DETAILED
CONTENTS
Preface xxv
Letter to Students xxxiii
PART
I
Reading, Thinking, and Writing Critically
about Literature 1
1 Reading and Responding to Literature 3
What Is Literature? 3
Looking at an Example: Robert Frost’s “Immigrants” 3
Robert Frost, Immigrants 4
Looking at a Second Example: Pat Mora’s “Immigrants” 7
Pat Mora, Immigrants 7
Thinking about a Story: The Parable of the Prodigal Son 8
Stories True and False 11
Grace Paley, Samuel 11
What’s Past Is Prologue 14
Bel Kaufman, Sunday in the Park 14
James Merrill, Christmas Tree 17
W. F. Bolton, Might We Too? 19
2 Writing about Literature: From Idea to Essay 21
Why Write? 21
Getting Ideas: Pre-Writing 21
Annotating a Text 22
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing 22
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 23
Focused Free Writing 25
Listing and Clustering 26
Developing an Awareness of the Writer’s Use of Language 27
Asking Questions 27
Keeping a Journal 28
Arriving at a Thesis 29
Writing a Draft 30
Sample Draft of an Essay on Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an
Hour” 30
Revising a Draft 32
Peer Review 32
The Final Version 34
A Brief Overview of the Final Version 35
Explication 36
A Sample Explication 37
William Butler Yeats, The Balloon of the Mind 37
Comparison and Contrast 40
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay 41
Additional Readings 43
Kate Chopin, Ripe Figs 43
Adrienne Rich, For the Felling of an Elm in the Harvard
Yard 44
Lorna Dee Cervantes, Refugee Ship 45
José Armas, El Tonto del Barrio 46
PART
II
Fiction 53
3 Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing 55
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain 55
Responses: Annotations and Journal Entries 58
A Sample Essay by a Student 62
4 Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme 66
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness 66
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra 67
Anonymous, Muddy Road 68
Anton Chekhov, Misery 69
Kate Chopin, Désirée’s Baby 76
Patricia Grace, Butterflies 80
Patricia Grace, Flies 81
5 Narrative Point of View 85
Participant (or First-Person) Points of View 86
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View 87
The Point of a Point of View 88
John Updike, A & P 89
Alice Elliot Dark, In the Gloaming 94
V. S. Naipaul, The Night Watchman’s Occurrence Book 107
6 Allegory and Symbolism 114
A Note on Setting 117
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 117
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path 126
Gabriel Gárcia Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous
Wings: A Tale for Children 133
7 In Brief: Writing about Fiction 138
Plot 138
Character 138
Point of View 139
Setting 139
Symbolism 140
Style 140
Theme 140
A Story, Notes, and an Essay 141
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 141
A Student’s Written Response to a Story 146
Notes 146
A Sample Response Essay 148
8 A Fiction Writer at Work: Raymond Carver 151
A Casebook 151
Raymond Carver, Mine 151
Raymond Carver, Little Things 151
Raymond Carver, Cathedral 154
Talking about Stories 164
On Rewriting 166
On “Cathedral” 167
9 Thinking Critically about a Short Story 168
A Note on Interpretation 168
A Casebook on Ralph Ellison’s “Battle Royal” 169
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal 170
Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address 184
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings 187
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 188
Gunnar Myrdal, On Social Equality 191
Ralph Ellison, On Negro Folkore 195
Ralph Ellison, Life in Oklahoma City 198
10 Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Leo Tolstoy,
Willa Cather, and Flannery O’Connor 202
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych 202
Leo Tolstoy, The Three Hermits: An Old Legend Current
in the Vólga District 242
Leo Tolstoy, The Three Questions 247
Leo Tolstoy, What Is Art? 249
Willa Cather, A Wagner Matinée (1904) 250
Willa Cather, A Wagner Matinée (1905) 255
Willa Cather, The Sculptor’s Funeral 260
Willa Cather, Paul’s Case: A Study in Temperament 269
Willa Cather, Preface to Alexander’s Bridge 283
Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 284
Flannery O’Connor, Revelation 296
On Fiction: Remarks from Essays and Letters 311
From “The Fiction Writer and His Country” 311
From “Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction” 311
From “The Nature and Aim of Fiction” 312
From “Writing Short Stories” 312
“A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable” 313
On Interpreting “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” 315
11 Law and Disorder: Narratives from Biblical Times
to the Present 317
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon 318
John, The Woman Taken in Adultery 319
Anonymous, Two Hasidic Tales 320
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Maypole of Merry Mount 321
Franz Kafka, Before the Law 330
Elizabeth Bishop, The Hanging of the Mouse 332
James Alan McPherson, An Act of Prostitution 335
Sherman Alexie, The Trial of Thomas Builds-the-Fire 345
12 A Collection of Short Fiction 351
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace 354
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 360
James Joyce, Araby 371
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 376
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark 387
Langston Hughes, One Friday Morning 391
Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Son from America 397
Bernard Malamud, The Mourners 402
CONTEMPORARY VOICES 408
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls 408
John Updike, Separating 417
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You
Been? 425
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson 437
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh 442
Alice Walker, Everyday Use 452
Tobias Wolff, Powder 459
Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried 462
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds 475
Gloria Naylor, The Two 478
Rita Dove, Second-Hand Man 484
Amy Tan, Two Kinds 489
Katherine Min, Courting a Monk 497
Helena Marie Viramontes, The Moths 507
Elizabeth Tallent, No One’s a Mystery 511
Gish Jen, Who’s Irish? 513
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer 521
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible 526
13 The Novel 533
Observations on the Novel 533
Reading Kate Chopin’s The Awakening 536
Kate Chopin, The Awakening 537
New Orleans in Kate Chopin’s Day: An Album of Pictures 538
PART
III
Poetry 633
14 Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing 635
Langston Hughes, Harlem 635
Thinking about “Harlem” 636
Some Journal Entries 637
Final Draft 639
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed 641
Journal Entries 642
A Sample Essay by a Student: “The Double Nature of Love” 642
15 Lyric Poetry 646
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore 646
Anonymous, Careless Love 646
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail 648
Anonymous, Western Wind 648
Wendy Cope, Valentine 649
William Shakespeare, Spring 650
William Shakespeare, Winter 651
W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone 651
Emily Brontë, Spellbound 652
Thomas Hardy, The Self-Unseeing 653
Anonymous, Deep River 654
Langston Hughes, Evenin’ Air Blues 655
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing 656
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall 657
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth 658
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider 658
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn 659
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy 661
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling 662
Anonymous, The Silver Swan 663
16 An American Songbag 665
Anonymous, Go Down, Moses 666
Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic 669
Wallace Saunders, Casey Jones 670
T. L. Seibert and E. W. Newton, Casey Jones 672
Anonymous, Birmingham Jail 673
W. C. Handy, St. Louis Blues 675
Ira Gershwin, The Man That Got Away 676
Woody Guthrie, This Land Is Your Land 678
Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog Jr., God Bless the Child 679
Bruce Springsteen, Born in the U.S.A. 680
17 The Speaking Tone of Voice 682
Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who are you? 682
Ben Jonson, The Hour-Glass 684
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 685
The Reader as the Speaker 686
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning 686
Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches 687
John Updike, Icarus 688
The Dramatic Monologue 690
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 690
Diction and Tone 692
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 693
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed 694
Walter de la Mare, An Epitaph 695
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young
Child 696
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know 697
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed 697
The Voice of the Satirist 698
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i 699
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 700
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne 701
18 Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor,
Personification, Apostrophe 703
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose 704
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors 705
Simile 706
Richard Wilbur, A Simile for Her Smile 706
Metaphor 707
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 707
Personification 708
Apostrophe 709
Edmund Waller, Song 709
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 711
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle 711
Samuel Johnson, On the Death of Mr. Robert Levet 712
Seamus Heaney, Digging 713
19 Imagery and Symbolism 715
William Blake, The Sick Rose 716
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing 716
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan 719
Frederick Morgan, The Master 722
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York 723
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck 724
A Note on Haiku 727
Moritake, Fallen petals rise 727
Sokan, If only we could 727
Shiki, River in summer 727
Richard Wright, Four Haiku 728
Gary Snyder, After weeks of watching the roof leak 728
Writing a Haiku 728
Taigi, Look, O look, there go 729
Cyber-Haiku 729
Can Poetry Be Translated? 729
Looking at Translations of a Poem by Charles Baudelaire 730
Charles Baudelaire, L’Albatros 730
Gabriela Mistral, El Pensador de Rodin 732
20 Irony 735
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 736
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 737
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XIV (“Batter my heart, three-personed
God”) 739
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie 740
Martín Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn’t Buy
Anything 741
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor
Drink 743
Sherman Alexie, Evolution 743
21 Rhythm and Versification 745
Ezra Pound, An Immorality 746
A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock 748
William Carlos Williams, The Dance 749
Robert Francis, The Pitcher 750
Versification: A Glossary for Reference 751
Meter 751
Patterns of Sound 754
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 755
Stanzaic Patterns 756
Six Sonnets 757
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 (“That time of year thou
mayst in me behold”) 757
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 (“Poor soul, the center
of my sinful earth”) 758
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent 759
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece 760
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It
Ought 761
Billy Collins, Sonnet 762
Blank Verse and Free Verse 763
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d
Astronomer 763
22 In Brief: Writing about Poetry 765
First Response 765
Speaker and Tone 765
Audience 766
Structure and Form 766
Center of Interest and Theme 766
Diction 766
Sound Effects 766
A Note on Explication 767
A Student’s Written Response to a Poem 767
Louise Glück, Gretel in Darkness 768
Student Essay 771
23 Poets at Work 775
William Butler Yeats: “Leda and the Swan” (Three Versions) 775
William Butler Yeats, Annunciation 776
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1924) 776
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1933) 777
Cathy Song, Out of Our Hands 778
Walt Whitman, Enfans d’Adam, number 9 780
Sylvia Plath, Brasilia 781
Carl Phillips, Gesture, Possibly Archaic 783
24 The Span of Life: 32 Poems, from the Cradle
to the Grave 785
Three Short Long Views 788
Robert Frost, The Span of Life 788
Sir Walter Raleigh, What Is Our Life? 789
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town 790
Early Years 791
William Blake, Infant Joy 791
William Blake, Infant Sorrow 792
Anonymous, How Many Miles to Babylon? 793
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage 794
Louise Glück, The School Children 795
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 796
Sex, Love, Marriage 797
William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory 797
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 (“Let me not to the
marriage of true minds”) 797
Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet 798
Frank O’Hara, Homosexuality 800
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Sonnet xli 801
Anonymous, Higamus, Hogamus 801
Work, Play, Getting On 802
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player 802
Rita Dove, Daystar 803
Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses 804
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm
in Pine Island, Minnesota 805
Marge Piercy, To be of use 806
Last Years 806
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters 806
Robert Burns, John Anderson My Jo 807
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium 808
Good Nights 810
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 810
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen 811
Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot 812
Voices from Below 813
William Shakespeare, Epitaph (“Good frend for Jesus sake
forbeare”) 813
Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave 814
Edgar Lee Masters, Minerva Jones 815
Edgar Lee Masters, Doctor Meyers 816
Edgar Lee Masters, Mrs. Meyers 816
25 The Sporting Life: 10 Poems 817
Linda Pastan, Baseball 818
X. J. Kennedy, The Abominable Baseball Bat 819
Lillian Morrison, The Sidewalk Racer, or On the
Skateboard 820
Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron 820
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young 821
Michael S. Harper, Makin’ Jump Shots 822
Adrian Mitchell, Golo, The Gloomy Goalkeeper 822
Thomas Merton, The Need to Win 824
Carolyn Kizer, Horseback 825
Donald Hall, Old Timers’ Day 826
26 Modern and Contemporary Perspectives
on Multicultural America 828
Paula Gunn Allen, Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John
Rolfe 828
Robert Frost, The Vanishing Red 830
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas 831
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island 832
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady 833
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It 835
Claude McKay, America 837
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot 837
Martín Espada, Bully 838
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from
Americans 839
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far 840
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrack from Boston to New York
City 841
Laureen Mar, My Mother, Who Came from China, Where She
Never Saw Snow 842
27 Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings 845
Writing about Poems and Paintings 845
A Sample Student Essay 846
Jane Flanders, Van Gogh’s Bed 848
Adrienne Rich, Mourning Picture 850
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness 852
Carl Phillips, Luncheon on the Grass 854
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night 856
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts 858
X. J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase 861
Sherman Alexie, At Navajo Monument Valley Tribal
School 862
John Updike, Before the Mirror 864
Greg Pape, American Flamingo 866
28 Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson,
Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes 869
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth 869
Emily Dickinson 871
These are the days when Birds come back 871
Papa above! 872
Wild Nights—Wild Nights! 872
There’s a certain Slant of light 873
I got so I could hear his name— 873
The Soul selects her own Society 874
This was a Poet—It is That 874
I heard a Fly buzz—when I died 875
This World is not Conclusion 875
I like to see it lap the Miles 875
Because I could not stop for Death 876
A narrow Fellow in the Grass 877
Further in Summer than the Birds 877
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 878
A Route of Evanesence 878
Those—dying, then 878
Apparently with no surprise 879
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 880
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind— 882
The Dust behind I strove to join 882
Letters about Poetry 882
To Susan Gilbert (Dickinson) 883
To T. W. Higginson 883
To T. W. Higginson 884
Robert Frost 885
The Pasture 885
Mending Wall 886
The Wood-Pile 887
The Road Not Taken 887
The Telephone 888
The Oven Bird 888
The Aim Was Song 889
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things 890
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 890
Acquainted with the Night 890
Desert Places 891
Design 892
The Silken Tent 892
Come In 892
The Most of It 894
Robert Frost on Poetry 894
The Figure a Poem Makes 894
From “The Constant Symbol” 896
Langston Hughes 896
The Negro Speaks of Rivers 896
Mother to Son 898
The Weary Blues 898
The South 898
Ruby Brown 899
Poet to Patron 900
Ballad of the Landlord 900
Too Blue 901
Harlem [1] 901
Theme for English B 902
Poet to Bigot 903
Langston Hughes on Poetry 903
The Negro and the Racial Mountain 903
On the Cultural Achievements of African-Americans 907
29 A Collection of Poems 908
A Note on Folk Ballads 908
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence 909
Anonymous, The Three Ravens 911
Anonymous, The Twa Corbies 912
Anonymous, Edward 913
Anonymous, The Demon Lover 914
Anonymous, John Henry 916
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 (“When, in disgrace with
Fortune and men’s eyes”) 917
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 918
Ben Jonson, On My First Son 919
William Blake, The Lamb 920
William Blake, The Tyger 920
William Blake, London 921
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us 922
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 922
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to
America 923
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney, The Indian’s Welcome to
the Pilgrim Fathers 924
John Keats, To Autumn 925
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 926
Herman Melville, The March into Virginia: Ending in the
First Manassas 928
Herman Melville, Buddha 930
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach 930
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain: Lines on the
Loss of the Titanic 931
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur 933
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory 934
James Weldon Johnson, To America 934
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All 935
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro 936
H. D., Helen 936
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 937
Countee Cullen, Incident 940
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica 941
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish 942
CONTEMPORARY VOICES 944
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr. 944
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch: A Criticism of Life 945
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California 946
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin 947
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg 948
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa 948
Sylvia Plath, Daddy 949
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts 952
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city 953
Joseph Brodsky, Love Song 953
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are A-Changin’ 954
Pat Mora, Sonrisas 955
Pat Mora, Illegal Alien 956
Pat Mora, Legal Alien 957
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues 957
Ellen Bryant Voigt, Quarrel 958
Carol Muske, Chivalry 959
Wendy Rose, Three Thousand Dollar Death Song 960
Joy Harjo,Vision 961
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood
Memory 962
PART
IV
Drama 963
30 Some Elements of Drama 965
Thinking about the Language of Drama 965
Plot and Character 968
Susan Glaspell, Trifles 971
31 Tragedy 982
A Note on Greek Tragedy 986
Sophocles, Oedipus the King 987
Sophocles, Antigone 1029
A Casebook on Hamlet 1065
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater 1065
A Note on the Text of Hamlet 1066
Hamlet on the Stage 1072
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1075
Ernest Jones, Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex 1186
Stanley Wells, On the First Soliloquy 1188
Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia 1190
Claire Bloom, Playing Gertrude on Television 1191
Bernice W. Kliman, The BBC Hamlet: A Television
Production 1192
Will Saretta, Branagh’s Film of Hamlet 1194
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 1197
A Context for Death of a Salesman 1266
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man 1266
32 Comedy 1269
Wendy Wasserstein, The Man in a Case 1271
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1277
33 In Brief: Writing about Drama 1336
Plot and Conflict 1336
Character 1336
Tragedy 1337
Comedy 1337
Nonverbal Language 1338
The Play in Performance 1338
A Sample Student Essay, Using Sources 1338
34 A Playwright at Work: Joyce Carol Oates 1348
Joyce Carol Oates, Tone Clusters: A Play in Nine Scenes 1348
Joyce Carol Oates, On Writing Drama 1379
Joyce Carol Oates, Further Thoughts on “Tone Clusters” 1382
35 A Collection of Plays in Contexts 1383
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House 1383
Contexts for A Doll’s House 1437
Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times 1437
Henrik Ibsen, Adaptation of A Doll’s House for a German
Production 1438
Henrik Ibsen, Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian
League for Women’s Rights 1438
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie 1439
A Context for The Glass Menagerie 1485
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes 1485
CONTEMPORARY VOICES 1487
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos 1487
A Context for Los Vendidos 1498
Luis Valdez, The Actos 1498
Clare Boothe Luce, Slam the Door Softly 1499
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice 1512
A Context for The Sound of a Voice 1526
Henry David Hwang, Thoughts about “Ethnic
Theater” 1526
Harvey Fierstein, On Tidy Endings 1528
August Wilson, Fences 1546
A Context for Fences 1596
August Wilson, Talking about Fences 1596
PART
V
Critical Perspectives 1599
36 Critical Approaches: The Nature of
Criticism 1601
Formalist (or New) Criticism 1602
Deconstruction 1604
Reader-Response Criticism 1605
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism 1608
Historical Scholarship 1609
Marxist Criticism 1610
The New Historicism 1610
Biographical Criticism 1611
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism 1612
Gender (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism 1613
Suggestions for Further Reading 1620
A Last Word 1623
APPENDIXES
A Remarks about Manuscript Form 1624
Basic Manuscript Form 1624
Corrections in the Final Copy 1625
Quotations and Quotation Marks 1626
Quotation Marks or Underlining? 1628
A Note on the Possessive 1628
B Writing a Research Paper 1629
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is 1629
Primary and Secondary Materials 1629
Locating Material: First Steps 1630
Other Bibliographic Aids 1631
Taking Notes 1632
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word
Processor 1632
A Guide to Note-Taking 1633
Drafting the Paper 1634
Keeping a Sense of Proportion 1635
Focus on Primary Sources 1636
Documentation 1636
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism 1636
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetical Citations,
and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format) 1638
C New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature,
History, and the World Wide Web 1649
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese
Americans 1649
Literary Texts 1650
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty 1650
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942 1651
Historical Sources 1654
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper) 1654
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper) 1656
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper) 1659
Electronic Sources 1662
Encyclopedias: Print and Electronic Versions 1662
The Internet/World Wide Web 1665
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web 1669
Documentation: Citing a WWW Source 1670
MLA General Conventions 1671
Additional Print and Electronic Sources 1675
Search Engines and Directories 1675
Print Directories 1675
Print Articles on Literature, History, and the WWW 1676
Evaluating Websites and Materials 1677
Recommended WWW Sites for Scholarly Citation and the
Internet/WWW 1677
D Literary Research: Print and Electronic
Sources 1678
The Basics 1678
Moving Ahead: Finding Sources for Research Work 1678
Literature: Print Reference Sources 1679
Other Reference Resources 1680
Bibliographies 1680
Literature: Electronic Sources 1682
Other Useful Sites on Authors 1683
Sites for Other Fields and Disciplines 1683
History: Reference and Bibliography Sources 1684
WWW Sites for History 1684
Periodicals: Print and Electronic Sources 1685
For General Bibliography in the Humanities 1685
For Evaluating Point of View, Content, and Intended Audience
of Sources 1686
Other Resources 1687
What Does Your Own Institution Offer? 1687
E Glossary of Literary Terms 1689
Credits 1701
Index of Terms 1713
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems 1717