Smoking Cessation Research Articles and Resources
I. Research Articles
Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease disease risk? A
qualitative review
John R. Hughes, Matthew J. Carpenter
Received 29 August 2005; accepted 15 November 2005
This review examines whether reduction in smoking among smokers not currently
interested in quitting (a) undermines or promotes future smoking cessation or (b) decreases
the risks of developing smoking-related diseases.
Systematic computer searches and other methods located 19 studies examining reduction
and subsequent cessation and 10 studies examining reduction and disease risk. Because of
the heterogeneity of methods and results, a meta analysis could not be undertaken. None of
19 studies found that reduction undermined future cessation, and 16 found that reduction
was associated with greater future cessation, including the two randomized trials of
reduction versus non-reduction. The 10 trials of disease risk found conflicting results, and
none was an adequate test. We conclude that (a) smoking reduction increases the
probability of future cessation and (b) whether smoking reduction decreases the risks of
smoking-related diseases has not been adequately tested.
Treatment of tobacco use and dependence
The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 346, No. 7 February 14, 2002
This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem.
Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal
guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author’s clinical recommendations.
Telephone Counseling for Population-based Smoking Cessation
Patricia M. Smith, PhD; Roy Cameron, PhD; Paul W. McDonald, PhD
Beth Kawash, MSc; Cheryl Madill, MSc; K. Steven Brown, PhD
Health Behavior. 2004;28(3):231-241
Objectives: To examine the options for use, efficiency, and effectiveness for structuring a
population-based telephone smoking-cessation service. Methods: Callers (n=632) to a 1800 number were randomized in a 2 (50-minute counseling with 2/6 calls) x 2 (pamphlet/
booklet) design with print only control. Results: Six-month use of the service was 0.6% of
adult smokers. Service promotion cost $31.02/person. Telephone counseling resulted in
higher continued abstinence (5%) than did print only (1%), P<.05. Amount of print and calls
did not increase cessation.
Six calls resulted in lower completion rates than 2 (22% vs 56%, P<.05). Conclusions: For
planning, consider 1% use, low-cost promotion, pamphlet, 50-minute initial counseling plus
2 follow-ups, and minimize call-attempts.
Smoking Cessation Approaches for Persons With Mental Illness or Addictive
Disorders
Nady el-Guebaly, M.D. Janice Cathcart, B.S.N., M.Ed. Shawn Currie, Ph.D. Diane Brown,
R.N. Susan Gloster, R.N., B.N.
Psychiatric Services 53:1166–1170, 2002
Objective: Persons with psychiatric illnesses are about twice as likely as the general
population to smoke tobacco. They also tend to smoke more heavily than other smokers.
This critical review of the literature identified 24 empirical studies of outcomes of smoking
cessation approaches used with samples of persons with mental disorders.
Methods: The authors conducted searches of large health care and other databases for the
years 1991 through 2001, using the key terms smoking, smoking cessation, nicotine,
health/hospital/smoke-free policy, and psychiatry/ mental/substance abuse disorders.
Results and conclusions: The majority of interventions combined medication and
psychoeducation. Although the studies were not uniform enough to allow a metaanalysis, the recorded quit rates of patients with psychiatric disorders were similar to
those of the general population. Clinicians could usefully devote more effort to
smoking cessation in populations with mental illness or addictions.
II. Resources
Telephone
Smokers’ Helpline – Canadian Cancer Society 1-877-513-5333
Information and Overview
http://www.gosmokefree.ca
http://www.otru.org/
http://www.smoke-free.ca/
http://www.oma.org/Health/tobacco/
http://www.heartandstroke.ca/
http://www.ontario.cancer.ca/ccs/
http://www.cancercare.on.ca/
http://www.on.lung.ca/nosmoking/
http://www.lung.ca
http://www.hhrc.net/
http://www.leavethepackbehind.org/main.cfm
http://www.healthservices.uwaterloo.ca/occupationalhealth/smokingcessation.html
http://www.info-tabac.ca (FRENCH)
http://www.cancer.org
http://www.cancer.gov/
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/
http://www.ash.org.uk/
http://www.cno.org
http://www.Globalink.org
http://www.theotn.org
http://www.tobaccofree.org/films.htm
http://www.stupid.ca
Pharmacotherapy / Nicotine Replacement Therapy
http://www.oma.org/Health/tobacco/stopsmoke.asp
http://www.ash.org.uk/html/cessation/ Smoking%20reduction/NRT051229.pdf
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/quit-cesser/now-maintenant/aid/nrttrn/index_e.html
www.nicoderm.ca or 1-866-311-5659
www.habitrol.com or 1-888-227-5777
www.zybannet.com or 1-800-489-8424
Cessation
http://www.smokershelpline.ca/
http://www.stopsmokingcenter.net/
http://www.smokefree.gov/ - National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research
Branch
http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=117062 American Lung
Association
http://www.pregnets.org/
http://www.toronto.ca/health/quit_smoking_bent_on_quitting.htm
http://www.iquit.medschool.ucsf.edu
http://www.quit4life.com
http://www.quitnet.org
http://www.smokingzine.org
http://www.stop-tabac.ch
Resources
http://www.ptcc-cfc.on.ca/links.cfm
http://www.cctc.ca/
Books
The Tobacco Dependence Treatment Handbook A Guide to Best Practices Books.
David B. Abrams, Raymond Niaura, Richard A. Brown, Karen M. Emmons, Michael G.
Goldstein, Peter M. Monti, Laura A. Linnan
Structured Relapse Prevention: An Outpatient Counselling Approach. (2nd Edition)
Toronto: CAMH Press. Herie, Marilyn, Watkin-Merek, Lynn.
Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Practical Guide for Counsellors - 3rd edition (2004).
Chapter on Tobacco interventions for People with alcohol and other drug problems .
This book is available through CAMH Marketing and Sales Service:
marketing@camh.net or 1-800-661-1111