R.
The South Gloucestershire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) provides a dynamic digest of archaeological and historical sites, structures and find spots which are recorded in the area. It should be regarded as one component of an Historic Environment Record (HER), which includes other, appropriate, data relating to Conservation Areas, Historic Landscape, Listed (and unlisted) structures and related environmental features such as semi-natural woodland. The function of the
HER is to provide educationaL general and planning advice and information to the people of
South Gloucestershire.
The South Gloucestershire Council Historic Environment Record originated in the records maintained by Avon County Council. Its development was quite complicated, but a rough summary is as follows. The initial record was based on a series of record cards and maps which in themselves were based to some degree on the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Service records, supplemented by limited parish survey records . Compilation of the computerised SMR using a
Database Manager called SuperFile was begun in 1983 and Manpower Services staff completed much of the initial input of data by 1985/6. A major survey of Marshfield parish was carried out during this period and should have established a standard by which the record could be measured but the opportunity was missed . This said, however, the SMR data for Marshfield was the most comprehensive in the database . Between 1988 and 1993 further records were added mainly, but not entirely, based on projects such as the Severn Barrage Survey, preliminary work for the Second
Severn Crossing and early developments at Bradley Stoke. A full time SMR officer partly funded by what is now English Heritage was appointed in 1993.
A considerable backlog, especially of archaeological assessment reports (archaeological grey literature), had accumulated by that time. A major task was therefore to eliminate as much of this backlog as was possible. Local and national journals had also to be examined. Local government reorganisation quickly became an issue when it became apparent that a joint provision for the four successor unitary councils would not be feasible. It was quickly realised that although the database manager was fit for purpose, due to the haphazard construction of the database much data cleaning would be required . It was also accepted that a relational database, which better fitted the event/monument structure becoming the standard for SMRs, should be introduced. The database was transferred to MS FoxPro and considerable data cleaning was undertaken. Upon local government reorganisation in 1996 the paper background material of the SMR was divided between the four successor unitary authorities . Each gained a full database for the former county of
Avon with the intention that this would facilitate data exchange.
In 1996/7 data were migrated from Super File (via MS FoxPro) to Microsoft Access. At this time a crude link to a Geographical Information System (GIS) was developed. Such a link allowed basic data to be displayed on a computer map base. Two projects initiated under Avon County CounciL the Extensive Urban Survey and the Historic Landscape Character Assessment, continued under the successor authorities. Looking back it was the progress of these two projects, which saw the first stage of the transformation of the SMR into a Historic Environment Record (HER). Both began as a paper map-based exercise but it soon became clear that only a computer map-based system would be able to handle and manipulate the data so that they could be presented in a usable format.
At this stage it was realised that although most of the major inconsistencies in the data had been eliminated, a major rethink about how the SMR was structured and how it was developed
237

D A VID R . EVA N S was required. Therefore, in 1998 a data audit of the existing record was undertaken which resulted in the formulation of a five-year plan for a major overhaul of the database . Although some of these aspirations were overtaken by events and others are still a hope for the future, the main themes of the audit - improving the quality of the data and a full parish-by-parish review of the information were successfully completed in 2004 . All of the main features which appear on
First Edition Ordnance Survey maps (c.1880) are now recorded . One aspiration was to have the HER available on the Web . Although a South Gloucestershire based website has not, yet, been established a version of the data can be viewed via the Archaeology Data Service
(http : / fads .
ahds.ac.uk) .
Although not directly connected with the development of the HER the appointment of an archaeology promotions officer in 2000 funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund made it possible for a greater involvement for the community in the recording and enhancement of the local heritage.
Amongst projects generated by this initiative the construction of a list of buildings of local distinctiveness and a survey of pumps, wells and springs can be highlighted as directly benefiting the HER. A twice-yearly archaeological newsletter was also published , and this continues after the end of the project. A limited amount of fieldwork was also possible within the remit of the project .
Three major villas have been sampled and a Saxon burial recorded . Despite reduced staff, limited projects are still being undertaken . Work to improve the presentation of the important coal-mining site at Ram Hill, Westerleigh, is being carried out with considerable local involvement .
What does the HER comprise? All historic and archaeological data contain some element of geographical information and a major change has been the move from a data-centred system to a map-based system . HER data can now be viewed via a series of map layers covering SMR sites
(archaeological core data); Scheduled Ancient Monuments ; Listed Buildings ; Locally Listed
Buildings; Registered Parks, Gardens and Battlefields ; and settlement cores and excavation sites.
But this is not all . A series of digital Ordnance Survey maps, dating approximately to 1880, 1905,
1915 and 1936 , together with later Ordnance Survey maps and aerial photographs, forms part of the resource. A separate HER study room which contains considerable amounts of background material , which is not readily available on either the maps or the database , has been established.
Where are we now and where are we going? Although development as outlined above appears to be akin to linear growth , it is in fact much closer to an exponential explosion of data . Although numbers do not tell the whole story, the database has three times the numbers of entries that it had on the establishment of South Gloucestershire in 1996 . In many ways the HER appears complete but there is much to do with new data sources to be tapped and new opportunities for exploiting the educational potential of the resource to be explored .
238

It was a very considerable privilege to be invited by Neil Holbrook to participate in the 2004 celebration of Gloucestershire archaeology, 25 years after the conference on the same theme which
I organized as part of the Prehistoric Society's summer excursion to the Cotswolds in 1979 . Acting as Chairman for the morning session and delivering a summing-up at the end of the day was extremely enjoyable and gratifying, as was the opportunity to hear at first hand the up-to-date accounts of what archaeological work had been taking place in the county over the last two and a half decades. The day brought back pleasant memories of the previous occasion, as indeed did meeting up again with some veterans of that 1979 conference who were still involved in, or at least still interested in, archaeology in Gloucestershire . The conference in 1979 also took place in The
Park in Cheltenham, in what was then the College of St Paul and St Mary but which by 2004 had become part of the University of Gloucestershire - an auspicious sign of change .
Just as the 1979 meeting generated a publication Archaeology in Gloucestershir e (Saville
1984a) - so has the 2004 conference for which I am penning this minor and confessedly selfindulgent contribution . As I said on the day at the conference, to review the whole wealth of new information presented by the speakers would be unrealistic, and it is now unnecessary since their contributions will be found in the present volume. Instead I will focus on a few themes which struck me at the meeting, or have occurred to me since, that are worthy of further exploration and comment in the context of this volume and its predecessor. In doing so as a non-Gloucestershire resident since 1989 I realize I risk the criticism of being out of touch with local detail, but equally as an interested external observer I have the luxury of expressing my opinions without the constraints of being directly involved.
Whilst in his talk Tim Darvill was able to report a few isolated discoveries from the
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, it seemed to me that these earliest phases of prehistory are still very much the 'Cinderella' periods for archaeology in the county and it is perhaps the single category in which we are little further forward than in 1984 . Admittedly there have recently been some encouraging national and local prospects for progress in terms of the Lower Palaeolithic. In the far north of the county, the work of the new National Ice Age Network (www.iceage
.
org .
uk), which has grown from the Shotton Project/Midlands Palaeolithic Network based at the University of Birmingham (Buteux and Lang 2002), could lead to new discoveries from the Avon and Severn gravels to expand on previous exciting discoveries from the Twyn i ng area (Whitehead 1988). And in the far south of the county we heard in Bob Jones's talk of new work taking place on the
Shirehampton gravels of the Bristol Avon, which have been so productive of early Palaeolithic finds in the past (Lacaille 1954; Roe 1974), but have received little modem attention. The new initiative there may result in the Shirehampton finds being placed in their proper Quaternary context (Bates 2003; www .
bristol-city .
gov .
uk) .
It is surprising, however, that hardly any discoveries dating from the Upper Palaeolithic period have been made in Gloucestershire since 1979 . The work of Nick Barton and his team at
King Arthur's Cave and other adjacent locations in the Wye Valley, mainly just over on the
Herefordshire side of the county boundary but including Symonds Yat East rock-shelter in
Gloucestershire (Barton 1994; 2005) , have made it abundantly clear there was human presence in
239

ALAN SAV IL LE western Gloucestershire at this period . Just to the south-west in Gwent some surface finds of Upper
Palaeolithic artefacts are appearing (Aldhouse-Green 2004, 24 ), as they are elsewhere in the
English Midlands (Cooper and Jacobi 2001; Jacobi et al. 2001 ), and the apparent scanty evidence for this period in Gloucestershire is becoming harder to sustain as a credible reflection of the prehistoric reality.
Similarly I would have expected at least one of the myriad evaluation trenches now being dug throughout the county to have revealed a Mesolithic site of some consequence, but apparently not .
One recent summary overview puts the number of known Mesolithic sites in the county as 'over
40' (Mudd et al. 1999, 6), very similar to the number I previously listed (Saville 1984b, 75 6).
Expert re examination of museum and private collections and recently excavated assemblages would no doubt produce many further findspots where a few diagnostically Mesolithic artefacts have been found, but more extensive evidence of Mesolithic presence of the type found in truncated form beneath the Hazleton long cairn (Saville 1990, 153-75) or in the estuarine days of the Severn margins in Wales (Bell et al. 2000) must surely be awaiting discovery in Gloucestershire .
In terms of research frameworks an emphasis on these earlier periods would be easy to justify.
This brings me to the topic of the distribution within the county of archaeological knowledge for any period. Traditionally the Cotswolds have tended to dominate accounts of much of the county ' s archaeology, especially in the earlier periods, with the addition of the obvious
' archaeological honeypot' in the Vale provided by Gloucester from the Roman period onwards .
As many speakers at the 2004 conference emphasized, this is far from the case today, both because archaeological activity has followed modem development - which is mostly off the Cotswolds proper - and because of fluctuating research interests and opportunities. Thus the new evidence used by speakers was drawn primarily from the Vale and the Upper Thames. In the former there has been a minor revolution in our appreciation and understanding of Sevemside activity through time (e.g. Rippon 2001 ) . Whilst most of the spectacular discoveries have been made just outside the county on the Welsh side of the estuary (Bell et al . 2000), the remarkable work of John Alien in particular has shown there is a great deal worthy of interest in Gloucestershire on both banks of the Severn (e.g. Alien 2001) . In the Upper Thames it is more a question of having expanded our knowledge through a wider dataset since 1979 , both through post-excavation projects coming to final publication (e.g. Alien et al . 1993) and from new discoveries from continuing survey and excavation (e .
g. British Ar c haeology 71 (2003), 6). It is interesting to reflect that at the 1979 conference archaeologists were still coming to terms with the implications of discoveries from the MS motorway construction through the Vale (Fowler 1977), and in 2004 it was the same with the results from work along the A419/A417 road , particularly in the Upper Thames area
(Mudd et al. 1999) .
However, the concern I expressed in 1984 over the 'paucity of archaeological research which has taken place in Gloucestershire west of the River Severn' (Saville 1984a, 10) is still relevant . It would be very wrong to suggest nothing has changed; Bryan Waiters's book (1992) and the energetic efforts of members of the Dean Archaeological Group (DAG) since its inception in the late
1980s have made a huge difference , and the Gloucestershire Archaeology Service's current Forest of
Dean Archaeological Survey promises well. Nevertheless , it still cannot be said that west of the
Severn in general is full y on the map as far as Gloucestershire archaeology is concerned. One cannot help feeling that it will eventually be this area which will produce some of the most outstanding sites and finds from the whole county , but perhaps this will take a further 25 years to achieve.
In 1979 and 1984 the county of Avon was in existence, and not realizing how historically short-lived it was to be, little attention was given to south Gloucestershire and particularly Bristol
240

ARCHAEOLOGY IN GLOU CE ST E RSHIR E in either the conference or the book apart from brief references to medieval pottery and the medieval town . The 2004 conference attempted to remedy this by including a talk on archaeology in Bristol, but there remains a feeling that the potential contribution of Bristol's past to an understanding of the regional picture has still not been fulfilled and that Bristol has not set an example for the region in terms of the way it has managed its own archaeology . With no intention whatever of belittling the work of Bob Jones and many other archaeologists who have wrestled through trying circumstances to recover much archaeological information from the city, I cannot avoid making some critical comment, though on the credit side the support of Bristol City Council for the Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee must be acknowledged. But Bristol is, after all, a major European city with understandable and laudable civic and regional aspirations in many fields, and any dispassionate overview of its achievements in terms of heritage provision archaeological, historical, and museological would be forced to conclude that all is not well and has not been so for too long a time. The absence of the heritage, archaeology, and museums in the recently issued City life: a cultural strategy for Bristol (www.bristol-city.gov.uk) reinforces this conclusion. When will the city councillors, officials, and politicians wake up to what is going on in heritage terms in comparable cities elsewhere in Europe and when will they show a proper appreciation of the contemporary social and cultural value of Bristol's past for both citizens and visitors alike? My advice to the City Fathers (and Mothers), ifl can as an outsider presume to give any, is to commission a comprehensive review, start setting aside a truly meaningful heritage budget, establish the necessary partnerships with English Heritage and others, and begin taking the past more seriously. Creating a Bristol archive centre akin to the London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre (LAARC) would be a good first initiative (www.museumoflondon
.
org.uk/ laa rc).
Lack of synthesis in archaeology has become an increasingly critical issue over the last decade or so with the realization that ever more client reports, interims, websites, videos, CDs, and leaflets on archaeological fieldwork are being produced in isolation with no means to integrate findings into coherent overviews. In part of course this is precisely what the present volume is - as was the
1984 vo lume - designed to address, but there is an obvious limit to the ability of authors in this kind of endeavour to go be yo nd fully published sources in their research. To delve into the world of 'grey literature', let alone into the storerooms of units and museums (and in so doing to stray beyond one's own specific areas of expertise), is virtually impossible on the basis of academic curiosity alone given the time constraints and work pressures we are all under. What is required is adequate resourcing to allow the accumulated information to be sifted and to come appropriately into the public domain. This might take various forms, such as increased staffing of the county
Sites and Monuments Record with the specific aim of period syntheses, the encouragement and financing of postgraduate research (at the University of Gloucestershire?) on relevant topics in conjunction with units and museums, the provision of sabbaticals and post-retirement grants for field archaeologists, and greater access to archives in all forms.
On the question of archives, I was reminded recently, when looking at Peter Leach ' s (1998) otherwise admirable publication of Emest Greenfield's work at Great Witcombe Roman villa , of the need to make clear exactly where excavation archives can be accessed . In this case we are told simply that the 'finds .
.
. are in the care of Eng lish Heritage' (Leach 1998, ix) and there are many excavation reports still being published which are even less helpful about the whereabouts of the finds . An exemplary recent exception would be Jennings et al. (2004, 14 ), which makes it clear the
Thomhill Fa rm archive is in the Corinium Museum.
241

ALAN SAVILLE
Tim Darvill, in the first part of his talk at the 2004 conference, alluded to some of the wider changes taking place in British archaeology which have impacted on what and how archaeology is now undertaken in Gloucestershire. These changes include the introduction of planning guidance
(PPG 16) in the early 1990s which has fundamentally altered rescue archaeology by providing a framework for the material consideration of archaeology at all stages of the planning process and for the funding from developers which allows commercial archaeology to flourish. Allied to this, and crucial to the implementation of PPG 16, are the growth of development control archaeology within the County Council and the importance of the local Sites and Monuments Record in this process . This is all a very changed world from 1979, when the existing , constitutionally non-commercial 'regional' archaeological units were almost wholly dependent upon unreliable annual grant-aid from central government and excavation opportunities arose as often as not from 'grape-vine tip-offs'.
Nevertheless, what has accompanied this change is the shift from the kind of large-scale, longterm , research-focused rescue excavation which has done so much to illuminate Gloucestershire's past, such as the work at Uley (Woodward and Leach 1993) and at St Oswald's Priory in Gloucester
(Heighway and Bryant 1999) to cite just two examples . (In a non-rescue context one must immediately pay tribute to the enviable tenacity of Eddie Price, not just for continuing his work at
Frocester Court, but in recently producing his impressive two-volume report (Price 2000)). Largescale projects of this kind, however, are of course notoriously difficult and expensive to bring to fruition in terms of final publication, something emphasized most negatively in the county by the
Crickley Hill Project, for which the volume on the hillfort defences (Docon 1994), an exceptionally v aluable and innovative report though it was, is the only one to have appeared . By contrast the two-volume publication of work on the A419 / A417 ( Mudd et al. 1999) appeared extremely rapidly after the completion of fieldwork and all concerned deserve congratulation . Clearly what is required for the future is some way of marrying the technical post-excavation project management skills of modern commercial archaeology to the academic skills formerly deployed on the research dri v en rescue excavations.
Another general change in archaeology since 1979, and one which is only just making itself felt in the county , is the introduction of the Portable Antiquities Scheme following on from the
Treasure Act 1996 , which replaced the previous common law of treasure trove in England. The five annual reports on Treasure which have appeared since the implementation of the Treasure Act in
1997 allow documentation of the Treasure finds from Gloucestershire (Table 1 ) .
In 12 of the 18 cases these Treasure finds were the fruit of metal-detecting, and it is the growth of this hobby, and the realization that the finds being made by it represented a field of archaeological data which was previously largely unknown and/ or ignored (even in terms of coin finds) , that fuelled the development of the Portable Antiquities Scheme . Gloucestershire has been one of the last counties to acquire coverage under the scheme, and there has only been a Finds
Li a ison Officer in post since the beginning of 2004. This means that the most recently published report of the Scheme (DCMS 2004b) only includes data from three months of recording, during which 26 finds were reported . Over the coming years it will be interesting to see if the level of finds discovery and reporting starts to match levels in those counties where the scheme is already well established , after making allowances for such factors as the lesser proportion of arable land av ailable for searching in Gloucestershire . Certainly there is no sign as yet of a decline in the popularity of metal detecting as a pastime and the fact that detectorists in Gloucestershire now ha ve a well-publicized channel for reporting their discoveries under the Scheme must be a major ad va nc e. It is not just finds from metal-detecting of course ; as Table 1 shows in the case of Treasure,
242

ARCHAEOLOGY IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Table 1 : Gloucestershire Treasure finds since 1997 .
Findspot
Bourton-onthe-Water
Batsford
Bourton-onthe-Water
North Cerney
Over
Rod borough
Taynton
Taynton
Cirencester
Sandhurst
Stand ish
Winchcombe
Wanswell
Berkeley
Tidenham
Tortworth
Winchcombe
Breadstone
Object gold 'bead' gold penannular ring
132 coins silver fingerring
14 coins
25 silver coins
50 coins silver fingerring and 98 coins silver decorated belt buckle silver ingot gold finger- ring silver-gilt brooch
3 silver coins silver -gilt dress-pin
118 coins
2 silver coins coin hoard gold posy ring
Viking
Medieval
Medieval
16th c
16th c
17th c
17th c
17th c
18th c
Period
Early-Middle
Bronze Age
Late Bronze
Age
Roman
Roman
Roman
Roman
Roman
Roman
5th c
Method of discovery excavation metaldetecting metaldetecting gardening metaldetecting hedgeclearing metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting metaldetecting not recorded co nstruction work not recorded
Allocation
Corinium
Museum
Corinium
Museum
Corinium
Museum returned to finder returned to finder
Stroud
Museum returned to finder returned to finder
Corinium
Museum
Gloucester
Museum
Gloucester
Museum returned to finder returned to finder
Stroud
Museum
Chepstow
Museum returned to finder
Che ltenham
Museum returned to finder
Reference
DCMS 2002,
12
DCMS 2002 ,
12
DCMS 2001,
126-7
DCMS 2000,
12; 2001, 20
DCMS 2001,
126
DCMS 2004a,
131
DCMS 2001,
123
DCMS 2002,
22
DCMS 2001,
22-3
DCMS 2003,
48
DCMS 2004a,
85
DCMS 2003,
53
DCMS 2000,
44
DCMS 2001,
88-9
DCMS 2001,
140-1
DCMS 2000,
44
DCMS 2000,
45-6
DCMS 2000,
20
243

ALAN S A VIL LE chance finds have been made during gardening, hedge removaL and construction work, and important archaeological discoveries can be made during any type of ground disturbance.
I anticipate that having a designated Liaison Officer to whom these can be reported will profound l y change our understanding of Gloucestershire's past from the perspective of material culture before the next 25 years are over.
From Table 1 it can be seen that museums throughout the county are acquiring Treasure items, but museums are currently in a somewhat contradictory position . Whilst the Portable
Antiquities Scheme is responding to, and is itself stimulating, an increased (and increasingly informed) interest in archaeological finds amongst the general public, this is not matched by any increase in any specifically archaeological resourcing for local museums in England, and
Gloucestershire has certainly fared no better than most counties in this respect. I wish to avoid specific comment about individual museums in the county, but looked at in general in terms of their archaeological provision the position is arguably well short of satisfactory, even taking into account the impressive new Romano British displays at the Corinium Museum. One is bound to ask the question as to whether museum archaeology in Gloucestershire would be better served by having fewer museums doing archaeology, or even, heresy though it may seem, a single county museum for archaeology? I fully appreciate this question raises various political issues in terms of local authority organization and funding, and touches on entrenched antipathies, but rationalization of some kind in this area will in the end be unavoidable because of the need to focus resources . Perhaps the answer would be a single archive or heritage study centre for storing all of Gloucestershire's archaeological assemblages and chance finds, and where all archaeological staff would be based, from which representative samples of suitable objects could be drawn for permanent display in the actual museums?
Museums have not been much involved in archaeological publication (the Archaeology in
Gloucestershire volume of 1984 being unusual in this respect) , which has primarily been the preserve within Gloucestershire of the county society - the Bristol and Gloucestershire
Archaeological Society - and of local groups, such as the Gloucester and District Archaeological
Research Group (GADARG) and DAG , and local archaeological units and companies, and externally of national organizations such as English Heritage and the Council for British
Archaeology . It is interesting that the county society has, since 1988, put much of its publishing energy into the very successful Gloucestershire Record Series, of which 18 volumes have now appeared, bucking a trend for publishing such historical studies and very much a personal testimony to the vision and enthusiasm of David Smith , the long-serving Honorary Secretary of the
Society . On the archaeological side, however, apart from the introduction of the supplementary reports (with the b lu e covers) now being issued alongside the Transactions on the initiative of
Cotswold Archaeology, and the welcome appearance of back numbers of the Transactions on open access on the internet, little seems to have changed since 1979 . In fact even the single concessionary innovation which Steve Blake and I as editors managed to squeeze agreement for from the remarkably conservative publications committee - the use of an illustration on the front cover from volume 105 onwards- has recently been rescinded, with a blank cover since volume
120 (and I fully expect before long to see the return of the list of contents to the front cover as was the norm up to volume 104 1
).
Seasoned Transactions watchers ma y even have noticed that volumes
111 to 115 saw an aberrant and thankfully temporary return to the use of Roman numerals on the cover, not previously seen since volume 55 for 1933. While I have a sneaking respect for the reactionary purity applied to the Transactions by the dominant historical wing of the Society,
I cannot help but think that the hard line taken on the appearance of the Transactions is a reflection
244

A R C H AEO L OGY I N GLO U CES T E R S HIR E of the tension within the Society between the historical and archaeological factions which led, for example, to the 'breakaway' formation of GADARG and necessitated the establishment of the
Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire . Twenty-five years is a short time in the life of what is one of England's oldest-established county societies, but I would hope that before the next 25 years are over we will have seen some changes in the appearance , method of production, and archaeological content of the
The Society ' s
t
sit rather uncomfortably these days as the 'dowdy relative' alongside their peer publications, for example the county society journals from adjacent Oxfordshire , Somerset , and Wiltshire.
The 1984
c
volume was dedicated to Elsie Clifford and Helen
O ' Neil, two 'amateur' stalwarts who each made a distinctive contribution to the archaeology of
Gloucestershire in the 20th century and who in their heydays dominated the scene in an almost
19th century fashion , which today's practitioners of archaeology would probably find it impossible to imagine . Of the roster of contributors to the 1984 book , only John Drinkwater
(happily also present at the 2004 conference) was an amateur archaeologist . This reflects another national change visible in the county, which is the rise of the professional and the concomitant decline of amateur input in field archaeology. Nevertheless, Neil Holbrook in his introduction to the 2004 conference rightly paid tribute to Bernard Rawes, who died in 1995 and who did in a way continue the tradition, though he had to contend (as he often complained) with a much more professional (and hence for him more bureaucratic) system than did Clifford or O'Neil. Bernard ' s excavation reports are instantly identifiable because of his idiosyncratic style of site illustration
(e .
g. Rawes 1986; 1991) and I regret the near disappearance of this type of personalized draughtsmanship. The use of 'Autocad ' and other technical developments in the archaeological drawing office have led to a kind of homogenization in illustration which Bernard would have found dispiriting . On the other hand archaeological reconstruction drawing seems to be thriving.
Several speakers at the 2004 conference commented on the way in which Phil Moss ' s reconstructions (Phil is another amateur), particularly those using the evidence from the Frocester dig (Price 2000), were an excellent means of bringing the past alive , especially for the general public.
Although it is understandable that individual amateur archaeologists should no longer have such a key role in archaeological fieldwork (Eddie Price being a redoubtable exception) , amateur and general public involvement in archaeology in various other wa y s is probably at an all-time high , and I do not just mean as passive viewers of 1V programmes. The Forest of Dean
Archaeological Survey is one project involving local groups and individuals, the Portable
Antiquities Scheme exists to service the interest in the past acquired by finders of archaeological objects, and local residents attend excavation open-days and other outreach events put on wherever possible by professional field archaeologists and curators . Indeed it was clear from the packed lecture theatre and enthusiastic audience for the 2004 c onference that there is a very considerable public interest in the county's past, which bodes well for the next 25 years of archaeology in Gloucestershire . I shall look forward to reading this conference volume when it is published and I hope it enjoys a wide circulation amongst all those sectors of the community in which people value an increased understanding of and respect for the past.
NOTES
1. The present editor of the Transaction s (JJ) i s happ y to r ea ssur e the a uthor that he ha s no plans to use th e front cover as a contents page.
245

ALAN SA VI LLE
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Roman pastoral site in the Upper Thames Valley (Oxford Archaeol. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph
23).
Lacaille, A .
D.
, 1954 . 'Palaeoliths from the lower reaches of the Bristol Avon', Antiq. J. 34 , 1-27.
Leach, P .
, 1998 . Great Witcombe Roman villa , Gloucestershire: a report on excavations by Emest Greenfield 1960-
1973 (BAR Brit. Series 266 , Oxford) .
Mudd, A., Williams , R.J.. and Lupton, A., 1999 . Excavations alongside Roman Ermin Street , Gloucestershire and
Wiltshire : The Archaeology of the A419/A417 Swindon to Gloucester Road Sch e me (Oxford Archaeol. Unit: 2 volumes) .
Price, E.G., 2000 . Frocester . A Romano-British settlement, its antecedents and successors (Stonehouse, Gloucester and District Archaeol. Research Group : 2 volumes) .
Rawes, B ., 1986 . The Romano-British settlement at Haymes , Cleeve Hill , near Cheltenham ', Trans . BGAS 104,
61-93 .
Rawes , B.
, 1991. 'A prehistoric and Romano-British settlement at Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings,
Gloucestershire', Trans . BGAS 109, 25-89.
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Rippon, S. (ed.), 2001. Estuarine Archaeology: the Severn and beyond (Exeter, Severn Estuary Levels Research
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Roe, D .
A .
, 1974. 'Palaeolithic artefacts from the River Avon terraces near Bristol',
Spelaeological Soc . 13.3, 319 26 .
Proc. University Bristol
Saville, A. (ed .
), 1984a. Archaeology in Gloucestershire: from the earliest hunters to the industrial age . Essays dedicated to Helen O ' Neil and the late Elsie Clifford (Cheltenham Art Gallery and Museums and the
BGAS) .
Saville, A ., 1984b. 'Palaeolithic and Mesolithic evidence from Gloucestershire', in A. Saville ( ed.) 1984, 59 79 .
Saville, A ., 1990. Hazleton North, Gloucestershire, 1979-82: the excavation of a Neolithic long cairn of the Cotswold -
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Waiters, B., 1992. The archaeology and history of ancient Dean and the Wye Valley (Cheltenham, Thornhill Press).
Whitehead, P.F
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R.J
. MacRae and N. Moloney (eds .
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247

I nd ex
Illustrations are denoted by page numbers in italics. The letter n following a page number indicates that the reference will be found in a note .
The following abbreviations have been used in this index: B . & N.E
.
S. Bath and North East Somerset;
Berks . - Berkshire ; Bucks. Buckinghamshire; Cambs . - Cambridgeshire ; Clam. - Glamorgan ; Herefs . -
Herefordshire; Mon . - Monmouthshire ; N . Som - North Somerset; Oxon. Oxfordshire; S . Glos . South
Gloucestershire; Som . Somerset; Warks. - Warwickshire; Wilts . Wiltshire; Wares. - Worcestershire .
A419/417 improvements, 2 , 8, 9 , 11, 233, 240 , 242 abbeys/religious houses, study of. 178 80 ; see also
Bath; Brimpsfield; Bristol; Gloucester ; Hailes ;
Winchcombe; Withington
Abbots Leigh (N. Som.) , Stokeleigh hillfort , 73
Acton Court, see under Iron Acton
Acton Turville (S. Glos.), ring-ditches, 37
JElfhere, 152
JEthelflaed, 149, 219
JEthelred II. 149, 151
JEthelweard, 149 aggregates extraction , 2 , 8, 62, 101, 234 agriculture
Neolithic , 18 , 19
Bronze Age, 44, 4 7
Iron-Age , 76, 77, 83-4
Roman, 101 3 , 108, 110, 117 18
Anglo-Saxon , 155-7 medieval , 170-2 threat from, 2 , 234 see also animal bone studies; field systems; plant remains; ridge-and-furrow
Akeman Street, 97, 98 , 100
Aldhelm, St , bishop of Sherborne, 143
Aldworth , Robert , 205
Alfred, King. 143, 149
Alkington, kiln , 125n
Almondsbury (S . Glos .
)
Court Farm, 173 4, 176
Cribb's Causeway, enclosure , 73, 87
Easter Compton , 19
Alveston (S. Glos.), human remains, 86 amateur archaeology , 3, 13, 235 , 245
Ampney Crucis church, 161
St Augustine ' s Lane, excavations, 25
Ampney St Mary , church, 161
Ampney St Peter, church , 161 amulets , Anglo-Saxon, 146
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act
1979, 2 , 6, 232
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , 138 , 141 2, 143 , 149, 150,
154
Anglo-Saxon period
Bristol. 193 4
Gloucester , 219 24
Gloucestershire , chronological discussion
Germanic influence, 141-7
Hwicce , emergence of. 148 50 middle late, 150-7
Gloucestershire ' s place in , 161 4
Anglo-Scandinavian period , 149 , 243 animal bone studies
Palaeolithic, 14
Mesolithic, 16
Neolithic, 19, 23 , 29, 33
Bronze Age, 40, 44 , 47, 48
Iron Age, 84
Roman, 102 3, 108 , 118
Anglo-Saxon , 155
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , 2
Ariconium (Herefs. ) , 114 15, 124n
Arlingham ferry , 99 flint scatter, 26
Ashingdon (Essex), battle of , 149
Ash ton Keynes (Wilts.) banjo enclosure , 77
Cleveland Farm, 69 , 102
Cotswold Community site , 65 gravel extraction, 101
Asser, 143
Aston, M., & Iles, R.
, The Archaeology of Avon, 1
Aston Blank see Cold Aston
Aston Mill (Worcs .
), Iron-Age settlement, 75
Aston Somerville (Wares.) , Iron Age settlement, 69
Athelstan, King , 149
Atkin, Malcolm, 211, 214 , 225 , 226
Atkinson, Richard , 12
Augustine, St, 144
Aust (S. Glos.), figurine, 82
Avon County Council, 1 , 237 , 240-1
249

IND EX
Avonmouth, see under Bristol
Awre
Blakeney, Roman settlement, 124n
Blakeney Hill Woods, cup-marked stone, 28
Viney Hill, axe, 34 axes copper-alloy , 34, 40, 45 stone , 20 , 23, 27 , 34 see also handaxes
Badgeworth, Hunt Court Farm, 39 , 45;
Crickley Hill see also
Badminton (S . Glos.) , Roman villa, 103, 106, 107
Bagendon banjo enclosure, 78 oppida, 76, 77, 78 , 88, 97 burials , 85, 86 coin minting. 78 production, exchange and identity , 81 social organisation, 79 -80 banjo enclosures, Iron-Age , 77-8, 88
Barker, W.R.
, 189
Barnsley banjo enclosure, 78
Barnsley Park Roman villa, 103, 104 , 108
Barnwood , see under Gloucester
Barrett , William, 189 barrows, see long barrows ring-ditches
; round barrows ; see also
Bath (B . & N .
E.S
.
) abbey , 140 hundredal grouping based on, 150
Lansdown , spearhead , 45 sub-Rotnan period , 138, 141-2 , 143 temple, 79
Bathampton (B . & N .E.
S .
), enclosure , 67
Batsford
Dorn, Roman settlement , 100 gold ring. Bronze-Age, 243 battle-axe , 34
Baunton
Lynches, Iron-Age inhumation , 84 , 85
Trinity Farm, Beaker pottery, 30 beads , Anglo Saxon, 146
Beckbury, see under
Beckford (Worcs.)
Temple Guiting ditches, Bronze-Age, 67 settlement, Iron-Age-Roman, 75, 86, 88 , 125n
Bede, 144 belief systems
Iron-Age, 85-7
Romano-British, 121-2 see also cremations; excamation ; inhumations ; ritual deposition ; shrines ; temples
Bell, Martin , 18
Berkeley castle, 172 dress pin, 243
Beverstone, Babdown Farm, 29 ; see also Chavenage
Bibury, church, 161 ; see also Winson
Birdlip, see under Cowley
Bishop ' s Cleeve cemetery , Anglo-Saxon , 144-6
Gilder ' s Paddock, 72, 80
Lower Farm, 44
Oakfield Road , axe hoard, 27
Roman villa , 109, 125n
Stoke Road, 2 , 8 , 152 , 170
Bisley-with-Lypiatt
Bisley parish boundary , 150
Daneway House , 17 4
Lypiatt Cross, 150
Bitton (S . Glos.) river crossing. 99
Roman settlement, 100-1
Blaisdon , see Welshbury hillfort
Blakeney, see under Awre
Blockley , Upton , 173 bone , see animal bone studies; human bone studies
Boon, George, 192
Boughspring. see under Tidenham
Bourton-on-the-Water bead , gold, 243 burials, Iron-Age , 84 coin hoard, 243
Cotswold School, 42
Primary School, 29, 42
Salmonsbury Camp causewayed enclosure , 23 , 24 oppida , 75 -7 , 84 , 85 , 86 survey, 12 settlement , Iron-Age , 68 , 72 settlement , Roman , 100 sunken featured building. 151 bracelets
Beaker , 32
Bronze -A ge, 46
Roman, 125n
Bradley Stoke (S. Glos.)
Bailey's Court Farm/Webbs Farm Roman settlement, 110
Bradley Stoke Way, flints, 17 evaluations, 23 7
250

I NDEX
Savages Wood, 43-4, 110 urban development, 2
Braikenridge, George Weare, 189 brass industry, 202
Braydon, Forest of (Wilts.), 143
Breadstone, see under Hamfallow
Bream, see under West Dean
Bredon (Wares .
)
Bredon Hill, 69, 72, 73, 74, 86
Harwick Bank, handaxe, 14
Brictric Meaw, 155
Bridgwater (Som.), Danish raid, 149
Brimpsfield castle , 17 8, 179
Manless Town, 167 manor, 179 priory, 179 briquetage , Iron-Age, 80 , 83
Bristol abbey of St Augustine, 194, 197-8 , 205 archaeological research, 189-90, 240-1 prehistoric period , 87 8 , 190-2
Roman period, 192-3
Anglo-Saxon period , 193-4 medieva l period, 194-202 post medieval period, 202 6
'Arthur's Acre', 194
Avonmouth
Avonmouth Levels, 2, 17, 19, 47, 117, 190-1, 192
Cabot Park, 34 5 , 47, 190 , 192
Crook's Marsh, 117
Katherine Farm, 17, 4 7
Kites Corner, 4 7
Rockingham Farm, 4 7
Stup Pill , 35 see also Hallen
Bedminster , 206
Billeswick manor , 194
Blaise Castle, hillfort , 73 , 123 , 190 brass industry, 202
Bristol Bridge , 199, 200 burh, 194
Canon's Marsh, 17, 192, 205, 206
Canynges House , 199
Carfax, 194 castle, 194, 195-6
Cheese Lane, glassworks, 202, 204 churches, 196-8
St Augustine-the-Less, 194 , 198
St James, 196 7, 198
St John, 198
City Museum, 190 clay pipe industry, 202
Clifton
Clifton Antiquarian Club, 189
Clifton Camp, 190 defences , 193, 194, 195
Dolphin Street , 194
Druid Stoke long barrow , 11, 20
Dundas Wharf , 199, 201
Emersons Green, urban development , 2
Filwood Park, 192 friary, see Lewin's Mead
Fry's chocolate factory, 200 glass industry, 202-3, 204, 205
Grammar School, 196
Hallen , 72-3, 80, 84, 88, 191-2
Hanham , Roman settlement, 100 , 112, 113, 114,
193
Hen bury cemetery, Iron-Age Roman , 85, 88, 121, 122
Henbury School , 192
Hotwells, Merchants Dock , 206 housing, 202, 206
Inns Court, 73, 192
King's Weston Hill, 67 , 190, 192
Kingsweston hoard , 45-6 pottery, Bronze-Age, 39
Roman villa, 110, 192
Lawrence Weston
Long Cross , axe , 27 pottery , Iron Age, 73
Lewin ' s Mead , friary , 196
Mangotsfield , Rodway Hill , 112 , 114 , 125n
Marsh Wall , 195
Mary-le-Port Street , 193
Minster House , 198
Newmarket Avenue, 194 port , 194 , 199-200 , 201 , 202 , 205-6
Portwall , 195 pottery production , 202, 206 priory of St James , 196-7
Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School, 196
Redcliffe , 195, 199 200 , 201, 205
St Bartholomew 's Hospital, 194 , 196
St George, Roman burials , 192
St Michael's Hill , 202
Sea Mills, 99 , 192 , 206 shipbuilding, 205 6
Shirehampton
Barrow Hill Crescent, 4 7
Grumwell Close, flint, 15 sediment analysis , 190 , 239
251

INDEX
Small Street , 194
Society of Merchant Venturers , 206
Spicer ' s Hall, 200
Temple (suburb), 195
Tower Harratz, 195
Tower Lane, 194
Union Street , 200-2
Upper Maudlin Street, 193
Urban Archaeological Database , 190 urban origins, 193-4
Viell's Tower, 195
Wapping, 206
Welsh Back, 200, 205
Bristol and Avon Archaeological Society, 3
Bristol and Avon Archaeology, 3
Bristol City Council, 241
Bristol and Clifton Oil Gas Company, 205
Bristol coalfield, see Coalpit Heath
Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society , 1,
3, 189, 244-5; see also Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society
Bristol Industrial Archaeology Society, 1
Bristol and Region Archaeological Services, 190
Britannia Prima, 120
Broadway (Worcs .
), enclosures, 69
Broadwell, axe, 27
Brockweir , see under Hewelsfield
Brockworth round barrow , 39 settlement, Roman , 109 , 111
Bronze-Age period, 34-48, 190-1, 192 bronze working
Bronze-Age, 34, 40, 44, 45, 48
Iron-Age, 78, 81-2
Roman, llO, ll7 brooches
Iron-Age, 86
Anglo-Saxon, 145, 146 medieval, 243
Broom Hill, see under Huntley
Buckland, Burhill hillfort, 68 buckles, Roman-sub-Roman , 120 , 138, 139, 140 , 243 buildings/structures, domestic
Neolithic, 19, 23
Bronze-Age, 48
Roman, ll2, 113 sub-Roman , 123 , 135-6, 137
Anglo-Saxon, 151-2, 153-4, 155, 156 medieval-post medieval, 173-6, 180, 199, 202,
206, 213 s ee also moated sites; roundhouses; sunken featured buildings; villas bullae, Bronze-Ag e, 46 burials , see cemeteries; cremations; inhumations ; mausoleum; ritual deposition burnt mounds , 47, 48, 49 , 67
Buscot (Oxon.) cursus, 33 henge , 32-3
Bushley Green (Worcs .
) , enclosure, 75
Bytham River, 13
Cainscross, Ebley medieval settlement, 170
Westward Road , 17
Calmsden, see under North Cerney
Candidan, 138
Ca nningas, 143-4
Canynges, William, 199 castles, 178 , 179-80, 181 ; see also Berkeley ; Bristol;
Gloucester causewayed enclosures, 22-3 , 24-5, 29, 49
Caversham (Oxon.) , pit, 34
Ceawlin, 138, 142 cemeteries
Bronze-Age, 36, 37, 3 8, 39, 49
Iron-Age, 85
Roman , ll7-18 , 121, 192, 217,218-19 sub-Roman, 138, 139, 140
Anglo-Saxon, 141, 142 , 144-6, 147, 151,
161 medieval-post-medieval, 197 , 198
Champion, William , 206
Charlton Abbots, see under Sudeley
Charlton Kings, see under Cheltenham charters, Anglo-Saxon, 163-4
Chavenage, Anglo-Saxon inhumations , 144
Cheddar (Som.), palace, 154
Chedworth
Pinkwell long barrow, 21
Roman villa , ll9 , 125n
Wickwell, axe, 2 7
Cheltenham
Alstone, Iron-Age site, 69
Charlton Kings
Sandy Lane , 12, 48, 67
Vineyards Farm, 25, 42, 105
Roman villa, 109
West Drive , pottery , 125n
Chepstow (Mon.) bridge, 99
Thornwell Farm, 62, 67 , 115
Cherington, Troublehouse Covert, flints , 16
Chesters, see under Woolaston
252

INDEX
Childswickham (Worcs.), Roman villa, 124n
Chipping Campden axe, 27 survey , 167, 169, 181
Churchdown, Iron-Age settlement, 78 churches, 176 sub-Roman, 123
Anglo-Saxon, 150 , 152, 157, 161, 162, 219-20 see also under individual places
Cinderford, Hawkwell, palstave, 45
Cirencester
Abbey Grounds, 99 amphitheatre, 138 buckle , silver, 243
Cherry Tree Lane, microlith, 16
Danes at, 149 fort, 97
Hare Bushes North, flint scatter, 26 hoard , Bronze-Age, 6, 46 hundredal grouping based on, 150 metalwork Roman , 120 post-Roman period, 123, 138, 141, 142 pottery supply, Roman, 120, 125n
Querns Lane, 99 rescue excavations, 99, 173 road system, Roman, 97, 98
Rugby Ground, 30
St Michael's Field, 99
Stratton, Iron-Age pottery , 76
Tar Barrows, 97
Victoria Road County School, 99
Cirencester Excavation Committee, 2 cist burials , 85
Classis Britannica, 122, 124n clay pipe industry, 202
Clearwell, see under Newland
Cleeve Hill, see under Southam
Clifford, Elsie, 3, 245
Clifton Antiquarian Club, 189 cloth industry, medieval-post -me dieval, 172,
180
Cnut, King, 149, 151 coal, 112, 114, 119
Coalpit Heath, 119
Coates, Hullasey, deserted medieval village, 172
Coberley, see Crickley Hill
Coinmagil, 138 coins
Iron-Age, 76, 78 9, 82-3, 87, 218
Roman, 125n, 161, 243 early medieval, 140, 151 post-medieval, 243
Cold Aston (Aston Blank), Little As ton , 172
Coleford, High Nash, 86, 87, 125n
Coin St Aldwyns, Roman settlement, 100
Coin St Dennis, church, 161
Col wall (H erefs. ) , handaxes, 14
Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire, 231,
245
Committee for Rescue Archaeology in Avon, Gloucestershire and Somerset , 2, 13, 231
Compton Abdale, sheepcote, 171
Conderton Camp (Worcs .
), hillfort, 62, 73, 74, 75
Condicote henge, 12, 33, 49, 232 round barrows/ring-ditches, 36, 37
Congresbury (N. Som.), Cadbury Hill, 140
Conservation Areas, 2, 237 corn drier, 110
Cotswold Archaeological Research Group, 9, 21
Cotswold Archaeological Trust/Cotswold Archaeology , 1, 2, 13, 244
Cotswold Severn Invisible Culture, 163
Cotswold Water Park mammoth bones, 14
Cotswolds archaeological knowledge, 2, 240
Mesolithic period, 17, 18
Neolithic period, 19-24, 25-6, 27
Bronze-Age period, 35-7, 42-3, 45
Iron-Age period, 67-8, 69, 74, 78
Roman period, 103 8 survey, 12, 181
Coughton (Warks.), macehead, 34
Council for British Archaeology , 244
Countryside Stewardship , 234
Cowley
Birdlip axes, Neolithic, 27 barrows , 35, 36 burial , Iron-Age, 86, 121 flints, Mesolithic, 17 settlement, Iron-Age, 69, 75, 80, 83, 84 survey, 12
Birdlip Quarry, Roman settlement , 100 , 101 , 103,
108, 110, 120, 125n
Peak Camp, excavations, 11, 23-4, 25 cremations
Bronze-Age , 35-6, 37-9
Iron-Age, 86
Roman, 121, 219
Anglo-Saxon, 144, 146, 161
Crickley Hill (BadgeworthfCoberley), excavations,
11, 12, 242
Neolithic period, 20, 23, 33
253

IND EX
Iron-Age period , 62 , 66, 67, 68, 73, 75 sub-Roman period , 123, 138 crime, medieval , 172-3
Cromhall (S . Glos .
) ring-ditch, 37
Roman villa, 110 cross dykes, 67 crosses, medieval , 183
Cunliffe, Barry , 61 cup-marked stones , 28 currency bars, 78 , 80-1 , 86 curses, 122 cursus monuments , 11 , 12 , 33
Cuthwine, 138 , 142
Cwichelm, 142
Cynegils, king of the West Saxons , 142
Middle Duntisbourne flint scatter , 26 settlement, Iron-Age , 76, 77, 79
Dursley pottery , 167 town plan , 173 dyeing industry , 199 , 200
Dyer , Christopher, 170, 171 , 172
Dyke Hills (Oxon .
), settlement , 76
Dymock, Roman settlement, 100, 114
Dyrham and Hinton (S. Glos .
)
Dyrham, battle of, 138
Dyrham Park, survey, 167 , 181
Daglingworth axe , 2 7 church , 161
Duntisbourne Grove, 26, 29, 81
Darvill, Tim, 61
Dean Archaeology, 3
Dean Archaeology Group, 3, 9, 115 , 181, 240 , 244
Dean Road , 99
Department of the Environment, 231 deserted medieval villages , 170, 172-3 designations, 6, 8, 234, 238
Dinas Powys (Vale of Clam .
), 140, 141 ditch systems, Iron-Age , 65-7
Ditches, see under North Cemey ditches, segmented , 69
Dobunni , 76, 78-80 , 97
Domesday Survey, 148, 150, 157 , 164
Dorchester on-Thames (Oxon .
) , post Roman period,
141
Dorn , see under Batsford
Dowdeswell, Kilkenny , 34
Driffield, axe, 27
Drinkwater , John , 245
Droitwich (Worcs .
), briquetage, 80
Dumbleton axe, 27 garden survey , 181
Iron-Age settlement, 65, 69 , 75
Dunst.ete, 148
Duntisboume Abbots church , 161 settlement, Iron-Age, 76, 77, 79
Duntisboume Grove , see under Daglingworth
Duntisbourne Rouse church , 161
Eadric Streona , 149 earthwork surveys , 182-3
Eastleach Turville banjo enclosure , 77 coin, 151
Easton Grey (Wilts .
) , Fosse Way , 99
Ebley, see und er Cainscross
Ebrington, Home Farm, 42
Edgeworth, church, 161
E dmund, King, 149
E dward the Elder, 149 , 151
Edward the Confessor, 151
Edward 11, 172
Elizabeth I, 179
Elkstone , Iron Age enclosure, 69
Elmore, land reclamation, 117 , 118, 119
Elton, Sir Abraham, 204
E lton Road, see under Newnham enclosures
Bronze-Age, 32, 37, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 45, 49, 67-8
Iron Age , 67-8, 69-70, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 79, 86,
87 late Iron-Age-Roman , 106-7 , 109-10, 111 , 115
Anglo-Saxon, 151, 152-4, 170-1, 174, 176 see also banjo enclosures; hillforts ; oppida
English Bicknor
Barnfield , flints, 17-18
Huntsham Hill , 27 see also Symonds Yat
English Heritage
Archaeological Investigations Project, 8 9
Bristol Urban Strategy, 190 funding from , 234, 237
Malvern Hills survey , 9
National Mapping Programme , 170, 173 , 177 , 180,
181 publications , 244 surveys , 167 , 213
254

I N DE X
English Nature, 234 environmental evidence
Palaeolithic, 13-15, 16
Mesolithic, 16 17, 18, 19
Neolithic , 18 19 , 21, 33
Late Neolithic Early Bronze-Age, 34-5
Bronze-Age, 4 7 8
Roman , 117 medieval , 182 , 199-202
Environmental Stewardship , 234
Environmentally Sensitive Area, 234
Ermin Stree t , 97, 98 , 100, 103
Esso Midline excavations, 11
Ewen, see under Kemble excarnation , 32 , 84
Extensive Urban S u rvey, 173 , 237
Fairford burial , Ang l o-Saxon , 141
Claydon Pike, 69 , 72 , 74, 84, 101 , 102
Dudgrove Farm, spearhead, 46 gravel extraction, 101
Horcott Pit , 12 , 25 , 29 , 30, 40, 102-3
London Street, axe , 27
T h ornhill Farm, 8, 69, 7 2, 84, 101-2, 103, 241
Farinmagil , 138
Farmington
Lodge Park long barrow, 21
Roman villa, 108
Fengate (Cambs.), inhumations , 22 field systems
Bronze-Age , 42 , 67
Bronze-Age Iron-Age , 65
Iron Age, 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 77
Roman, 102, llO, 114 , l17 medieval, 176, 177 , 178 see also ridge and furrow fieldwalking surveys , 9 figurine, Iron Age , 82 finger- rings
Bronze Age, 46 , 243
Roman, 243
Anglo-Saxon, 146
Ang l o-Scandinavian , 149 medieval, 243 fish traps, 84, 178 fishponds , 173, 198
Fitzharding, Robert , 194, 197
Flaxley, Welsh bury, se e Welshbury hillfort flints
Palaeolithic, 14, 15 , 190
Mesolithic , 16-18
Neolithic , 19, 20, 23, 24, 26-7 , 29 late Neolithic-Bronze-Age , 30 , 3 1, 32 , 33-4, 41 footprints, Mesolithic , 18, 19
Forest of Dean archaeological knowledge, 240
Mesolithic p e riod , 17 18
Neolithic p e riod , 26 7, 28
Bronze Age period , 45
Iron-Age period, 67 , 73 , 81 , 87
Roman period, l14 16, l19-20 medieval post-medieval period, 172 , 177-8 ,
180
Blakeney Hill Woods , se e und e r A wre survey , 2 , 173, 181 , 234 , 235 , 240 , 245
Viney Hill , s ee und e r Awre se e also Cinderford; L y dbrook; Ruspidge; West
Dean
Fosse Way , 97 , 98, 99 , 120 foundation deposits , 110, 136 , 137 four-post structures , 40 , 42
Foxcote, see und er Withington
Frampton Mansell, s e e und er Sapperton
Frampton on Severn land reclamation , 178
Netherhills ring-ditches , 12
Franklyn, Joshua , 206
Fretherne with S a ul , l a nd reclamation , 178
Frocester area survey, 12
Big Nutfield, flints , 17
Big Stanborough , 17 , 19-20
The Buckles, 11 , 17 , 30 , 45 , 47-8
Frocester Court, excavations , 3, 11 , 242 , 245
Bronze-Age period, 44 5 , 6 7
Iron-Age period, 65, 69 , 70-2, 74 , 75 , 8 1 , 84 ,
85 , 86
Roman villa , 108 , 109 , 119 , 121 , 123, 125n
5th century-post-Roman p e riod , 134 , 135 6,
137, 150, 151 2, 155-7 , 162 road, Roman , 99 gardens, see parks and gardens
Garrod, Patrick, 212 , 226
Gatcombe (N . Som.) , Roman settlement , 193
Geographical Information Systems, 231, 237 geophysical surveys , 9 , 21 , 23 , 2 4, 26, 99
Giffard family , 178 , 179 glass industry , 202-3, 204 , 205
Glastonbury (Som .
) lake village , 73 pottery , 80 , 81
Glev e nsis, 3, 99 , 212
255

IND E X
Gloucester abbey of St Peter/cathedral , 155 , 213 , 221
Abbeymead , enclosures , 72, 7 3, 78 , 80 archaeology , organisation of , 99 , 211-14
Barnwood cremations, Iron-Age , 86
Forty Acre Field, 15 handaxes , 14 settlement, Iron-Age, 78
Berkeley Street , 214
Blackfriars development , 213 , 225, 226 burh , 219-20, 221-4 castle , 224-5 cemeteries, Roman, 121 churches
All Saints , 224
St Mary de Lode , 219
St Michael, 224
St Oswald, see St Oswald ' s Priory see also minster colonia, 99 , 100, 118, 217
Crypt Grammar School, Iron-Age pottery, 65
Danes at, 149 defences , 213 , 219-24 , 226 docks , 181
E astgate Street , 220 , 221, 224 fortress , 99-100, 217-18
Gambier Parry Lodge, 214, 217
Hare Lane , 224
Heritage and Museums Service Historic Environment Team, 211-12 housing developments, 2 hundredal grouping based on , 150
King's Board, 213
Kingsholm , 213
Iron-Age period , 78
Roman period , 217-18 sub-Roman period , 138, 1 3 9 , 140, 154 , 219
Anglo-Saxon period , 154, 155, 219 , 224
Llanthony Priory (Secunda), 213, 225 , 226
London Road, 219
Lower Qua y Street , 214
Maverdine Lane, 213 minster , 224
Museum , 211, 226
Northgate Street , 212 pottery supply, Roman , 120 , 125n
Robinswood Hill , 217
St Mary Magdalen's Hospital, 213
St Oswald ' s Priory , 157, 213 , 219-20 , 221, 225,
226 , 242 ; se e also minster
Saintbridge, excavations, 11 , 29, 65, 78
Scriven's Conduit, 213 temple , 221 topographical development , 214 , 215-16, 217
Roman, 217 , 218-19
5th-9th centuries, 219-21 , 222 , 224 medieval, 224-5 post-medieval, 225, 227
Urban Archaeological Database, 211 , 212 , 213 ,
225
Westgate bridge, 216
Westgate Street , 220-4 , 225 , 226
No . 26 , 213
No. 33, 213, 214
Nos . 47-9, 213
No. 66 , 226 sewer trench, 221 , 223 see also Hucclecote; Quedgele y
Gloucester, earls of, 155
Gloucester Civic Trust Survey Group , 213
Gloucester and District Archaeological Research
Group, 3 , 181 , 211 , 231 , 244, 245
Gloucester Excavation Unit, 211 , 213, 231
Gloucester Roman Research Committe e, 211
Gloucestershire
Archaeology Service , 173 , 181, 231-2 advice in the planning system, 232-3 future of , 235 outreach and education, 235 research and survey , 234 rural lands c ape at risk, 233-4
Countryside Archaeological Advisor , 234
County Archaeologist, 232 origins of, 149-50 , 157 se e also South Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire Environmental Trust , 2 3 4
Gloucestershire Record Series, 244
Gloucestershire Society for Industrial Archaeology, 1,
181
Goldcliff (Mon .
) , excavations , 18 , 19 , 47
Gotherington , see Nottingham Hill
S .
S. Gr e at Britain, 206
Great Howle Farm (Herefs.) , flints , 18
Great Rissington, palaeochannels , 16-1 7
Great Witcombe , Roman villa, 106 , 241
The Great Woulding (Herefs .
) , 115 , 124n
Greatorix , Phi!, 212
Grinsell, Leslie , 20 , 45
Grumbald's Ash hundred , 150
Guiting Power
The Bowsings , 69 , 75 enclosure, Iron-Age , 69
Kennel Leasow , 39
256

I N D EX
The Park, 68 , 78 ring-ditches, 11 , 35 round barrow G1 , 12 , 25, 35 round barrow G3 , 11 , 35 6, 39
Wood House , bu r ial , 84
Hailes, s e e under Stanway
Hailey Wood , see under Sapperton
Hallen , s e e under Bristol
Hambledon Hill (Dorset), 24
Ham fallow
Breadstone, posy ring, 243
Wanswell , coins , 243
Hampnett
Burn Ground , burials, 141 , 144
Middle Down, axe, 27 handaxes , 14, 15
Haresfield, pottery , 167 , 169
Harold Harefoot , 151
Hawkesbury (S . Glos.)
Hillesley , castle , 178 , 183
Lower Woods Roman settlement , 110 , 112, 125n
Tresham , axe , 27
Hawkwell , see und e r Cinderford
Haw ling axe, 34
Roe!, 170 1, 174
Roelside, 170-1 round barrow , 36
Haymes, see under Southam
Hazleton
Barrow Ground , settlement evidence, 16, 19, 240 long barrow excavations, 11 , 20-1 , 29, 234 round barrow , 37 head cult , 85-6 henge monuments , 12 , 32-3 hengi-form monuments , 32 , 37 , 38 , 39
Heritage Lottery Fund, 234 , 235 , 238
Heritage Open Days , 235
Heritage Protection Review, 235
Hewelsfield, Brockweir , cup-marked stone, 28
High Nash , see under Coleford
Highnam , Over, coin hoard, 243
Hill (S. Glos .
), Hills Flats, Neolithic evidence, 26, 27
Hillesley, see under Hawkesbury hillforts appearance of, 67, 68 9 , 73 entrances , 86 reuse of , 123 , 138, 140 role of, 61, 63, 73-4 , 75, 87 , 88 study of, 62 , 190 see also oppida
Hingle y, Richard , 61, 74
Historic Landscape C haracter Assessment , 234 , 237 hoards axes , 27 coin
Iron-Age, 76
Roman , 161 , 243 post-medieval, 243 metalwork
Bronze-Age , 6, 34 , 45-6
Roman , 161
Hod Hill (Dorset) , metalwork, 141
Holgate, Robin, 27 horse rearing, 76, 84, 102 3 , 108
Horton (S. Glos.), Springfield Farm Roman villa , 110
Hucclecote burial, Iron Age, 85 cemeteries
Bronze-Age , 39
Roman , 121 link road excavations, 8 microlith , 17 pottery , Be a ker, 29 round barrow excavations , 12 settlement , Iron-Age , 65 , 66, 68 , 78
Hullasey , se e under Coates human bone studies
Neolithic, 21, 22 medieval, 197 hundreds , 148 , 149, 150 , 157
Huntley , Broom Hill , cup-marked stone , 28
Huntsham (Herefs .
) flints, 18
Roman villa , 115
Hurst , Henry , 211, 213 , 214 , 218 , 220 , 221
Hwicce , 133 , 140, 144 , 148-50 , 157 hypocaust , 107 industrial archaeology , 1, 180-1 , 202 5 , 206
Ine , King, 138 ingot, silv e r, 243 inhumations
Neolithic , 20-1, 22 , 34 , 49
Beaker , 30, 3 1, 32
Bronze-Age, 35 , 39
Iron-Age, 84 , 85 , 867 , 121
Roman, 110, 114 , 117-18 , 121, 122, 192 , 219 sub-Roman , 137 , 138, 1 3 9, 140 , 219
Anglo-Saxon , 142 , 144 6 , 161 , 163 , 194 , 219 medieval-post medievaL 197 , 198 inscriptions , Roman , 100 , 110 , 122, 124n
Ireson, Nathaniel, 206
257

INDEX
Iron Acton (S. Glos.), Acton Court, pottery, 167
Iron-Age period archaeological resource since 1984, 61-2 burial and religion, 84, 85, 86-7 chronology, 63 late period, 7 4-80 production, exchange and identity, 80-4 settlement patterns
10th-4th century BC, 64-9, 190-1
4th century BC-lst century AD, 69-74, 191-2 study of, future prospects, 8 7-8 iron ore, 110, 112, 115, 119-20, 125n iron working
Iron-Age, 76, 81-2
Roman, 100, 110, 112-15, 117, 119, 193 post-medieval, 180 job creation schemes, 189
Kemble
Augustine's Oak, 144 burials, Iron-Age, 85 cemeteries, Anglo-Saxon, 144
Ewen, charter, 164 place-name, 144
Station Road, 30
West Lane medieval settlement, 170
Kempsford gravel extraction, 101
Kempsford Bowmoor, 102
Manor Farm, 124n
RAF Fairford, 25
Stubbs Farm, 69, 102
Whelford Bowmoor, 102
Kilkenny, see under Dowdeswell
King's Stanley axe, 27 flints, 17 moated site, Neolithic activity, 26
Kingscote, Roman settlement, 99, 100, 120, 124n,
125n
Kingswood (S. Glos.), iron ore, 112
Lake Harrison, 14
Lambrick, George, 101
Lancaut, see under Tidenham land division, Iron-Age, 65-7 land reclamation
Roman, 116-19 medieval, 178
Latton (Wilts .
) gravel extraction, 101 handaxe, 14 pottery, Neolithic, 25
Lawrence Weston, see under Bristol lead working
Roman, 114 post-medieval, 204
Lechlade axe, 27
Butler's Field, 11
Bronze-Age period, 37, 40-1, 42
Iron Age period, 65, 66
Anglo-Saxon period, 141, 144, 146, 147, 151, 152 cursus, 11, 12, 33, 49
Gassons Road, 11, 30 gravel extraction, 101
Hambridge Lane, 42 henge, 32-3, 49
Kent Place , 151, 152
Leaze Farm, flint, 16
Lechlade Manor, burial, 39
The Loder's, 12, 29, 42, 65
Memorial Hall, excavations, 12, 30, 31, 32, 65
Roughground Farm, 12
Neolithic period, 29, 30, 34
Bronze-Age period, 39, 42
Iron-Age period, 65, 66, 84
Roman period, 101, 102 , 119
Sherborne House
Bronze-Age period, 42
IronAge period, 65, 85
Anglo-Saxon period, 151-2, 153, 154, 155
Leckha mpton fields, 176-7 hillfort, 68, 73
Leofwine, 149
Little Aston, see under Cold Aston
Little Coles bourn e, see under Withington
Little Solsbury (B. & N .
E .
S.) enclosure, 67 human bone, 85
Littledean axe, 27
Littledean Hall, temple, 125n
Llanishen (Mon.), flint , 15 local archaeological and historical societies, 3, 13,
180, 235, 244-5 long barrows , 11, 20-1, 26, 29, 49
Long Newnton, Bowldridge Farm, flints, 16
Longbridge Deverill (Wilts.), Iron-Age site, 68
Longford enclosure, Iron -Age, 72 finger-ring, Anglo-Scandinavian, 149
258

IND EX
Longhope, May Hill flints, 18 querns, 80, 82
Longney, land reclamation , 119 loomweights, Bronze-Age, 40, 44
Lower Slaughter church of St Mary, 152, 171 settlement , Anglo-Saxon, 152-4, 170-1
Ludgershall (Wilts .
), market place, 175
Lydbrook, Lower Lydbrook , axe, 27
Lydney
Lydney Level. 178
Lydney Park hillfort, 73
Roman period, 114, 115 , 116 , 122, 124n,
125n
Lypiatt Cross, see under Bisley-with-Lypiatt
Lysons , Samuel, 107
MS, 9, 108, 109 maceheads, 34
McWhirr , Alan, Roman Gloucestershire, 97
Magons<£tan (Magons<£te), 148, 149
Malmesbury (Wilts .
) enclosure, 67
Roman villa, 105
Malvern Hills (Worcs.) pottery production, 79, 80, 81 survey, 9, 12
Mangotsfield (S. Glos.), Howsmoor Lane, 44 manors
Anglo-Saxon, 150, 152-3, 155 , 156, 157, 164 medieval, 170-1, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181
Manpower Services Commission, 99, 231, 237 mansio, 101
Marshall, Alistair , 21, 61
Marshfield (S. Glos.)
Roman villa, 103 , 105, 108 survey, 237
Martley (Worcs .
), pottery production, 80 mausoleum, sub-Roman, 138 , 139, 140, 154, 219
May Hill, see under Longhope
Meare (Som.), lake village, 73 medieval period early medieval period post-Roman vacuum, 133-40 , 219
Germanic influence, 141-7
Hwicce, emergence of , 148-50 middle-late Anglo-Saxon settlement and landscape, 150 5, 157 late Saxon Gloucestershire, 157 rural economies, 155-7 later medieval period deserted villages and rural settlements, 170, 171 ,
172-3 future research, 181-4 landscape features, 176-81 moats, 173 pottery, 167-9 standing buildings, 173-6 towns, 173, 194-202, 224-5
Mercia, 133, 140, 142, 148-9 , 151. 219
Mercury, 122, 123
Mesolithic period , 16-18 , 19 , 49, 239, 240 metalwork
Beaker, 32, 34
Bronze-Age , 45, 46, 50
Roman, 120
Miles, David, 97 , 101. 102 milestones, 180
Miller , Richard , 172
Millerd, Jacob, map by , 202, 203 mills, 180
Minchinhampton
Common, survey, 167 settlement , Iron-Age, 77
Minion (ship) , 205 minsters, 150 , 157, 219-20, 224 mirror , Iron-Age , 86
Miserden, church , 161
Mitcheldean , Carving History at the Wilderness project ,
235 moated sites, 173 , 174
Monmouth (Mon.), Roman settlement , 114
Monument Management Scheme, 234
Moreton-in-Marsh
Blenheim Farm excavations, 12, 41. 42, 68 handaxe , 14, 15 medieval settlement, 170 mosaics, 105 , 107, 110, 122 , 124n , 161
Moss, Phil, drawings by , 225, 226, 227, 245 motorway, see MS mottes , 178 , 179 , 181. 195-6
Much Marcle (Herefs .
), Carnage Farm, hoard,
4 5 museums, 244; see also Bristol; Gloucester
Nailsworth , axes, 27
National Archaeology Day, 235
National Ice Age Network. 239
National Trust, 167
Naunton , cist burial. 85
Neolithic period, 18-33, 49, 192
259

INDEX
Newent axe, 27
The Moat, 100, 114
Newland axe, 27
C l earwell, Stock Farm Roman villa, 115, 116
Newnham, Elton Road, flints, 18
Nibley Green, see under North Nibley nine-post structures, 40
Nodens, 115, 122
Norbury Camp, see under North le ach with Eastington
North Cemey
Calmsden, charter, 164
Ditches
Iron-Age settlement, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88; burials,
85, 85; coin minting, 78; production and exchange, 80, 81, 84
Roman villa, 76, 78, 105, 106-7 finger-ring, Roman, 243
North Nibley, Nibley Green, battle of, 172
Northleach with Eastington banjo enclosures, 78 flints, 17, 26 long barrows, 21, 26
Norbury Camp, 67, 84
Northwick, see under Pilning and Severn Beach
Nottingham Hill cup-marked stone, 28 enclosure, 67
Nympsfield, cist burial, 85
Oddington axes, 34 inhumations, Anglo-Saxon, 144
Oldbury-on-Sevem (S . Glos.) fish traps, 84, 178
Hills Flats, see under Hill
Oldbury Flats, deer trails, 18 settlement, Bronze-Age, 4 7 settlement, Roman, 117-18
Olveston (S. Glos.), Tockington Park Roman villa, 110
O'Neil, He.len, 3, 20, 245 oppida, 75-80, 88 opus signinum, 107, 138
Ordinance of the Dunstete, 148
Ordnance Survey, 231, 237, 238
Osric, 140
Oswald, St, relics of, 219
Over, see under Highnam
Oxenhall axe, 27
Hay Wood, 177
Oxenton, Oxenton Hill, 73
Oxford Archaeology, 13, 33
Painswick church, 175 conservation group, 234 crime, medieval, 172 field system, 1 77 hillfort, 73, 234 local history society, 180 manor, 175 market place, 175 parish council, 234 quarries, 180
Skinner's Mill Farm, 174 town plan, 173, 175
Palaeolithic period, 13-15, 49 , 190, 239-40 palstaves, 45
Pangboume (Berks.), inhumations, 22 parishe~ 133, 134, 150 parks and gardens, 181, 205
Peak Camp, see under Cowley
Pen Moe.l, see under T idenham
Penda, King, 142 pendant, Neolithic, 23
Pilning and Severn Beach (S. Glos.)
Northwick, 84, 191
Seabank, 18, 19, 34
Severnside, Western Approach Business Park, 47 pins
Bronze-Age, 46 post-medieval, 243 pits
Neolithic/Beaker, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34
Bronze-Age, 40, 42, 44, 45
Iron-Age , 65, 70, 84, 85, 86 place-name studies, 141, 148
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas)
Act 1990, 6
Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, 6, 233
Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, 1, 2, 6-8, 61-2,
232-3, 242 planning process, 1-2, 6-8, 9, 61, 232-3, 237, 242 plant remains
Neolithic, 19
Bronze Age, 40
Iron-Age, 83
Roman, 108, 118
Anglo-Saxon, 155
Pleistocene period, 13-15, 49 ponds, 173
Ponsford, Michael, 190
260

I N D EX
Poole Keynes, axe , 27 population
Bronze-Age , 4 7
Iron-Age, 73, 74
Anglo-Saxon, 162, 164
Portable Antiquities Scheme, 6 , 45, 78 , 232, 242-4,
245
Porthcasseg (Mon .
) , Roman villa/temple , 125n post-medieval period, 180-1, 202-6, 225 posy ring, gold, 243
Potteme (Wilts.), Bronze-Age site, 63 pottery
Neolithic, 19 , 23 , 25, 29, 33
Beaker , 29-30 , 31 , 32, 33, 49
Bronze-Age, 35-6, 39, 40, 42 , 44, 45 , 47, 48
Bronze-Age-Iron-Age , 63, 65
Iron-Age , 68, 73, 74-5, 76, 78, 79 trade and exchange, 80 , 81
Roman , 76 , 120, 125n post-Roman-Anglo-Saxon, 123 , 135, 136, 137,
138, 152 , 161-3 medieval-post-medieval , 167-9 , 202, 206 s e e also briquetage
Poundbury (Dorset), timber halls , 136 , 152 prehistoric period changing view of , 48 50 site discovery and excavation 1979-2004, 5-6 , 7 ,
8-9, 10 , 11-13 , 239-40 survey of evidence
Pleistocene, 13 15 early Holocene, 15-18 early farmers, 18-28 first metal working, 29-35 organising the landscape , 35-48 s ee also Iron Age period
Preston (near Cirencester) enclosure, Iron-Age, 69, 81
Ermin Farm, Iron Age site, 69
Norcote Farm , flint scatter , 26
St Augustine's Farm South, flint scatter, 26
St Augustine's Lane , ring ditches , 36
Price , Eddie, 3, 242, 245
Pritchard , John , 189 publication , 232 , 242, 244 early prehistoric sites , 9-12
Iron-Age sites , 87 , 88
Roman sites , 99 urban sites, 189, 213-14
Pucklechurch (S . Glos.), Roman villa , 110 quarrying, 180 quays , medieval, 178
Quedgele y, spearhead , 141
Quenington, Roman settlement , 100 quems
Neolithic, 19
Iron-Age, 80, 82, 85 , 86
Roman, 119 radiocarbon dating, 48-9 , 63, 65
Rams Hill (Berks .
) , enclosure , 42-3, 6 7 rapier , Bronze Age , 45
Rawes, Bemard , 3 , 245 razor, Bronze-Age, 45
Reading (Berks .
) , Reading Business Park, 68
Redcliff (Mon.) , roundhouses , 67
Redmarley D ' Abitot, moat , 173
Redwick (Mon .
) , excavations , 18, 19
Reece , Richard, 97 religion , se e belief systems; ritual deposition ; shrines; temples
Rendcomb axe , 27
Shawswell F arm barrow , 21
Southmore Grove causewayed enclosure, 17, 23, 27 rescue archaeology, 13 , 173 , 231 , 232
Bristol, 189-90
Cirencester, 99
Gloucester , 99, 211 research archaeology, 13 ridge-and-furrow, 170,176 , 177 , 178 , 181 , 182 ring-ditches , 11 , 12 , 32 , 35 , 36-7, 38, 39 ringworks, 178, 179 , 195 ritual deposition
Neolithic , 24-5, 27
Iron-Age , 76, 85-6
Roman, 110 post-Roman , 136 , 137 rivers, 49 , 76 roads, Roman, 97 , 98, 99 rock art , Neolithic, 28
Rocque, Jean , 205
Rod borough burial , Iron Age , 86 coin hoard, 243 settlement, Iron-Age , 77
Rodmarton banjo enclosure , 78 long barrow , 11 , 20 , 21
Roman villa , 78 , 107
Roe!, se e und e r Hawling
Roll right (Oxon .
) enclosure , Iron-Age, 84
Rollright Stones , 33, 49
261

INDEX
Roman period burial and religion, 121-2 late Roman period, 123 roads and settlements, 97, 98, 99-101
Bristol area , 192-3
Gloucester, 217, 218-19 rural, 101-16 trade and consumption, 119-20 wetland reclamation, 116-19
Romanisation, 76, 78, 84 rope-making, 205 round barrows, 35-7, 38, 39, 45, 49, 192
Anglo-Saxon burials , 144 excavations, 11, 12 see also ring-ditches roundhouses
Bronze-Age , 39 , 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 65, 66, 67
Iron-Age, 65, 66, 67, 72, 74 , 76, 86
Roman, 103 , 109 , 115
Roundway Down (Wilts.) , barrow, 144
Rowbotham, Fred, 215-16
Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of
England, 167, 181
Ruspidge , Drummer Boy Stone, cup-marked stone, 28
Russell, James, 3
St Briavels axe, 27 flints, 17, 18, 27
Rodmore Farm Roman villa, 3, 115, 116 survey, 173, 174, 181
Saintbridge, see under Gloucester
Saintbury church , 181 , 182 cross, 183 survey, 181, 182
Salisbury (Wilts.), post-Roman period, 141
Salmonsbury Camp, see under Bourton-on-the-Water salt trade, 80 salt-making, 47, 191
Sandhurst, ingot, 243
Sapperton
Frampton Mansell, enclosure, 78
Hailey Wood, shrine, 86
Saul, see Fretherne with
Saville , Alan
Saul
Archaeology in Gloucestershire, 1, 61, 97, 235 long barrow survey, 21 sculpture, Roman, 122 sea defences
Roman, 117, 118, 119 medieval, 1 7 8
Second Severn Crossing, 2, 237
Sed bury Cliffs, see under Tidenham
Selwood Forest (Som .
) , 143
Sermon, Richard , 211 settlement sites
Neolithic, 19-20, 23-6, 27-8, 49
Bronze-Age ,39 -40,41 ,4 2 ,43 ,44-5 ,4 7-8,49-50
Iron-Age, 87-8 earlier, 64-5, 66, 67-8 later, 69 , 70-2, 73-8, 79
Roman
Bristol area, 192-3 cities and towns , 98, 99-100 rural, 101-3, 104-7, 108-10 , 111, 112-16 see also Gloucester, topographical development sub-Roman, 133-4, 135-6, 137-40
Anglo-Saxon, 141 , 145-6 , 151-2 , 153-4, 155,
156 medieval, 170-4, 175-6
Bristol, 194-202
Gloucester, 224-5
Severn Barrage Survey, 23 7
Severn Levels
Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee, 16,
241 survey, 12
Severn Vale , 2 , 240
Palaeolithic period , 14
Mesolithic period, 16 , 17 , 18
Neolithic period, 26
Bronze-Age period , 39, 43-6
Iron-Age period , 65-7, 68, 69-72, 74
Roman period, 108-14,116-19,121
Seyer, Samuel, 189 sheepcotes, 170 , 171, 172
Shenberrow, see under Stanton
Sherborne, Lodge Park, 167, 181 shields
Iron-Age , 86
Anglo-Saxon, 154 shipbuilding, 205-6
Shipton, Shipton Oliffe burial, 84
Celtic coins, 78
Shirehampton, see under Bristol
Shorncote, see under Somerford Keynes
Shotton Project, 13, 239 shrines
Iron-Age, 86-7
Roman, 115 see also temples sickle, Bronze -Age, 46
262

IND E X
Siddington pin, 46 ring-ditches, 3 7
Sites and Monuments Records (Historic Environment
Records), 1, 231-2, 233, 235, 237-8, 241, 242
Slimbridge, land reclamation, 178
Sling. see under West Dean sling-shot, Neolithic, 26
Smith, J.T., 103 smoke vents, 176
Snashall, N., 27
Somerford Keynes charter, 164 church, 164
Cotswold Community site, excavations, 11, 29, 30,
37,40,45 gravel extraction, 101
Neigh Bridge, shrine, 87
Shorncote, excavations, 8, 11
Beaker pottery/inhumations, 29 , 31, 32
Bronze-Age period, 37 , 38, 39-40, 41 , 45 , 63 ,
65, 66
Iron-Age period, 69, 72, 85, 86
South Cerney, handaxe, 14
South Gloucestershire, 1, 237-8
Southam
Cleeve Hill
Cleeve Cloud, Iron-Age settlement, 68 cup-marked stone, 28
Haymes flint pick, 27
Roman settlement, 103, 110, 125n spearheads
Bronze-Age, 44, 45, 46, 48
Anglo-Saxon, 141
Staelens, Yvette, 212
Standish finger-ring. medieval, 243 razor, 45
Stanton
Shenberrow, hillfort, 68
Wormington Grange, 69
Stanway, Hailes abbey, 178 cist burial, 85 settlement, Iron-Age, 69
Stoke Gifford (S. Glos.)
Bradley Stoke Way, 44
Harry Stoke Lane, 29 settlement, Roman, 110 stone, 119-20
Stonehouse, medieval settlement, 170
Stow-on-the-Wold charter, 164 enclosure, Bronze-Age-Iron-Age, 42, 43, 67 excavations, 11 strap-ends
Roman, 120 sub-Roman, 139, 140
Anglo-Saxon, 152
Stratton , see under Cirencester
Stroud
Archway School, flints, 17 cloth industry , 172, 180 parish boundary, 150 railway station , 181
Stroudwater Canal, 180-1
Sudbrook (Mon .
), handaxes, 14
Sudeley castle, 179, 180
Charlton Abbots, handaxe, 14 flint scatter , 26 sunken featured buildings, 151 , 155 surveys, Gloucestershire, 9, 12, 181, 182-3, 234
Swallowcliffe Down (Wilts .
), barrow , 144 swannery, 178
Swell
Cow Common, 20
Rook Pool, rock art, 28 round barrow, 13, 35
Swindon (Wilts.) , Groundwell West, 62, 68, 86 sword, Iron-Age , 86
Syde, church, 161
Symonds Yat flints, 18 rock-shelter, 15, 239 settlement , Iron-Age, 75
Taplow (Bucks.), burial, 144
Taynton axe, 27 castle , 178 coin hoard , 243 finger-ring. Roman , 243 swannery, 178
Temple Guiting
Beckbury hillfort , 73
Bevan ' s Quarry, round barrow , 36 enclosures, Iron-Age , 69
Oak Piece long barrow, 21 round barrows, 36 sheep , 170 temples, Roman, 115, 120, 122, 123, 125n, 221; se e also shrines
263

I N D E X territories prehistoric , 49 , 65, 78-80 sub-Roman, 140 , 141 2, 143, 144, 150
Anglo-Saxon, 148 50, 157
Tetbury, town plan, 173
Tewkesbury
Cinema Site , 12 , 34, 39, 43
Eastern Relief Road , 44, 45, 110
The Gastons, 44
Holm Hill, 44 , 155 , 156 housing developments , 2 pottery , Neolithic, 29 rescue excavations , 173
Roman sites south-east of, 109-10 , 111
Rudgeway Lane, 29, 44 settlement, Iron-Age , 75 terrace clearance, Bronze-Age, 67 town plan , 173 textile working, Bronze Age, 40; se e also cloth industry
Tidenham
Boughspring
Roman villa, 116 spear, 45 coin hoard, 243
Lancaut church, 176
Pen Moel rock-shelter, 15
Sedbury Cliffs, handaxe, 14 shrunken settlement, 172
Tirley to Wormington pipeline , excavations, 12
Tockington, se e under Olveston
Toddington , Beaker pottery , 30
Todenham , ridge-and-furrow, 170 tombstones, Roman , 100, 219
Tortworth, coins , 243 towns, medieval, 173 , 174 , 175 trackways
Iron-Age , 70, 78
Roman , 102
Anglo-Saxon, 151 trade and exchange
Neolithic , 34
Bronze-Age , 42 3, 44 , 46
Iron-Age , 75 , 76, 79 , 80 4 , 87
Roman, 119-20 sub Roman , 140
Anglo Saxon, 162, 163, 164
Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Ar c haeological Society, 3 , 6, 99 , 212 , 244-5 transhumance , 172
Treasure Act, 6, 45, 242 4
Tresham , see under Hawkesbury
Tribal Hidage' , 148
Turkdean, Roman villa , 103, 105, 108, 125n
Twyning, Palaeolithic finds , 239
Tytherington
Barmer's Land F arm , axe , 27
Stidcote Farm , macehead, 34
Uley axe , 27 pottery, 125n
Uley Bury, 73, 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 80, 81 burials, 84 , 85
West Hill enclosure , 32, 75, 86 , 242 publication , 11 temple, 120, 122, 123
Upper Slaughter, round barrow , 36-7
Upper Thames Valley , 2 , 240
Palaeolithic period, 14
Mesolithicperiod , 16-17 , 18
Neolithic period , 24 5, 30-3
Bronze-Age period, 37-42, 45 , 46
Iron Age period , 65 , 68, 69 , 74, 78 , 84
Roman period, 101-3 early medieval period , 141
Upton St Leonards , Portway , 124n villages, 134, 155 , 170 villas , Roman by area
Cotswolds , 102, 103, 104-7 , 108 , 161
Forest of Dean, 114, 115, 116
Severn Vale , 109, 110 , 112 , 117 , 119
Upper Thames Valley , 102 early , 76 , 78, 102 , 106-8 post-Roman period , 134 , 135 6 , 137 , 150 study of, 1 0 1
Viney Hill, s e e und e r Awre
Walford (Herefs.) axe, 27 maceheads , 34 wall paintings, medieval, 176 wall plaster, painted , 107 , 110
Waiters, Bryan , 3 , 45 , 114
Walton Cardiff
Roman settlement , 110 , 111
The Wheatpieces , 43
Wansdyke , 140, 143 , 157
Wanswell, see under Hamfallow warren , 181 weavers' houses , 176 , 180
264