SOAN 245/324
Seminar in
Transitional Justice: Dealing with the Legacies of Past Human Rights Abuse
For Graduate and Undergraduate Students
Sari Hanafi
Associate Professor
Spring, 2008
Tuesday 4:30-7:00 pm, Jesup 107a
Phone: 01/350000, extension: 3823; Office: Nicely 201.
Office hours: TT 15:15 to 16:30 and open door policy
Sh41@aub.edu.lb, http://staff.aub.edu.lb/~websbs/faculty/CVS/Hanafi_cv.htm
I. Course Description ............................................................................................................................................ 1
II. Objective ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
III. Format ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
IV. Assessment....................................................................................................................................................... 3
V. Schedule ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
VI. Topics and Readings....................................................................................................................................... 3
1- Introduction to Transitional Justice: History and Theory ................................................................................... 3
2. Dealing with the Trauma .................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Prosecuting Past Abusers of Human Rights ....................................................................................................... 4
4. Truth Commission Models ................................................................................................................................. 4
5. Memory and Transitional Justice ........................................................................................................................ 4
6. Memorialization: Case studies ............................................................................................................................ 5
7. Reparations ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
8. Reconciliation ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
9. Justice and Transitional Justice in Lebanon: Presence and Potential ................................................................. 5
10. Transitional justice: Palestinian Case ............................................................................................................... 6
11. Gender and Transitional Justice ........................................................................................................................ 6
12. Veting and Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 6
13. Case Studies and Films ..................................................................................................................................... 6
14. Case Studies and Films ..................................................................................................................................... 6
VII. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 6
VIII. Other materials ............................................................................................................................................ 8
I. Course Description
Should societies confront the legacies of past human rights abuse or atrocities? If so, how? The field of
transitional justice seeks to answer these questions.
The seminar is an exploration of the strategies and courses of action for the post conflict societies. Consistent
with the perspectives and premises of transnational justice, the seminar examines the ways in which states and
the international community attempt to achieve justice in periods of political transition. Some of the leading
theories and applied dimensions will be critically assessed in the light of the operation of international and
domestic criminal justice, historical and administrative justice.
II. Objective
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Analyze problems related to the past abuse of human rights in post-conflict societies;
2. Understand main theories of human rights and transitional justice;
3. Apply theories of transitional justice to a wide range of problems arising in societies that are undergoing
dramatic transformation;
4. Undertake a critical analysis of the relationship between theory and practice;
5. Undertake research which requires the application of theories of transitional justice to concrete problems.
III. Format
The course will be held in the form of a seminar, including lectures and class discussions.
Seminar Presentation
Each student is required to give an oral presentation on a chosen topic. The presentation should be no more than
15 minutes.
Presenting the reading does NOT mean summarizing these readings, rather it entails raising questions,
counterarguments and connections to other theoretical issues, or comparisons with other places and times. The
presentation should provide a basis for class discussions. Students will submit a copy of the questions and issues
they prepared to their peers and to the instructor, 24 hours before the presentation.
Students are, as such, encouraged to bring newspaper clippings or magazine articles on relevant current affairs.
In this way, a logbook of materials can be accumulated throughout the course.
The internet may also be consulted for locating other materials.
A seminar paper of 3000-4000 words, to be submitted within one weeks of the presentation, must follow normal
standards of an essay with proper referencing, introduction, discussion and conclusion. You can take one or two
points of your topic and develop it based in your readings. Papers are to be submitted exclusively through
Moodle.
Research Essay
Each student will choose a topic related to transitional justice. S/he will send me one or two paragraph in how
s/he will approach the topic to be approved by me.
Students will be expected to explore the topic in an original fashion, applying concepts you learn in the
seminar. The research may be conducted from written primary and secondary source materials and
supplemented by original work which may include interviews and observation fieldwork - taking care to follow
professional standards of social science methodologies.
The 3000-4000 words essay must be presented in a FORMAL standard format with proper referencing,
introduction, discussion and conclusion. Papers are to be submitted exclusively through Moodle.
Course Policies
1- You are strongly encouraged to participate in the discussion periods during classes and indeed beyond the
classroom. It will make the classes more interesting and vibrant, and it helps in learning and understanding this
course.
2- You should have a sense of responsibility. Class attendance is required and assessed. Coming late is not
permitted without a proper justification. In case you are absent, you should send a three –page summary of the
reading before the next class.
3- You should read the required materials each week. Otherwise, you should send a three –page summary of the
reading before the following class.
4- It is strictly prohibited to use or to show mobile during the course.
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IV. Assessment
1.
Class attendance and class participation (25%)
2.
Class seminar presentation and seminar paper on one of the themes assigned (30%) (Due one week after
the presentation)
3.
Research Essay (45%) (Due May 29)
V. Schedule
Topic
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
Topic 5
Topic 9
Topic 6
Related to
topic 5 and
2
Topic 4
and 13
Title
Presentation of the course
Introduction to Transitional Justice: History and Theory
Dealing with the Trauma
Prosecuting Past Abusers of Human Rights
Memory and Transitional Justice
Justice and Transitional Justice in Lebanon: Presence and
Potential
Memorialization: Case studies
Umam: Opening of exhibition about Algeria Screening of the film
- Opening ceremony for the exhibition about the disappeared:
in UNESCO
April 10, 20.00: Opening ceremony in UNESCO*
* Lecture by Alex Boraine.
.
Date
Tuesday 12 Feb.
Tuesday 19 Feb.
Tuesday 26 Feb.
Tuesday 4 March
Tuesday 11 March
Tuesday 18 March
(Umam)
Tuesday 25 March
Friday April 4.
18:00 (Umam
Office)
Thursday April
10, 20.00
(UNESCO)
Topic 4
Workshop 1: Truth seeking and truth commissions
(Only for two students)
Saturday - Sunday
12 – 13, April
Topic 4
Topic 7
Topic 8
Topic 10
Topic 11
Topic 12
Truth telling
Reparations
Reconciliation
Transitional justice: Palestinian Case
Gender and Transitional Justice
Vetting
Tuesday 15 April
Tuesday 22 April
Tuesday 29 April
Tuesday 6 May
Tuesday 20 May
Tuesday 27 May
VI. Topics and Readings
“*” in front of the reading means that these readings are required for all the students. They are supplementary
readings for the student who presents the specific topic and for those who are interested in the topic.
1- Introduction to Transitional Justice: History and Theory
Confronting the legacies of past human rights abuse and the Rule of Law in Transition
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*- (Amstuz, 2005: chapter 1, pp.17-40)
*- Teitel (2000, Chapter 1)
- Alex Boraine, Janet Levy, and Ronel Scheffer (eds), “Dealing with the Past” pp. 1-19; 33-105.
- Elster, Jon (2004). Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Chapter 4. Pp. 79-135.
2. Dealing with the Trauma
Film: Death and the Maiden, Roman Polanski (103 minutes)
3. Prosecuting Past Abusers of Human Rights
Legal accountability for past abuse: prosecutions, trials, and civil action in courts
* - Nino, Carlos Santiago (1996) Chapter 1
* - UN OHCHR (2006a)
*- ICTJ (2006) Briefing paper: Dujail: Trail and Error. 17 p.
*- Oomen Barbara (2007) “Rwanda’s Gacaca: Objectives, Merits and Their Relation to
Supranational Criminal Law”. Unpublished paper. In Moodle
- Scharf and Rodley (in Bassiouni), “International Law Principles on Accountability; pp. 89-96.
- Diane F. Orentlicher, Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime
Yale Law Journal Vol.100 No.8 (June 1991) pp. 2537-2615
- ICTJ (2006) Lessons from the Deployment of international Judges and Prosecutors in Kosovo. 35 p.
- ICTJ (2006) The Special Court for Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny. 45 p.
- ICTJ (2006) The Serious Crimes Process in Timor-Leste: In Retrospect. 41 p.
4. Truth Commission Models
Understanding different models, especially in South Africa and Morocco
*- Hayner, Priscilla. Unspeakable Truths, 2001. Chapters 3, 4 and 14.
*- Brahm Eric (2007) Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success and Impact. International
Studies Perspectives 8, pp. 16–35.
*- ICTJ (2007) “About Morocco: summaries of the IER’s report and findings”
*- Slyomovics Susan (2005) “Morocco’s Justice and Reconciliation Commission”. Middle East Report.
http://www.merip.org/mero/mero040405.html, 5 p.
* Garrett, Stephen A. (2000) Models of Transitional Justice - A Comparative Analysis. International Studies
Association.
- Morocco IER report and Finding.
- South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report, “Findings and Recommendations”
- Boraine, Alex. A Country Unmasked, 2000. Chapters 8 and 10.
- ICTJ (2006) Ghana’s National Reconciliation Commission: A Comparative Assessment. 49 p.
5. Memory and Transitional Justice
* - (Young, 1996: pp. 1-91; 243-262; 283-322)
* - King, Alex (2001) Remembering and Forgetting in the Public Memorials of the Great War” in Forty,
Adrian & Kuchler Susanne. (2001) The Art of Forgetting. N.Y.: Berg.
- (Linenthal, 2001)
- Bickford, Louis (2006) “Human Rights, Justice and the Struggle for Memory” in: Transitional Justice and
Human Security
- (Teitel, 2000: chapter 3)
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Brito, Alexandra Barahona de; Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez and Paloma Aguilar (Eds.) (2002) The politics of
memory: transitional justice in democratizing societies.
6. Memorialization: Case studies
*- Coombes, Annie E. (2003) chapters 1-2-3.
*- Hanssen, J. & D.Genberg, (2003) “Beirut in memoriam: a kaleidoscopic space out of focus”. A. Pflitsch &
A. Neuwirth (ed.) Crisis and memory in Islamic societies: proceedings of the Third Summer Academy of the
Working Group Modernity and Islam: (Orient Institute).
*- Neuwirth, Angelika and Andreas Pflitsch (2003) “Crisis and memory dimensions of their relationship : an
introduction”. Pflitsch & Neuwirth (ed.) Crisis and memory.
*- Khalili, Laleh (2005) “Commemorating Contested Lands”. Ann M. Lesch and Ian S. Lustick (Eds.) Exile and
Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania University Press, pp. 106-132.
7. Reparations
*- (Bloomfield et al., 2005: Chapter 9)
*- Pablo De Greiff, (2006) “Introduction” The Handbook of Reparations. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp.
2-18.1
- Elazar Barkan, “Toward the Theory of Restitution,” in: The Guilt of Nations (2000)
- Erin Daly, “Reparations in South Africa: A cautionary tale”, The University of Memphis Law Review,
Memphis: Winter 2003. Vol. 33, Issue 2.
- (Teitel: 2000: Chapter 4)
- ICTJ (2007) The Contemporary Right to Property Restitution in the Context of Transitional Justice. 52 p.
8. Reconciliation
*- (Amstutz: 2005: Chapter 6)
*- Nadim N. Rouhana ‘Reconciling History and Equal Citizenship in Israel:
Democracy and the Politics of Historical Denial’ in Will Kymlicka and Bashir Bashir. (Eds.). The Politics of
Reconciliation in Multicultural Societies. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Forthcoming)
*- (Peled and Rouhana: 2004)
- Rouhana, Nadim (2005) “Truth and Reconciliation: The Right of Return in the Context of Past Injustice”. Ann
M. Lesch and Ian S. Lustick (Eds.) Exile and Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania
University Press, pp. 106-132.
9. Justice and Transitional Justice in Lebanon: Presence and Potential
1- What are the purposes of dealing with the past in Lebanon? Can reconciliation in Lebanon be achieved
without transitional justice processes?
2- How important is memory/memorialization as a way to deal with the past at the time in Lebanon?
3- What strategies social actors use to move these issues forward in Lebanon?
*- (Khalaf, 2002: Chapter 1)
*- Lebanese Amnesty Law
* - Ta’if Agreement
- (Bronkhorst, 2005)
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this handbook contains an innovative blend of case-study analysis, thematic papers, and national legislation documents from leading
scholars and practitioners. This landmark work will make a genuine contribution to the theory and practice of reparations.
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10. Transitional justice: Palestinian Case
*- Lustick, Ian (2005) “Negotiating Truth: The Holocaust, Lehavdil, and al-Nakba”. Ann M. Lesch and Ian S.
Lustick (Eds.) Exile and Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania University Press, pp.
106-132.
*- Barkan, Elazar (2005) “Considerations Toward Accepting Historical Responsibility”. Ann M. Lesch and Ian
S. Lustick (Eds.) Exile and Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania University Press, pp.
106-132.
*- Michael R. Fischbach, “Palestinian and Mizrahi Jewish Property Claims in Discourse and Diplomacy” Ann
M. Lesch and Ian S. Lustick (Eds.) Exile and Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania
University Press, pp. 106-132.
*- Tamari, Salim (2005) “Palestinian Refugee Property Claims: Compensation and Restitution”. Ann M. Lesch
and Ian S. Lustick (Eds.) Exile and Return Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Pennsylvania University
Press, pp. 106-132.
11. Gender and Transitional Justice
*-Rubio-Marín, Ruth ed. (2006) (Introduction and Chapter 1) pp. 20-91.
*- ICTJ on gender. 3 p.
*- (Copelon, 1995)
- ICTJ handbook on gender and truth commissions.
12. Vetting and Conclusion
*- UN OHCHR (2006b) pp. 1-42.
*- Mayer-Rieckh Alexander and Pablo de Greiff (2007) Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public employees in
Transitional societies. Introduction: pp. 17-38.
- UNDP & ICTJ (2006)
- Kingma, Kees (Editor) (2000) Demobilization in Subsaharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts.
13. Case Studies and Films
14. Case Studies and Films
VII. Bibliography
Databases
The University of Wisconsin has launched a Transitional Justice Database, which you can find here
<http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/tjdb/bib.htm>. It is generalist in nature, rather than region-specific, but there are
references to materials of interest on a broad range of subjects and covering all regions of the globe.
Umam, a Lebanese organization, has been working called Memory at Work
<http://www.memoryatwork.org/index.asp>. This may interest those of you engaged in memory work in
particular.
Other
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Amstutz, Mark (2005) The Healing of Nations. The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness
Bloomfield, David ; Teresa Barnes and Luc Huyse (2005) Reconciliation after Violent Conflict. Stockholm: International
IDEA . (available on-line, downloadable at: http://www.idea.int/conflict/reconciliation/reconciliation_full.pdf)
Boraine, Alex et al. (eds), “Dealing with the Past”.
Brito, Alexandra Barahona de; Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez and Paloma Aguilar (Eds.) (2002) The politics of memory:
transitional justice in democratizing societies. Oxford : Oxford University Press.2
Bronkhorst, Daan (2005). Truth Commissions And Transitional Justice: A Short Guide.
www.amnesty.nl/downloads/truthcommission_guide.doc (available on Moodle)
Cobban, Helena (2006) Amnesty After Atrocity?: Healing Nations After Genocide And War Crimes. Paradigm Publishers.
Cohen, Stanley (2005) States of denial: knowing about atrocities and suffering. Oxford University Press.
Connerton, Paul. (1989) How Societies Remember (Cambridge University Press).
Coombes, Annie (2003) History After Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa. Duke
University Press.
Coombes, Annie E. (2003) History After Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa.
Duke University Press.
Copelon, Rhonda (1995) `Gendered War Crimes: Reconceptualizing Rape in Time of War', in Julie Peters and Andrea
Wolper (eds) Women's Rights Human Rights, pp. 197-214. New York: Routledge.
Elster, Jon (2004). Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press.
Garrett, Stephen A. (2000) Models of Transitional Justice - A Comparative Analysis. International Studies Association.
Hanafi, Sari and Linda Tabar (2005) The Emergence of a Palestinian Globalized Elite. Donors, International
Organizations and Local NGOs. (Muwatin and Institute of Jerusalem Studies)
Hanssen, J. & D.Genberg, (2003) “Beirut in memoriam: a kaleidoscopic space out of focus”. A. Pflitsch & A. Neuwirth
(ed.) Crisis and memory in Islamic societies: proceedings of the Third Summer Academy of the Working Group Modernity
and Islam: (Orient Institute).
Jaspers Karl (2001) The Question of German Guilt. Fordham University Press.
Khalaf, Samir (2002) Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon. Colombia University Press.
King, Alex (2001) Remembering and Forgetting in the Public Memorials of the Great War” Forty, Adrian & Kuchler
Susanne. (2001) The Art of Forgetting. N.Y.: Berg.
Kingma, Kees (Editor) (2000) Demobilization in Subsaharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Vhps
Distribution.
Linenthal, Edward (2001) Preserving Memory: the struggle to create America's Holocaust Museum; Columbia University
Press.
Mayer-Rieckh Alexander and Pablo de Greiff (2007) Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public employees in Transitional
societies. New York: ICTJ.3
Neuwirth, Angelika and Andreas Pflitsch (2003) “Crisis and memory dimensions of their relationaship : an introduction”.
A. Pflitsch & A. Neuwirth (ed.) Crisis and memory in Islamic societies: proceedings of the Third Summer Academy of the
Working Group Modernity and Islam: (Orient Institute).
Nino, Carlos Santiago (1996) Radical evil on trial. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press.
Peled, Yoav and Nadim Rouhana (2004), “Transitional Justice and the Right of Return of the Palestinian Refugees”.
Theoretical Inquiries in Law. Volume 5, Number 2 July 2004 Article 4. The Berkeley Electronic Press.
http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=til
2
"One of the most important political and ethical issues faced during a political transition from authoritarian or totalitarian to
democratic rule is how to deal with legacies of repression. This book explores the important aspect of transitional politics, assessing
how Portugal, Spain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Germany after reunification, Russia, the Southern Cone of Latin
America and Central America, as well as South Africa, have confronted legacies of repression.
3
In Justice as Prevention, editors Alexander Mayer-Rieckh and Pablo de Greiff present case studies of vetting practices in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the Czech Republic, El Salvador, the former German Democratic Republic, Greece, Hungary, and Poland. In each case,
they endeavor to answer the following questions to provide a comparative basis for analysis:
•How was the vetting process designed? How broad was its scope?
•How was vetting justified in this context?
•How did vetting relate to other institutional reforms or transitional justice measures undertaken in that country?
Two additional cases—Argentina and South Africa—are included in the volume to explore contexts in which political considerations
blocked formal vetting procedures from being used in the pursuit of justice.
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Roht-Arriaza Naomi and Javier Mariezcurrena (2006) Transitional justice in the twenty-first century: beyond truth versus
justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Rousso Henry (2002) The haunting past: history, memory, and justice in contemporary France. Philadelphia : University
of Pennsylvania Press.
Rubio-Marín, Ruth ed. (2006) What Happened to the Women?: Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations.
New York: Social Science Research Council.
Schabas A. William and Shane Darcy (Ed.) (2004) Truth commissions and courts: the tension between criminal justice
and the search for truth. Publication Dordrecht, NL : Kluwer Academic Publishers.4
Schabas, William A. (2002) “The Rwanda Case: Sometimes It’s Impossible”. Post Conflict Justice (M. Cherif Bassiouini,
ed.). Pgs. 459-485.
Scharf, Michael. (2000) He Tools for Enforcing International Criminal Justice in the New Millennium: Lessons from the
Yugoslav Tribunal.” DePaul Law Review.
Schwartz Herman (2000) The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe (Constitutionalism in Eastern
Europe). University Of Chicago Press.
Stacey, Simon (2006) Political [sic] theory and transitional justice. ProQuest / UMI.5
Teitel, Ruti (2000) Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.
UN OHCHR (2006a) Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States. Prosecution Intiatives.
UN OHCHR (2006b) RULE-OF-LAW TOOLS FOR POST-CONFLICT STATES. Vetting: an operational framework
UNDP & ICTJ (2006) Vetting Public Employees in Post-Conflict Societies - Operational Guidelines.
William A. Schabas, Introduction to International Criminal Court; Cambridge University Press, 2001
Wolin, S.S. (1989) The Presence of the Past (John Hopkins).
Young, James E. (1993) The texture of memory: Holocaust memorials and meaning. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University
Press, c1993.
Pouligny, Béatrice (2007) “The forgotten dimensions of ‘transitional justice’ mechanisms: Cultural meanings and
imperatives for survivors of violent conflicts”. http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/themes/reimaginingpeace/va/resources/forgotten_dimensions_pouligny.pdf
Darwish, Mahmoud. Memory for Forgetfulness: August, Beirut, 1982. Berkeley, Calif: University of
California Press, 1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1z09n7g7/
VIII. Other materials
Film: "For you whenever you are" Borhan Alaouiyé 2000 (52 min)
Film "Facing the enemy" by Paul McGuigan, 2001 (66 min)
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"The papers ... were initially produced for an international conference on the interrelationship between truth commissions and
criminal courts, held at the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland, Galway, in late 2002."--P. 2.
Contents: Introduction / William A. Schabas -- A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and
the Special Court for Sierra Leone / William A. Schabas -- The contribution of Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission to
prosecutions / Eduardo Gonzales Cueva -- The Inter-relationship between the Guatemalan Commission for Historical Clarification and
the search for justice in national courts / Susan Kemp -- The Salvadorian Truth Commission and the search for justice / Margaret
Popkin -- An overview of Ghana's National Reconciliation Commission and its relationship with the courts / Ken Agyemang Attafuah
-- Justice and reconciliation in East Timor. The relationship between the Commission for reception, truth and reconciliation and the
courts / Patric Burgess -- Initial truth establishment by transitional bodies and the fight against denial / Martin Imbleau -- Whose truth?
Objective truth and challenge for history -- Truth, law and official denial: the case of Bloody Sunday / Angela Geharty -- Special
Court for Sierra Leone / Case Law
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The dissertation applies insights derived from several canonical political theorists to the problem of transitional justice: how to deal
with those who committed human rights abuses under authoritarian regimes once those regimes democratize. The dissertation begins
with Machiavelli and Kant, roughly standing in for radically pragmatic and radically deontological perspectives respectively, and
shows both to be instructive but wanting. Locke, I argue, can be regarded as splitting the difference between the two, integrating a
defense of rights with a sensitivity to the compromises that politics requires, but the balance he suggests between the two is ultimately
inadequate: he proves to be overly concerned with the security interests of the state. The dissertation defends a modification of the
Rawlsian original position, called the interval position because it involves a theoretical “time-out” between an authoritarian past and a
democratic future. The inhabitants of a recently democratized polity deliberate from behind a veil of ignorance about transitional
justice policy. The deliberators know the history of their polity, but not what role they played in it: that is, whether they were ordinary
citizens or victims or perpetrators of human rights abuses. I argue that the conclusion reached at in the interval position, informed by
the insights of Machiavelli, Kant and Locke, represents both a morally and practically satisfactory approach to the problem of
transitional justice.--P. iii.
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Film “Gacaca, living together again in Rwanda?” by Anne Aghion, 2002 (55min)
Film "In my Country " by John Boorman, 2005 (103 min)
Film “The Flute Player” by Jocelyn Glatzer, 2003 (53 min)
Film "Confronting the Truth" by Steve York and Neil J. Kritz, 2007 (73 min)
Film “If the People One Day” by the Citizen Movement (26 min)
Film Bringing down a dictator / a production of York Zimmerman, Inc. in association with WETA-TV,
Washington D.C. ; produced, written and directed by Steve York ; managing producer, Miriam Zimmerman
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