Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim
in Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn"
Zainul Mujahid
English Lecturer of STIBA MALANG
Abstract: Samuel Longhorn Clement popularly known as
Mark Twain is the defender of the injustice. He is trying to be
closer and open his reader’s mind of “fundamental human
problems which are concerned with injustice to freedom of
thought, liberty, and life” through his humors. It is obviously
shown that Twain is using the humors as the weapon of fighting
evil, dogmatism, bigotry, and other injustices. “He is doing it in
the novels, caricature, letters, notebooks, travel sketches and
pamphlets in the colors of lurid absurdity with some irony,
sarcasm, and so on. Social injustices and racial discriminations
are clearly exposed as a social reality in American Civil War era
in Twain’s “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”
Keywords: friendship, relationship, and injustices.
Mark Twain is known as a great literary artist and
famous writer of the eighteenth century. He is also known as
“a master of all the post-Civil War humorist” (Drinkwater,
1924: 881) and as “a professional humorist of the West”
(Foner, 1958: 40). Twain’s interest lies in the injustices such
as imperialism, discrimination, slavery, injustice on freedom,
humanity, and so on, and he is really concerned about human
race problems. He is against them and uses them as a topic in
his writings. It is true and obvious that most of his writings
in novels and others become “a spirit in doing the rebellion
movement in any place in order to find a better life in his life
time” (Foner, 1958: 221).
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, his baptismal name, had
introduced Mark Twain to the world and had been regarded
by most Americans as a humorist. In the eighteenth century,
humor had always been treated and seen by such critics as
the “lighter side” of serious literature (Foner, 1958: 308).
Twain then proves that by humor he could convey his ideas
of any kind of foe expressions and injustices in his writings.
Even sometimes, his rude humors could be hurting people
and making certain people angry such as happened in the
1877 at the Atlantic Dinner to John Greenleaf Whittiler.
Here, Twain was picturing Ralp WaldoEmerson,
Longfellow, and Holmes as “the three dead-beats visiting
California mining camps and imposing themselves upon the
innocent miners” (Foner, 1958: 40). Because of his doing,
the genteel critics never forgive him. Besides his comments
of this happening are simply, “…. my sole idea was to make
comic of everything I saw and heard. My object was not to
tell the truth, but to make people laugh” (Foner, 1958: 41).
He also said that, “people always want to laugh over what I
write and they are disappointed if they do not find a joke in
it” (Foner, 1958: 309). In other words, Mark Twain’s humor
was as much a weapon against the in growing conscience
within himself as against the stupidity of the human race
(Smith, 1963: 44-46).
Mark Twain is also known as the defender of the
injustice. He is trying to be closer and open his reader’s mind
of “fundamental human problems which are concerned with
injustice to freedom of thought, liberty, and life” through his
humors. It is obviously shown that Twain is using the
humors as the weapon of fighting evil, dogmatism, bigotry,
and other injustices. “He is doing it in the novels, caricature,
letters, notebooks, travel sketches and pamphlets in the
colors of lurid absurdity with some irony, sarcasm, and so
on” (Foner, 1958: 308). His best friend, Dean Howell,
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 17
emphasized that, “…those who regarded him as just a
humorist or read him only because they wanted to laugh,
missed the quality that made him truly great literary artist
through his writings” (Foner, 1958: 46).
Mark twain is “a pseudonym of a depth call of a river
fathom when he became a steamboat Mississippi pilot on the
Mississippi River in 1857 to 1861”. He used it for the first
time as his author’s name when he was a city editor of the
Virginia City, Nevada, Enterprise, and in all his writings
(Kunitz, 1938: 159). He left his pilot career in early May
1861. When his father died in 1847, he started to work as a
printer to his brother’s newspaper. He traveled around from
one country to another country as a journey printer, a
journalist, a reporter, and a lecturer. When he left Hannibal
in 1853 at the age of seventeen, he worked as a journeyman
printer in St. Louis, New York, and Philadelphia. Later, in
July 1861 the began his career in newspaper in Nevada and
his series on travels brought a success. His traveling gave
him a lot of experiences, which were reflected in his novels
and other writings. He expresses his ideas of life and
experiences in his writings through the characters that appear
real. His experience as a pilot and huge admiration to Mr.
Bixby as a river pilot in Mississippi River are reflected in his
novel Live on the Mississippi, which is about the education
of a cub pilot. He had lived in St. Petersburg and his
boyhood memory about that city is reflected in Tom Sawyer,
with his naughtiness and ideas that sometimes annoy the
people who live around him. His concern in humanity and
black people is reflected in a woman character named
Roxanna, a mulatto (a half black and a half white), whereas
the blacks and the whites also hate a mulatto. She replaces
her baby with her white master’s baby, so that her baby is
released from his destiny as a slave in the tragedy of
Puddn’head Wilson (Subryan, 1992: 93).
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Mark Twain grew up in a slave-holding community.
His father and his uncle owned about thirty slaves on their
farm. He grew up in Hannibal and around Mississippi River
and it gave him the opportunity to develop early friendship
with the Negroes. “The intermingling of Negro and white,
young and old, was quite common in Hannibal”, and in his
Autobiography, he wrote that “all the Negroes were friends
of ours” (Americans) (Foner, 1958: 192-193).
Twain really does something in order to “fight injustice
against the slavery, against the whole myth that built up for
decades fight to justify the Negroes enslavement before the
Civil War and theirs continues bondage with his pen”
(Foner, 1958: 221). He really defends them through his
writings, for instance by “assisting to demolish the myth of
the Negroes, by casting many of his Negro characters in
heroic mould and depicting their struggle to end their
bondage, by showing them to be human being with the same
feelings and thoughts as the white people, and against the
ideological foundation of exploitation that came up out of
slavery” (Foner, 1958: 221). In his writings of the analysis of
post-Civil War, he ever concludes that the “foundation of
slavery had been the profit motive only” (Foner, 1958: 198).
According Fiedler in his writing, “As free as Any Cretur…”
about Mark Twain, he wrote that within one of his
characters, ‘Tom’ in Puddn’head Wilson, asks something
about slavery that actually represents Twain’s ideas of
defending justices. It says that, “What ‘crime’ did the first
Negro commit that the fate of slavery was decreed for him?”
And the answer is that there is no ‘crime’ (at all) (Fiedler,
137). It describes that “it was the white man’s greed for
profits that made this awful difference between the white and
black, while fundamentally, there was no difference between
the two. It was just because the slaveholders robbed the
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 19
Negro people of their natural right-their freedom” (Foner,
1958: 199).
The Civil War (1861-1865) and the slavery are giving
Mark Twain deep impression in his life. He has difficult
times in his childhood and in his teenage. His living around
the Mississippi River and the shadow of slavery give him
experiences that some of them are reflected in his
controversial novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
which he wrote between 1876-1883. Twain is trying to write
his idea in this book about the example of unification the
black and the white people, so that they can live in harmony
in this world. That is the one that makes the novel become
controversial. Then, when the novel was published for the
first time in 1884, it made a lot of critics, schools, teachers,
and society take a step pro and contra in agreeing and
disagreeing with the publication and the content of the book.
“Some of them agreed, because they admired Twain’s genius
and courage in conveying his ideas of unifying the
confrontation between blacks and whites. The rest are
cursing, taking a hard step to make the book unpublished and
banned in all circumstances in its publication everywhere.
The writer wants to discuss the novel can be considered as a
masterpiece of Twain’s work without underestimating his
other works” (Elliot, 1984: 103).
The story in "the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn" takes
place along the Mississippi River. The character Huckleberry
Finn is a study from the life of Mark Twain and the character
Jim is a study from the life of his father’s slave Lewis. Most
of the adventures and events in The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn really happened either to Mark Twain
himself or to his schoolfellows. So, this fine free story is
intensely vivid and alive. What makes it special is the
subject of the controversial relationship between two men.
The amazing thing that society see and reject as a rumor is
20
the friendship between a fourteen years old white boy and an
old slave black man that happens in the slavery time when
the Civil War was still happening around the nineteenth
century. Furthermore, there was an amendment, which stated
that “the blacks were identical with the slaves and a slave
was a part of property, not a human being “ (Barksdale,
1992: 50). So, the slave’s position in the society was in a
very bad situation and condition, similar to animal and other
living things besides a human being and not deserves to have
better live style like the white people.
Huckleberry Finn as the main character has
ambivalence attitudes towards the blacks. As a white he
accepts the culture and rules that are made by the society
toward the blacks, which usually has position as the slaves.
As a friend, he cannot let his friend, Jim, captured and
punished by the society only because he wants to find
freedom in life and to reunite with his family. He feels that
the society is unfair to the black, so he fights them in his
way. These attitudes towards his friendship have made him
learn the essential things of having and respecting a friend.
Jim, as the other main character, plays his role as a bounded
slave who wants to be free from slavery. He wants to get his
freedom back as a free man and to gather together with his
family again. On the way of having friendship with Huck,
Jim really worships faithfulness and honesty. He can only
believe someone with a simple way for do not lie to him.
There is a principle among black men in having relationship
with others who worship the trust and mutual responsibility.
It is because friendship needs the elements of establishing
and maintaining the relationship itself. As said once that
“faithful friends are hard to find but words are easy, like the
wind” (Hoyt, 1922: 300).
In analyzing the friendship between Huck and Jim, the
writer is interested in figuring out the reasons they have in
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 21
determining their way of life of having black man-white boy
relationship while the society obviously forbid them of being
friends. Then, he wants to find out the significance toward
their friendship that brings to their life. The problems are,
therefore, what are the characteristic of the relationship
between Huckleberry Finn and Jim? And how does the
relationship itself give significance to Huckleberry Finn and
Jim’s life?
Theoretical Concepts and Definitions
Criticisms on "the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn"
According to Pritchett, “The subject of Huckleberry
Finn is the comical but also brutal effect of an anarchic
rebellion against civilization” (1984: 78). He also says that
Huck never imagines anything except fears. Huck is
lowdown plain ornery, in trouble because of the way he was
brought up with ‘Pap’. He is a natural anarchist and bum. He
can live without civilization, depending on simple affections
and workaday loyalties. Mark Twain obliges you to accept
the boy as the humorous norm. Without him the violence of
the book would be stark reporting of low life. For if this is a
great comic book it is also a book of terror and brutality.
While according to Trilling, “Huckleberry Finn is a
great book because it is about a god—about, that is, a power
which seems to have a mind and will of its own, and which,
to men of moral imagination, appears to embody a great
moral idea. He also says that the truth of Huckleberry Finn is
of a different kind from that of Tom Sawyer. It has the truth
of honesty, and the truth of moral passion; it deals directly
with the virtue and depravity of man’s heart” (1984: 83).
Huck, of course, always expresses himself better than he can
know, but nothing draws upon his gift of speech like his
response to his deity. After every sally into social life of the
shore, he returns to the river with relieve and thanksgiving;
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and at each return (1984: 84). The pride of human affection
has been touched, one of the few prides that has any true
dignity. The incident when Huck humbles himself to Jim is
the beginning of the moral testing and development, which a
character so morally sensitive as Huck’s must inevitably
undergo. And it becomes a heroic character when, on the
urging of affection, Huck discards the moral code he has
always taken for granted and resolves to help Jim in his
escape from slavery. The intensity of his struggle over the
act suggests how deeply he is involved in the society, which
he rejects. The satiric brilliance of the episodes lies, of
course, in Huck’s solving his problem not by doing “right”
but by doing “wrong”. And as soon as he makes the decision
according to his conscience and decides to inform on Jim, he
has all the warmly gratifying emotions of conscious virtue.
Theory of Characterization
The word characterization itself comes to the idea of
character, which means descriptive sketch of a personage
who has some definite qualities. Meanwhile, characterization
is the technique that a writer uses to represent clear images
of a person, or character and personalities of the people he
writes about. In other words, characterization is how the
writer conveys to the reader what sort of people the
characters are, and how he makes the reader gets to know
and understand the characters. The use of characterization
here is to visualize character, to make a character come
vividly, to see him or her act and hear him or her talk
therefore enables the readers to know and understand him as
a living human being” (Dietrich and Sundell, 1974: 116).
According to Robert, character in literature is “the
author’s creation to extended verbal representation of a
human being that determines thoughts, speeches, and
behaviors through the medium of words or dialogues,
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 23
actions, expressions, commentaries, and attitudes” (1986:
134). Method of characterization is the technique an author
uses to reveal the personality and character of a fictional
person. Furthermore, Pooley (1967: 538) insisted that
characterization is defined as the “method of an author that is
used to acquaint the reader with his or her characters”. The
author may use any or all of four different methods of
characterization through the “descriptions of the character’s
physical traits and personality; showing the character’s
speech and behavior; the opinions and reactions of other
characters towards an individual; and through the
descriptions of the character’s thought and feelings”
Characters in literature are also able to undergo
changes in their personalities or condition. “Some characters
experience the changes of their personalities under the
pressure of events. They are known as dynamic characters.
Dynamic characters are demonstrating the capacity to
develop or change as the result of their experiences”
(Pickering, 1992: 20). It is possible for the characters to have
different personalities after what they have experienced in
their lives. What happens to them or any events can make
them have new conditions of life, behaviors, as well as
attitudes. In analyzing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
the writer analyzes the characters through the character’s
actions, speech, appearance, feelings, thoughts, and the other
character’s comments so that she knows the changes of the
character through the characters of Huckleberry Finn and
Jim that lead them to their maturity and understanding of the
friendship with the Black.
Theory of Conflict
Conflict grows out of the two opposing forces in a plot.
It is conflict which provides the “elements of interest and
suspense in any form of action, it could be a drama, a novel,
24
or a short story” (Thrall and Hibbard, 1960: 105). Thus, the
writer sees that there is a close correlation between conflicts
and plot. Plot is generally defined as the sequence of events
of a story, the author’s arrangement and connection of single
incidents to form a unified whole. In the development of
events, in the interaction of different characters, conflict may
occur and develop along with the story and reach its climax
in particular conclusion or resolution at the end of the story.
In most stories, the main character undergoes a conflict or a
struggle of some kind. The conflict may be internal and
external. “An external conflict may involve the main
character in a struggle against another character, which may
be called a person against a person conflict or a character
may struggle against a force of nature or fate”. In other
words, a conflict is called an external conflict if the character
is fighting or struggling against someone or something (a
nonhuman force) outside himself. While “an internal conflict
may take the form of a mental struggle, in which the main
character tries to make a difficult decision or overcome a
fear, or in another word, the struggle or opposition takes
place inside minds of characters” (Muller, 1985: 44).
According to Perrine, “conflict is a clash of action,
ideas, desires, and wills” (1978: 43). Jones Jr. says those
conflict appeals to the “emotion of the reader” (1946: 8).
This conflict may be physical, social or sociological, and
psychological conflict. In the physical or elemental conflict,
the reader usually finds a man in conflict with nature. The
second is social or sociological conflict, where the struggle is
one person against another. Becson and Ganz (1975: 42) add
that the “struggle may be because of action, ideas, values, or
desires which one character tries to impose on the other
character”. The third is internal or psychological conflict.
Here the reader finds a man struggling against himself.
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 25
The conflict that happens in The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn is a social conflict. Social conflict is a
conflict between men against man. Huckleberry Finn has
conflict is a conflicts with Jim and with his society who live
in his community.
Meaning of Friendship
According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary
(1954:258), a word ‘friend’ means a person who shares the
same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same
interest, etc., but is not a member of the family. Other
meanings are a helper, supporter, adviser; person showing
kindness and understanding; someone who is not an enemy;
a person from whom there is nothing to fear; a stranger
noticed for some reason, usually with amusement or
displeasure; a true friend, who comes to help you when you
are in trouble; and just good friends. The meaning of the
word ‘friendship’ is the condition of sharing a friendly
relationship; the feeling and behavior that exist between
friends.
While according to Geddes and Grosset’d English
Dictionary (1999:319), friend means a person whom one
knows well and is fond of and an ally, supporter, or
sympathizer. Friendship has meaning intimacy united with
affection or esteem, mutual attachment, and goodwill.
Theory of Friendship
Mayer says that friendship is the basic human needs.
He says, “The community had been conceptualized as a
social system based on territoriality that functions to meet
the basic human needs of its member’s households. One of
these needs is for friendship or relationships of mutual
support”. Friendship is primarily made in the context of peer
groups. Friendship circles consist of people with “similar
26
positions, life styles, beliefs, and neighborhood, which has
its function of fostering relationships of mutual support
among the aged” (Mayer, 11972: 53). In contrast to Mayer,
Simmel (1993: 134) claims “the smallest interaction in the
society is shown by two people who is called a dyad
relationship, that the number of parties to an interaction can
effect or influence its nature. A dyad relationship will be
very different from triad relationship; each individual can
maintain his or her identity. When one party to the
interaction is no longer interested in maintaining it, the
relationship is over. As soon as another person is added,
however, the situation and its possibilities change markedly,
and group structure, which are separate from, and influence
the individuals begin to emergence”.
According to Karp and Yoels (1986: 134), “the
meanings attached to family, friendship, and love
relationships also vary with a person’s social status”.
Friendships, for example, are distinguished from family
relationships by their voluntary character. The saying, “You
can pick your friends but you cannot choose your relatives”
contains much truth and has significant sociological
implication. First, we expect friendships to be less binding
than family relations. Indeed, one way we describe close
friendships is to invest them with familial status. A woman
might affirm the closeness of her friendship with another
woman by saying, “She is like a sister to me”. Kindred spirit,
a quaint phrase in Victorian literature, carries the same
sentiment with, “going for brothers” used by black men to
describe friendships based on trust and mutual responsibility.
Friendships, of course, vary in intensity. “A range of terms is
used to describe gradations of nonkin intimacy, from
acquaintance to friend, close friend and best friend” (Karp
and Yoels, 1986: 134). The meanings we give to friendship
and other intimate relationships reflect a person’s social
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 27
attributes, including the ascribed status of age, race and
gender, as well as achieved status such as occupation,
education, and social class. Gender differences and social
class are able to affect the maintenance of intimate
relationships among friends and in the family.
According to Young (1964: 185) “individuals differ
from one another due to several reasons, such as their
backgrounds, personality traits, and their own evaluations of
themselves and their chances in life”. All these personal and
group factors, struggles, and conflict are part of the reasons
for human friendship and love. This means that human
relationship may lead to friendship or love depending on the
individuals involved in the relationship. Pogrebin (1987: 48)
also suggests some hints on maintaining friendship, such as
“to learn to appreciate friends, to enjoy it for what it is, to be
available of new friendships but to stop yearning for an
idealized, perfectly matched alter ego or a utopian alliance. It
means that there is no alternative or substitute for one self
and there is no fantastic or unrealistic ideal friendship”. The
quotation means that friendship cannot be changed or
substituted by another person and that friendship a
relationship that is common and realistic among friends who
are attached by an affection, appreciation, and happiness.
Moreover, there are some factors that are usually hard
for some people to make friends with one another. “First is
suspicion. Suspicion is a feeling in the person of distrusting
another. Second is jealousy or being afraid that somebody
else will take away their possession. Third is the reality of
differences that everybody has in his or her own mind,
opinion, feeling, and pleasure” (Hall, 1983: 598). One should
try to overcome these feelings in order to be able making
friends with others.
According to Beaumont and Fletcher in The Faithful
Friends Act III Sc. 3 L. 50, “a friend is considered not a
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friend till (he shall) proved that he is a true friend” (Hoyt,
1922: 296), because “a faithful friends are hard to find unlike
words are easy, like the wind” (Hoyt, 1922: 300). While to
Mrs. Ellis in Picture of Private Life, “to act the part of a true
friend requires more conscientious feeling than to fill with
credit and complacency any other station or capacity in
social life” (Hoyt, 1922: 296). And Herbert in Jacula
Prudentum gives some advice that before we make a friend,
“eat a bushel of salt with him” (Hoyt, 1922: 298).
In The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn the main
character, Huckleberry Finn, experiences the friendship,
which leads him to maturation. He feels happy and
appreciates a means of having a real friend who gives him
affection, an appreciation, and happiness in his life,
something that he does not get from his father, mother, and
his adopted parent. As a whole, the writer can state that the
theories of characterization, conflict, and friendship have
become useful tools for the writers to analyze the problems.
THE FINDINGS
Huckleberry Finn’s Attitude
Huckleberry Finn has an ambivalent attitude towards
the Blacks. On one side he accepts his society's views that
teach him to underestimate, and consider the Blacks as a part
of property, not as a human. However, he rejects what the
society teaches him after he knows Jim’s personality. He
becomes unsure about his feeling toward the Blacks. So far
he just takes it for granted what society teaches him in his
childhood. In the process of growing up, the environment
where Huckleberry lives takes’ part in influencing him. It is
to be remembered that Huckleberry Finn is just fourteen
years of age, the time when most of his activities are devoted
to make jokes and play. It influences his way of thinking and
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 29
his way of relating himself with the Blacks, in this case
represented by Jim, a slave.
Rejection against the Blacks
Huckleberry Finn rejects the Blacks because of his
childhood educational experiences among his environment.
He lives in the society, which teaches him to look down the
Blacks, mostly as the slaves at that time. His society’s
attitudes approximately also affect his mind. The writer finds
that there are three factors that influence Huckleberry’s mind
in perceiving the Blacks. The factors come from Pap Finn as
his father, Tom Sawyer as his friend, and society or his
environment where he lives.
Pap Finn, as the closet person is the first to influence
Huckleberry Finn’s mind and personality. Pap is a degraded
character, and his appearance and attitude provide
Huckleberry with bad examples of humanity. His
drunkenness and violence threaten Huckleberry’s education
and finally influence him, and later threaten his life. Pap
Finn’s attack on Negroes and the government expand his
degradation into broader context (Sloane, 1988:42). “Oh,
yes, this a wonderful govment, wonderful. Why, looky here.
There was a free nigger there from Ohio-a mulatter, most as
white as white man” (Twain, 1984:27).
Pap starts to make complaint to the black’s existence
by attacking the “mulatter, ” a free nigger from Ohio. There
is an irony here showing Pap’s intolerance toward the
Negroes by saying “free” to the nigger. He shows his
selfishness in his speech to the Negroes that are against
injustice and support slavery. The following quotation will
strengthen and show how Pap dislikes the Negroes.
There was a free nigger there from Ohio. He had the
whitest shirt on you ever see, too, and shiniest hat;
30
and there ain’t a man in that town that’s got as fine
clothes as what he had; and he had a gold watch and
chain, and a silver-headed cane-. . . . They said he
was a p’fessor in a college, and could talk all kinds of
languages, and knowed everything. And that ain’t the
wust. They said he could vote when he was at home.
Well, that let me out. Thinks I, what is the country acoming to? . . . but when they told me there was a
state in this country where they’d let that nigger
vote, I drawed out. I says I’ never again ag’ in as
long as I live. I says to the people, why ain’t this
nigger put up at auction and be sold? (Twain, 1984:
27)
Pap Finn’s attack on Negroes and the government
show his disapproval to the freedom given to the slaves. The
word “the whitest shirt of the free nigger” reveals Pap’s
bigotry to the slavery. He is a supporter of injustice toward
slavery. It proves that Pap really hates the Blacks and does
not agree to the free status given to the Negroes.
Furthermore, Pap’s point of view has influenced
Huckleberry’s mind in his way of treating the Blacks.
Tom Sawyer takes part in influencing Huckleberry
Finn’s mind too. He has a gang called Tom Sawyer’s Gang,
in which Tom serves as the leader of the gang. As a leader,
he has an authority to order the members of the gang to do
whatever task he wants them to do. Huckleberry and his
other friends usually go out together and play for fun. Tom
also sets up a robber gang and discusses ransom with his
gang of robbers. Tom always lives in his childish world of
fantasy. Everything is a game for him. For example, when he
plays a trick on Jim with no regrets at all because he does it
for fun. This quotation below will show how Tom plays
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 31
some trick on Jim, and he asked Huckleberry to follow and
help him eventhough Huck does not want to do it.
Just then Jim begun to breathe heavy; next he has
begun to snore. Tom he made a sign to me . . . .
When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me,
and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I
said he hadn’t got candles enough, and he would
slip in the kitchens and get some more. I didn’t
want him to try. But Tom wanted to resk it; so we
slid in there and got three candles . . . . Then we
go out, and I was in a sweat to get away; but
nothing would do Tom but he must crawl to
where Jim was, on his hands and knees, and play
something on him. Tom said he slipped Jim’s hat
off of his head and hung it on a limb right over
him, and Jim stirred a little, but he didn’t wake
(Twain, 1984: 5-6).
Tom gives Huckleberry Finn a huge influence in
shaping his way to treat Blacks. For Tom, slaves are only a
part of property who deserves to get any treatment from their
master. He also likes to make jokes to the people that often
make them feel disturbed. He leads and gives orders to the
members of the gang, including Huckleberry Finn, because
he has a major role in leading his gang robber. Even
Huckleberry Finn refuses to help Tom to make fun of Jim,
however, he cannot stop Tom from doing what he wants to
do. Therefore, Huckleberry has to carry out all of Tom’s
commands if he still wants to be considered as a member of
that group and play together with them. If not, he will be
signed out from the group and will never be accepted again
as a member, and has no friends.
32
The society where Huckleberry Finn lives also take
part to determine Huckleberry’s behavioral pattern in the
way of treating the Blacks. “The society in which
Huckleberry lives represents the slave-holding American
society. The Phelps farm and the surrounding community are
a microcosm of the way the South treats the Negroes
problem” (Nilon 1992: 62). “In the Phelps’ farm community,
and in the larger South, black people who pursue their
interests and freedom are considered insane. For them, Jim is
mad and dangerous (a runaway slave), a bad nigger should
be lynched to give an example for other niggers of what may
happen to bad niggers” (Nilon 1992: 72). However,
sometimes the black people have a white heart inside. By
contrast, the white people may possibly have the blackest
heart inside them. The quotation below show the way the
society considers the blacks at that moment:
“Give a nigger an inch and he’ll take an ell” (Twain,
1984: 88).
“I say to the people, why ain’t this nigger put up at
auction and sold? . . . that’s what I want to know”
(Twain, 1984: 27).
“Good gracious! anybody hurt? No’m, lulled a
nigger. Well, it’s lucky; because sometimes people
do get hurt” (Twain, 1984:221).
“Whenever we see anybody coming we can tie Jim
hand foot with a rope, and lay him in the wigwam
and shows this handbill and say we captured him up
the river . . . and are going down to get the reward.
Handcuffs and chains would look still better on Jim.
ropes are the correct thing. . . “ (Twain, 1984:134).
“How is servants treated in England? Do they treat’
em better ‘n we treat them worse than dogs. . . . They
never see a holiday from year’s end to year’s end;
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 33
never go to the circus, nor theater, nor nigger shows,
nor nowheres, nor church” (Twain, 1984:174)
Society’s viewpoints to the Blacks are very irrational.
They treat the Black as animal or their property. Most of the
society is viewpoints concern with the bad treatment to the
Blacks as if they deserved for it. These kinds of quotations
above are intended to suggest the bad effects of local thought
on a good mind like Huckleberry Finn’s. As a growing up
young boy, of course, the environment, the family, and
friends take part to build and influence someone’s character.
Unfortunately, the society, which Huckleberry lives at that
moment, is the society that supports and practices the
slavery. Therefore, these points are put into Huckleberry
Finn’s mind and influence his relationship with Jim
afterwards.
Acceptance against the Blacks
Huckleberry Finn’s acceptance attitude toward the
Blacks starts when he initiates to meet Jim in their quest of
freedom in Jackson’s Island. In their process of having
friendship, Huckleberry and Jim start to establish the motif
of mutual trust responsibility in their relationship. It begins
when Jim told a secret of why he decided to escape. He
begins to believe Huckleberry Finn will keep his secret when
he says:
“Well, dey’s reasons. But you wouldn’t tell on
me ef I ‘uz to tell you, would you, Huck?”
“Blamed if I would, Jim.”
“Well, I b’lieve you, Huck. I run off (Twain,
1984: 42).
“Well, I did. I said I wouldn’t, and I’ll stick to it.
Honest injun, I will. People would call me a lowdown Abolitionist, and despise me for keeping
34
mum-but that don’t make no difference. I ain’t agoing to tell, and I ain’t a-going back there,
anyways. So, now, le’s know all about it” (Twain,
1984: 43).
Huckleberry Finn even adds the proper ambivalence to
his not telling by saying that people would call him a “low
down Abolitionist and despise” him. However, he makes a
clear statement, which says that he will not come back again
to the society where he belongs. He is trying to establish a
mutual trust responsibility and mutual support with Jim, and
without realizing it, he enters into partnership with Jim. “His
closeness in mutual simplicity and sympathy with Jim
provides him with his personal basis for abandoning the
restrictions of the authorities of the village, their laws, and
their public opinion” (Sloane, 1988:54).
Jim’s Attitude
Jim’s attitude towards the Whites is influenced by the
society is point of view that considers the blacks as a cattle.
This view has inherited since his ancestor lifetime to his life.
Blacks are portrayed as the foolish humans. Mark Twain’s
article mentions, “this incident is a turning point in his
portrayal of Jim, who at last has evolved from a stereotypical
buffoon into a sensitive a human being. Then, in facing its
challenge in Twain’s portrayal of blacks, he came to the
difficult realization not only that slavery was inhumane but
also that black people were human beings”(Subryan,
1992:101). Society’s viewpoint that underestimates the
Blacks can be seen when Jim on Jackson’s Island for his
“dignity as a human being, and Twain portrays him as a
buffoon who is the butt of Huckleberry’s jokes” at that time
(Subryan, 1992:97). Another example shows when Jim
cannot understand the idea of human speaking different
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 35
languages. “He reasons that a cat and a cow cannot ‘talk’ the
same language because they are different animals, but since
human beings are all the same, they should speak alike”
(Twain, 1984:97). Huckleberry Finn who is unable to answer
Jim’s logic comments that: “I see it warn’t no use wasting
words- you can learn a nigger to argue. So I quit” (Twain,
1984:80). Huckleberry’s statement is an “irony of Jim’s and
damaging because it portrays Jim as a fool, and at least
superficially, supports a broader misconception of black
people as incapable of reason (and thus not fully human)”
(Subryan, 1992:97). Other example can be seen when
Huckleberry Finn continues to treat Jim as a fool in the
crucial reunion after Jim has given him up for lost in a storm.
Huckleberry Finn responds by pretending the separation was
only a dream, and Jim at first is confused, until he sees trash
from the storm on the raft and rebukes Huck by reminding
him of their bond of caring and concern, which Huckleberry
has turned into a joke. Huckleberry Finn gets an important
lesson describing the event from a later and more mature
perspective, as he says: “It was fifteen minutes before I
could work myself up to go and humble myself to a niggerbut I done it, and I warn’t ever sorry for it afterwards,
neither. I didn’t do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn’t
done that one if I’d a knowed it would make him feel that
way” (Twain, 1984:86).
Time after time, Huckleberry Finn is surprised to find
that blacks have feelings like those of whites: love their
families, concern for younger persons, anger and pain when
it concerns with the matter of joke. “For black readers Jim’s
humanity is mainly affirmed by his natural desire for
freedom to assert his manhood as a husband and father”
(Twain, 1984:101). As they escape down the Mississippi on
a raft, Huckleberry and Jim help and protect each other. And
after Jim sacrifices his freedom to save Tom’s life at the end
36
of the novel, Huckleberry concludes that Jim is “white
inside”. From the beginnings of slavery in North- America, it
was to the economic advantage of Euro-Americans to define
persons of African descent, if not as animals, then at least as
less than full members of the human race a perspective that
enabled whites to barter and sell human beings in both
Africa and America without serious pangs of conscience
(Jones, 1946:174-175). In a Huckleberry Finn as Twain’s
most controversial novel, “one can see clearly how Jim, the
Negroes slave, emerges not only as a comic figure but also
as a sensitive, caring human being” (Subryan, 1992: 96).
Significance of the Friendship
Huckleberry Finn becomes a boss in his own world,
seeking merely his own comfort, safety, and survival in
Jackson’s Island. Actually, that is the kind of freedom that he
has always been dreaming of, but after three days and nights,
he starts feeling lonely and lonesome. He wants someone to
accompany him. The quotation below shows how
Huckleberry feels lonesome, and his reaction is:
When it was dark I set by my camp-fire smoking,
and feeling pretty well satisfied; but by and by it got
sort of lonesome . . . . And so for three days and
nights. No difference-just the same thing (Twain,
1984:39).
. . . . it was Miss Watson’s Jim! I bet I was glad to
see him. I was ever so glad to see Jim. E warn’t
lonesome again (Twain, 1984:41).
The encounter with Jim represents Huckleberry Finn’s
need for some sort of human companionship. The need for
human contact is pitted against Huckleberry’s past values as
Jim in spite of avoiding the authority of society. He decides
to keep his word to Jim in spite of avoiding the authority of
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 37
society. His closeness in mutual simplicity and sympathy
with Jim provides him with his personal basis for
abandoning the restrictions of the authorities of the village,
their laws, and their public opinion. Without realizing, they
enter into partnership. This beginning of his acceptance of
Jim foreshadows Huckleberry’s later set of values when he
totally defies for the sake of his friendship with Jim.
His friendship with Jim is endeavored to survive when
his forgetfulness of natural rules causes him to nearly kill
Jim when he attempts to play his first joke on Jim by curling
a snakeskin in Jim’s blankets. Huckleberry’s “ever so
natural” joke is almost deadly as the snake’s mate strikes
Jim.
I went to the cavern to get some, and found a
rattlesnake in there. I killed him, and curled him up
on the foot of Jim’s blanket. Ever so natural, thinking
there’d be some fun when Jim found him there. Well,
by night I forgot all about the snake, and when Jim
flung himself down on the blanket while I struck a
light the snake’s mate was there, and bit him (Twain,
1984:53-53).
However, hiding a snakeskin in Jim’s blankets to
frighten him is actually an example of Tom’s practice of
playing a practical joke and more personal action to give
effects on other people. As a young boy, Huckleberry Finn
does not intend to hurt Jim. What he wants to do is merely
making fun and joke. Unfortunately, when he attempts the
same pattern as Tom’s, Jim was almost facing into near
convulsions and death. His recovery takes four days and
nights. Actually, the result is absolutely not giving fun at all.
It makes Huckleberry regret of having used Tom’s joke
pattern. Now it seems that Huckleberry Finn forgets the
condition of sharing a friendly relationship, the feeling and
38
behavior that exist between friends. Anyway, his regrets give
them helps to build their progress of their relationship later.
These joke episodes are seen by most critics as starting
crucial stages in Huckleberry’s maturation, and to show his
changing respect for Jim as clear evidence. The quotation
below will show Huckleberry Finn’s regret for his joke on
Jim, which almost costs Jim’s life:
That all comes of my being such a fool . . . . Then I
slid out quiet and throwed the snakes clear away
amongst the bushes; for I warn’t going to let Jim find
out it was all my fault. I made up my mind I
wouldn’t ever take a-hold of a snake-skin again with
my hands, now that I see what had come of it. Jim
said he reckoned I believe him next time (Twain,
1984:53).
The next event involves Huckleberry Finn’s character
and another participant character, Mrs. Judith Loftus. Huck
and Jim in their runaway are trying to get some information
about their whereabouts. So, they land on and Huckleberry
meets Mrs. Judith Loftus. Mrs. Loftus is described as both a
newcomer to the community and an insightful humanitarian
character. She gives Huck some information about Pap with
the reward of two hundred dollars, a runaway slave who is
believed to have killed Huckleberry Finn with the reward of
three hundred dollars to capture him. The quotation below
will show Huckleberry’s loyalty to Jim eventhough it deals
with money, as he says: “Three hundred dollars is a power of
money. I wish my mother could get it” (Twain, 1984:58). As
usual thing happens, a large amount of money could make
someone betrays his or her friend in order to get profit for
him or herself. Luckily, Huckleberry does not tempted by the
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 39
reward of recapturing Jim. it shows that he has loyalty to Jim
as his friend.
Incidentally, Mrs. Loftus discovers the importance of
the three hundred dollars’ rewards of Jim. Indeed, it is not a
small amount for her. Obviously Judith Loftus is motivated
by the greed to recapture the runaway slave, but not the
runaway apprentice. It shows her character represent to the
society’s community that even the corrupting influences of
race happen on this good person. She gives him food and this
time lets him escape. She stands on her own decision to
befriend the runaway white apprentice even while hoping to
reap the reward from capturing the runaway black slave.
Huckleberry Finn rejects Jim’s issues reasoning about their
escape from Mrs. Loftus’s husband by saying that he does
not care what the reason is that they were not caught just so
long. In the mean time, Huckleberry, of course, has set and
uses all his skills to secure Jim’s escape, carefully noting
times, doubling back, and lighting a decoy campfire to throw
off pursuit:
“Git up and hump yourself, Jim! There ain’t minute
to lose. They’re after us! Jim never asked no
question, he never said a word; but the way he
worked for the next half an hour showed about how
he was scared. By that time everything we had in the
world was on our raft . . .” (Twain, 1984: 62).
The use of the word ‘us’ represents the full joining of
the fates of the two refugees. A friend is someone who is not
an enemy, a person from whom there is nothing to fear. A
friend is a person showing kindness and understanding, a
helper, supporter, and an adviser. In this case, Huckleberry
shows himself as a supporter to Jim, and his loyalty not
surrender Jim to the society where Mrs. Judith Loftus lives
has shown that he is trying to keep mutual trust
40
responsibility on Jim. Huck still does not want to tell his real
secret with Jim. The quotation below shows Huckleberry
Finn’s loyalty once again to Jim eventhough he has a chance
to betray him by telling where Jim is.
“Right then along comes a skiff with two men in it
with guns, and they stopped and I stopped.” One of
them says:
“Any men on it?”
“Only one, sir,”
“Well, there’s five niggers run off to-night up
yonder, above the head of the bend. Is your man
white or black?”
“He is white.”
“I reckon we’ll go and see for ourselves,”
“I wish you would . . . . He’s sick. I will, sir, I will,
honest-but don’t leave us please. . .”
“Keep away, boy-keep to lord. Your pap’s got the
smallpox, and you know it precious well. Do you
want to spread it all over?” (Twain, 1984: 89-90).
So far, they have practice to share handling the
situation, shares the feeling, and tries to keep the goodwill to
their friendship through events. A person who shares the
same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same
interests and so on, but is not a member of the family is
considered as a friend. Either Huckleberry Finn or Jim is not
a member of the same family, but there is an affection or
esteem, mutual attachment, and goodwill to keep on their
friendship. When Jim and Huck go forth from the House of
Death their odyssey begins. Just after the storm, when the
House of Death floats by, it is Jim who goes aboard first,
sees the corps, and won’t let Huck behold it.
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 41
“De man ain’t asleep-he’s dead. You hold still—I’ll
go en see. Come in Huck, but doan’ look at his faceit’s too gashly. I didn’t look at him at all. I didn’t
want to see him” (Twain, 1984: 50).
After breakfast I wanted to talk about the dead man
and guess out how he come to be killed, but Jim
didn’t want to. He said it would fetch bad luck; but I
couldn’t keep from studying over it and wishing I
knowed who shot the man, and what they done it for
(Twain, 1984: 52).
Jim comprehends the humiliation of Pap’s death and
tries to protect Huckleberry Finn from the cruel knowledge.
He can now act as Huckleberry’s father. He is known free to
take the place that Pap has never been worthy of holding as
Huckleberry’s spiritual father. He automatically assumes the
role as a father for Huck, protecting and covering the bad
influence toward his son, as an accomplishment of his
missing role as a father to his family. As Jim has ever
warned him, “it was the worst bad luck in the world to touch
a snake skin” (Twain, 1984: 52). This he discovers when he
kills a rattler and coils it in Jim’s bed. Because of this
regardful relationship, then Huckleberry realizes that he
cannot play tricks on Jim as he could on Tom or Ben Rogers.
Another example whereby Jim shows his affection to
Huckleberry Finn could be seen in this quotation:
“I had the middle watch, you know, but I was pretty
sleepy by that time, so Jim he said he would stand
the first half of it for me; he was always mighty good
that way, Jim was. I’d see him standing my watch on
top of his’n, ‘stead of calling me, so I could go on
sleeping” (Twain, 1984: 128).
42
“. . . and see him how glad he was when I come
back out of the fog, and when I come to him again in
the swamp, up there where the feud was; and would
always call me honey, and pet me, and do everything
he could think of me, and how good he always was”
(Twain, 1984: 214).
Through the love that Jim gives to Huckleberry Finn
from such touching moments Huck learns, to his surprise,
that Jim “cared just as much for his people as white folks
does for their’n. It doesn’t seem natural. But I reckon it’s so.
Further Huckleberry’s choice to “go to hell” has a little to do
with any respect he has gained for Jim as a human being
with an inalienable right to be owned by no one (Henry,
1992: 32). So, there is no denying the rightness of
Huckleberry Finn’s decision to risk his soul for Jim. The
quotation shows Huckleberry’s mature decision that help Jim
as his friend from the jail and death penalty:
“I set up a shout-and then another-and run his way
and that in the woods, whooping and screeching; but
it warn’t no use-old Jim was gone. Then I set down
and cried; I couldn’t help it. But I couldn’t set still
long. After all this long journey . . . here it was all
come to nothing, everything all busted up and ruined,
because they could have the heart to serve Jim such a
trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life,
for forty dirty dollars. And then think of me! I see
Jim before me all the time: in the day and in the night
time, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storm, and
we a-floating along, talking and singing and laughing
. . . and how good he always was, and he was so
grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever
had in the world, and the only one he’s got no. I
studied a minute, sort of my holding breath, and then
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 43
says to my self “All right, then, I’ll go to hell.” . . .
for a starter I would go to work and steal Jim out of
slavery again; and if could think up anything worse,
E would do that, too” (Twain, 1984: 211-214).
Anyhow, the disharmony in the friendship can happen
sometimes. The occasion comes when Jim and Huckleberry
Finn find each other after being separated by the fog. Huck,
with a joke, convinces Jim that they have been together on
the raft all the time, and Jim must have dreamed about their
separation. The quotation below will show how Jim feelings
hurt of Huckleberry’s joke:
“What do they stan’ for? I’s gwyne tell you. When I
got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin’ for you,
en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos’ breake bekase
you wuz los’, en I didn’ k’yer no mo’ what become
er me en de raf’. En when Iwake up en find you back
ag’in, all safe en soun’, de tears come, en I could ‘a’
got down on my kness en kiss yo’ foot, I’s so
thankful. En all you wuz thinkin’ ‘bout wuz how you
could make a fool uv ole Jim wid a lie. Dat truck dah
is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de
head er dey fren’s en make ‘em ashamed” (Twain,
1984: 86).
Huckleberry Finn’s regret toward what his done really
gives him a valuable experience in his life. From the lesson
of the snakeskin, he now realizes that he is bound to Jim by
ties too strong for mischievous trifling, tries so strong that he
must break the strongest mores of the society he was raised
in to acknowledge them. As he said that “It was fifteen
minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble to a
nigger; but I done it, and I warn’t ever sorry for it afterward,
neither” (Nilon, 1982:105). His personal affection for Jim
44
governs his overthrow of societal mores. It must be
remembered that Huck does not adjudge slavery to be
wrong, but he selectively disregards a system that he
ultimately believes is right. He is expressing views he still
holds. His emancipator attitudes extend no further his love
for Jim. no one can deny the mainly indignation revealed by
Jim when Huck attempts to convince him that he has only
dreamed their separation during the night of the heavy fog. It
hurts Jim’s feeling so much that shows he has a heart and
needs an apologize when he is insulted. Furthermore, these
experiences no matter how bad or good for the main male
characters, give them valuable meanings that able to bring
significance into their life.
INTERPRETATION AND IMPLICATION
Friendship as an act of sharing a friendly relationship is
found in the characters of Mark Twain’s “The Adventure of
Huckleberry Finn”. The characters are Huckleberry Finn and
Jim. The reasons of having friendship are based on the
similar motive in order to seek freedom; freedom for
pleasure and freedom from slavery with their ways. It shows
that Huckleberry Finn and Jim had similar motive to run
away from their previous condition. So, the theories of
friendship are well applied on the characters as the inquirers
found the same reasons of having friendship act on the
theory itself.
The attitudes as well change when they have
friendship. Even though, there are no theories that mention
people would change when they have friendship. It might be
seen in the way they learn the essential things of having and
respecting a friend.
Friendship basically exists in every human being as his
or her natural habit. In this novel, the characters based on
their own reasons in certain circumstances do the friendship.
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 45
Therefore, the inquirers found that the theories of friendship
and the change of attitudes support the character’s attitude.
In addition, there is a principle among black men in building
relationship with others who worship the trust and mutual
responsibility. So, it can be insisted that the result of the
study strengthens the theories applied.
CONCLUSIONS
Having had bad treatments from his father and living in
the Widow Douglas’s house of rules makes Huckleberry
Finn uncomfortable and unable to get freedom. Huckleberry
struggles to meet his freedom in choosing his own
expression in pleasure, and so does Jim in being a free man.
Being a slave causes Jim to determine to release
himself from the bondage of slavery. His long separation
from his family encourages his intention to be reunited with
them soon after he has enough money to buy them legally, or
steal them illegally. That is the way out according to him.
Huckleberry Finn’s ambivalent attitudes toward the
Blacks make him confused over having friendship with Jim.
One part of him accepts Jim as a friend, yet the other part of
him cannot release his thought that Jim is a slave. Therefore,
Jim only sees the Whites as his master. Nevertheless, his
mind is changing when he meets Huckleberry. The society
treats Jim as a buffoon for the jokes, but later Jim proves that
he could be considered as a human being with his feelings
like those of whites.
The friendship, which they have established between
them helps them, open their mind to accept and understand
more about the reality of a relationship. Huckleberry’s
friendship is significant when finally he begins to learn and
accept the reality that he does not even care before.
The need to have company has made Huckleberry Finn
find new things in Jim’s character. From the analysis, it can
46
be seen that first, Huckleberry learns that in fact, he needs to
have a contact with others in his searching of freedom in the
forest. This shows that Huckleberry has come to realize that
he also needs someone to talk to for he used to be concerned
with himself only. Yet, after experiencing his friendship,
Huckleberry Finn learns that Jim really cares about him.
Moreover, he realizes that Jim may have the whitest heart
among the black people. That is why Huckleberry’s
friendship with Jim proved to be significant in his life in that
he understands as his success in overcoming the temptations
that he must go through them.
The analysis shows that Huckleberry Finn goes through
a process before he comes into his maturity. Nevertheless, he
can learn from his friendship, which changes his life. The
fact that Huckleberry dares to reveal his “go to hell” decision
to the public by saving Jim from death penalty can be
considered as the second significance of his friendship. He
used to be so concerned with public opinion that makes him
try to cover up his friendship with Jim. However, after he
knows what happens to Jim, Huckleberry Finn does not care
for the public opinion anymore. The only thing he cares for
is to save Jim’s life. Further, the significance of the
friendship that Jim feels to Huck has helped him to
understand the value of a friend in his life. The value that
enables him to do self-sacrifice to help Huck when he is in
trouble. Furthermore, his friendship with Huckleberry makes
him realize that not all of the white people might has the
blacked heart inside of them.
Experience, whether it is good or bad, may affect
someone’s attitude to become more mature. There are
different characteristics in the society. Some of them are
good but some are bad. Through his analysis, the inquirer
also find out that by forgiving others, someone can create his
or her own happiness. Besides that, by forgiving other’s
Mujahid, Friendship between Huckleberry Finn and Jim 47
mistake, it can make someone who makes the mistake to
regret it. The inquirers then conclude that to become a
mature person someone should deal with a lot of
experiences. By experiencing, even if he fails, a person can
learn about the reality in life whether it is good or bad.
Moreover, as a social human being one cannot live without
others. However, living in a society does not mean that
person is going to live with only good people, because there
are always good and bad people in the society. The most
important thing is how a person associates himself with
others in the society. Besides, the inquirers also conclude
that the forgiving attitude of Jim in his friendship with
Huckleberry Finn has become a signal of Jim’s maturity and
viewpoint changing to the Whites that Huckleberry could see
in his character.
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