Benha University
Faculty of Nursing
Nursing administration department
Methods of Research
1st Term 4th Year
Final Exam
Date: 26 /1 /2011
time : 2 hours
degree: 100
All questions to be answered:
i.
Define the following :
( 10 degree)
1- Veracity
Obligation to tell the truth
2- Clinical nursing research:
Is research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to
improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.
3- Sampling
Is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire
population.
4- Research Design.
i.
a plan for gathering data for answering specific research questions.
ii.
the framework used to conduct the research.
5- Research proposals:
i.
are documents describing what researchers propose to study, prepared
before a project has commenced.
ii.
Are Clear, concise, well-organized document that spells out what it is you
propose to do and why you are proposing to do it.
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ii.
Short Answers
( 20 degree)
1- The specific purposes of nursing research include:-
1- identification,
2- description,
3- exploration,
4- explanation,
5- prediction,
6- and control
2 - Research reports can take various forms as:1-
papers,
2- dissertations,
3-journal articles,
4-presentations at professional conferences
3-major class of quantitative study are:
 1- Experimental designs:
o Experimental
o Quasi-experimental
 2- Non-experimental designs:
o � Descriptive
o � Correlational
4- Types of biophysiologic measures are :-
1-in vivo measures.
2-in vitro measures.
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5-List ( 5) Qualitative Research Methods:-
• Observation
• In-depth interviews
• Focus groups
• Discourse/content analysis
• Case studies
• Oral history
 Video
 Text and Image analysis (documents, media data)
6- Types of qualitative self-report techniques are:1-
-Completely unstructured interviews
2-
Semi-structured (or focused) interviews
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Focus group interviews.
Life histories
5-
The think aloud method
6-
Personal diaries
7-
The critical incidents technique .
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iii.
-Identify which of the following research could be Quantitative Research
and which are Qualitative Research.
( 5 degree)
1- Bournes and Mitchell (2002) undertook an in-depth study to describe the
experience of waiting in a critical care waiting room.
The Answer
…………………
Qualitative Research …………………………………………………….
2- Hupcey (2000) undertook a study that involved the development of a model
explaining the psychosocial needs of patients in the intensive care unit. Feeling
safe was the overwhelming need of patients in the intensive care unit.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………
3- McDonald, Freeland, Thomas, and Moore (2001) conducted a study to determine
the effectiveness of a preoperative pain management intervention for relieving pain
among elders undergoing surgery.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ……………………………………………………
4- Sadala and Mendes (2000) explored the experiences of 18 nurses who cared for
patients who had been pronounced brain dead but kept alive to serve as organ
donors.
The Answer …………… Qualitative Research ……………………………………………………………….
5-Reynolds and Neidig (2002) studied the incidence and severity of nausea
accompanying combinative antiretroviral therapies among HIV infected patients,
and explored patterns of nausea in relation to patient characteristics.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ……………………………………………………
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iv.
matching
( 5 degree)
No
A
1
Person undertaking the study
No
1
B
Directional hypothesis
2
System of organizing concepts
2
dependent Variable
3
Study participant
4
Relationship between a single independent 3
variables and a single dependant variable
Information gathered
4
5
variables that the researcher creates.
5
Deductive reasoning
6
6
Qualitative Research
7
It is a process by which specifics are
inferred from general principles.
Build theories
7
Theory
8
Person contributing information
8
active variables
9
Specifies not only the existence but the 9
expected direction of the relationship
That which is being investigated
10
10
The
answer
Concepts
Simple hypothesis
Inductive reasoning
11
Quantitative Research
12
Data
13
Investigator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
13
7
9
12
8
5
6
3
1
4
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v.
- True or false
( 15 degree)
No
Statement
T
F
1 Research is not systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to
T
answer questions or solve problems.
2 A problem statement is an expression of dilemma or disturbing
T
situation that needs investigation .
3 Closed ended questions allow participants to respond to question in
F
their own words
4 Interview after the possibility of complete anonymity.
F
5 When an attribute is extremely varied in the group under
T
investigation, the group is said to be heterogeneous
6 in non experimental research, researchers make observations of
T
existing situations and characteristics without intervening.
7 Research questions direct rewording of statements of purpose
T
interrogatively rather than declaratively.
8 Background of the problem need to provide a brief, focused review of
T
the literature
9 The proposal is comprehensible to only expert in the field
F
10 The most common scaling technique is the visual analog scale.
F
11 Sample in Qualitative Research is large sample.
F
12 Life histories are narrative self disclosures about individual life
experiences
13 Researcher used standardized instruments in Qualitative Research.
14 Open ended questions are more difficult to construct
15 Qualitative Research is test theories
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T
F
F
F
vi.
-- Differentiate
( 15 degree)
1- Basic research and applied research.
Basic research

applied research
Undertaken to advance knowledge

Undertaken to remedy a particular
in a given area, helps the researcher
problem or modify a situation, helps the
understand relationships among
researcher to make decisions or evaluate
phenomena.
techniques. (Clinical nursing problems).


Pursuit of knowledge or finding
truth
Knowledge intended to directly
influence clinical practice

Generates, refines or tests theory


Often uses laboratory setting
conditions

Findings may not be directly useful

in practice
Conducted in actual practice
Solve problems, make decisions,
predict/control outcomes
May be used later in development of

Evaluate interventions
treatment/ drug/ theory

Test/validate theories

Evaluate “Basic” research knowledge
for usefulness
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2- Probability sampling and non Probability sampling
Probability sampling
Non Probability sampling
(random sample): It is a sample which is (non-random sample): This is sample
chosen so that every member of the chosen according to the person's own
population is equally likely to be a member of judgment so result cannot be generalized
the sample.
to the whole population.
A- Simple random sample: This a sample
There are three types of non
drawn in such way that every individual in
probability sampling:
the population has an equal chance of
appearing in the sample.
A- convenience sampling: It uses
B- Stratified random sample: In this case,
participants who are easily accessible to
we start by dividing the population into
the researcher and who meet the criteria
different
strata
according
to
their
of the study.
characteristics (e.g. male and female,
different age groups, rural and urban). Then Snawball sampling: It is a particular
from each of those strata, we choose a type of convenience sampling in which
random sample from each stratum, the final the researcher net works with a small
sample is the total of the samples from sample of accessible participants and use
them to assist in identifying other
different strata.
participants with the specific trait.
C- Cluster sampling: In this case the
population first divided in to clusters or B- Quota sampling: In this case the
groups as sample units rather than individuals population are divided into strata then
and all the elements within the chosen cluster the researcher determines which strata
are examined (e.g. house holds, schools) and are to be studied, then computers
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the sample is selected from these clusters by number of participants needed for each
simple random method.
strata, once quota for each strata is
determined, the subjects are solicited via
D-Multistage sampling: in this case the
a convenience sampling method.
sample is taken in a series of stages.
 First, start by big clusters (e.g. zones)
from this draw a sample, each zone is
then divided into cities and villages,
and from each of these you can choose
a sample, from each city choose a
district or house by random method,
and then randomly draw a sample of
families or individuals.
E- Systematic sampling: Relies on arranging
the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements
at regular interval through the ordered list. In
this case we choose every Nth individual e.g.
every 5th, 10th, etc., the first one to be
included should be randomly selected.
o
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C- Purposive/theoretical/judgemental
sampling: In this type, the researcher
based on knowledge and expertise of the
subject, selects or hand picks the
elements of the study. The chosen
element are though to best represent the
phenomena being studied.
vii.
-Write one research proposal, either quantitative or qualitative for
problem you select.
( 25 degree)
According to the problem you select, you must present it in this
sequence:-
-
Title
Introduction
Significance of the problem
Aim of the study
Research question
Subject and methods
Research design
Setting
Subject
Tools of data collection
Methods of data collection
Results
discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
Reference
Good luck
Dr : Mahboba Sobhy
Dr: Latifa Tawfik
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