Marijuana
Marijuana is the most widely used illegal substance in the world today. It's use is also the most controversial. With
legalization efforts underway, it is important to have the facts.
Marijuana is made from the plant cannabis sativa, a plant that grows wild (and is also cultivated indoors and out) throughout
many regions. Most of the marijuana used in the United States comes from sources in the U.S., Mexico ("Mexican
Red/Brown"), and Canada ("BC Bud").
Marijuana consists of the buds, leaves, and resin of the cannabis plant. The stalks and sterilized seeds are considered
"hemp."
The plant, cannabis sativa, contains chemicals called "cannabinoids." THC (delta-9-tetrhydrocannabinol) is the cannabinoid
believed to be responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis.
THC can be found in all parts of the cannabis plant, including hemp. This is why hemp is regulated carefully--some hemp
products such as clothing, rope, yarn, lotion and soap are legal products because they do not cause THC to enter the human
body.
"While most of the THC in cannabis plants is concentrated in the marijuana, all parts of the plant, including hemp, have been
found to contain THC. The existence of THC in hemp is significant because THC, like marijuana, is a schedule I controlled
substance."
" A pharmaceutical product, Marinol, is widely available through prescription. It comes in the form of a pill and is also being
studied by researchers for suitability via other delivery methods, such as an inhaler or patch. The active ingredient of Marinol
is synthetic THC, which has been found to relieve the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy for cancer patients
and to assist with loss of appetite with AIDS patients. Another product, Cesamet, which is similar to Marinol, is to be released
in the U.S. in June of 2006.
"There are no FDA-approved medications that are smoked. For one thing, smoking is generally a poor way to deliver
medicine. It is difficult to administer safe, regulated dosages of medicines in smoked form. Secondly, the harmful chemicals
and carcinogens that are byproducts of smoking create entirely new health problems. There are four times the level of tar in
a marijuana cigarette, for example, than in a tobacco cigarette."
(Source: "Medical" Marijuana: The Facts, DEA)
"Smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco. Marijuana smoke contains 50% to 70%
more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke. It also produces high levels of an enzyme that converts certain
hydrocarbons into their carcinogenic form--levels that may accelerate the canges that ultimately produce malignant cells."
(Source: NIDA)
"It has been estimated that smoking a cannabis cigarette (containing only herbal cannabis) results in an approximately fivefold greater increase in carboxyhaemoglobin concentration, a three-fold greater increase in the amount of tar inhaled, and a
retention in the respiratory tract of one third more tar than smoking a tobacco cigarette."
(Source: British Medical Association)
The majority of marijuana is smoked, although some users ingest it orally (added to brownies, cookies, etc.). Marijuana is
usually smoked in the form of loosely rolled cigarettes called "joints," hollowed out commercial cigars called "blunts," smoked
in pipes or bongs. Joints and blunts are sometimes laced with a number of adulterants including PCP, cocaine and embalming
fluid (a chemical traditionally used to preserve dead bodies)--resulting in a wide range of effects
S T R E E T T E R M S for marijuana include pot, weed, grass, bud, dope and hydro.
S H O R T T E R M E F F E C T S of marijuana use include impaired short-term memory, impaired concentration, attention, and
judgment; impaired coordination and balance, increased heart rate, blood shot or red eyes, dry mouth and increased
appetite (the "munchies").
* Occasional effects, especially with long term use, include anxiety, panic, and paranoia.
L O N G T E R M E F F E C T S of marijuana use include addiction (psychological), paranoia, persistent anxiety, impaired learning
skills and memory difficulties.
M E D I C A L C O M P L I C A T I O N S associated with marijuana use include an increased risk of chronic cough, bronchitis, and
emphysema; increased risk of cancer of the head, neck, and lungs; a decrease in testosterone levels and lower sperm counts
for men and an increase in testosterone levels for women and increased risk of infertility.
Additional Information from NIDA:
Within a few minutes after inhaling marijuana smoke, an individual's heart begins beating more rapidly, the bronchial
passages relax and become enlarged, and blood vessels in the eyes expand, making the eyes look red. The heart rate,
normally 70 to 80 beats per minute, may increase by 20 to 50 beats per minute or, in some cases, even double. This effect
can be greater if other drugs are taken with marijuana.
* Studies show that approximately 6 to 11 percent of fatal accident victims test positive for THC. In many of these cases,
alcohol is detected as well. In a study conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a moderate dose of
marijuana alone was shown to impair driving performance; however, the effects of even a low dose of marijuana combined
with alcohol were markedly greater than for either drug alone. Driving indices measured included reaction time, visual search
frequency (driver checking side streets), and the ability to perceive and/or respond to changes in the relative velocity of
other vehicles.
* Cancer of the respiratory tract and lungs may also be promoted by marijuana smoke. A study comparing 173 cancer
patients and 176 healthy individuals produced strong evidence that smoking marijuana increases the likelihood of developing
cancer of the head or neck, and that the more marijuana smoked, the greater the increase. A statistical analysis of the data
suggested that marijuana smoking doubled or tripled the risk of these cancers.
* Marijuana has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory tract because it contains
irritants and carcinogens.42 In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 percent to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons
than does tobacco smoke.43 It also produces high levels of an enzyme that converts certain hydrocarbons into their
carcinogenic form, levels that may accelerate the changes that ultimately produce malignant cells.44 Marijuana users usually
inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs' exposure to
carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, puff for puff, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than
smoking tobacco does.