n-th Roots
Cube roots
Suppose g : R ! R is the cubing function g(x) = x3 .
We saw in the previous chapter that g is one-to-one and onto. Therefore,
g has an inverse function.
p
The inverse of g is named the cube root, and it’s written as 3 . In other
p
words, g 1 : R ! Rpis the function g 1 (x) = 3 x. The definition of inverse
p
3
functions says that x3 = x and ( 3 x)3 = x.
Inverse functions work backwards of each other:
43 = 64
p
3
64 = 4
33 = 27
p
3
27 = 3
23 = 8
p
3
8=2
13 = 1
p
3
1=1
03 = 0
p
3
0=0
( 1)3 =
1
p
3
1=
1
( 2)3 =
8
p
3
8=
2
( 3)3 =
27
p
3
27 =
3
( 4)3 =
64
p
3
64 =
4
Notice that the domain of the cube root is R. That means you can take
the cube root of any real number.
p
To graph 3 , first graph x3 , and then flip the graph over the x = y line
as was described in the “Inverse Functions” chapter. The graph is drawn on
the next page.
100
3
Graph of
of p
3
Graph
x3
3(zC)z ~
x3
/
77
101
3
Square roots
Let f : R ! R be the squaring function f (x) = x2 .
We saw in the previous chapter that f is neither one-to-one nor onto, so it
has no inverse. But, there is a way to change the domain and the target of
the squaring function in such a way that squaring becomes both one-to-one
and onto.
If h : [0, 1) ! [0, 1) is the squaring function h(x) = x2 , then we can check
that the graph of h passes the horizontal line test and that the range of h is
the same as its target, [0, 1). (The graph of h is drawn on the next page.)
Therefore, h is one-to-one and onto and thus h has anpinverse function, which
is called the square root and is written as h 1 (x) = 2 x.
p
Notice that the domain of 2 is [0, 1), and not R. That means we can’t
square root a negative number. We cannot, under any circumstances, take
the square root of a negative number.
The graph of
p
2
02 = 0
p
2
0=0
12 = 1
p
2
1=1
22 = 4
p
2
4=2
32 = 9
p
2
9=3
42 = 16
p
2
16 = 4
52 = 25
p
2
25 = 5
62 = 36
p
2
36 = 6
is drawn on the next page.
Common shorthand
Often people willp
write
3
as a shorthand for x.
p
x to mean
p
2
102
x. Be careful,
p
x can never be used
Graph of p2
Graph of 2
/
xl
79
103
n-th roots
roots
n-th
and nn 2,
2, then
then xxnn describes
describes aa function.
function.
IfIf nn ⌅2 NN and
3
5
7
The “odd
“odd exponent”
exponent” functions
functions xx3 ,, xx5 ,, xx7 ,, xx99,, ...
... are
are all
all different
di↵erent functions,
functions,
The
but they
they behave
behave similarly,
similarly, and
and their
their graphs
graphs are
are similar.
similar. As
As aa result
result of
of this
this
but
p
n
n
similarity, ifif nn isis odd
odd then
then xxn has
has in
an inverse
inverse function
function named
named ⇧
R⇥
! R.
R. In
In
n
similarity,
:: R
p
n
particular, the
the domain
domain of
of ⇧
R whenever
whenever nn isis odd,
odd, so
so we
we can
can can
can take
take an
an
n
particular,
isis R
“odd root”
root” of
of any
any real
real number,
number, even
even aa negative
negative number.
number.
“odd
10
On the
the other
other hand,
hand, the
the “even
“even exponent”
exponent” functions
functions xx44,, xx66,, xx88,, xx10
... all
all
On
,, ...
p
2
n
behave like
like xx2 .. IfIf nn isis even,
even, then
then ⇧
[0,⇤)
1) ⇥
! [0,
[0,⇤)
1) is
is the
the inverse
inverse of
of xxnn..
n
behave
:: [0,
That means
means that
that you
you can’t
can’t ever
ever put
put aa negative
negative number
number into
into an
an even
even root
root
That
function, and
and negative
negative numbers
numbers never
never come
come out
out of
of even
even root
root functions.
functions.
function,
Once more,
more, you
you can
can take
take an
an even
even root
root of
of any
any positive
positive number.
number. You
You can
can
Once
take an
an even
even root
root of
of the
the number
number 0.
0. But
But you
you can
can never
never take
take an
an even
even root
root of
of
take
negative number.
number. Ever.
Ever.
aa negative
The most
most important
important thing
thing to
to remember
remember about
about n-th
n-th roots
roots is
is that
that they
they are
are
The
n
inversesof
ofthe
thefunctions
functionsxxn .. That’s
That’s the
the content
content of
of the
the following
following two
two equations:
equations:
inverses
p
n
⇧
(
x)nn =
= xx and
and
( n x)
p
⇧
Graph
of
is odd
odd (n
(n
Graph of nn ifif nn is
3)
3)
104
80
p
n
⇧
n = x
n xn
x =
x
Graph of
⇤
n
if n is even (n ⇥ 2)
⇤
Graph of n if n is even (n ⇥ 2)
p
Graph of n if n is even (n 2)
Using n-th roots
This section
is a special case of the “Using inverse functions” section from
Using
n-th roots
the “Inverse Functions” chapter. Also compare to exercises #7-12 from the
This section
is a special
case of the “Using inverse functions” section from
“Inverse
Functions”
chapter.
the “Inverse Functions” chapter. Also compare to exercises #7-12 from the
“Inverse
Functions”
Problem
1. Solve chapter.
for x where 2(x 5)3 = 16.
3
Problem
1. First
Solve
for x the
where
(x of5)the
+algebra
2 = 10.on the left side of the equal
Solution.
notice
order
Using
n-th
roots
sign:
In the
expression
2(x
5)3the
16,
the first
thing
we
tosection
x is
Solution.
First
the
order
of=the
algebra
on
the
leftdo
side
of
thesubtract
equal
This section
is anotice
special
case
of
“Using
inverse
functions”
from
5.
Then
we
cube,
and
last
we
multiply
by
2.
sign:“Inverse
First weFunctions”
subtract 5chapter.
from x, then
cube, to
andexercises
last we add
2. from the
the
Also we
compare
#7-12
Wecan
can
erase
what
happened
(multiplication
by 2)it’sbyinverse
applying
its
We
erase
what
happened
lastlast
(adding
2) by applying
(sub“Inverse
Functions”
chapter.
inverse 2)
(division
by 2) to theside
right side
of the equation.
tracting
the right-hand
equation
Problem
1.toSolve
for x where (x of the
5)3 +
2 = 10.
3
16
5) 5)
=310
= 88(x 5)3 = 8. Now that the
Solution. Subtract 2 from(x
the(xequation
= to2get
=
2
cubing
function
is isolated,
apply its
thetocube
Then we
can erase
the cubewebycan
applying
its inverse
inverse function,
(cube-root)
the root.
right
Then
we
can
erase
the
cube
by
applying
its
inverse
(cube-root)
to
the 5right
Recall
that
since
cubing
and
taking
a
cube
root
are
inverses,
that
x
=
side
⇤
⇤
⇤
3 side.
3
3
p
8. We know that 8 = 2, so xwe have
5 = that
83 = x2 5 = 2.
x
5
=
8 = 2x = 7.
Addwe
5 to
theerase
previous
equation
to adding
find that
Then
can
subtracting
5 by
5 to the right side
⇤
2
Then
we
can
erase
subtracting
5
by
adding
5 to the right side.
Problem 2. If 2x = 6, what is x?
x=2+5=7
= the
2 + square
5 = 7 root, so 2x = 62 = 36, which
Solution. Squaring
is the inversex of
⇤
2
Problem
If 18.
2x = 6, what is x?
means
that2.x =
p
ProblemSquaring
2. If 2 2xis =
6, inverse
what isofx?the square root, so 2x = 62 = 36, which
Solution.
the
means
that xSquaring
= 18. is the inverse of the square root, so 2x = 62 = 36, which
Solution.
means that
* x* = 18.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
81
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
86*
105
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Inequalities
Here are some rules for inequalities that you have to know.
If a < b, then:
a+d<b+d
a
d<b
ca < cb
if c > 0
cb < ca
if c < 0
an < b n
if 0  a < b
p
n
1
b
If a  b, then:
a<
<
if 0  a < b
b
1
a
if 0 < a < b
db
d
ca  cb
if c
cb  ca
if c  0
an  b n
if 0  a  b
p
n
1
b
*
p
n
a+db+d
a
*
d
*
a

p
n
if 0  a  b
b
1
a
*
0
if 0 < a  b
*
*
*
106
*
*
*
*
*
*
Implied domains
Problem 1. What is the implied domain of f (x) =
p
3
x2 + 15 ?
Solution. For any x 2 R, x2 is a real number. Add 15, and thenpx2 + 15 is
a real number. You can take a cube root of any real number, so 3 x2 + 15 is
a real number.
To recap, any real number that you put into f results in a real number
coming out, so the implied domain for f is R.
Problem 2. What is the implied domain of g(x) =
p
2
x
2?
Solution. We can’t take the square root of a negative number. So g(x) only
makes sense if the number we are supposed to take the square root of, x 2,
is positive or 0. That means we need to have that x 2 0. Therefore, after
adding 2 to both sides of the previous inequality, x 2.
The implied domain of g – which is all of those numbers that we may safely
feed into g – is the set of all x such that x 2. This set is [2, 1).
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Some algebra rules for n-th roots
If n 2 N, a > 0, and b > 0, then
(ab)n = abababab · · · abab
= (aaaa · · · aa)(bbbb · · · bb)
= an b n
p
Let’s take two other positive numbers: x > 0 and y > 0. Since n is
p
p
n
n
n
n y)n . Thus,
the inverse
of
the
function
x
,
we
have
x
=
(
x)
and
y
=
(
p
p
n
xy = ( n x)n ( n y)p
.
p
n
n y), then the above paragraph showed that
If
we
let
a
=
(
x)
and
b
=
(
p
p
p
p
( n x)n ( n y)n = ( n x n y)n . So we have that
p
p p
p
xy = ( n x)n ( n y)n = ( n x n y)n
Now we can erase the n-th power from the right side of the equation above
p
by applying its inverse, n , to the left side of the equation. That gives us the
following equation on the next page.
107
p
n
xy =
p
p
n
xny
A special case of the rule above is
r
n
p
n
x
x
= p
n y
y
p
You might be tempted at some point to write pthat n x + p
y is the same
p
p
2
n
thing p
as x + n y, but it is not. For example, 9 + 16 = 2 25 = 5, but
p
2
9 + 2 16 = 3 + 4 = 7, and 5 does not equal 7.
p
n
x + y 6=
p
n
x+
p
n
y
Simplifying square roots of natural numbers
When writing the square root of a natural number, you’ll usually be expected to write a final result that does not include taking the
p square root of
a number that
p is a square. For example, you should write 4 as 2, because
2
4 = 2 and 22 = 2.
p p
p
You can use the rule xy = x y to help you remove squares from the
inside of a square root. For example, 20 = (2)(2)(5) = 22 5. Thus,
p
p p
p
p
2
2
20 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 2 5
p
For one more example, if asked for 360, first factor 360 into a product of
prime numbers to see that 360 = 23 32 5 = 22 32 (2)(5). Then we have
p p p
p
p
p
360 = 22 32 (2)(5) = (2)(3) (2)(5) = 6 10
You can be sure that you are done simplifying at this point because 10 written
as a product of primes is (2)(5), and this product does not include more than
one of the same prime number.
108
Exercises
1.) What is x if (x + 7)3 = 8?
2.) Solve for x where
p
2
x + 2 = 4.
3.) If 4(2x + 7)5 = 12, then what is x?
p
4.) Find x when 3 4 4
x = 9.
5.) What is the inverse function of f (x) = x3 + 5 ?
p
6.) What is the inverse function of g(x) = 4 3 x + 7 ?
In #7-13, solve the inequality for x.
7.) 2x
13 < 4
10.)
p
5
13.)
12
3 x
2x
8.)
3x < 16 + x
11.) 12 
6>2
4
x
9.)
x3 + 4
12.)
>
p
2
3x
24
In #14-17, find the implied domains of the given functions.
14.) f (x) =
p
15
3x2
p
16.) h(x) = 5 2 9x
14x + 9
15.) g(x) =
4
p
2
17
17.) f (x) = 10
Simplify the expression in #18-23.
18.)
p
27
19.)
p
24
20.)
p
100
21.)
p
52
22.)
p
150
23.)
p
48
109
2x
p
8
1
9
2x+4
x2 +1
1
p
2
1
28.) 2 x
29.)
p
2
x
2
x
B.)
D.)
E.)
C.)
/
A.)
-o
-o
30.)
x
p
2
/
27.)
p
2
-o
For #24-30, match the numbered functions with their lettered graphs.
p
p
24.) x2
25.) 2 x
26.) 2 x + 1
/
F.)
110
/
1
/
1
G.)
-o
For #31-37, match the numbered functions with their lettered graphs.
p
p
31.) x2
32.) 2 x
33.) 2 x + 1
p
2
37.)
p
2
x
1
35.)
p
2
2x
36.)
x
B.)
D.)
E.)
2
C.)
/
/
A.)
p
2 x
/
F.)
1
//
1
1
G.)
111
-o
-o
-o
-o
34.)
/
For #38-46, match the numbered functions with their lettered graphs.
p
p
p
38.) 2 x
39.) 2 x + 1 + 1
40.) 2 x + 1 1
1+1
x+1
A.)
42.)
45.)
p
2
x
1
p
2
x+1
B.)
/
D.)
/
G.)
p
2
46.)
p
2
/
x
x
1
ii?
N
N
F.)
N/
H.)
/
/
43.)
C.)
E.)
N/
1
ii?
ii?
N
I.)
/
/
112
/
/
1
44.)
p
2
x
N
/
/
41.)
p
2
ii?
For #47-53, match the numbered functions with their lettered graphs.
p
p
47.) x3
48.) 3 x
49.) 3 x + 1
50.)
53.)
p
3
x
p
3
p
3
1
51.) 2 x
52.)
p
3
x
2
x
A.)
B.)
C.)
D.)
E.)
F.)
-
-
-
G.)
113
For #54-60, match the numbered functions with their lettered graphs.
p
p
54.) x3
55.) 3 x
56.) 3 x + 1
57.)
p
3
60.)
p
3
x
1
58.)
p
3
2x
59.)
x
B.)
C.)
D.)
E.)
F.)
-
A.)
G.)
114
p
3 x
2