温州医学院本科
毕业论文
( 2007 届 )
论文题目 A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in
（英文）
Great Expectations
论文题目从荣格原型理论分析《远大前程》中
（中文）
匹普的成长礼仪式
学院
人文与管理学院
专业
英语
班级
2007（01）班
学号
0315021
作者姓名
贺燕平
指导老师
伊迎
完稿时间
2007.04.09
成绩
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
目 录
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………iv
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Outline…………………………………………………………………………………..v
提纲…………………………………………………………………………………….vi
1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 The previous studies on Pip in Great Expectations……………………………….1
1.2 Jungian Approach on the initiatio rite ……………………………………………1
2. Separation: the years before great expectations………………………………………1
2.1 Separation in the churchyard……………………………………………………...2
2.2 Separation in the Satis House……………………………………………………..2
3. Margin-transition: life in London with great expectations…………………………....3
3.1 Transition of life style: from simplicity to luxury………………………………...3
3.2 Transition of values: from conscience to vanity…………………………………..3
3.3 Transition of benefactor: from Miss Havisham to Magwitch……………………..4
4. Reaggregation: the years after the loss of great expectations…………………………5
4.1 Return to conscience……………………………………………………………... 5
4.2 Return to ego integrity…………………………………………………………….7
5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….8
Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………...8
iii
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great
Expectations
He Yanping
Abstract: This paper explores the initiation rite of Pip in Great Expectations in a
Jungian approach. Firstly, it introduces the previous study on Pip in Great Expectations
and the theory of Jungian approach. Then, it elaborates on three stages of initiation of
Pip, including separation, margin-transition and reaggregation. Finally, it suggests the
eternal charm of this novel and the social significance of initiation rite.
Key words: Pip; Jungian approach; initiation rite; collective unconsciousness
从荣格原型理论分析《远大前程》中匹普的成长礼仪式
贺燕平
摘要：本论文主要用荣格原型理论探讨《远大前程》中匹普的成年礼。论文首先
介绍了关于《远大前程》中匹普的国内外研究状况及荣格原型理论。其次，论文
详述了匹普成年礼的三个阶段，包括分离，转变和组合。最后，论文指出了 《远
大前程》永恒文学魅力之所在以及它的社会意义。
关键词：匹普; 荣格原型理论；成年礼；集体无意识
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great
Expectations
Outline
1. Introduction
1.1 The previous study on Pip in Great Expectation
1.2 Jungian Approach on the initiation rite.
2. Separation: the years before great expectations
2.1 Separation in the churchyard
2.2 Separation in the Satis House
3. Margin-Transition: life in London with great expectations
3.1 Transition of life: from simplicity to luxury.
3.2 Transition of values: from conscience to vanity.
3.3 Transition of benefactor: from Miss Havisham to Magwitch.
4. Reaggregation: the years after the loss of great expectations
4.1 Return to conscience.
4.2 Ego integrity
5. Conclusion
v
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
从荣格原型理论分析《远大前程》中匹普的成长礼仪式
提纲
1. 引言
1.1 国内外研究状况
1.2 荣格成年礼原型理论
2. 分离：得知巨额财产之前
2.1 分离到教堂
2.2 分离到沙提斯
3. 过渡：在伦敦获得巨额财产
3.1 生活的转变：从简朴到奢侈
3.2 价值观的转变：从富有良心到爱慕虚荣
3.3 资助人的转变：从哈维香小姐到马格维奇
4. 组合：失去巨额财产之后
4.1 良心的回归
4.2 自我整合
5. 结语
vi
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great
Expectations
FLC 2003（01）
（English）HE Yanping
Tutor: Teaching Assistant YI Ying
1. Introduction
1.1 The previous studies on Pip in Great Expectations
Great Expectations is one of the most mature novels written by Charles Dickens, a
great Victorian writer, and thus this novel is analyzed by generations of scholars home
and aboard, especially the study on the main character Pip is under heated discussions.
Generally speaking, Pip abroad is criticized in three aspects, point of view, character,
and Freudian analysis.
The study on Pip in Great Expectations in China mainly focuses on two aspects,
namely, the circumstantial influence on the growth of Pip, and the analysis from the
character perspective.
Although considerable research has been devoted to Pip in Great Expectations,
these studies limit to the novel itself. But the charm of literary works should be beyond
the works themselves and beyond the tome and space. The suggestions for human
survival and development provided by the literature shall not be ignored by critics. This
paper thus explores Great Expectations from a Jungian approach, which will find the
reasons of the eternal charm of literature and give some hints to the growth of children
in modern times, hence the originality of this thesis.
1.2 Jungian Approach on the initiation rite
Jungian approach or archetypal criticism, based on C. G. Jung’s (1875–1961) depth
psychology, works along similar lines by searching texts for collective motifs of the
human psyche, which are held to be common to different historical periods and
languages. These archetypes represent primordial images of the human unconsciousness,
which have retained their structures in various cultures and epochs. (Mario 80)
One of the most important archetypes in Jungian approach is the initiation rite. It is
a rite held for children, especially boys. A boy at initiation may be physically wrenched
from his mother by older men and removed from his home for an extended time, with
cultural symbolism of death and rebirth. (Barbar 174) Initiation rites for young women
and men recognize and promote developmental transitions that mark (and instruct)
status changes within the structure of the community. “Generally, the initiation rite
consists of three stages, namely, separation, margin-transition and reaggregation.” (qtd.
in 彭兆荣 138 ) Thus, Great Expectations is a novel describing the journey of a young
hero from childhood to maturity. (Barbar 174)
2. Separation: the years before great expectations
The first stage of initiation rite is separation, in which children are withdrawn from
the group and moving from one place or status to another. In general, the location for
initiation is hidden and unknown. (荣格 110-111) This characteristic is most clearly the
1
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
case with Pip in Great Expectations. He experiences three times of separation, including
separation in the churchyard, separation in the Satis House and separation in London.
2.1 Separation in the churchyard
At the very beginning of this novel, on a “raw afternoon towards evening”,
(Dickens 1) Pip left home and stayed at the churchyard. It was a bleak place where his
parents and five brothers were dead and buried. In this place,
The dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected
with dikes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding
on it, was the marshes; and that the low lines beyond was the
river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was
rushing was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers
growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. (Dickens
1-2)
In this environment, a terrible convict started up from among the graves. He
demanded Pip to bring some food and a file to him and frightened Pip that “You fail, or
you go from my words in any partickler, no matter how small it is, and your heart and
your liver shall be tore out, roasted, and ate.” (Dickens 3-4) Under force as well as
sympathy to the convict, Pip complied and stole his sister’s food and Joe’s file to him. It
must be pointed out that in this frightening scene, a pair of images with sharp contrast
exists together: one is a beacon for navigation that Pip describes as “an ugly thing when
you were near it”, and the other is a gibbet “with some chains hanging to it”. (Dickens 5)
This indicates the co-existence of good and evil in the world, which has great influence
on Pip’s thoughts and behavior. Pip had been “unexpectedly exonerated” from the state
of mind regarding the pilfering. Though he did not disclose it frankly, there was “some
dregs of good at the bottom of it”. (Dickens 37)
2.2 Separation in the Satis House
The other separation for Pip is in the Satis House. Miss Havisham, the owner of
this house, is an immensely rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house
and who led a life of seclusion. (Dickens 46) As she wanted a boy to go and play there,
at the recommendation of Mr. Pumblechook, Pip went there. The Satis House “was of
old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it”. (Dickens 50) The passages
of the house were all dark, “no glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it.” (Dickens 52)
What’s worse, “everything in room had stopped, like the watch and the clock. (Dickens
55)” As to Pip, the house was new, strange, fine and melancholy (Dickens 54). But in
this mysterious and unknown house, Pip was denounced by Estella, Miss Havisham’s
ward as a stupid, clumsy labouring-boy. (Dickens 55) By these words, Pip for the first
time felt ashamed of his impoverished past and stated that he wished “Joe had been
rather more genteelly brought up” so that he might have been as well. (Dickens 57)
Pip’s growing sense of shame continued to perform in hid embarrassment over Joe’s
uncomfortable
appearance
in
Sunday
clothes
at
Miss
Havisham’s,
“standing…speechless, with his tuft of feathers ruffled, and his mouth open, as if he
wanted a worm”. (Dickens 93) It depicts that Pip was directed by wealth but unable to
appreciate Joe’s simple dignity. The most miserable thing for Pip was “to feel ashamed
of home” because of “(his) sister’s temper”. (Dickens 99) Such sense of shame caused
2
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
Pip’s separation from relations to a distant place.
In the fourth year of Pip’s apprenticeship to Joe, Mr. Jaggers, a lawyer in London
brought him a message of great expectations. With this unexpected fortune, Pip’s dream
came true; his wild fancy surpassed the sober reality. And he thought that Miss
Havisham was going to make his fortune a grand scale. (Dickens 129) So Pip directly
went to London to be educated as a gentleman, as he stated, “the mists had all solemnly
risen now, and the world lay spread before me.” (Dickens 149)
The above description is about the first stage of Pip’s initiation rite, which has
great influence on his life, and he began to desire vanity.
3. Margin-transition: life in London with great expectations
Then Pip came to his second stage of initiation rite, margin-transition. In this stage,
children leave one place or state but haven’t yet entered or jointed the next. Here in
Great Expectations, Pip’s margin-transition is his life in London with great expectations,
which consists of three aspects, transition of life style, transition of the values and
transition of benefactor.
3.1 Transition of life style: from simplicity to luxury
Sponsored by his benefactor, Pip settled down in London, and was influenced by
the surroundings where he lived and accepted education; soon he contracted lavish
habits and felt ashamed of his simplicity. Arriving at London Pip had the impression
that London was a “wicked place”; it was “rather ugly, crooked, narrow, and dirty”.
(Dickens 150) Besides, Pip’s guardian Mr. Jaggeres led a luxury life, which lured Pip to
desire an extravagant life, too. The following facts illustrate the point well.
Firstly, Pip’s dinner turned luxurious. He and his friend Herbert had a feast with
melted butter, breed, cheese and boiled food, but he just called it a little dinner,
(Dickens 165) but when he lived in the village, he just shared bread with Joe. While
eating, Pip asked Pocket to point out his wrong manners and correct them as to fit the
London fashion, such as “the spoon is not generally used overhand, but under.”
(Dickens 166) and “a dinner-napkin will not go into a tumbler”. Would he pay attention
to such etiquette when he ate with Joe? No. When they had dinner, they competed to see
who eat quicker, which looked like a game.
Secondly, Pip’s room in London was decorated in quite an unnecessary and
inappropriate way. Pip stayed and learned at Mr. Pocket’s home, but he still kept the
room in Barnaard’s Inn, as to make his life “agreeably varied” (Dickens 183). But his
bedroom in Joe’s was a tiny one and even no candle to light.
Thirdly, Pip employed a servant to work for him. As to the servant, hr even bought
him high-heel boots and bright clothes to show off his great fortune. While in the village,
he was an apprentice to a blacksmith and he had to work hard to earn bread, let along
having a servant work for him.
3.2 Transition of values: from conscience to vanity
As Pip’s life style changed into luxury, his values also changed from conscience to
vanity. To be specific, Pip’s vanity was reflected in the following three aspects.
Firstly, Pip came to realize and make use of the power of money. The concrete
evidences are as follows. Concerning Joe, when he would like to come to London to see
him, Pip was unpleasant because of “a keen sense of incongruity” between them. To
3
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
avoid disgrace, he wanted to distance himself from Joe by money, “If I could have kept
him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money.” (Dickens 203) As
regards to Old Orlick, finding that he still pursued Biddy, Pip “felt inveterate against
him ”and told Biddy that he would “spend any money or take any pains to derive him
out of the country.” (Dickens 265) With respect to Mr. Trabb’s boy, Pip felt humiliated
by his scornful remarks in the street, and thus Pip decided to decline to deal further with
Mr. Trabb as he employed a boy who “excited loathing in every respectable mind”
(Dickens 230).
Moreover, with the fortune and prospects, Pip changed his companions. To be a
London gentleman, Pip kept away from his humble fellows and actually began to
“invent reasons and excuses for putting up at the Blue Boar” (Dickens 210) on his
return to the hometown rather than be seen at the forge, “ (loiter) into the country on
Miss Havisham’s side of turn-which was not Joe’s side.” (Dickens 216) He associated
with a group of idle young men, including the brutal Bentley Drummle and no longer
visited Joe, a poor man whose love alone could not satisfy him. They boasted their
bright prospects in one way or another. For example, Pip showed off his fortune and
claimed Herbert’s patron at Mr. Jaggers’s dinner.
In addition, Pip applied a membership of a club called the Finches of the Grove.
This club had not any academic aim at all but the members “dined expensively once a
fortnight, to quarrel among themselves as much as possible after dinner, and to cause six
waiters to get drunk on the stairs.”
3.3 Transition of benefactor: from Miss Havisham to Magwitch
With the growth of age, Pip was increasingly eager to know his benefactor. At the
beginning, Pip regarded Miss Havisham as his benefactor. He had such a fancy because
of the following three facts.
Firstly, when Mr. Jaggers came to village to find him out, and told him the message
of great expectation, Pip was told that an unknown person adopted him and he should
always keep the name of Pip. It is a coincidence that when he went to Satis House to say
goodbye, Miss Havisham stated that：
“I have seen Mr. Jaggers. I have heard about it, Pip. So you
go to –morrow? ”
…“Not named?”
…Had Mr. Jaggers is made your guardian? ”
…
You will always keep the name of Pip, you know.”
(Dickens 147)
These words made Pip have a vision that Miss Havisham was his “fair godmother “.
(Dickens 147)
Secondly, when Pip came to Satis House in the request of Miss Havisham, he saw
a more beautiful and more womanly Estella. When Miss Havisham and Pip were left
alone, she drew an arm round Pip’s neck, and drew his head close down to hers and
whispered with passion that “love her, love her, love her!” (Dickens 233) And later he
was asked to accompany her to Richmand. These actions made Pip thought that Miss
Havisham not only educated him to be a gentleman, but also betrothed Estella to him.
4
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
Thirdly, in Pip’s twenty-first birthday, he expected that Mr.Jaggers would reveal
the identity of his benefactor but Mr. Jaggers refused indifferently. Then Pip derived the
notion that:
Miss Havisham, for some reason or no reason, had not
taken him into her confidence as to her designing me for
Estella; that he resented this, and felt a jealousy about it; or
that he really did object to that scheme, and would have
nothing to do with it. (Dickens 270)
However, Pip’s presume was overturned by a stranger coming from the east on a
wretched night. This stranger revealed the fact that Pip’s annual income was five
hundred pounds and that his guardian was Mr. Jaggers. He found Pip out, “Yes, Pip,
dear boy, I’ve made a gentleman on you!” (Dickens 298) All those years he had been
working hard in Australia to support the boy who fed him on the marshes. Until that
moment, Pip came to realize that his benefactor was the convict whom he once helped,
rather than Miss Havisham. At that time the truth was disclosed: He misunderstood
Miss Havisham’s intentions; Estella was not betrothed for him; Miss Havisham made
use of him to take revenge on men. With the knowledge of all the truth, Pip’s life of ship
has gone to pieces, and his great expectations remained a big irony as he became a
gentleman by way of a criminal’s generosity and he was even too proud to recognize
Joe.
From what has been discussed above, it is clear that Pip has experienced three
steps of transition, which have great influence on him, making a naïve Pip into a
worldly one.
4. Reaggregation: the years after the loss of great expectations
The last stage in initiation rite is reaggregation. In this stage, children reenter the
society, having completed the rite. Here in Great Expectations, Pip’s reaggregation is
contained two aspects, namely, return to conscience and return to ego integrity.
4.1 Return to conscience
In the last stage of initiation rite, Pip experienced two symbolic deaths - injury on
his arm by fire and heavy illness, which provide symbolic rebirth when he was rescued
by Joe.
First of all, Pip’s return to conscience has much to do with his attitudes towards
Magwitch, which changed from antipathy to sympathy and at last to protection.
At the beginning, Pip felt dread and sick about his sponsor because of Magwitch’s
wicked social position. Hence, when Magwitch told Pip “I’ve made a gentleman on
you.” (Dickens 298) the abhorrence, dread and repugnance Pip had of him exceeded
that he had of a terrible beast. (Dickens 298) Besides, Pip regarded Magwitch as a
hungry old dog when he was eating, “He ate in a ravenous way that was very
disagreeable, and all his actions were uncouth, noisy, greedy.” (Dickens 306) What’s
more, Magwitch’s favorite action was holding out both his hands for Pip’s and the most
pleasant thing was standing by and looking at Pip, but Pip released his hands as soon as
he could and thought he was heavily chained. (Dickens 307) Thus he convinced himself
that he must desert Magwitch.
However, gaining some knowledge of Magwitch’s history, Pip gradually felt
5
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
sympathy for him, as he actually was the victim of the degraded society. Then Pip took
all measures to remove Magwitch to a safer place, Mill Pond Bank. Significantly, when
Pip visited Magwitch in Mill Pond Bank, he found that Magwitch was “softened”.
(Dickens 350) This reflects Pip’s sentiment on his benefactor. Later, Pip tried to carry
out his plan to smuggle Magwitch out of England. For this, he made great efforts to
make precautions, such as exercising boat, preparing passports, asking help from friends,
and so on. But as they were suspected and watched by Compeyson, and their plan
failed.
If Pip’s smuggling Magwitch out of England is a physical protection, then his
determination to accompany him forever is a mental one. At that time, Pip’s arms were
injured by fire in Satis House when he tried to save Miss Havisham. Fire here is a
symbol of purification. (泰勒 180-181) After this “death”, Pip became more mature, as
he stated that：
For now my repugnance to him had all melted away, and in
the hunted wounded shackled creature who held my hand
in his, I only saw a man who had meant to be my
benefactor, and who had felt affectionately, gratefully and
generously towards me with great constancy through a
series of years. I only saw in him a much better man than I
had been to Joe. (Dickens 254)
As early as they wanted to flee away, Pip thought “when I look my place by Magwitch’s
side, I felt that was my place henceforth while he lived.” (Dickens 415) In the dark time
of his life, Pip still took care of Magwitch. In the court, he held the hand that Magwitch
stretched forth to him to accompany and support him. Being sentenced to death,
Magwitch was put into prison, but Pip went there everyday to look after him on the last
day of his life, as he knew the beat thing to Magwitvch was being “more comfortable
alonger me since I was under a dark cloud than when the sun shone”. (Dickens 428)
Before Magwitch’s death, Pip revealed to him that his daughter Estella was alive and
became a lady, which comforted and showed mercy to him.
Further more, Pip’s return to conscience also relates to Joe and Biddy, and it is
mirrored in his confession to Joe and his planning to marry Biddy. He is aware that
“there was no fire like the forge and the kitchen at home.” (Dickens 254)
Undergoing heavy illness-a symbolic death, Pip no longer pursued empty ends but
began to care about other people and do something meaningful. During the illness,
though he suffered greatly-often lost reason, and confounded impossible existence with
his own identity, (Dickens 430) Pip knew that “there was an extraordinary tendency in
all these people, sooner or later, to settle down into the likeness of Joe.” (Dickens 430)
After awoken, seeing Joe nursing him back to health, Pip cried, “Oh, Joe, you break my
heart! Look angry at me, Joe. Strike me, Joe. Tell me of my ingratitude. Don’t be so
good to me!” (Dickens 431) When recovered, Pip went back to village, as he made a
determination to disclose his penitent remonstrance with Joe and go to Biddy.
Village and city stand for two different kinds of life styles and values. Returning to
the village, Pip had “a sense of increasing relief and a sense of leaving arrogance and
untruthfulness further and further behind.” (Dickens 443) Significantly, Pip went to
6
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
Biddy “humbled and repentant”, to atone for an “errant heart”, as a better man with the
resolve to let Biddy “make it a better world” for him. (Dickens 439)
4.2 Return to ego integrity
According to Jung, the essence of initiation rite is obedience(荣格 110-114). Men’s
psyche comprises consciousness, personal unconsciousness and collective
unconsciousness, and among them, collective unconsciousness is at the utmost of men’s
mind (8-18). Therefore, only to be obedient, one can reach the harmonious state of
psyche; otherwise, one will be hurt if the conflict between the conscious self and the
unconscious self.
In this sense, Pip in Great Expectations underwent the process of ego integrity in
three stages. The first stage is the conflict between the conscious self and the
unconscious self, which was reflected in Pip’s attempts to be a London gentleman. The
conscious self desired for wealth, top social class and Miss Estella’s love, so the
mysterious Satis House attracted Pip in grand scale, and he felt unhappy to work in
Joe’s forge. But the unconscious self spoke in the mind that he must behonest, sincere
and truthful to friends, hence Pip confessed his guilt to Joe when he told a lie after
visiting Miss Havisham for the first time, and revealed his secret to Biddy, asking for
her advice. In this contradiction, the strength of conscious self surpassed the
unconscious self, and thus it did everything at its will without the consideration of the
voice from the deepest mind. As a result, Pip’s dream came true and climbed up to the
top step of the social ladder, but at the sane time, he expressed disdain for his former
friends. Such situation induced him heavily fell down from the social ladder because he
disobeyed his unconscious self. Then, Pip gradually learned the rule of obedience in
initiation rite. In this stage, the contradiction slowly melted. Thereby, Pip began to
overcome ill feelings and accept the reality; give up haughty and learn modesty; give up
pride and learn humility. To embrace humility, Pip established genuine love, and in
order to be forgiven for his sin, he learned to forgive others. Pip’s capacity to forgive is
illustrated on his last visit to Satis House. He forgave Miss Havisham for her deception
and manipulation. Ultimately, Pip accomplished ego integrity, that was the conscious
self and the unconscious self became a whole, and they couldn’t be divided. The state of
psyche at this moment is rather similar to the situation in a newborn baby who has never
contracted the outside world, but supplied a significance of rebirth. In Pip’s dark night
of the life, burdened with debt and physical illness, Pip was reduced to primal simplicity,
sunken with “a heavy head and aching limbs, and no purpose and no power”. (Dickens
429) That is Pip’s return to childhood; he became a “small helpless creature to whom
(Joe) had so abundantly given the wealth of his great nature.” (Dickens 434) then Pip
got the rebirth to grow into a new Pip who is symbolized by Joe and Biddy’s child, litter
Pip. Thereafter, Pip returned to Joe and Buddy, “whose great forbearance shone more
brightly than before.” (Dickens 443) Pip stated:
They awakened a tender emotion in me; for my heart was
softened by my return, and such a change had come to pass,
that I felt like one who was toiling home barefoot from
distant travel, and whose wanderings had lasted many
years. (Dickens 444)
7
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
Moreover, this return is a spiritual return, as when Pip presented before Joe and
Biddy, “Biddy gave a cry, as if she thought it was my apparition.” (Dickens 444) This
indicates the integrity of conscious self and unconscious self and Pip’s psyche become
wholesome.
5. Conclusion
From what have been discussed in the previous parts, it is clear that Pip in Great
Expectations held his initiation rite that consisted of three steps, separation in which he
was separated in the churchyard, Satis House and London, margin-transition in which
he changed his life style, values and the benefactor and reaggregation in which he return
to conscience and ego integrity. Since the previous scholars interpret Great Expectations
in a rather limited scope and litter attention has been paid to a Jungian reading of this
novel, this paper make an originality at this aspect.
Pip’s initiation rite is an archetype in literature. Because this archetype represents
primordial images of the human unconsciousness which have retained the structure in
various cultures and epochs, the novel Great Expectations embodies some essential
elements of “universal” human experience, (Baldick 16) and stirs readers to summon up
a voice that is stronger than one’s own：Whoever speaks in primordial images speaks
with a thousand voices, (Jung 233), and hence the eternal literary charm of this novel.
Because the initiation rite is an archetype which runs through the entire human
history, so at any given moment, ancient time or modern time, it stimulates the youth
and induces them to listen attentively to the voice from thousands years ago. The youth
nowadays, however, are too flippancy to maintain calm, thereby they cannot hear and
feel the inspiration from their inner heart that has been cumulated for centuries. The
primordial images are distorted and twisted by them, and so they behave blindly,
aimlessly, ruthlessly, or violently. They are the “lost” youth. Therefore, it is critical for
them to meditate, introspect, and listen to the voice from the utmost of the mind, acting
in the direction of the unconscious self.
8
A Jungian Approach to the Growth of Pip in Great Expectations
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