AJAX - IT Services of ETH Zurich
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Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX
The white Tornado ?
Tony Fricko
anton_fricko@at.ibm.com
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Agenda
Intro to Ajax technology
What is it: technology components, architecture
What is available: frameworks, toolkits
ATF - Ajax Toolkit Framework
OpenAjax Alliance
Objectives and deliverables
Demo
Getting started & enterprise considerations
Framework / tooling selection – experience and opinions
Accessibility and other gotchas
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
The white tornado
By Heidi Kriz | Also by this reporter
14:30 PM Oct, 20, 1998
The king of toothpaste, soap, and household cleaners has backed away from its demand that a small,
noncommercial Web site change its domain name.
Benjamin Kite, co-founder of Ajax.org, is convinced that an Internet campaign -- which threatened a boycott of
Colgate-Palmolive products -- brought the consumer products giant to its knees. The company said that it backed
down for other reasons.
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Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Ajax - Growing Market Interests
Web 2.0 Technologies & Experiences
Innovation in Ajax has been ongoing for the
past 2-3 years
Hitting a new inflection point toward broad
marketplace
Ajax is high up on the lists by businesses
Ajax community in early formation
Why?
Creating richer user experiences leads to
attracting new customers & increasing
revenues
Extending SOA to the client - very strong point
with enterprise value point
Built on Open standards and/or technology
Can be supported by heterogeneous browsers
Language independent & middleware agnostic
Leverage existing investment: Web look and
feel, security, and zero administration
deployment model
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
A brief history of Ajax
Mail
Applications
Domino
Web Access Oddpost Thunderbird Gmail
Outlook
Web Access
Other
Applications
Flickr
Alphablox
Zimbra
Google Maps
Frameworks
Flex
Platforms &
languages
PHP
1995
ASP
1996
Flash
JSP
1997
1998
JSF
Macromedia
Central
XUL
Firefox
1999
XMLHttp
function added
to IE
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
XMLHttp
function is in
most browsers
szlo
LaDojo
MS Atlas
WPF/XAML
Dashboard
2005
2006
2007
2008
AdaptivePath
coins the term
“Ajax”
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
What is AJAX?
Asynchronous JavaScript and
XML
coined by Jesse James Garrett
http://www.adaptivepath.com/pu
blications/essays/archives/00038
5.php
not a technology, but a group of
technologies that are used
together
CSS
DHTML
XmlHttpRequest ( - this is new )
XML, XSL
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript And XML
AJAX is a particular method of using JavaScript, DHTML, and the
XMLHttp behavior in the browser to provide dynamic content on a
Web page without a page refresh
The AJAX programming model focuses on the client; most AJAX
applications are completely agnostic to the server (could be J2EE,
PHP, ASP.Net, REST, SOAP, etc.)
server
Browser
Server
In the typical web application,
each request causes a complete
refresh of the browser page
Browser
Server
An Ajax application begins the same way.
After the initial page loads, JavaScript code
retrieves additional data in the background
and updates specific sections of the page
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Open source
Strong presence in open source community – provides momentum
Many Ajax open source projects bring the power of communitybased open development models and no-cost licensing models to
developers.
Here are some of today's Ajax open source projects:
Source: OpenAjax Alliance
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Recipe for AJAX
An event in the browser triggers a request.
Asynchronous request is made to a server
Server responds with XML (or other
format) data
Current page is updated by JS, based on
response data
Repeat as necessary
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Making an Asynchronous Request/Response
Create XMLHttpRequest Object:
xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest() (Mozilla)
xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") (Internet Explorer*)
Set callback function:
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = <function name>
Open URL:
xmlhttp.open(<"GET“ | “POST”>,<URL>,true)
xmlhttp.send(<optional post data>)
*In IE7, ActiveX objects are disabled by default. The XMLHttpRequest, however, will be natively supported.
Response Callback Handler:
function callback() {
if (xmlhttp.readyState == 4) {
if (xmlhttp.status == 200) {
data = xmlhttp.responseXML
//do something with data
}
else {
//handle error
}
}
}
The text of the response data is also available through the responseText attribute
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Document Object Model
Browser stores data (HTML, XML, CSS) as a hierarchical collection of nodes
exposed through DOM interface
Allows page content to be modified programmatically through javascript.
Node Types
Element – equivalent to XML elements <…></…>
Attribute – equivalent to XML attributes name=“value”
Text – equivalent text between XML elements
<…>text</…>
Element
<HTML>
<HTML>
<BODY>
<A
href=“file.html>Link</A>
</BODY>
</HTML>
<BODY>
Attribute
Text
<A>
href=“file.html”
“Link”
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Client-side Ajax transformations
•
•
•
For client-side Ajax, the
application server usually
requires no additional Ajaxspecific server software.
All Ajax transformations come
from the client-side Ajax runtime
library.
One advantage of this option is
the independence from the server
side technology.
•
•
The server code creates and
serves the page and responds to
the client's asynch requests.
HTML browser client
Original
HTML+JS+…
Data
Ajax
engine
UI Logic
User interface
(HTML DOM)
Application server
Deployed application
Web pages
(HTML, PHP, JSP,…)
Application logic
Data
This way either side can be
swapped with another
implementation approach.
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Server-side transformations
An Ajax server component
performs most or all of the Ajax
transformations into appropriate
client-side HTML+JavaScript.
Often, the server-side Ajax
toolkit downloads its own clientside Ajax library which
communicates directly with the
toolkit's server-side Ajax
component.
Benefit:
It allows the use of server-side
languages for debugging,
editing, and refactoring tools
with which developers are
already familiar, but at the price
of dependence on a particular
server-side technology.
HTML browser client
HTML+JS+
Output from
Server-side
Ajax engine
Client-side
Ajax engine
User interface
(HTML DOM)
Application server
Server-side
Ajax engine
Web pages
(HTML, PHP, JSP,…)
Deployed application
Application logic
Data
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX – Different Programming Models….
Some are “server agnostic”
The “client” is all what matters.
Can interact with any kind of server
Some is “bound” to a server architecture
Generally Java
Sometimes PHP
MSFT has its own (XAML)
There is an embryonic (in most cases) concept of a “client-side
container” to insulate the client code
Mostly a JavaScript shell
..but it may be “Gecko”
…. Or Vista !!!!
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
What is out there - Frameworks, Libraries, Tools
JavaScript Frameworks:
Mulitpurpose frameworks: < 30, Dojo, Zimbra, Rico, Tibco, Backbase,..
Remoting Frameworks; > 15, Javelin Teleport, vcXMLRPC, …
Effects frameworks, > 5, Script.acol.us, …
Flash frameworks, ~ 3, AMFPHP, …
Logging frameworks, ~ 5, Log4Js, jsTracer, …
XML frameworks, ~5, Backbase XML/XSLT/XPath, Google AJAXSLT, …
Specialized frameworks, ~3, CAPXOUS, …
Server-Side and Hybrid Frameworks:
C++ Ajax Frameworks(1), Coldfusion(4), DotNet (>15), Java (>30),
Lisp(1), Lotus Notes(1), Multi-Language (>9), Perl (2), PHP (>25), Python
(4), Ruby (1), SmallTalk (1)
Ajax Tools:
IDEs and plugins (8 – ATF), DOM inspectors (6), Traffic Sniffers (4), etc.
All numbers are rough estimates – status Sept 2006
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Traditional WebUI vs. AJAX
Ready for SOA
UI
“Contract”
“Contract”
Browser
Server
UI
Browser
Services
Server
Services
In the typical web application, UI
component runs on server and uses
services provided in the server
container in rendering page
fragments
Example services:
Identity Mgmt,
Authentication & Authorization,
Preferences/Personalization,
UI Extension, etc.
In an Ajax application if the UI in the browser
needs the same services, they must either be
exposed remotely (server round trip to service),
or else traditional-style rendering on server can
be used for page fragments (server round trip
for rendering UI)
This means that traditional container services
used by portlets can be REST-enabled for use
by AJAX and thick clients, and still be used by
traditional web UI’s
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Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX Toolkit Framework
Emerging Internet Technologies Group
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Emerging Internet Technologies
The AJAX Toolkit Framework (ATF) Project
The AJAX Toolkit Framework is a proposed open source project
under the Eclipse Technology Project.
http://www.eclipse.org/atf/
ATF will provide extensible frameworks and exemplary tools for
building IDEs for the many different AJAX runtime offerings (Dojo,
Zimbra, etc) in the market.
These frameworks will contain features for developing, deploying,
debugging and testing AJAX applications.
ATF will provide for the development and incorporation of additional
AJAX development tooling.
ATF will use existing Eclipse extensions for web application
deployment so that the environment will be "server agnostic“
Initial adapters will include a J2EE / JSP adapter and an Apache /
PHP adapter.
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX Toolkit Framework is Eclipse Plugins
E
C
L
I
P
S
E
AJAX Toolkit
Framework
AJAX Toolkit Framework
is a collection of Eclipse plugins
Eclipse WebTools
Mozilla
XULRunner & Javaconnect
Legend:
External
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Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX Toolkit Framework Components
Eclipse Plugins
Java Script
Debugger
DOM Inspector
And JavaScript
Console
Personalities
JavaScript Syntax
Validator
Embedded Mozilla Browser
Personality Builder
Rico
Personality
AJAX “X”
Dojo
Zimbra
Personality
Personality
Personality
Zimbra
Rico
Dojo
Ajax-x
Personality Common Libraries
Mozilla
XULRunner & JavaConnect
Eclipse WebTools
Legend:
External
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Eclipse - What has been contributed
An Eclipse plug-in framework
with ability to support multiple
personalities (runtime
toolkits)
Highlight of Eclipse Ajax
framework toolkit:
Personality Builder
JavaScript Editor
JavaScript Debugger
Embedded Mozilla Browser
DOM Inspector / JavaScript Console
Integrated Deployment
• J2EE / JSP
• Apache / PHP
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Enhancements in latest Release – Sept 2006
¾ HTTP Web Server Support
9 Ability to configure, deploy, and run/debug on a Web Server
¾ HTTP or File URL support
9 Able to launch and debug an AJAX application using a URL
9 Application doesn’t have to reside in eclipse
¾ Simplified AJAX Project Creation
9 Ability to add AJAX support to existing project
¾ JavaScript Debugger Enhancements
9 Expression support
9 New preference items
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Emerging Internet Technologies
URL Debugging and Running
Creating a Debug
configuration to debug an
AJAX application using an
URL.
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Emerging Internet Technologies
URL Debugging and Running
A file opened in the
JavaScript editor using
an URL
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Debugger - Breakpoints
Breakpoint can be set by
double clicking in ruler.
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Emerging Internet Technologies
CSS View
Example of the Graphical box model created for selected DOM
element with dimension, padding, border, and margin information
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Emerging Internet Technologies
XHR Monitor
XHR Monitor now has the ability to format XHR response body
according to content-type specified
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Open Ajax Alliance
Industry Collaboration
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Open Ajax - Industry Collaboration
This group will support the development of open Ajax
technologies & tooling
IBM is proposing to contribute a tooling framework & Eclipse plug-in for
Ajax toolkits (Ajax Toolkit Framework)
• “…toolkits can be supported in less than 30 minutes…”
Zimbra is working with Apache on Kabuki - an Ajax toolkit; (Eclipse Ajax Toolkit
Framework support included)
Dojo - an open source JavaScript/Ajax toolkit that enables users to create
rich, lightweight UIs; (Eclipse Ajax Toolkit Framework support included)
Mozilla™ - IBM is proposing to contribute code to Mozilla™ to enable
Eclipse developers to employ Mozilla™ & Mozilla's debugging capabilities
within Eclipse
Founded: Feb 1st 2006
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Emerging Internet Technologies
OpenAjax Alliance - the vision
Grow Ajax adoption to the next phase
Evolve tools that significantly reduce the development costs &
skills of incorporating Ajax into a broad range of web
applications
Growing usage of Ajax in applications will foster
innovation in open source frameworks
The community & applications produced will enable Ajax
future functionality
Through the looking glass - innovation will lead to consolidation
around a few Ajax personalities - i.e:
• Web Developers - rich(er) desktop interactions thru the
browser
• Web Designers - rich visual user experiences
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Recent OpenAjax Alliance activities
Three workgroups set up:
Marketing/Architecture
Create group web site containing:
Ajax Definitions, White Papers, Block-diagrams
Interoperability
Focus on ability to mix widgets from different Ajax toolkits
Declarative Markup
Focus on creation of a unified approach to UI Markups
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
OpenAjax Hub – addressing Ajax runtime interoperability
Simple and lightweight JavaScript library
Central facility for different Ajax toolkits to:
prevent JavaScript and HTML/XML markup collisions and
to provide appropriate bridging
The four main interoperability issues initially addressed
are :
1. JavaScript collision checking,
2. toolkit loading
3. markup mixing and
4. event management.
OpenAjax Hub will consist of
detailed specifications and
open source JavaScript code.
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
OpenAjax Alliance has grown > 50 members
Next Face-to-face meeting early October 2006 in Silicon Valley
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Summary – OpenAjax Alliance
Key industry leaders are collaborating to insure the success of Ajax
across
Operating systems
Browsers
Languages
Greater Open & Closed Source Community is working to create
integrated Ajax Runtimes and Tooling targeting
Web “design center” — Augmenting existing HTML with Ajax
JavaScript “design center” — Full OO GUIs in Ajax
“Mash-ups” of traditional and Ajax Web Uis
Web Site – Web Site - http://www.openajax.org
For information about the alliance, including how to join, contact:
Jon Ferraiolo jferrai@us.ibm.com
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Demo
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
CRM demo – Ajax showcase
Developed on WAS-CE
http://www.devx.com/ibm/Article/32128
AJAX Makes Your Applications
Sizzle on WebSphere
Application Server Community
Edition
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
CRM demo – Ajax resources
Resources
Download the Sample
Application for This
Article
Download WebSphere
Application Server
Community Edition
Tutorial: Using AJAX with
PHP and Sajax
Tutorial: The AJAX
Transport Method
Tutorial: Build Apps Using
AJAX
Tutorial: Using AJAX with
WebSphere Commerce
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Other project experience
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Use cases – travel industry
Hotel availability search
This function tests the ‘autocomplete’ for entering a hotel
location. After input of 2nd letter the server is contacted for
suggestions and autocompletion of the entry.
Subsequent db for hotel details can provide an undefined large
number of result rows. This scenario will be used to validate
various backend-access strategies
Show the location of hotel(s) on a map
Drag & drop function for hotel search and display of Google
map
Display Hotel Details
In ‘mouse-over’ on map details of hotels will be fetched from
backend and displayed
Hotel Result Set sort
Sort strategy for various result sets will be evaluated
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Use cases – travel industry
These use cases are typical examples of using Ajax
Asynchronous handling of an unpredictable (huge)
amount of (response) data
GoogleMap is a great example of this
Client side considerations is only part of the solution:
•
•
•
•
Bandwidth
Backend DB performance
Caching strategy
Handling of curser in result set
Ajax might be overkill for small result sets:
• E.g. 30k data result vs. 400k initial Ajax footprint
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Study on performance for German ‘business hub’ appl
Do you have statistical data on user behavior ?
Zeitverhalten bei Klicks
45
40
35
Sekunden
30
25
Java-Applet
20
JavaScript-Baum
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Klicks
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Example of ‘autocomplete’
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Another example of ‘autocomplete’
http://www.snap.com/
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Emerging Internet Technologies
SNAP – results preview
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SNAP – results preview
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Getting started and
enterprise considerations
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Ajax Value Proposition – Why Ajax ?
More productive end-users, lower bandwidth, and strong
ROI
In most businesses, decision makers are interested
mainly in how information technology can increase
revenue, reduce costs, or make better use of information
assets. Among the factors that are considered:
1. Time spent waiting for data to be transmitted. Over many
repetitions, the time employees spend waiting for pages to load
can add up to significant costs.
2. Time spent completing a particular task. Inefficient user
interfaces can translate into long periods of lowered end-user
productivity.
3. Bandwidth consumed for the entire task. If repetitious tasks
consume considerable bandwidth, IT costs can grow
dramatically.
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Ajax – ‘the face of SOA on the web’
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Sample evaluation
Toolkit
YUI
Rico
Dojo
Zimbra
Browser Compatibility
IE5, FF ,NS6
IE 5.5, FF,
Camino /Mac
IE 5.5, FF 1.0,
Safari, Opera
FF 1.0, Safari,
IE5.5, Camino/Mac
Size – of all sw +
documentation / demo
2(10)MB
135kb /
2.5(10)MB
4.1MB
Enabled debugging
Y
N
Y
Y
Maturity and importance of
the community
10
5
10
5
Richness of documentation –
Documentation / Examples
D10 E10
D1 E5
D5 E10
D5 E5
Ease of use
5
1
10
5
BSD
Apache 2.0
academic free
license 2.1 or
BSD
MPL or Apache
Ability to work with in-house
framework (Open source
MVC framework – extension
of struts)
Functional report weight /
richness
Licensing
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Beyond the Hype: This is an emerging pattern
Difficulties with JavaScript
Browser inconsistencies
Poor tool support for JavaScript and CSS
Lack of established programming practices and design patterns
Skillset: Web Developers != Java Programmers != COBOL Programmers
UI Issues
Back button doesn’t work as expected
Bookmarking doesn’t work
Accessibility & Internationalization
Performance Issues
Latency bigger problem when making multiple requests
Increased load on browsers
Security Issues
Doesn’t work across domains
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Emerging Internet Technologies
Dealing with response issues
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
AJAX – Cross Domain Security Issue
www.other.com
www.other.com
www.myco.com
Browser
Browser
www.myco.com
www.myco.com
The one exception is for images: images can
come from any domain, without any security
risk.
For security reasons, scripts are
only allowed to access data which
comes from the same domain
This is why all the mash-up applications
involve images!
They simply would not be possible for other
kinds of data.
(Click on the green server boxes to see the animation)
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
What are the issues with Ajax (accessibility) ?
AJAX relies on JavaScript
Most graphical browsers support JavaScript but could be an
issue for mobile devices or text-only browsers.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0
require Web sites to function with JavaScript turned off !
WCAG 2.0, - still under development
has removed the restriction on scripting-as long as the site
remains accessible
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Accessibility – What is IBM doing ?
IBM has contributed to the W3C Protocols and Formats group
technology that allows the creation of fully accessible Web
components.
Two emerging standards from this roadmap
States and Adaptable Properties Module
Role Taxonomy for Accessible Adaptable Applications
are designed to address the accessibility of RIAs
IBM will be providing expertise to integrate Dynamic Web
Accessibility (from W3C) into the Dojo Toolkit widget set.
Dynamic Web Accessibility provides a mechanism for creating RIAs
that are:
fully accessible via the keyboard and
when using assistive technologies
• E.g. screen readers and screen magnifiers.
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Some good advise
Ajax mistakes – by Alex Bosworth from backpackit
http://alexbosworth.backpackit.com/pub/67688
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Exciting new themes
For even less return trips to server and off-line Ajax
clients:
Sun provides Apache Derby as part of JDK 1.6 and has shown
access through Ajax in one of their demos in Dec 2005:
http://developers.sun.com/prodtech/javadb/overview/product_to
ur/index.jsp
See also Simon Phipps blog: New life for the applet ?
Storage API in Firefox 2 via sqlite: mozStorage
http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Storage
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Recommendations
KISS – Keep It Simple and Safe
• Start slowly
• Don't rely on new skills for critical tasks
Enhance an existing application
Maintain standard MVC design
• Keep the “M” and “C” on the server
• Extend the “V” to Server and Client!
• Don't put too much controller logic in JavaScript
Have FUN
• People get excited about making the browser dance
• This is cool stuff!
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Thank You!
anton_fricko@at.ibm.com
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
References
Toolkits
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dojo
http://dojotoolkit.org/
Rico
http://openrico.org/
DWR http://getahead.ltd.uk/dwr/
script.aculo.us
http://script.aculo.us/
Behaviour
http://www.ripcord.co.nz/behaviour/
Zimbra
http://www.zimbra.com/
AJAX Toolkit Framework
• http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/ajaxtk
• http://www.eclipse.org/proposals/atf/
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Reference, cont.
AJAX Design Patterns
• AJAX Patterns
http://ajaxpatterns.org/
Examples and Tutorials
• http://www.clearnova.com/ajax/index.html
• http://www.yourhtmlsource.com/javascript/ajax.html
• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming:AJAX
Books
• AJAX in Action, Manning
• Dynamic HTML, The Definitive Guide, O'Reilly
• JavaScript, The Definitive Guide, O'Reilly
© Copyright 2006, IBM Corporation
Emerging Internet Technologies
Accessibility
Here's some pointers to our work in this area:
Good Overview of Ajax & Accessibility:
http://www-306.ibm.com/able/resources/ajaxaccessibility.html
IBM Press Release on Dojo & Accessibility,
Internationalization & ....
http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19767.wss
Good Reference Site for Accessibility:
http://www-306.ibm.com/able/
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