkyo，Japan
Thestrange−Situationprocedurewasgivento60pairsofJapanCSemOthcrsandin伽ItS，andtheir
resultswerecomparedwiththoseofAinsworth・Therewerenosignificantdi飴rencesinproprtions
ofsecurelyattached（68％）andinsecurelyattached（32％）in血ntsbetweenthecountries・bgreesand
pattemsofinteractivebehaviorsineachtypewerealsosimilaLJlHoweveちtheJapaneSeinsecuregoup
consiStedofonlyCtypes，andtherewerenoAtypes・AbouthalfoftheC−typein払ntsbehaved
inconsistently：TheybehavedlikeB−typeinhntsinEpisodeS2−5andlikeC−tyPeOneSthereaLteJlThese
触dingswereinterpretedintermsoftheexcessivestresscausedbytheprocedureaswellasJapanese
child−rearingcustomsfosteriTlgtheattachmenttothemotherlThostratedesareproposedforgetting
richerinformation丘omtheprocedureindi飴rentcultures：multipleclassiGcationofvaryingstress
levelsandculturalexaminationofthediagnosticvalueofeachbehaviorasaclassicatorycue・
ResearchersevenoutsidetheUnitcdStateswhoareexploring
base’’forcopIngwithstress．Moreover；therationaleorthepro−
cedureiswe11taken，thatis，itdeemphasizestheErequenciesof
discretebehaviorsorattachmentandconcentratesonhowinthnts
the appropriate attachment measurements cannotignorethe
Strange−Situationprocedure，COnStruCtedbyAinsworth，Blehar；
Ⅵねters，andWall（1978）．lnfactthestrange−Situationprocedure
COPebyorganlZlngallofthebehaviorstheyalreadyhave・
Inthisstudythestrange−Situationproccdurewasexamined
haso氏enbeenusedamongothercultures，forexample，inEurqpe
（Grossmann，Grossmann，Huber；＆Wartner；1981；I・amb，
Hwang，Ftodi，＆Frodi，1982；Grossmann＆EscherGraub，1984；
amongJapanesemotheトinEhntpalrS，andtheirbehaviorsinthe
procedurewereanalyzedbycomparingthemwiththedatathat
hadbeenreportedinthebookbyAinsworthetal．（1978）．More
tjzendoorn，K∫00nenberg，Goossens，Swaan，＆Thvecchio，1984；
Grossmann，Grossmann，SpangleちSuess，＆Unzner，1985）and
intheThirdWorld（Kermoian＆Leiderman，1982；Sagi，Lamb，
Estes，Shoham，Lewkowicz，＆Dvir；1982；Sagi，1984）．Inthese
studiessomeculturalvariationswereindicatedinthedistribu−
speci魚ca11y，thisstudyinvestigatedwhethertheJapaneseresults，
distributionsofattachmenttypes，andpatternsofinteractivebe−
haviorswouldbesimilartothoseintheUnitedStates．Itwas
tionsofattachmenttypeS，andsomeinterpretationsofthemwere
o飴red．Thoughitsapplicabilityincross−Culturalcomparisonis
thefirststudy，aSfaraswekno叫thatexaminedthereactionsof
JapaneSeSubjectsinthestrange−Situationprocedureadmimistered
asprescribed．Afbwinterimreportsbasedonasdbsampleof
stillunderdiscussion（e．g．，Lamb，etal．，1984；Sroufも，1985），the
thestudy（n＝29）revealedthatthoughtheprqportionsof駅℃urely
strange−Situationprocedureissupposedtomeasuresuccessfully
attachedandinsecurelyattachedinfhntsweresimilartothose
oftheUnitedStates，theinsecurelyattachedgroupconsisted
oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofattachmentrelationships，
onlyofC−tyPebabies（Miyake，Chen，Ujiie，Satoh，＆1もkahashi，
1982；1bkahashi＆Miyake，1984；Miyake，Chen，＆Campos，
1985）．Thisarticleisthecompletereportofthetotalsampleof
thatis，thee飴ctivenessoftheattachment負gureasa“secure
ThisresearchwasapartoftheprqjectdirectedbyKazuoMiyakeand
supportedbyGrants803173and813083打omthelbyotaFbundation
andagrant録・OmtheJapanSocietytbrthePromotionofSciencefacilitating
cross−nationalexchangebetweenJapanandtheUnitedStates・Fhrther
supportwasprovidedbytheMinistryofEducation，ScienceandCulture
oftheGovernmentofJapan，andbytheJapaneseInstituteofChild
thestudy（n＝60），Ofwhichthesamplesizewaslargeenough
tomakegeneralizations．Fbrthermore，WeShallusethefindings
todiscusswhethertheori由almeasurementisvalidforcom−
parisonbetweenJapanandtheUnitedStateswithoutanymOd−
i丘cationsandalsowhethertheoriginalprocedureise飴ctiveto
describetheindividualdi飴rencesinattachmentamongJapanese
Study．
Su切ects．
Supposewefounddi鐙もrencesbetweentheUmitedStatesand
Japan．Wtcouldinterprettheminthreedi晩rentways‥First，
prlOreXperlenCeSOfmother−inhntinteractionsineachcountry
havefostereddi脆rentqualitiesofattachmentandtheresults
reflectthesequalities・Second，theethnicdifftrenceintemper−
amentalcharacteristicsbetweenthecountriesmayaccountfbr
thedi飴rences．IfAsianbabiesaremOreinhibited（飴arfu1）than
Theauthorisespecial1yindebtedtoProfbssorGiyooHatanoforhis
extensivecommentsandconstruCtivesuggestions．Iamalsogratefulto
Proft＄OrKazuoMiyakefbrhissupportofthisprqjectandProLbssor
JosephCamposandanOnymOuSrevicwersofthejoumalfortheirvaltlable
commentsontheearlierversionofthisarticle．HelpfuIsuggcstionsre−
gardingthestrange−＄ituationprocedure丘omL・AlanSrou飴andMary
MainaregratefullyacknowIcdged．ⅠthankNdbumoto職iima，Kimih肌
Satoh，ThtsuoUjiie，Shingjen伽n，Shi鰐ruNakano，EtsukoMinamide，
andAoiNodafbrdatacollection，andMieNaganofordataanalyses．
theirCaucasianCOunterpartS，aSSuggeStedbyKaganetal・（1978），
wecanBXPeCtJapanesebabiestobea飴ctedbythestressinthe
originalprocedureandpushedtobehaveinsecurely・Finally；the
Correpondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldt光SenttOKeikoThk−
ahashi，FhcultyofEdtlCadon，SokaUhiv耶itが伽頑−Cho，HachiQji，Tbkyo，
192Japan．
265
266
ⅩEIKO TAKAHASHI
Culture−boundednessoftheprocedureitselfmayhavecausedthe
di飴rences．Ifso，WeShouIdinterprettheobserveddi能rences
withdeliberation，andweshouldalsothinkofsomeamendments
totheproceduretouseincountriesotherthantheUnitedStates．
Thoughitisplausiblethatallthreefactorswillinnuencethe
diatrencesconfluently，inthepresentarticlewewi11bemostly
COnCernedwiththethirdvariable．AsColeandScribner（1974）
havepointedout，WemuStglVeCareful“ethnographic”exami−
nations、toanymeaSurementthatwasdevelopedinaforeign
COuntry．Itiso氏entruethatanoperationallyequatedprocedure
CauSeChildrendarebyshowingthosenegativebehaviOrstothe
mothertogoagalnSttheJapaneseculture，Whichencourages
harmonious，mild，and“sweet”interactions
betweenpeOple
（Weisz，Rothbaum，＆Blackburn，1984）．
Thuswearesurethattheseanalysesofthestrange−Situation
procedurein theJapanesesociety，anOn−Wbstemyet high1y
modemizedone，wi11advancetheunderstandingofthenature
Oftheprocedureandalsosuggest，eVenfbrresearChersoutside
Japan，SOmeneWStrategiesfbrgettlngricherinformationfi・Om
theprocedure．
doesn’tguaranteecross−Culturalcomparabilityand／Orapplica−
bilitytofbreigncultures．
Whenweapplythestrange−SituationprocedllretOJapanese
mothersandinfantswecanexpeCttO丘ndaculture−boundedness
thatwi11a茸tcttheprocedureanditsresultsinanumberofⅥWS．
First，thelevelofstressintheprocedurewi1lalmostcertainly
exceedtheappropriatelevelfbrJapaneSeinfants，andalsofor
mothers，andtheresultsoftheproceduremustbedistortedmore
Orlessbythisexcess・BecauseAinsworthandhercolleagueshy−
pothesizedthatthesecure−basefunctionofattachmentisbest
arousedwhentheinfhntisinmildstress，intheprocedure，COn−
Sideringthecustomsofchild−rearlnginAmericanmiddleclass
Method
伽ced〟re
Theoriginalstrange−Situationprocedurewasusedinthelaboratory．
However；WeSpeCi魚edormodifiedthefollowingthreepolntSintheoriginal
procedure：（a）Episodes4，6，and7werecurtai1edifdistressonseparation
lastedthe2−minmaximum（inthecaseofEpisode6，meandurationwas
llOs，withrange50−120S）．1（b）Episode6（infhnt−alonesituation）was
Skippediftheinfhntstronglyresistedthemother’Swithdrawalandthe
motherwasreluctanttoleavetheroomevena氏er3extramininEpisode
5・Fbrthisreason，SixmotheトinfhntpairsskippedEpisode6．（C）Tbmake
theinhnt’sintendedresponseclearerwhenthemotherretumedinEpisode
fhmilies，theyusedthreekindsof”strangeness”withtheirsub−
JeCtS：anunfamiliarlaboratory，anunfamiliaradult，andbeing
le氏alone・Inthatculture，aCCOrdingtoAinsworthetal．（1978），
amotherwillnothesitatetotakeherbabyintounfamiliaren−
vironmentsandmayleaveherbabyfbrafewminuteseitherwith
astrangeroralone．However；therearlngOf．Japaneseinfants，at
leastthoserearedbyfu11−timemothersinmiddle−Classfhmilies，
hasbeengovemedbydi舵rentcustoms：AsthetraditionalJap−
aneseideashaveinsistedontheimportanceofdeepemotional
relationsbetweenmotherandchildinearlieryearsfbrhealthy
deve10pmentinfuturelift（Wagatsuma＆Hara，1974），mOthers
OfyoungchildrenarepushedtoinvoIvethemselvesinthetra−
ditionalmother’srole．1ゐungmothers，althoughmoreorless
fhlStratedbythetraditionalroleofthemother；Statethatthey
prefbrnottotakeoutsidejobsbecausethehealthydevelopment
Oftheiryoungchildrencomesfirst，ratherthantheirownindi−
8，WeaSkedfbrthemotherstobegintotalkbysaylng，“Comehere，”as
SuggeStedbySrouft，2insteadofHtalkingforamoment．M
Priortotheprocedure，themotherwasglVeninstructionsaboutthe
SequenCeOftheprocedurewiththeaidorawrittenscmari0．Thepro−
Cedurewasrecordedbythreevideocameras．
SupplementarydataγereCO11ectedthroughinterviewingthemother
aboutbothLhmilyandnonhmil careglVetSandaboutattachmentfigures
indailylifbsituations．Theinterviewwasaimedatascertainingthatthe
motherwasthesalientattachment魚gurebyaskingabouteightkindsof
dailysituationsinwhichattachmentbehaviorswouldbeshownbyher
infant（e・g・，WithwhomwouldyourbabywanttOplay？Bywhomwould
yourbabywanttObefed？Bywhomwouldyourbabybesoothedeasily？）．
∫けα聯r
T和ounmarriedseniorfbmalestudentsmqorlnglnpSyChologyalter−
natelytooktheroleofstrangerineachofthetwocohortsofstudy．
Vidualpursuits（Hatanoeta1．，1971）．Actual1y，itisseldomthat
mothersofyoungchildrengooutleavingthechildevenwiththe
．〃〃妬1．ヾ
fatherand／OrgrandmotheちnOttOSpeakofleavingherorhim
alone（1もkahashi，1982）．Therefore，thestrangeness，eSpeCially
thator“infhntalone，’’mustarOuSemuChmorestressamong
JapaneSeinfantsthanamongtheirAmericancounterparts．And
ifthestressoftheexperimentalprocedureisextremelystrong，
theinEantswilldirectattachmentbehaviorseventowardaperson
towhomtheyordinarilywouldn’tattach，OrtheycannOta恥rd
todisplayavoidantbehaviors．Second，WeSuSpeCtthatthein−
tentionsormeanlngSOfaglVenbehaviorobservedinthepro−
Cedurecouldnotbeinterpretedasequivalentacrossthecultures．
MorespeciAcally，aStheJapanesehavelonghadapermissive
CulturecharacterizedbyusingproximalbehaviOrsininteractions
between themotherandherinLhnt／youngchild（Befu，1971；
Caudill＆Weinstein，1969），bothmothersandchildrenwilluse
proximalmodesofinteractionreadilyandfrequently．Conse−
quently，pSyChologlCalmeanlngSOfproximalbehaviorsinJapan
Shouldnotalwaysbetakenatfacevalue．Bythesametoken，
avoidantandalsoaggressiveresistantbehaviorsamongJapaneSe
Childrentowardthemothershouldbetakenmoreseriouslybe−
Subiectswere60pairsof12−mOnth−01d（rangell：17−13：11）負rst−bom
inEhnts（31boysand29girls）andtheirmothers，Participatingintwo
COhortsoflongitudinalstudy．3Theywerefromintactandpredominantly
middle−Classfhmilies（eachparenthadatleastahighschooleducation）
residinginanurbanareainthenorthernpartOfJapan．Themothers
Werefu11−timeandprimarycaregiversinnuclearfamilies．Accordingto
interviewswiththemothers，dmingtheprecedingmonththeinEantshad
beenle氏withanotheradult（fatherorgrandmother）ameanof2．2times，
andnoinhntswerecaredforbyanyonenotinthefamily．Throughthe
lAstheoriginalstudy（Ainsworthetal．，1978）didn’tclearlydescribe
Whentheepisdesofdistresswerecurtailed，WeSetthemaximumduration
as2min．Thus，thedurationsofdistressinthisstudywerelongerthan
inmostcurrentstudiesintheUnitedStates．
2Bypersonalcommunication．
3Miyake，Chen，andCampos（1985）reportedabouthalfofthesubjects
（Cohortl）．IntheirarticletheyanalyzedtherelationsbetweentheAins−
WOrthclassi負cationsandboththeinhnt’stemperamentalcharacteristics
andthepr10rinteractionswiththemotherl
267
EXAMINING THE STRANGE−SITUATION PROCEDURE
interviews，itwascon鮎medthatallinf盲mts mostoRenwenttotheir
1もblel
mothersforphysicalcontact，help，andattention．Inotherwords，allof
pf∫什め〟Jわ乃∫q／d−，β−，d乃dCgJpg旬d乃g∫g
JJ痴れJ∫dJ2gカ肋乃Jゐ
theinLantsselectedtheirmothersasthesalientattachmentagure．4
Cohort
COrdings：（a）theconventionalanalyses：A，B，OrCclassificationand負ve
interactivebehaviorratings（Proximity／COntaCtSeeking；Contactmain−
Cohortl
Cohort2
B
C
rIbtal
Tbtal
0 ノ 0 0 ノ
l
l
Thefbllowingthreekindsofanalyseswererunforthevideotapere−
A
00 0
瓜如月那加閻
taining；DistanCeinteraction；Resistance；Avoidance）developedinthe
Originaistudy；（b）theadditionalanalyses：thedoubleA，B，OrCclassi−
fication，thatis，uptOEpisode5anduptoEpisode8classi魚cations，
whichweredevelopedforthisstudytore丘neour触dingsamOngJapanese
infhntswhowereidentifiedasexhibitingsecuretypes（Btype）
andinsecuretypeS（AandC）ofattachmentasthoseoftheU．S．
subiects；and（C）thecountingofthefrequenciesofbehaviorsofboth
sample，X2（1，N＝166）＝1．12．However，itwasremarkablethat
mothersandinEhntsduringtheproceduretocomparewiththeAmerican
theJapaneseinsecuregroupconsistedofC−typeinLantsonly．ln
resultsreportedintheoriginalstudy．
theJapanesesample，therewerealmostthesameperCentageSOf
lntheconventionalanalysis，負rstthevideomaterialswereclassi魚ed
bytheauthorintoA，B，OrCtypesandalsointosubtypes，uSlngthe
OrlglnalmanualandalsosomesuggestionsbySrou氏andMain，Who
viewedsomeofthevideotapes．Next，thevideotapeswereratedonthe
abovescalesof負veinteractivebehaviorstowardthem0then
lntheadditionalanalysis，thevideotapesofEpisodes2through5were
ClassiAedintotheconventionaltypesincludingsubtypeS．Becausewehad
predictedthatthestressarousedinEpisode6（in血lt−alonesituation）
WOuldbebeyondthemoderatelevelforJapaneSeSubjccts，WeCarried
Outadoubleclassi魚cationofthevideotapeS；thatis，Wemadedistinct，
SeparateClassificationsof“uptoEpisode5”and”uptoEpisode8：’This
“uptoEpisode5”classi魚cationwasalsomadebytheauthor；without
knowledgeofclassiAcationsof“uptoEpisode8，”3monthS（inthecase
OfCohort2）and2years（Cohortl）aRerthe“uptoEpisode8”classi一
点cations．
ThefiequenciesofbehaviorsofmothersandinLhntsintheprocedure
WereCOuntedfi・OmthevideotapcstocomparewiththeAmericandata，
WhichwerecitedintheoriginalAinsworthstudy（Jhnswortheta1．，1978）．
Theagreementson29videotapesofCohortlbetweentheauthorand
Onetrainedjudge，Whohadworkedwiththeprocedurebuthadnotpar−
infhntsclassi負edasBtype（68％），butmoreinfantsclassi魚edas
Ctype（32％）comparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts．There
WerenOA−typeinfantsamongthesubjects．
上）り〃仙・C／（バ．ヾ極・（〟かJJ
Thble2showsthedistributionsofinfantsclassifiedintosub−
typesbythedoubleclassi丘cation，thatis，theclassificationsin
“upto
Episode5”andin”uptoEpisode8．”Inthe”up
to
Episode5”classi魚cation，Wheretherewasthelessstress，83％of
theinfhntswereident沌edasBtype（44％ofthemwereB2，and
46％wereB3），and17％orthemwereidentihedasCtype．Again
therewerenoAtypeS．Whenthevideotaperecordingswerere−
Viewed“uptoEpisode8，’’theinfhntsclassihedintoCtypewere
doubled．As1bble2shows，9infantsshi氏ed丘omBtypetOC
typeinthedoubleclassification．Thirty−fbur（57％）orthetotal
60infhntsmovedinthedirectionorBl→B2→B3→B4一→Cl，
ticipatedinthepresentstudy，WereCalculated．Firstthejudgeclassi魚ed
thatis，Orthedirectionorsecuretoinsecure／resistant，andonly
Oneinfant movedin the opposite direction，from B4tO B3．
thevideotapeSOfEpisodes2−5，thenshereviewedthetapesofupto
Therefbre，the19Cl−typeinfantsclassiRedassuchbytheoriginal
Episode8andclassiAedthemwithoutre絶rringtoherfirstclassifications，
“uptoEpisode8’’procedureweredividedintotwogroups：10
and負nallysheratedsubiectsonthe veinteractivebehaviorscaleswithout
COnSistentC．−typeinfhntswhoshowedCl−typeCharacteristics
refbmngtoanyofherclassi魚cations．Thepercentagesofagreementbe−
throughouttheprocedureand9inconsistentCl−typeinfants5
WhobehavedlikeBtypeuptoEpisode5andbehavedasCtype
什omEpisode60m
tweentheauthorandthejudgeof（a）“uptoEpisode8”classi魚cations
intothethreemaintypes，（b）theseintothesubgroups，（C）“uptoEpisode
5日classi魚cationsintothe three main types，and（d）theseinto the
subgroupswere97％，86％，97％，and86％，reSpeCtively・ThedegfeeOf
author−judgeagreementoninteractivebehaviorratlngS，aSaSSeSSedby
reliability co亜cient，WaS aSfollows：prOXimal／COntaCt−Seeking，・97；
contact一maintaining，．96；distanceinteraction，．88；reSistanCe，・87；
訓Oidance，．95．
Results
乃grαCルビβeαVわ胃乃14協rdJ如肋才力er
TheJapanesemeanscoresoneachof5ratlngSOfinteractive
behaviorstowardthe motherinEpisodes2，3，5，and8were
COmparedwiththoseoftheAmericansample（Ainsworthetal・，
1978）foreachsubtypeOfB2，B3，andCl，Whichincludedenough
Subiectsforstatisticalexamination．Generallyspeaking，theJap−
CoJ叩g〃如乃dJd，凰orC乃peCb∫頑Cα如乃
Theinhntswereclassi丘edintothethreemaintypeSandalso
Subtypes，basedontheoriginalclassi丘cationcriteria．Theresults
ofclassificationareshowninThblel．
First，WeCOmparedthedistributionsbetweenthetwocohorts
4whenweassessthequalityofanin払nt’sattachmenttothemotheち
itisimportanttocheckwhetherthemotheristhesalientattachment
Agureornot．ItisplausiblethatsomeA−OrC−typeinEhntswhoinsecurely
attachtotheirmothermayhaveamoresipi魚cantattachment魚gure
thanthemotheI：
andalsotheentiresamplebythesexoftheinfants．Therewas
5Theseinconsistent−Cinfhntswerefbrmerlynamedas“pseudo’’−C
nosignificantdi脆renceintheproportionsofthetwotypes（B
andC）betweeneitherofthetwocohorts，X2（1，N＝60）＝0・01，
orbysex，X2（1，N＝60）＝2．45．Therefore，Weanalyzedthe
dataofthe60mother−infantpalrSaSaWhole．AmongtheJap−
anesesample，therewerealmostthesameproportionsofthe
onesbythepresentauthorinMiyakeetal．（1982），andMiyakeetal・
（1985）havecontinuedtousethe”pseudo”1abelintheirarticle・Howeveち
aswehavenothadenoughdatatojustifythatthese“pseudo’’一Cinhnts
arereallynon・CtypeS，WeuSeherethemoreneutrallabel“inconsistent’’
ratherthan“pseudo．”
268
KEIKOIAKAHASHI
nble2
5竹折∫げ7ipg∫i乃血加以抽C払∫ホCα如乃
Classi負cationsuptoEpisode8
longer（20％oftheminEpisode5and51％inEpisode8werein
COntaCtOVer120S，WhereasAmericaninLantswere7％inEpisode
5and24％inEpisode8）．Second，JapaneseinEhntswereless
easilysoothedbythemother’sholding，Whichcanbeattributed
Classi魚cations
uptoEpisode5 B− B2 B3 B4 C） 1btal
totheEactthattheJapaneSemOtherstendedtoholdtheirbabies
Blち軌臥Cl
more什equentlyandreadilyindai1ysituations．Thougha“ma−
0 2 1 0 0 3
0 7 12 0 3 22
0 0 16 1 6 23
0 0 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 0 10 10
0 9 30 2 19 60
JOrity”ofAmericaninfantsstoppedcrylnga鮎rashortdelay
（12to15S），Only45％（inEpisode5）and58％（inEpisode8）of
Japaneseinfantsweresoothedbybeingpickedupbythemotherl
Finally，JapaneSeinfantsweremorestronglydistufbedinEpisode
6（alonesituation）：93％ofthemcriedimmediatelywhenthe
motherleRtheroom，96％criedatleastonceduringEpisode6，
and91％continuedtocrytilltheendoftheepisode．Fbr90％
anesemeanSCOreSOfeachscaleandpattemsofAvemeasures
OfeachsubtypeObtainedinthepresentstudywereverysimilar
tothoseoftheoriginalAmericansubjects．Thatis，in54com−
parisonsofmeanscores（5scalesX4episodesX3subtypes，
Withavoidance−SCaleinEpisodes2and3beingomitted），there
Were Onlythe fbllowlng SeVen Signi負cant di飴rencesin mean
SCOreSbetweenthecountriesatastatisticalleveloflessthan5％：
Thoughthe numberofsigni魚cant di飴rences，given that the
measureswerenonindependent，WaSnOtabovechance，thepat−
theepisodewascurtailed，andfor10％itwasskippedentirely．
Only9％engagedinsomeexploratorymanipulations．Thecor−
responding魚guresforAmericaninfantswere45％，58％，53％，
0％，and62％，reSPeCtively．TheupsetinEpisode6seemedto
CarryOVerthroughEpisode8；itwasverydilRcultforinfantsto
engageintoyplay（Only44％ofthemmanipulatedtoysinEpisode
8，While82％oftheAmericanbabiesdidso），tObesoothedby
beingpickedup，OrtOeXpreSSaVOidantemotiontothemother
（17％ofthemexhibitedsomeavoidance，While47％ofAmerican
theproximity／COntaCt−SeekingscaleJapaneSeinfhntswererated
infantsdidso），though32％ofJapaneseinfants，aSmanyaS
Americanbabies，Showedsomeinitialavoidanceatthefirstre−
higher；ClinfhntsinEpisode5，l（24）＝2．66，andEpisode8，
unionwiththemotherinEpisode5．
ternwasquitedistinctive．ComparedwiththeU．S．infhnts，On
t（24）＝3．01，andB3infantsinEpisode8，1（120）＝3．83．0nthe
COntaCt／maintainingscale，theywereratedlower：B2infantsin
Discussion
Episode8，t（18）＝3．59，andB3inhntsinEpisode8，t（73）＝
4．86．0nthedistanceinteractionscale，therewerenoconsistent
I相γ仲を作乃ere肋reC7）pgJゆ融α乃dfとwer．4
tendencies；thatis，theJapaneseB2inEantsin Episode8were
npい．・1川叫ど血・ノ吋WJハtイ〃山川J・t・．・川‘汀／MJ州（ハり小一
ratedhigheちt（18）＝2．69，buttheB30neSin Episode2were
ilarlyinEpisode80nallthefivescalestoconsistentCl−type
ThecustomssurroundinginfantcareinJapan seemtobe
Widelydi脆rent丘omthoseevidencedbyAmericaninsecureat−
tachmentgroups，inwhichmothersarereportedlyindi飴rentto
Orrqjectiveoftheirchildren（e．g．，Egeland＆Sroufも，1981；LewiS
＆Schae庁br，1981；Main＆Weston，1982）．InJapaneseculture，
peOplehavetraditionallyregardedyoungchildrenunder7years
Ofageaspersoni負cationsofGod．Becausetheythoughtthatthe
Childrenhadsacrednaturestheytreatedthechildrenverygently
andpermissively（Kqiima，1985；Wagatsuma＆Hara，1974）．
Thisideahasnodoubtinfluencedmodernchild−reannginJapan．
Maltreatedchildren，atleastabusedones，areapparentlyvery
rareamongmodernJapanese fami1ies．lftheJapanesechild−
Centeredculturekeepsmothersn・Ombeingrqectiveoftheirin−
fhnts，itisreasonablethatwehaveftwerA−typeinfants．Butwe
CannOtunderstandwhytherearesomanyC−typein血ntsinJapan
infants．
Wheremothersarenotrqective．Wemayassumethatthereare
ratedlower；E（73）＝3．25．Thoughlscoreswerenotsigniacant，
Japaneseinfhtstendedtoshowmoreresistantandfeweravoid−
antbehaviorstowardthemotheracrosssubtypesbothinEpisodes
5and8．
Similarcomparisonsofthemeanscoreson魚vekindsofin−
teractivebehaviorsweremadebetweenthetwoJapanesetypes，
COnSistentClandinconsistentCltypeS．Outofthe18compar−
isons（AvoidanceScale X2Episodeswere subtractedfrom5
ScalesX4Episodes），therewerethefollowingtwosignificant
di庁とrences between them at aless than5％1evel ofstatistical
Significance：theinconsistentCl−typeinfhntswereratedloweron
boththecontact−maintalnlngandtheresistanCeSCalesinEpisode
5，theepisodebeforetheseparationfromthemotheちi（17）＝
3・11andt（98）＝11．68，reSpeCtively，thoughtheywereratedsim−
Other；SpeCi丘ccharacteristicsofmothersofC−typeinfhnts．Fbr
仇イJ‘什／岬．ヾィ．り川力lハ（川‘／JJ巾I汀、・／JJ血・J）…。（・dM・‘・
example，itisnotimpossibletothinkofananteCedentofC−type
infantsinJapan，thatis，thoughmother’sbothemotionaland
ThepresentsubjectswerecomparedwiththeAmericanones
instrumentalinvoIvementwithherinfantcandevelopattachment
CitedbyAinsworth（pp．67−79）asto2lsalientbehaviorsof
toheちSheistoopossessiveandfbrcesherbabytooverdepend，
mothersandinfhnts．Therewerethefbllowingeightsigni魚cant
andthuscannotfunctionasasecurebase．HoweveちWedonot
di飴rencesatalessthan5％1evelbetweenthetwosamples，the
SamplesizesofwhichwerelO6intheU．S．and60inJapan．
First，Japaneseinfantswerepickedupbythemothermoreo氏en
（52％inEpisode5，While34％ofAmericanbabieswereheld），
moreimmediately（allJapaneseinfantsachievedcontactwithin
15sinEpisode8，Whereas78％ofAmericaninfantsdid），and
haveenoughinfbrmationonthequalityofcarethattendsto
produceresistanttypeinfants．Aneasierinterpretationofthe
largeproportionofJapaneseC−typeinEantsisintermsofthe
Culture−boundednessoftheprocedure，thatis，thestrongstress
arousedbytheprocedure．Wewouldclaimthatatleastsomeof
theinconsistentC−typeinfants，WhoaRerallaccountedforhalf
EXAMINING THE STRANGE・SITUjrrION PROCEDURE
OftheC−typegrOup，fbltsofiarfulonbeingleftaloneinthe
procedurethattheywerepushedintotheC−typegrOup．
Theshi氏SfromBtypetOCtypeorAtypetOCtypeare
assumedtohappeninthefo1lowlngthreeways．First，infants
Whohavetimidor鈷arfu1temperamentalcharaCteristicswi11be
VerySenSitivetotheextremestressinEpisode6（beingleRalone）
andthusbehaveinsecurelybyexhibitingtightphysicalcontacts
withthemother；limitedexplorationsevenintheepisodewith
her；andunsoothedcryingintheirreunionepisode，eVeniftheir
everydayattachmenttothemotherisbasical1ysecure．Second，
Whentheinfantsarestronglydisturbedbythestress，theywi11
269
nationalcomparisons．First，themothers’behaviOrsineachof
thecountriesmustbenoted．Eventhoughwegavetheoriginal
instructionstotheJapanesemothers，WeCOuldnotcontrolthe
mothers’interpretationsofthem．lnotherwords，theinstructions，
thoughtheywereobjectivelyfaithfultotheoriginal，Werenat−
ural1ycoloredandchangedintheircomprehensionbytheculture．
Theseculturalinnuencescould notbuta飴ctthe results．Fbr
and，ifthemothersinterprettheinstructionstomeanthatthey
example，theJapanesemothers，OLtenwithoutwaitlngfbran
initialresponse丘omtheirbabies，Wentrightaheadandpicked
themupandkeptholdingtheminthesecondreumion（Episode
8）．Infhct，17（28％）inEpisode5and44（73％）inEpisode80ut
Ofthetotalof60motherstooktheinitiativeofpickingupand
holding；12（20％）inEpisode5and31（51％）inEpisode8con−
mustinteractwiththeinfants，theywillgethighscoresonthe
tinuedtoholdthebabyover120S．Themothers’preEtrencefor
rqectanylnteraCtiveo正己rsfiomthemotherexceptbeingheld
resistancescale，WhichisaverylmpOrtantVariableindiscrim−
inatingC−typeinfantsfiomA−andB−typeOneS．Finally，SuCh
aninfantwillalsobea脆ctedbythemother；Whoisupsetbythe
psychologicaltensionsbothofhavingtogoouttheroomand
leaveherinfantaloneandofexperiencingherbaby’Sstrongdis−
tressinthelaboratory．Infhct，SOmeOfthemothersseemedto
betooupsettoengagetheirinfantsintoyplay，tOleavetheroom
naturallyinEpisode5，0rtOSOOthetheminthereunionofEp−
isode8．Thesepoorinteractionsofthemotherswiththeirinfants
throughOutthelastthreeepisodesoftheprocedurewouldamplj舟
thechild’sdisturbanceandarouseresistantbehaviors．
ThattherearefbwerA−typeinhntsamongtheJapanesesample
thantheAmericanonecanatleastinpartalSobeinterpreted
bythestrongstressoftheseparationprocedurefbrtheJapanese
infants．Thatis，ifinfantsareseverelydisturbedbythestressof
preemptiveholdingnecessarilylimitedtheirinfants’optlOnSOf
behaviors．Fbrexample，theinfantswereseldomratedasmax−
imum7pointsontheinteractivebehaviorscalesofeitherprox−
imity／COntaCt−Seeking or contact−maintaining，because the
mothersinitiatedcontactsandcontinuedtoholdthebaby．Itis
reasonablyassumedthatifmoremothershadbeenabletoawait
theirinfants’responsetotheirreturn，nOtaftwinhntswould
havebeenratedhigheronthesescales．Second，WeClaimthat
furtherstudyisneededconcemingthevalidityoftheclassiAcatory
Criteriaoftheoriginalprocedureineachculture．Fbrexample，
inthesecondreunionwiththemother（Episode8），degreesof
directattachmentbehaviorstowardapersontowardwhomthey
WOuldordinarilynotwanttoexhibitsuchbehaviors．Anditis
reasonablethatinfantsunderstrongstresscannota肋rdtoexhibit
avoidanceamongJapaneseinfants，ratedontheinteractivebe−
haviorscaleofavoidance，Werelow．Actually，therewereonly
threeinfhntswhoscoredover4pointsonthe7−pOintscale，While
theAmericanA−typeinfants，22％ofthetotalsample，Wererated
5．92（Altype）and4．70（A2type）ontheaverage．Inadditionto
theirsubtlety，aVOidantbehaviorsamongJapaneseinfantswere
COnfusing，becausethesewereoRenexhibitedconsecutivelywith
proximlty−Seekingbehaviors，thoughthisisanunuSualcombi−
avoidantbehaviors．Infact，inthereuniona氏erthelessstressful
nation．Amongthethreeexceptionalinfantswhowereratedover
episode（Episode5），mOrethan30％ofJapaneSeinfantsshowed
4points，tWOeXpreSSedstrongproximlty−Seekingbehaviorsin
avoidantbehaviorstothemother（thoughtheseweresubtlecom−
thesameepisode（OneWaS5pointsandtheotherwas7points）．
Both thelower scores onthe avoidance scale and mixture of
theprocedure，theywouldbepushedto“catchatastraw”and
paredwithAmericanbabies），andsubjectsofCohortlofthis
Studyshowedmoreavoidantbehaviorsinthereunionaftersep−
arationathomethaninthelaboratory（Thkahashi＆Miyake，
1984），Thus，WeaSSumelikelyshiRsbothfromAtypetOBtype
andAtypetoCtypeamongJapaneseinfhnts．
avoidancewithapproacharewellunderstoodinlightofJapaneSe
CuStOmSOfinterpersonalinteractions，1n Which directorsolo
avoidantbehaviorstowardapersonareinhibitedasanimpolite
mannerOfinteraction．Thus，thediagnosticvalueofeachbe−
haviorasaclassi魚catorycueshouldrestuponhowthatbehavior
J∫J毎∫什d乃ge−∫血αJgo〃ルocg血rgd〝J加わJgJoJ如
ぐ川叩‘JJ八川りβ‖ll・l・川ノ‘J／，。〃‘川（／〟九・日涌く・‘ノ．＼h／いり
Thepresentstudyproposesacautiousattitudetowarddirect
COmparisonbetweenthecountries．Itdemonstratesthepossibility
trulyoperatesineachculture．Inanycase，itisdoubtfu1that
psychologicalrealityisthesameforJapaneSeandAmericanC−
typeinfhnts．IfthecircumstancesoftestlngareCulturallyap−
proprlate，Wepredictthatthemodalinfantswillbeclassi丘edas
SeCurelyattachedinanyculture．
Ofanimproperclassi魚cationofattachmenttypeSamOngtheJap−
aneSe Sample，Which probably orlglnateSfrom the culture−
J）−）ハ油（、OJ・f如JfJ／仲川・l・fhI・1㌧lJl・‘川〃で抽くりHd／l・ん山（JJ
boundednessoftheoriginalprocedure．Inthepresentarticlethe
Culturalbiasismainlyinterpretedasafunction ofthe stress
m爪りγ〃《…川．・山仙ノMJ州」伸〃吋．物，‘〃れ′．町力小机正’
imposedoninfhntsbythatprocedure．Wehypothesizethatas
Thestrange−Situationprocedureseemstobeapplicablefor
thestressaroused，eSpeCiallyintheinfhnt−alone（Episode6），is
beyondthemildlevelfbrJapanesemothersandinfhnts，SOme
infants，BtypeandAtypeinreality，WerepuShedintotheC−
typegrOup．AmaJOrltyOftheinconsistentCtypeswouldbeof
theclassi魚cationofJapaneseinEantsintoA，B，OrCtype，although
thiscategory．
Showclearlydi庁irentbehavioralcharacteristics丘omeachother
intheorlglnalprocedure，WeCannOtyetindicatetheexternal
validityoftheclassificationfbrdescribingtheindividualdi飴r−
Inaddition，Webelievethatthefbllowlngqualitativeculture−
boundaspectsoftheproceduremustbeconsideredinthecross−
Atypesarerareandthereareaconsiderablenumberofincon−
SistentCtypes，atleastamongbabies丘ommiddle−Classhomes．
ThoughtheseB−，COnSistent−C，andinconsistent−C−typeinfhnts
KEIKO TAKAHASHI
270
encesamongJapaneSeinEants．Itishqpedthatthefutureanalyses
ofourlongitudinalstudyinprogresswillclarifythenatureof
eachtypeofinfant．
伽rgv如月わあerJゆr〝7α如円か0椚才力どぶmJ喝ア一g血α如乃
Jり・りl・t・dM・l・血の招iソ・川JC〃／川nlヾ
Thisstudysuggestssomestrategies．Thefirstismultipleclas−
siacationvarylngthelevelofthestress．Weasserttheimportance
ofexaminlngWhichlevelofthestresscausedbythe“strangeness’’
inthestrange−Situationprocedureisoptlmalfordiagnoslngthe
qualityofattachment・Theculturaldi鐙もrencesinsusceptibility
tostressmusta飴cttheresultsdirectlyand／Orindirectlyasthe
presentstudyhasdemonstrated・Pluralclassi魚cations，likethe
doubleclassiacationinthepresentstudy，Whicharebasedon
thelevelofstressintheprocedure，mayWellenableustofind
new，SigniAcanttypeSinnon−Americancultures，includingsub−
cultureswithintheUnitedStates．
Second，thepresentstudyrecommendsthatthediagnostic
valuesofeachbehaviorasaclassi丘catorycuebeexaminedagainst
itsroleandfrequencyindailyliLt・Fbrinstance，COnSideringthe
above−mentioneddiscouragingbyJapanesecultureoftheex−
hibitionofavoidancetothemotheちaVOidantbehaviOrsamong
JapaneseinEantsshouldbegivenmuchdiagnosticvalueeven
whentheyaresubtleandmixedupwithapproachbehaviors・
Onthecontrary，prOXimalbehaviorsamongJapaneseinfants
Jjzendoorn，M．H．Ⅵln，Kroonenberg，RM．，Goosens，FA．，Swaan，J．．
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A5PeCtS QrCrO55−Cu／tura／validiEy Paper presented atInternational
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intraditionalandnontraditionalSwedishhmihes．D21emaEionaLJounwl
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ReceivedSeptember12，1983
RevisionreceivedJuly3，1985t