REPHRASING EXERCISES
1ST TERM
Statements:
1. “I have something to tell you”, he said to him
He told him that ...
2. “Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow”, she said
She said that ...
3. “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday”, Tom said
Tom said that ...
4. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said
He said that ...
5. “I’ll see you next Sunday”, she told me
She told me that ....
6. “We visited her this morning”, they said
They said …
7. “They were here three months ago”, he said.
He said …
8. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said
She said…
9. “ I can see you tomorrow”, he told him
He told…
10.“I spoke to Jane last week”, Susan said.
Susan …
REPORTED SPEECH
Questions:
1. “When are you coming back?”, I asked them
I asked them …
2. “Have you finished your exams?” she asked me
She asked …
3. “When was the timetable changed?” I asked
I asked …
4. “Where were you last night’”, her father asked her
Her father asked …
5. “Do you know who broke the window?” he asked
He asked if …
6. “When did you start learning Spanish?” she asked me
She asked me…
7. “Did you telephone my mother?” Tom asked her.
Tom asked her …
8. “Does this bus stop in Manchester?” she asked me
She asked me …
9. “Why didn’t you telephone?” my mother asked me
My mother asked me …
10.“Are you wearing your new dress this evening’”, Sam asked her.
Sam asked …
Commands:
1. “Don’t watch late-night horror movies” I said to my children.
I told him …
2. “Have you got your tickets ready, please” the inspector told us.
The inspector told us ….
3. “Don’t go near the water, children”, she said
She …
4. “Read the instructions carefully before you use this machine”, he said to me
He told …
1
5. “Don’t believe everything you hear”, she said to John
She …
Requests:
1. “Would you turn off the radio, please’” she said to me.
She asked me …
2. “Could you close the window, please?” I told him
I asked him …
3. “Could you translate this for me, please?” she said to the teacher
She asked …
4. “Would you take the children to school for me?”, he said to his mother
He asked his mother …
Varied:
1. “I’m sorry I didn’t write”, she said
She apologized …
2. “Don’t go near that dog”, she told the children
She warned the children …
3. “I think you should give up smoking”, the doctor said to her
The doctor advised her …
4. After the meal, he said, “Please, don’t argue. I’m going to pay”
He insisted …
5. “Would you like to come round for dinner this evening?” I asked them
I invited them…
6. “My English friend will be here at 9 o’clock tomorrow”, said Susan
Susan told us …
7. “No, I will not give you a pay rise”, the manager told him
The manager refused …
8. “When did you last see your husband, Mrs Jennings?” asked the police officer
The police officer asked …
9. “I’m sorry, I didn’t ask for your permission to use your computer” Alice told me
Alice apologized …
10.“We can save water by using the shower instead of the bath”, he argued
He argued …
11.“Thank you, Mark. I’ve heard you watered my plants while I was away”, she said
She thanked …
12.“Must we show our passports?”, inquired Mr Jones
Mr Jones inquired …
13.“Yes, I broke the camera” said Jim
Jim admitted …
14.“Congratulations, Kate. I’ve heard you’ve had a baby girl” Sheila said
Sheila congratulated …
15.“My father has got a BMW and a Mercedes”, he said
He boasted …
16.“Yes, I will pick you up at the station at 3 tomorrow”, Tom told his sister
Tom promised …
17.“Why don’t we invite Conchita Molina to Brussels?” said Julia Terrón
Julia Terrón suggested …
18.“You shouldn’t use the calculator to solve this problem”, the teacher told us
The teacher advised …
19.“When does the train arrive in York?”, he asked
He asked …
20.“I did not drive your car yesterday”, Lisa told her boyfriend
Lisa denied …
2
21.“It’s your fault we missed the bus”, she said to her sister
She blamed …
22.“We started this research three years ago”, the scientist said
The scientist informed …
23.“Let’s have pizza for dinner this evening”, my sister said
My sister suggested …
24.“Read it before you sing it”, the manager said to him
The manager …
25.“That pen you are using is mine”, she said
She claimed …
26.“Don’t believe everything you hear” he said to me.
He …
27.“Please, don’t speak Spanish”, Ana told us
Ana begged us …
TOO/ENOUGH
1.Milan is too far. You can’t drive there in a day.
Milan is too …
2. His new car is so wide that it won’t go into the garage easily
His new car is too…
3.This soup is too hot for us to eat
This soup isn’t…
4.The car wasn’t cheap enough for me to afford
The car was…
5.The house was too small for them to live in
The house wasn’t…
6.The mountain wasn’t low enough for us to reach the top
The mountain was…
7.He is too lazy to finish the work
He isn’t…
8.We weren’t relaxed enough to go out
We were…
9.He can’t reach that shelf. He is too short
He isn’t….
10.The cat can’t catch the mice. They run too fast
The mice…
11.The weather is too bad for camping
The weather isn’t…
12.The town was too small to be marked on the map
The town wasn’t…
13.He speaks too quickly for me to understand
He doesn’t speak…
14.The bridge is too narrow for trucks to pass
The bridge isn’t…
15.He couldn’t reach the button because it was too high
The button…
16.The window was very small. He couldn’t get through it
The window wasn’t….
17.The suitcase was very heavy. She couldn’t carry it
The suitcase wasn’t…..
18.These shoes are very small. I can’t wear them
These shoes aren’t……
3
19.That ice looks very thin. You can’t walk on it
That ice doesn’t…
20.The sea was very rough. We couldn’t go swimming
The sea wasn’t…
21.The postman came very late. We didn’t get our letters
The postman didn’t come…..
22. It’s very early. The children can’t go to bed yet
It isn’t……..
23.The man was very far away. We couldn’t see his face clearly
The man wasn’t…..
24.The window was very dirty. No one could see through it
The window wasn’t…
25.The office is quite near the station
The office isn’t…
SO/SUCH
1.She speaks with such a strong accent that people can’t understand her
Her accent…
2.His life is so dull
He has such….
3.The weather was so warm that I didn’t need a coat
It was such…
4.The road is so narrow that it is difficult for 2 cars to pass each other
It is such…
5.The lesson was so boring that she fell asleep
It was such…
6.The weather was so lovely that we went out for the day
It was such…
7.The film was so exciting
It was such…
8.Silvia is so beautiful that she could be a model
Silvia is such…
9.The book was so interesting
It was such…
10.The weather was so bad that we couldn’t go sailing
The weather was not…
11.This is the best beer I’ve ever tasted
I have…
CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE:TO, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO…
1-Sally is saving up her money. She wants to go to Australia next summer
Sally is saving up money…
2-I spoke to him. I needed to say I was sorry
I spoke to him in…
3-I’ll give you my address. I want you to write to me
I’ll give you my address in…
4-She switched off the light. She wanted to sleep
She switched off the light in…
5-He spoke clearly. He wanted everybody to understand him
He spoke clearly in order that…
6-We braked sharply. We didn’t want to drive through the red light
We braked sharply so as…
7-She came in quietly. Her parents were sleeping
She came in quietly in order not…
8-The criminal hid in the nearby forest .He didn’t want to be caught by the police
The criminal hid in the nearby forest so as not…
4
VERBAL TENSES
1.When did you meet Antonio?
How long is...
2. The last time they saw each other was in 1994
They haven’t ...
3. Nobody has ever said anything nicer to me
That is the ...
4. I arrived in London last week and I’m still here
I have ..
5. This is the most ridiculous idea I’ve heard
I haven’t...
6. Rocío has dinner at eight o’clock, and it’s 9 o’clock now
Rocío has ...
7. The last time I ice-skated was ten years ago
I haven’t ...
8. I started teaching two years ago
I have ...
9. Viriginia was at the party two minutes ago, but she is no longer here
Virginia has ...
10. My baby was 35 cm. last month, now he is 37
My baby has...
11. Is moving to the city within your options?
Have you decided ...
13. My baby hasn’t learnt to tell the time, and he is already six
My baby, six, hasn’t ...
14. My baby has learnt to tell the time, and he is only four
My baby, four, has ...
15. I haven’t seen a worst film before
This is the ...
16. Gasol’s romance with basketball began at the age of five
Gasol has loved...
17. Frank lost his job three months ago
Frank has been ...
17. It’s the first time I see something so awful
I haven't ...
18. The man who murdered JFK is still free
The Police haven’t ...
19. It is a long time since I last went to a football match
I haven’t ...
20. This is my second visit to Hungary
This is ...
21. Mary started learning French five years ago
Mary has…
22. Alter* I arrived here, I started to feel better (*Posteriormente)
I have…….
23. It’s over twenty years since we got married
We have…
24. The last time I saw Dick was in 1985
I haven’t…
25. He is on the point of dying
He is…
26. What do you Intend to do?
What are…
27. Mary and Alan’s wedding is next weekend
They are………….
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28. What is the meaning of this Word?
What does…
29. Nigel keeps interrupting me
Nigel is…
30. What is the weight of that piece of meat?
How much…
31. There is a smell of onions in this room
The room…
32. What is inside the box?
What does…
33. What is your opinion of Wendy’s new painting?
What do…
34. She started knitting this sweater two years ago
She has …
35. They last wrote me 20 years ago
They haven’t …
36. She last bought a car 2 months ago
She hasn’t …
37. I have been cooking like this for 25 years
I …
38. She has been dreaming of this house for 4 years
She …
39. She hasn’t worked for 3 years
It’s …
40. Mary hasn’t swum for years
It’s …
41. Peter hasn’t shown me his house for 15 years
It’s …
42. They haven’t visited us for ages
It’s …
43. It’s three years since I last ran a marathon
I haven’t …
44. It’s ages since she last won an Oscar
She hasn’t …
45. It’s years since they swept the house for the last time
They haven’t …
46. It’s 15 years since he lit his last cigarette
He hasn’t …
47. It’s 14 years since she lent me her car for the last time
She hasn’t …
48. It’s years since I last took a holiday
The last time …
49. I haven’t seen Peter for a long time
The last time …
50. He has never behaved like this before
It’s the first time …
51. I haven’t talked to George for 4 days
It’s …
52. I have never seen a more beautiful girl
She is …
53. I had never seen a more beautiful girl
She was
54. The last time we saw her was three months ago
We haven’t …
55. I have never read such an interesting book
This is …
6
56. The last time I visited Paris was 5 years ago
I haven’t …
57. She hasn’t enjoyed herself so much for ages
It’s …
58. I haven’t read a play by G. B. Shaw for years
It’s …
59. It’s ages since I last visited Russia
I haven’t …
60. They came to live to New York five years ago
They have …
61. The last time I saw her was in 1990
I haven’t …
62. This is my first visit to Lisbon
This is the first time …
63. This is the most stupid thing I’ve ever heard
I haven’t …
64. The last time I played basketball was three months ago
I haven’t …
65. It’s the first time I have seen something so awful
I haven’t …
66. It’s 23 years since we got married
We have …
67. I haven’t played football for a long time
It’s …
68. It’s a week since I last talked to John
I haven’t …
69. We finished our homework and then we went out
By the time, we …
70. Simon hasn’t been to New York for two years
It’s …
71. The lesson finished and then John arrived
By the time…
72. The last time we went out was a month ago
We haven’t …
73. This is the silliest story I’ve ever heard
I’ve …
74. We have never been to this museum before
It’s …
75. I haven’t seen such a good film for ages
It’s …
76. The last time I went to the theatre was a month ago
I haven’t …
77. It’s the worst film I’ve ever seen
I’ve …
78. He has never played chess before
It’s …
79. They arrived here an hour ago
They have …
80. When did you get your diploma?
How long …?
81.We haven’t been to the theatre for a long time
It’s a long time…
82.She hasn’t seen you for ages
It’s…
83.We haven’t washed our car for two weeks
It’s….
7
84.It’s a long time since I played cards
I….
85.It’s two months since we heard from her
We…
86.It’s ages since I ate such a good meal
I…
THE MORE …THE MORE
1.If you read more English books, you’ll find speaking easier
The more…
2.If you shout so much, I don’t understand what you say
The more…
3.As I get older, I’m eager to retire
The older…
4.If I insist on the matter, you won’t take notice of it
The more…
5.If you speak more languages you’ll find travelling easier
The more…
6.If the game is dangerous, I like much more
The more…
7.As you don’t spend, you’ll save money
The less…
8.If Simon and David don’t arrive at the meeting soon, their colleagues will get angry
The later…
9.If he drives fast, he gets nervous
The faster…
10.If he eats ice cream, he gets fat
The more….
11.She ignores him, he loves her
The more….
12.As he feels miserable, he drinks a lot
The more…
13.As you work longer, you earn more
The longer…
14.As happy as you are in life, very long you live
The happier…
15.When you don’t sleep much, you feel tired
The less…
16.Danger increases if you drive fast
The faster…
17.As he advanced, the jungle became thicker
The further…
18.As I get old, my hair gets dark
The older….
19.As it is cold, I don’t want to go out
The colder…
20.As my cousin travels to UK a lot, he speaks English fluently
The more…
8
2ND TERM
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1-My watch stopped. I didn’t arrive on time
If my watch…
2-We didn’t lock the front door. A burglar broke into the house
If we had…
3-He didn’t lend you his bike. You didn’t ask him nicely
If you had…
4-We went to that restaurant. We didn’t know it was so expensive
If we had..
5-I didn’t accept the job. They didn’t offer me a good salary
If they…
6-We took an umbrella. We didn’t get wet
If we…
7-I went to the library because I needed to borrow some books.
If...
8-Bob was worried because he had lost his watch
If...
9-You came to school late. You were told off.
If...
10-Tom must practise more to be a really good guitarist.
Providing..
11-We don't have any class this afternoon. We are going to the gym.
If...
12-I will call you if the flight is delayed.
Unless...
13-You should ask Tom for help.
If I...
14-If you don't hurry you won't be able to catch the bus.
Unless...
15-You'd better to get a sweater. It might get cold.
In case...
16-Jim didn't have a driving licence, so he couldn't buy a car.
As long as...
DESPITE, IN SPITE OF,ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
1. Despite the age of the house, we managed to sell it.
Although
2. Although the tickets were very expensive, we went to the concert.
In spite of
3. Despite the doctor’s advice not to play football, he played last week.
Even though
4. Despite the rain, we went to the picnic.
In spite of
5. Although the exams were difficult, I managed to pass them all in June.
Despite
6. He carried on walking although his leg was injured. He carried on walking
In spite of
7. She had good qualifications but she didn’t get the job.
Although
8. In spite of his knowledge of Chinese, he wasn’t chosen to be ambassador to Taiwan.
Despite
9.They were very strict. Nevertheless they allowed their son going to our party.
Despite...
10.Broadband has many advantages but it is very expensive.
In spite...
11.Bob can tell you the end of the movie but he won't.
Although...
9
12.Tourism provides huge incomes but it can also bring a lot of problems.
Though...
13.Bob studied hard for two semesters. Nevertheless he passed with low marks.
Although...
14.Fast food may raise health problems. Nevertheless, it is highly consumed.
Much as...
15.Their product has good quality but it did not sell really well.
Despite...
USES OF GERUND OR INFINITIVE
1. Do you want to stay with me for a week?
Would you __.
2. Why don’t we go to the zoo tomorrow morning?
What about __.
3. Will you open the door for me please?
Would you mind ___.
4. Remember to post this letter.
Don’t ___.
5. Let’s try the wine Blanca has brought.
Why don’t we_____.
6. I’m sorry I’m late.
I apologise ___.
7. I’ll post the letter for you, if you like.
Would you ___________________________________________________________________?
8. Paul hasn’t smoked for three years.
Paul gave ___.
9. Going on holiday in the summer is very exciting.
It ___.
10. Roberto managed to sell his motorbike at a high price.
They succeeded ___.
11. Playing with a video game is very boring.
It is ___.
12. What did the teacher do to pass her driving test?
How did she____.
13. Are you living abroad next year?
Do you intend ____________________________________________?
14. “I’ll read your report as soon as I can”.
She promised me ___.
15. Rocío feels happy when she receives e-mails from her friends.
Receiving e-mails __.
16. It is very rewarding to teach young children.
Teaching …
17. The slave was longing for his freedom.
The slave was looking____.
18. You’d rather not lie in the sun for such a long time.
I advise____.
19. Barça managed to get to the championship semifinal.
Barça succeeded____.
20. I ride by bicycle to school because I don’t want to damage the environment.
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I ride by bicycle to school to avoid_____.
21. Nobody likes it when they have to go to a funeral.
Everybody dreads __.
22. “Why don’t you go to the police, Julia?”- he said.
He suggested __ .
23. “I didn’t commit the crime” she said.
She denied __ .
24. There’s no need to take a taxi: we’re late anyway.
Its no use ___.
25. I’d rather you studied more.
I would prefer __ .
26. It is unnecessary for Lourdes to get up so early.
Lourdes need __ .
27. You were very kind helping me with my English.
It was very kind of you____.
28. She was on the brink of crying when I kissed her.
She was about __ .
29. The teacher didn’t want to accept a present from his students.
Ana refused to __.
30. You should consider that buying online is dangerous.
You should bear __.
31. If I were you I would play the market.
I advise __.
32. “Don’t forget to study irregular verbs” he said.
He reminded __.
33. I won’t eat the beans.
The boy refused __.
34. Learning English is very easy. *
It is __.
35. “You cheated in the test, didn’t you?” He said.
He accused __.
36. It isn’t difficult to cheat, we’ve done it before.
We’re used __.
37. “I cheated in English”- admitted Alvaro.
Alvaro admitted __.
38. Lucía crossed the street so as not to say hello.
Lucía crossed the street to __.
39. She likes reading comics very much.
She is very __.
40. Going out on Saturday night is very exciting.
It is __.
41. My father thinks that a Spanish boyfriend is better than a foreign one.
My father prefers __.
42. Playing with a video console is very boring.
It is __.
43. Working late is bad for health.
It __.
44. Remember to sign as soon as you finish.
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Don’t __.
45. How long do you have to walk to Urda?
How long does __?
46. During my school years I played basketball, now I never do it.
I used __.
47. Although Antonio was tired, he went out anyway.
In __.
48. Parking is not permitted here.
You are_______
49. “Go on Jack, apply for the job”.
Sally encouraged________________
50. Brenda really hates studying.
Brenda can’t____________________
INVERSION
*En inglés la inversión es obligatoria en preguntas directas:
auxiliar + sujeto + verbo
Are you coming tomorrow?
Does she start early?
Can the boy be here?
*Con may para expresar deseos
May you have good luck! =¡Que tengas suerte!
May they be happy!= ¡Que sean felices!
*Con "tampoco" (neither) , "ni" (nor) y "también" (so) respectivamente:
neither / nor / so + auxiliar afirmativo + sujeto
She's angry and I am too.
She's angry and so am I.=Está enfadada y yo también.
They won't tell you and Bob won't either.
They won't tell you and neither will Bob. =No te lo dirán y Bob tampoco.
Beth can't come and her sister can't either.
Beth can't come nor can her sister.=Beth no puede venir y tampoco su hermana.
*La inversión también se utiliza para dar énfasis o ser retórico en situaciones formales,discursos,
en las noticias y en literatura sobre todo.
*En oraciones encabezadas por adverbios o locuciones adverbiales de lugar seguidos por "be" o un
verbo de movimiento:
HERE / THERE / IN / UP... + be, come , go... + sujeto
1-Here's Bob, he is early.=Aquí está Bob, llega pronto.
2-There comes your friend.=Alli viene tu amigo.
3-On the doorstep was the homeless sleeping!=¡En la puerta de casa estaba durmiendo el sin-techo!
4-Down fell three of them.=Abajo cayeron tres de ellos.
Cuando el sujeto es PRONOMBRE, NO hay inversión:
Up they are.=Están arriba.
Back he went again.=Volvió de nuevo.
Detrás de expresiones adverbiales negativas:
locución adverbial + auxiliar AFIRMATIVO + sujeto + verbo
at no time =en ningún momento
by no means =de ninguna manera
in / under no circumstances =bajo ningún concepto
neither ... nor = ni ... ni
nowhere =en ningún sitio
not till / not until = hasta que no
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on no account =de ningún modo
1-They can't accept this situation under any circunstances.
Under no circumstances can they accept this situation.
2-We can't be held responsible in any way.
In no way can we be held responsible.
3-Bob hadn't seen anywhere a larger house.
Nowhere had Bob seen a larger house.
4-He didn't realize that he had lost his keys until / till he got home.
Not till / Not until he got home did he realize that he had lost his keys.
*A la hora de "re-escribir" la oración ("rephrasing") observa que la oración principal está en forma negativa
pero el "rephrasing" tiene que llevar el verbo afirmativo al ser ya el adverbio negativo:
1-You can't use my computer at any time
At no time can you use my computer.
En comparaciones detrás de:
Little
Never
Rarely
Seldom
So
Such
poco, poca
nunca
raramente, raras veces
rara vez
tan
tal
1-She little knew that he was a compulsive gambler.
Little did she know that he was a compulsive gambler.
2-I have never been offered such a present
Never have I been offered such a present.
3-He rarely buys a round.
Rarely does he buy a round.
4-We had seldom seen him looking so happy.
Seldom had we seen him looking so happy.
5-The soap opera is so exciting that I forget all my aches.
So exciting is the soap opera that I forget all my aches.
6-The popularity of the film will be so great that everybody will want to see it.
Such will the popularity of the film be that everybody will want to see it.
Oraciones correlativas = Cuando una acción ocurre inmediatamente detrás de otra
hardly ... when
apenas ... cuando
scarcely ... when
apenas ... cuando
no sooner ... than
apenas…
not only… but ...also
No solo sino tb
1-He hardly falls asleep when his neighbour begins playing loud music.
Hardly does he fall asleep when his neighbour begins playing loud music.
2-They had scarcely got into bed when the doorbell rang.
Scarcely had they got into bed when the doorbell rang.
3-I will no sooner arrive, they will all start to argue.
No sooner will I arrive than they all will start to argue.
4.He speaks Chinese fluently. He also speaks German
Not only does he speak Chinese but he also speaks German
Detrás de expresiones adverbiales que empiecen por “only”
1-He could make himself see only by jumping.
Only by jumping could he make himself see.
2-I remembered his name only after he left.
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Only after he left did I remember his name.
3-She will know what happened only then.
Only then will she know what happened.
En las oraciones condicionales con were, should o had es posible la inversión omitiendo if:
1-If I were in his shoes, I wouldn't do that.
Were I in his shoes, I wouldn't do that. .
2-If you should see her, give her this envelope.
Should you see her, give her this envelope.
3-If they had come earlier, they would have seen him.
Had they come earlier, they would have seen him.
EXERCISES
1.You can’t ride a moped without a Helmet
On no account….
2.She speaks Spanish fluently. She also speaks French and English
Not only…
3.When we saw her we noticed we had met before
No sooner …
4.I don’t want him to come to my party
In no way…
5.We didn’t realise the danger
At no time….
6.The children went up the tree
Up….
7.As soon as the zookeeper opened the gate of the cage, the lion jumped out of it
No sooner…
8.I would never have thought that he could betray me
Never…
9.He realised that the threat was real when he heard the explosion
Only…
10.You mustn’t enter the operating theatre under any circumstances
Under no…
11.She had hardly started to speak when some people went out of the room
Hardly…
12.They were not aware of their difficult situation until they ran out of water
Not until…
13.He seldom goes anywhere without his dog
Seldom…
14.He had just closed the door when the fire alarm went off
Scarcely….
15.Immediately after the hailstorm, the city centre was in a state of chaos
No sooner…
16.They didn’t at all imagine that their neighbours belonged to a terrorist group
Little…
17.The teacher came along to see what the noise was about
Along…
18.If I had guessed his intentions, I wouldn’t have gone out with him
Had…
19.I have hardly ever ha a pleasant flight
Rarely…
20.Teenagers are forbidden to bother small children at school
On no…
21.There is more water in the swimming pool than ever before
Never…
14
22.If you promise not to tell anybody, I’ll let you in on my secret
Only…
23.Her good intentions were never in doubt
At no time..
24.As soon as he started using the new razor, he cut himself with it
No sooner…
25.Whether your kidneys work properly or not depends on you / your drinking plenty of water
Only if….
SUBJUNCTIVE: IT'S TIME (Ya es hora de que + subjuntivo)
Esta expresión que denota cierta impaciencia, puede ir seguida de tres estructuras:
It's time + infinitivo con to
It's time to go to work. (Ya es hora de que vayamos a trabajar.)
It is time to start studying (Ya es hora de que empecemos a estudiar)
It's time to start playing. (Ya es hora de que empecemos a jugar.)
It's time for + objeto + infinitivo con to
It's time for him to go to work. (Ya es hora de que se vaya a trabajar.)
It's time for the teams to start playing. (Ya es hora de que los equipos empiecen a jugar.)
It is time for you to start studying (Ya es hora de que empieces a estudiar)
It's time + sujeto + past
reproche o crítica
.
Con pasado, a menudo se utiliza para expresar
It's time we went to work. (Ya es hora de que vayamos a trabajar.)
It's about time we went to work.
It's high time we went to work.
Isn't it time the teams started playing? (¿No es hora ya de que los equipos empiecen a jugar?)
Isn't it about time the teams started playing?
Isn't it high time the teams started playing?
It is time you started to study (Ya es hora de que empezases a estudiar)
1-It’s the third time you’ve failed your driving test
It’s time you…
2-You haven’t gone to the dentist so far this year
It’s time you…
3-Marta should be here by now. We have been waiting for her for half an hour
It’s time we…
15
4-I have been spending a lot of money lately
It’s time for me…
5-Many industries are contaminating seas and rivers with toxic waste
It’s time for many….
6-She’s probably waiting for your apology
It’s time you…..
PASSIVE VOICE
1-They have placed an important role in World history
An important role….
2-Britain exported democracy and the English language to numerous countries
Democracy and the English language….
3-They are committing many cruelties in the name of justice
Many cruelties…
4-They have borrowed some books on the second world war
Some books…
5-Wars always spread death and misery
Death and misery…
6-They will show a new documentary on TV tonight
A new documentary…
7-Carol offered me a lift home
I…..
A lift home…..
8-Her parents have promised her a new car if she passes all her exams
She…
A new car…..
9-They will send him the fine by post
He….
The fine….
10-We had shown them the way home, but they got lost
They…
The way home…
11-They are paying him 100 pounds for the information
He….
One hundred pounds…
12-You shouldn’t have lent him your new motorbike. He is a dangerous driver
He…
Your new motorbike…
13-Are they selling tickets for the concert?
Are tickets…
14-Do I have to pay this bill immediately?
Does this bill…
15-Does this school permit smoking?
Is smoking…
16-Have you used this camera before?
Has this camera…
17-Did the policeman take the suitcase off the plane?
Was the suitcase…
18-How can they grow such big tomatoes?
How can such big tomatoes…
19-How much have they paid for their new flat?
How much has..
20-Will your parents send you to a new school next year?
Will you…
16
21-It is believed that this painting is a masterpiece
This painting..
22-It is expected that the government will reduce taxes next year
The government..
23-It is estimated that car accidents caused more deaths than tobacco during the last year
Car accidents…
24-It was thought that many illnesses were transmitted by the air
Many illnesses…
25-It is known that many people were able to leave the building before the explosion
Many people…
26-It has been reported that nobody was injured
Nobody…
PASSIVE VOICE: HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE
1-The walls of our house look dirty (paint)
We should…
2-This dress is too long (shorten)
You could…
3-My car engine is making a strange noise (check)
I’m going to…
4-Sara doesn’t like this computer program. She wants a new one (install)
Sara will….
5-He finished his novel last month. They have just published it (publish)
He has just…
6-Mrs Evans is ill in bed. One of her neighbours is walking her dog for her every day (walk)
Mrs.Evans is…
MIXED REPHRASING
1.Mary swims faster than Peter.
Peter…
2. I hadn’t expected this task to be so difficult.
This task …
3. I have never read such an interesting book.
This is …
4. No other fictional secret agent is so famous as James Bond.
James Bond is …
5. He knows how to play golf.
He …
6. Germany is richer than India.
India …
7. They came to live here two years ago.
They have…
8. You can’t have a bicycle.
You aren’t …
9. I haven’t seen Mary for a long time.
It’s a long time…
10. We walked the dog and then we had lunch.
BY the time…
11. The water was too cold for me to swim.
The water wasn’t …
12. I finished the book in three days.
17
It took…
13. Jennifer started teaching three years ago.
Jennifer has…
14. The last time I saw her was three months ago.
I haven’t …
15. I haven’t been to France since 1998.
The last …
16. The lesson finished and then John arrived.
By the time…
17. James is so rich that he could buy anything.
James is such …
REMIX
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES:





Infinitivo Activo > Pasivo
1)I don’t like people to criticize me
I don’t like to…
2)He expects us to pay him for the CDs
He expects to ...
3)Helen expects me to invite her
Helen expects …
4)I want Oxford University to accept me
………………………………………………..… by Oxford University
OI Activo > Sujeto Pasivo
1)My parents sent me to an English-speaking school
I…
2)Sally’s parents gave her a computer for her birthday
Sally…
3)My mother didn’t let me stay in the country
I…
OI Activo > Sujeto Pasivo en Estructura “Acusativo + Infinitivo”
1)I expect Sally to arrive at 5
Sally is…
2)People think she is a good singer
She…
3)People consider him to be a genius
He is…
4)They say that GS is giving a concert next month
GS is…
5)People expect that the President will resign
The President…
6)Cindy Crawford is said to be very attractive
People say…
Verbos Preposicionales
1)Thieves broke into our house
Our house…
2)I will hand in this essay before Monday
This essay…
Pasiva > Activa
1)Temperature is measured by a thermometer
18
A thermometer…
2)Children were prohibited from speaking Spanish
They…
3)Problems of old age can be alleviated by encouraging
Encouraging…
 Verbos Modales en Pasiva
1)Doctors will have to convince Americans to eat less
Americans…
2)To attempt a full definition of culture we would need a book
A book…
3)Language science will enable us to withstand extreme theories
We…
4)Only from the air can one see Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle…
5)She couldn’t afford the Persian cat
The Persian cat…
6)They ought to mend the roof
The roof…
7)You must water the plants at least once a week
The plants…
8)Bedini has just published his discovery
Bedini’s discovery…
9)George has already phoned Tamy
Tamy…
CONNECTORS:
As Well As
1)Gorillas are intelligent. They are also very strong (As well as)
Gorillas are intelligent……………………..
2)He plays the guitar and he also writes songs (As well as…)
He plays the guitar…………………………
Both, Neither
Pam has a dog. Don has a dog too (Both…)
Mary couldn’t lift the stone and Joe couldn’t either (Neither…)
Tiempo
1-First he did a climbing course. Then he climbed the Everest
After…………………………………
2-We flew to Athens, and then we took the ferry to Crete
After…
3-I spent 6 years at Secondary School and then I went to University
After…
4-The staff were taught and then the project began
The project didn’t begin until …
5-We finished our work. Then we went to the cinema
Once…
6-The farmer started his tractor and began to plough the field
When…
7-She finished writing her book and then published it
When…
8-Bill had no money left at the end of his holiday
By…
9-We arrived late at the wedding. The ceremony had began before we arrived
19
By the time…
10-During our meal we discussed what to do at the weekend
While…
11-During her husband’s absence she was very lonely
While…
12-During my time at University I made a lot of friends
While…
13-The alarm went off in the middle of her phone conversation
While…
Concesivas
1)There was a terrible traffic jam. He arrived on time
Although …
2)He searched everywhere, but he couldn’t find the ticket
Although...
3)Most animals survived the hard winter
Even though…
4)Despite the age of the house, we managed to sell it
Although…
5)Despite the doctor’s advice, he played football last week
Even though…
6)Although he has an English name, he is in fact German
Despite…
7)Although her friends advised her not to do it, she would not listen
Despite…
8)Although MN is very famous in Spain, she isn’t widely known abroad
In spite of…
9)We lost the match although we were the better team
Despite…
10)We all enjoyed the walk, even though it rained heavily
In spite of…
11)The dog barked all night, but we still managed to sleep
Despite…
12)He is extremely rich, but very mean
In spite of…
13)Mrs. Jones is 70, but she still goes for a run every day
In spite of…
14)Sean C. is unattractive, but he is a film star
In spite of…
15)She accepted the job. The salary was very low
Despite …
16)I didn’t drink that much last night. I had a terrible hangover this morning
Despite…
17)He came from a poor family. He became rich
In spite of …
Causales
-I’ve laid the table, so you can sit down
As the table…
20
-The weather was fine, so we decided to go out
As…
-He got the highest marks in the class; as a result, he received a prize
Since…
-The factory closed down as a result of so many strikes
As there…
-We still speak Italian at home, so I’m bilingual
I’m bilingual because…
-He left early because he wanted to avoid the rush hour
He left early in order…
-Joan eats very little so as not to put on weight
Joan eats very little because…
RELATIVE CLAUSES:
NO COMMAS
1)I bought some red wine. It tasted like ink
The red wine…
2)He made a promise. He didn’t keep it
He didn’t keep…..
3)You heard a noise. It must have been the wind
The noise…
4)I waved to a man. He is my manager
The man…
5)We saw an actor on TV. What’s his name?
What’s the name…..
6)You lent me a pen. I’m afraid I’ve lost it
I’m afraid I’ve lost………….
7)The river is very deep. The river runs by my house
The river…
8)The bus leaves at 7. My sister is too late to catch it
My sister is…
9)The inhabitants of Concord have to pay only federal income tax
The only tax…
10)He tells jokes. I don’t like them
I don’t like the jokes……………
11)You wrote a letter. It never arrived
The letter…
12)John sent Mary some flowers. She liked them
Mary liked the………….
13)She met a man at a dance. She fell in love with him
She fell in love with…….
14)That is the man. My best friend is going out with him
That is the man…


COMMAS
1)Some children did not select these programs. They were imposed on them
2)This author is now very popular. Nobody read him 20 years ago
21
3)This book costs $4. I paid only 2 cents for it
4)Torture is inhuman. It was normal in Chile during Pinochet’s regime
5)My bicycle has been stolen. I left it there
My bike,…
6)His evidence was proved to be false. No one doubted it at the time
7)My son starts school in September. He will be 5 years old next month
8)Your new flatmate used to be my best friend. He works in that office
Your new…
9)London burnt down in 1666. It had to be rebuilt
London, …
10)Mary had been driving all day. She was tired
Mary, …
11)Mr. Smith died last week. He used to live next door to us
Mr.Smith, …
12)I can’t understand why Tim doesn’t wear glasses. He is very short-sighted
I can’t understand why Tim, …
13)The Liverpool Express was late. It should have arrived at 3
The Liverpool Express, …..
14)The Titanic was the largest ship ever made. It had a length of 300 m
15)The last speaker made a good speech. He had never spoken in public before
16)The lorry crashed into a house. It was carrying a heavy load
WHOSE
1)This is Mr. Jones. His company exports to France
This is Mr. Jones, …
2)That man’s daughter has an original Picasso painting
That is…
3)That woman’s son used to go to school with me
That is the woman…
4)The teacher is very pleased. His students passed the test successfully
The teacher..

 WHERE - WHEN
1)That is the office I work in
That is the office …
2)I study English in that school
That is the school…
3)This is the house. My grandmother was born in it
This is…
4)That is the gym. We used to practise aerobics there
That is the gym…
5)He never forgot that bad meeting with Alice
He never forgot the bad day when…
22
I WISH
PRESENTE (Pasado Simple)
1)If only I had my family around me
I wish ………………………………………..… alone right now
2)If only this job paid more
I wish I …
3)I wish I looked better
If only ………………………………………….…. such a mess
4)It is a pity you are not here
If only you …….
5)I really want him to stop gambling
I wish …
6)I’m sorry, but I can’t help you now
I wish ..
7)I’m sorry that we don’t know each other better
I wish…
8)She is unhappy because she is ill
She wishes ..
9)I’m too young to vote
I wish…
10)Ana doesn’t understand how I feel
I wish ….
11)You never brush your teeth after meals
I wish…

PASADO (Pasado Perfecto)
1)I’m sorry I argued with my friend yesterday
I wish …..
2)I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework last night
I wish…
3)We are sorry we didn’t know about your accident before
We wish…
4)What a pity I broke the vase
I wish…
5)I would have gone to the concert, but I didn’t have a ticket
I wish…
6)It was a pity she didn’t insure the radio
She wishes…
7)She should have called her parents earlier
I wish …
8)I should have learnt French at school
I wish…
9)She knows it was a mistake to take drugs
She wishes ...
10)Don didn’t remember our anniversary
Don wishes…

23

FUTURO (Condicional Simple)
1)I would like to be a hero in the future
I wish…
2)People like Torrente shouldn’t exist
We wish people like Torrente…
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:
 If … not > Unless
1)If they are not protected, the gorillas will soon disappear
Unless…
2)If he doesn’t work harder, he will lose his job
Unless…
3)If you don’t invite them, they won’t come
Unless...
4)If you don’t study harder, you will fail in English
Unless…
5)We’ll miss the train if we don’t hurry
Unless…
6)You will be ill if you continue to smoke
Unless…
7)If you keep on coming late to work, we’ll have to sack you
Unless…
8)Unless he tries harder, he won’t pass
If he…
9)I will lend you the money only if you promise to pay me back
I won’t…
10)I’m going to the party only if you go too
I’m not going…
11)I need a grant in order to study at university
I won’t…
12)We must go or we’ll be late
If we…
By + Gerundio > If
You can get help by calling the emergency number
If…
 - so - > If
People burn coal in their homes, so the air is polluted
If …
He doesn’t like his job, so he isn’t happy
If…
She doesn’t do her homework, so she doesn’t get good marks
If…
I can’t speak French, so I’m not going to live in France
If…
We didn’t choose a book, so we didn’t have any problems
If we...

He didn’t wear gloves, so the police caught him
If he…
24
They didn’t follow the maps, so they got lost
If…
I tore up the letter into pieces. Therefore, I couldn’t read it
If I…
If I had known all the facts, I wouldn’t have rung the police
As I…
He was planning to go to university, but his father died
If…
In my opinion >If I were you II:
In my opinion, you should join a gym
If I …
In my opinion, you ought to rest for a few days
If I…
I advise you to look him straight in the eye
If I…
My advice to you is to call the police
If I…
My advice is: Take the train
If I…
You’d better not touch that button
If I…

… so … that > If:
He was so pushy that he didn’t get the job
If…

- because- > If:
He is exhausted because he keeps training for so many hours
If he…

You can’t drive because you are not 18 yet
If you were…
I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address
If I…
I got wet because I forgot my umbrella
If I…
Sean C. is a star because he didn’t listen to the critics
If Sean…
I couldn’t get in touch because you didn’t tell me where you were
If you…
We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money
If we…
I didn’t know the answer because I hadn’t read the book
If I…
The Indian will probably die if he catches a Western disease
The Indian would die…
If you had a haircut, you’d look much better
If your hair…
25
We called the station; otherwise, we wouldn’t have known the time of your train
If…
She would have come to the party, but she had to work
If she…
PAST SIMPLE + LAST, AGO > PRESENT PERFECT + FOR, SINCE:
FIRST, LAST
1)The last time it rained was in March
…………………………………………….… since March
2)The last time I had a job interview was 5 years ago (for)

3)I last heard from him in July
I haven’t…
4)We haven’t seen this show for 2 months
The last time…
5)I haven’t been to a museum since Easter
The last time…
6)I first met Dan in 1980 and we are still good friends
Dan and I have…
7)I haven’t seen her at the disco before
It is the first time…
8)He has never played polo before
It is the first time…
9)I have never eaten snails before
It is…
10)I have never been to the ballet before
It is…
11)This fruit is a new experience
It is the first…
12)He learned how to sing when he was small
He has…
13)I played tennis when I was a young boy
I haven’t…
14)He gave up smoking in 1993
He hasn’t…
15)Men started hunting elephants here 50 years ago
……………………………………….… for the last 50 years
16)We arrived in Spain 3 weeks ago
We have been ….
17)I came to study BA in London 2 years ago
I have…
18)Alan went to London 3 weeks ago
Alan has…
19)Tom came to Spain 1 year ago
Tom has…
20)John disappeared several weeks ago
John has…
21)She learnt to speak English 4 years ago
26
She has…
22)David bought the car some time ago and he still has it
……………………………………………………..for some time
23)I started to learn English 4 months ago
It is…
24)She hasn’t sung live for years
It is years since…
25)I haven’t been to the cinema for ages
It is…
26)I haven’t had a holiday for ages
It is…
27)Friends” has been on TV for 5 years
It is 5 years…
28) The post arrived 2 minutes ago (just)
29)When did you first get to know her? (How long…?)
30) When did Sue start learning Chinese ? (How long…?)
MODAL VERBS
A) Modales Perfectos
1)He isn’t here. Perhaps he went out
He must ………
2)Nobody has come to the race
The race must ……
3)Our car looks so clean and shining
It must ……….
4)I’m sure the decision was difficult to accept
The decision must…
5)I haven’t got my driving licence. I’m sure I left it at home
I must/will …
6)I told you to slow down, but you didn’t
You should …
7)It is too bad you didn’t get a haircut before you applied for the job (should)
8)Driving fast in town was a stupid thing to do
You shouldn’t …
9)It was a mistake to apply for that job
I shouldn’t …
10)It was wrong of her to punish that child
She shouldn’t…
11)The police are stopping drivers on the road
There may …
12)It’s possible that she has already told him
She may…
13)She possibly lost her wallet in the bus
She may…
14)It is possible that she has had an accident
She may…
15)It’s possible that Alberto tried to call you
Alberto may/might …
16)It is possible the thief entered the house through the window
27
The thief could…
17)You had enough money, but still you didn’t pay the bill
You could ……..
18)I don’t believe he stole the money
He can’t …..
19)I don’t think he caught measles from Sally
He can’t…
20)Jerry didn’t steal the jewels; he didn’t know where the key was
Jerry can’t…
21)I’m sure he didn’t say that
He can’t…
B) Modales Simples
1)I’m sure he isn’t Spanish
He can’t...
2)It isn’t possible for me to see you tonight
I can’t…
3)Is it necessary for me to pay for my ticket now?
Do I have to…?
4)There is no need to walk. John will give us a lift
We needn’t…
5)It isn’t necessary to buy me a gift
You needn’t…
6)Special qualifications are not necessary
You needn’t…
7)You must not smoke in here
Smoking…
8)Maybe my boyfriend is coming to see me tonight
My boyfriend…
COMPARATIVES - SUPERLATIVES:
1)Mum doesn’t speak English as well as Dad
Dad speaks…
2)David didn’t enjoy the film as much as Anne
Anne…
3)TVs don’t cost as much as they used to
TVs cost…
4)Cats aren’t as expensive to keep as dogs
Dogs…
5)Fruit isn’t as fattening as cheese
Cheese…
6)I can’t type as fast as you
You…
7)Today domestic work is not so hard as it was in the past
In the past domestic work…
8)The scale model of the ship was almost as big as the original (
28
The original ship was…
9)Apples are cheaper than oranges
Apples are not…
10)His canary sings better than mine
My canary doesn’t sing…
11)The gazelle runs the fastest animal in the world
No animal runs…
12)They understand more than we do
We don’t…
13)Is this the cheapest food you’ve got?
Have you got………………………………………………………?
14)I don’t have a bigger problem than pronunciation
My…
15)I have never seen a dirtier-looking dog
This is…
16)Students are always busier in June than in any other month
June…
17)No one in the club can beat him at tennis
He is…
MISCELÁNEA
1)She paints really well (good at)
2)Celebrities brighten our lives (make)
3)This kind of activity bores me
I’m bored…
4)The firemen managed to rescue them
The firemen were…
5)An occult quality distinguishes man from animals
What…
6)European tourists are surprised by the size of the USA
What surprises European tourists…
7)Culture is transmitted through parents
It is through parents …
8)I like westerns more than thrillers
I prefer…
9)She prefers staying at home to going to the cinema
She’d rather…
10)I like travelling by train more than going by air
I’d rather…
11)It is better if we cook instead of eating out
I’d rather…
12)He is a talented footballer and an excellent tennis player as well
Not only…
13)Our boss insisted that we all wore a uniform
Our boss made…
14)His flat is still for sale
Nobody…
15)The radio is still broken
The radio hasn’t…
16)There isn’t anything in the fridge
29
There is…
17)People don’t live in the castle any more
The castle used…
18)Few of our friends were there
Not many…
19)I don’t know much about computers
I know…
SAXON GENITIVE:
1)This house belongs to the Johnsons
This house……………….
2)The son of Mr. and Mrs. Smith is at home
Mr. …
CAUSATIVE HAVE & GET:
-The chapel was decorated by Italian artists
The King…
-The garage is servicing my car on Monday
I am…
-Does the garage service your car very often?
Do you……………………………………………………………?
-That woman varnishes my nails
I…
NEED+GERUND
-You need to clean your car
Your car needs ….
-You should get your hair dyed
Your hair needs…
INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS:
1)The policeman told us to put locks on the door
He suggested...
2)I advise you not to go there (avoid )
3)I didn’t give him the information
I denied…
4)He really thinks that he’ll get the star role in the film (expects)
5)I’m looking forward to seeing you next week (hope)
6)Getting up early doesn’t suit me at all
I’m not used to…
7)I’m sorry I arrived late
I apologise …
8)I’m sorry I didn’t ring you
He apologised…
9)I am really sorry I forgot your birthday
30
I’d like…
10)I’m sorry I spent so much money
I regret…
11)I feel that it was a mistake to write the letter
I regret…
12)I’m sure that I paid for that coffee (remember)
13)Knowing English is useful
It is…
14)Driving a car is fun
It is fun…
15)Finding a flat isn’t easy
It isn’t…
16)It is worth asking about holidays
It pays to …
17)They spent 30 years putting those windows
It took…
18)You won’t reach the station in lesss than 20 minutes
It will take…
19)I don’t mind helping out (glad)
20)I would like you to help me put the chairs away
Do you mind……………………………………………………..?
21)I can’t play the piano very well
I am not…………………………………………………………
22)Do you want to book a holiday?
Are you interested ……………………………………………….?
23)He really wants to get this job (interested)
24)Have you ever wanted to become a model? (considered)
3RD TERM REVISION
SUGGESTIONS:
1. “What about having a party tomorrow?” Ann said
Ann suggested …
2. “Let’s play cards tonight”, Peter said
Peter suggested …
3. “Why don’t we invite our neighbours”, she said
She suggested …
4. “Let’s wash the car now”, she said
She suggested …
5. “What about studying English this afternoon?” said Sarah
Sarah suggested …
COMPARA TIVE S
REMEMBER:
Long adjectives = more … than
Short adjectives = …er than
Sheila is 1.55 cm tall and her brother is 1.70 cm = Sheila is shorter than her brother
Al swims faster than Peter = Peter swims slower than Al
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1. The books weigh more than the books
The books don’t …
2. If you eat less, you will loose more weight
The less …
3. London is much bigger than Manchester
Manchester …
4. Paris is more exciting than London
London …
Expression to add information
Moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition:
I am too busy to take a holiday. Moreover / Furhermore / In addition / Besides, I don’t
have the money. (Van seguidas de coma)
In addition to and as well as are also used to add information but they are followed by a noun:
In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
Practise
1.Because the weather was bad, we cancelled our holiday.
Due to the…
2. She took a course in dressmaking so as to be able to make her own clothes.
She took…
3.Because of the freezing temperatures, children were sent home school.
Owing to…
4.In contrast to his sister, Bobby is a poor swimmer.
Whereas…
5.My leg was injured so I couldn’t play in the match.
I couldn’t play …
6.Tourists have been warned not to go there because of the sharks.
Due to …
CONNECTORS IN VERBAL TENSES
1-Charles was watering the plants. Someone knocked at the door (WHEN)
Someone…
2-You’ll arrive tomorrow. Send me an e-mail (AS SOON AS)
Send me…
3-Are you going to watch TV? You should finish your homework before that (BEFORE)
You should…
4-I phoned her at 10 o’clock. By then, she had gone out (BY THE TIME)
By the time I….
5-The doctor hadn’t arrived yet. We had to wait (UNTIL)
We had to wait…..
6-I’m going to finish in ten minutes. I’ll have a bath (WHEN)
I’ll have a bath…
REWRITE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES STARTING WITH THE WORDS PROVIDED.
OMIT THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHEREVER POSSIBLE AND PUT THE PREPOSTIONS IN THE RIGHT PLACE
1.I talked to this man. He was really friendly
The man….
2.She is working for this company. It has many branches in Europe
The company…
3.You were sitting on a chair. It belonged to my grandfather
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The chair…
4.We are going out with these friends. They are very punctual
The friends….
5-You are looking at a sculpture. It is completely worthless
The sculpture…
6-You were looking for this comic. I have found it
I have…
JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES USING NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
1.The new tunnel will be opened next month. It is the safest in Europe
The new tunnel,
2.Michael is still in bed. He caught a cold last week
Michael,
3.Tina gave a big party in her house. Her parents were on holiday
Tina,
4.Doris Lessing was born in Persia. She wrote “The Golden Notebook”
Doris Lessing,
5.Sheila speaks good English. She has never visited England
Sheila,
6.Harrods is a fashionable London department store. It is one of the largest in Europe
Harrods,
HAD BETTER =SHOULD , OUGHT TO Más vale, más valdría
WOULD PREFER / WOULD RATHER Preferiría
1.Bob shouldn't talk like that.
Bob...
2.They ought to look for their money here.
They...
3.Jim should go to the dentist immediately.
Jim...
4.You should put the milk in the fridge.
You...
5.They would prefer you to come in the afternoon.
They...
6.He should rest a while.
He...
7.We would prefer to eat in a restaurant rather than at home.
We...
8.She would prefer you to study in the morning rather than in the evening.
She...
9.I would prefer to go to school by bus.
I...
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10.Susan would prefer us not to meet in the cafeteria.
Susan...
Cleft sentences
They are special constructions which are used to give emphasis to a particular part of the
sentence, in which a simple sentence is expressed using a main clause and a subordinate clause.
These type of sentences are introduced by It is/It was or by a clause beginning with what. They are particularly
useful in writing where we cannot use intonation for purposes of focus or emphasis, but they are also frequently
used in speech.
a)John took the money.
It was John who took the money
It was the money that John took.
What clauses
They are formed with the following structure: WHAT + FOCUS + TO BE
a)We now need actions rather than words.
What we now need are actions rather than words.
Actions rather than words are what we now need.
b)I enjoyed the brilliant music most of all in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.
What I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance was the brilliant music.
The brilliant music was what I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.
Note that cleft structures with what-clauses are often used with verbs expressing an emotive
response to something like adore, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, need, prefer, want, etc.
It is sometimes very effective to use all instead of what in a cleft structure if you want to focus on one particular
thing and nothing else:
Example:
1-I want a new coat for Christmas.
All I want for Christmas is a new coat.
A new coat is all I want for Christmas.
Finally, we can also use preparatory it in cleft sentences and join the words that we want to focus on to the relative
clause with that, who or when.
Example:
1-My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday.
It was my brother who bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturday.
It was last Saturday when my brother bought his new car from our neighbour.
It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday.
It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Saturday.
Cleft structures include the reason why, the thing that, the person/people who, the place where, the day when and
what-clauses which are usually linked to the clause that we want to focus on with is or was.
a)I've come to discuss my future with you.
The reason why I've come is to discuss my future with you.
b)Your generosity impresses more than anything else.
The thing that impresses me more than anything else is your generosity.
c)The jewels are hidden under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
The place where the jewels are hidden is under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
Under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road is the place where the jewels are hidden.
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d)Mary works harder than anybody else in this organisation.
The person who works harder than anybody else in this organisation is Mary.
Mary is the person in this organisation who works harder than anybody else.
c)The Second World War ended on 7 May 1945 in Europe.
The day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe was 7 May 1945
7 May 1945 was the day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe.
Rewrite the sentences, making them more emphatic.
1. I was most unhappy with the service.
What…………………………………………………………
2. I can’t stand the noise.
It’s………………………………………………………………
3. John didn’t pay for the wedding ring, Sarah did.
It…………………………………………………………………
4. He’s always late. It really annoys me.
What……………………………………………………
5. Did you choose the furniture?
Was……………………………………………………………
6. The waiter’s attitude made things worse.
It………………………………………………………………
7. I love autumn because of the colour of the leaves.
What…………………………………………………………
8. Her terrible accent annoyed me most.
What…………………………………………….………………
9. I bought it because it was a bargain
It was…………………………………………………………
10. In the end Martha went to the police
What…………………………………………………………
11-She sent me a letter Turing her stay in hospital
It was while…..
12-They called me several times during their stay in Morocco
It was while…..
13-Do you prefer reading poetry?
Is………
14-The thing that causes the trouble in this city is the rain
It is the……………
15-What bothers him is the people selling things at traffic lights
It is the………
16. Mr Palmer saw I could also act.
It ………..
17. I didn’t invite them.
It ………………….
18. I began to suspect something at that moment.
It …………………..
19. Money is the thing people care about nowadays.
It …………………….
20. His attitude towards other people really annoys me.
It …………………….
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