Your introduction is the most important part of your essay. It tells your reader what you are writing about and how you are organizing the information. It also tells you, the writer, what to focus on. In a way, it is like a compass or a map that keeps you and your readers from getting lost. You should never assume that your readers will automatically know what you are writing about. Remember, you are separated by time and space.
Below are explanations and examples of four different types of introductions. If you are writing a short essay (250300 words), a single paragraph is enough. If you are writing a paper
(810 pages), you may have to write an introduction that is 200 words long. In this case, just combine several of the introduction styles described below. At the end of this section, there is an example of a longer introduction.
I. Some introductions are an outline . They begin with a general topic statement. This sentence or two very briefly gives your readers some background information to help them understand what they will be reading. The next statement is about your particular essay topic . This narrows the topic and shows your readers how the information in the essay will be organized
(compare/contrast, cause/effect, narrative, etc.). The final section of the introduction introduces the subtopics . Each subtopic will be a section in the body of your essay.
Photography is a popular pastime for people of all ages, all around the world. In recent years digital cameras have begun to rival traditional film cameras . While digital fans would disagree, traditionalists argue their cameras are still superior to the digitals in several areas .
In the above example of an outline introduction, photography is the general topic. The essay topic of digital and film cameras will be argued in an ‘advantages/disadvantages’ format.
The subtopics are only hinted at in the phrase, several areas . Only alluding to the subtopics is a good strategy when you are writing a timed essay for an exam. If you run out of time, you will not be penalized for writing two body paragraphs instead of three. Remember, when you list a subtopic in your introduction, you have to write about it.
The following is a template for this type of introduction: topic + verb + by whom + adverb of place (where) or time (when)
1. [topic] + is being + hotly debated + by many + all around the world. has been argued between friends often will be discussed by the generations in many quarters
2. Explain what you mean by elaborating on this statement.
3. Explain why this is important by introducing your arguments as subtopics.
The value of TV is a topic often argued by experts and lay people alike. Some people think it is a valuable teaching tool. Others think it erodes morals and destroys imagination. Let us examine these arguments in detail below.
This simple introduction tells us that the following essay will contain a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of TV. The argument against TV is second, so I think this writer does not think TV has much value.
Whether or not a child should start formal education at a young age is a topic that has been argued by early childhood education professionals around the world for many years. A perceived erosion of basic literacy and numeracy skills is the driving force behind this debate. Before making any decision in this area, however, one needs to examine developmental cognitive ability and style, as well as social and environmental determiners.
This template works for adult writing too. The essay that follows this last introduction will probably be expository, giving logical, documented arguments to support one side and refutation arguments to undermine the other. Because of the use of the phrase, ‘perceived erosion’, I suspect the writer is not a backtothebasics supporter.
Outline introductions are favored by people with analytical minds: scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and people who like to take things apart. This type of introduction is also what was taught many years ago in school because analytical thinking was thought to be superior. It is a good introduction, but it is not the only type of introduction you can write. If you are not the type of person who likes to analyze, categorize, and compartmentalize, read on.
II. Another type of introduction is a general description or definition . The first sentence of this type of introduction begins with the identification of your essay topic. What are you writing about? The following sentences elaborate and give more detail about the topic. The final sentence ties your essay topic to the question.
Groton, Massachusetts, founded in 1620, is a lovely bedroom community located 40 miles west of the state capital, Boston. Its stately Georgian architecture and prestigious private schools make it a desirable place to live. Unfortunately, the increased commuter traffic on its narrow, winding roads makes walking or bike riding an extremely dangerous undertaking. If there were one thing I could do to improve my home town, it would be to make accessible multiuse fitness trails.
Grammar Alert!
Note the use of the subjunctive in the ‘if’ clause of the final sentence. This tells the readers that the writer believes this improvement is impossible and will never happen. When something is possible, but will probably not happen, the simple past is put in the ‘if’ clause.
When something is possible and believed will happen, the simple present is used in the ‘if’ clause and will replaces would in the main clause.
If I win the lottery, I will be rich. [possible, probable future]
If I won the lottery, I would be rich. [possible, improbable future]
If I were to win the lottery, I would be rich. [impossible, improbable future]
Here is a definition.
To many in the world, progress means improvements in science and technology, which are then applied to improving the standard of living and quality of life. Everyone benefits from progress when it eliminates hunger, disease, and unemployment. For these reasons, which will be discussed in more detail below, progress is always a good thing.
Another type of definition is a metaphor. A metaphor is a figure of speech. Sometimes it is hard to describe something in words, so you give your readers a picture or a symbol of what you want to say.
Progress in much of the modern world is like a cancer. If allowed to grow and spread unchecked, it will consume and destroy our planet. For the sake of our very survival, progress fueled by cupidity and greed cannot be allowed.
The third type of definition is also used when you cannot find the words to explain what a word means. Like a metaphor, it is an oversimplification that acts as a symbol. Slogans, proverbs, and sayings can replace a definition.
“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” This old saying states simply the importance of good nutrition for health. Many believe it is the very foundation upon which health is built because of its contributions to physical growth, mental activity, and disease prevention.
Description/definition introductions work well for people who have a holistic style of learning, people who like looking at the big picture as opposed to a collection of discrete parts.
They see the beauty of the rose as a synergistic union of shapes, colors, textures, and smells.
They do not dissect the rose to discover possible reasons for its beauty.
III. Another type of introduction identifies a problem and elaborates on the reasons why it is so serious. The body of the essay usually entreats the readers to refrain from behavior that contributes to the problem or suggests possible solutions.
Humans have struggled with the negative effects of exotic species for centuries.
These organisms, sometimes unwelcome invaders, are often purposefully imported for economic or esthetic reasons. Regardless of the reason, they cause problems for native organisms which have no natural defenses against or cannot compete with alien species for food and habitat.
In this essay, readers expect to see examples of alien species that are uninvited (perhaps the green crab or zebra mussel which are destroying the ecological balance of northern waters) and imported (perhaps purple loosestrife or starlings brought for esthetics, and the gypsy moth to
North America or rabbits to Australia for economic reasons). Each body paragraph will explain what it is, how it got there, and what damage it is doing. The conclusion will admonish us to take action, or may even suggest courses of action.
IV. The final type of introduction is a short history. Once again, it grounds the content of your essay in a context your reader can hopefully identify with.
“Do not ever give up.” is a saying attributed to Georges Braque, the renowned French artist who, with Picasso, developed Cubism in the early 20 th century. While fighting in the trenches during World War I, he received a devastating head wound. At a time in history of no antibiotics, archaic surgical techniques, and little knowledge of rehabilitation therapy, this injury could easily have spelled the end of Braque’s career as an artist.
This short history acts as an introduction to an essay which argues the importance of courage and determination. There is no mention of subtopics. This is OK. The body paragraphs elaborate on three separate instances illustrating the importance of not giving up. An interesting conclusion would be a continuation of the history. Turn to the section on conclusions to see whatever happened to Georges Braque.
Review of introductions:
Setting goals is important in life. There are times, however, when goals appear to be unattainable because of seemingly insurmountable barriers. The weak give up. The strong choose from a variety of strategies in their arsenal, or even combinations of these strategies, to defeat adversity.
“When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” This old saying is used even today to encourage people to try harder in the face of adversity. Too often people quit just short of their goals. History is full of examples of people who have attained fame or wealth after persevering through repeated setbacks.
Inertia in the face of adversity is a serious problem in today’s society. Too often people are content to sit back and let someone else take care of things.
This may be because our parents insisted on solving all our problems when we were young. Regardless of the reason, there comes a time when we have to stand on our own two feet to fight our own battles.
A former student asked me for some help with his first long essay, an eightpage paper. The assignment was a critical comparison of the publicly funded Canadian health care system and the privately funded American system a daunting task for a nonnative speaker. He was especially nervous about writing the requisite 200word introduction.
We decided upon an introduction that begins with a oneparagraph history of Canada’s health care before Tommy Douglas and another after. This is followed by a paragraph describing the current situation and finishes with a description of the problem.