Mechanical Arithmetic
or
the
Historyof the Counting Machine
Washi"6t|^Instit^^
ON
LECTURES
Edited
by
THOMAS
H.
BUSINESS
A.
RUSSELL,
M.,
Arithmetic
Mechanical
or
The
History
Counting
of
the
Machine
by
D.
FELT
E.
President
ELT
LL.
"
TARRANT
Manufacturers
of
MFG.
of
the
CO.,
Comptometer
Chicago
D.
Introduction
the
of
appreciated
realize
of
accounting
all
the
wonderful
Felt
E.
well-developed
the
United
honored
of
interesting
Arithmetic"
Felt
Mr.
effect
the
to
splendid
ever
be
American
the
in his
this
magnitude
of the
give
to
mechanical
associated
lecture
reader
his
the
world
of
business.
436C83
history
of
examination
and
in those
authority
records
of the
exist.
to
carry
that
his
it
cates
is, indi-
it
as
and
and
dawn
effort
of American
on
"Mechanical
of
leaving
which
the
signally
while
commerce
with
in
as
was
lecture, brief
years
to
European
proceeded
he
how
calculator
in the
story
own
a
standing
preserved
undertaking,
the
he
of which
times
part of his
of his
the
development
of the
earliest
to
unusual
with
ican
Amer-
him
His
well
close
machines
speaks
idea, and
great
; and
imagination
he
the
possesses
as
lecture
make
to
he
genius.
visits
his
in
quarter
enabled
Europe
the
calculating
subject
tells
origin of his
into
permitted
from
in
last
successful
has
inventive
his
refers
he
that
so
that
instinct
Business
life.
of them,
many
during
historic
the
institutions;
this
and
being
by
so
be
efficiency in
to
roll of
the
the
in
aids
on
recognized
which
to
high
of
is
States,
museums
tests
reward
inventor
an
as
stands
business
due
made
commercial
of
and, unlike
inventors,
reap
strides
will
of
students
and
men
all American
to
Comptometer,
the
mechanical
the
in
known
as
business
departments
D.
Mr.
men
by
century
a
office
and
manufacturer
and
inventor
machine
calculating
famous
bookkeepers
who
well-known
by the
lecture
This
to
were
finance
name
invention
the
quired
re-
the
will
and
his
After
to
took
it
note,
him
machines.
they
department
In
Mr.
others
listing
had
the
were
the
both
tale
rapid
calculation
after
infinite
calculator,
New
marvelous
and
a
this
and
ing
add-
countrj\
accounting
in
savings
time,
oi
the
is
and
York,
debt
solve.
He
the
was
first
small
no
finally
successful
importance.
the
were
immense
service
of
pioneers
his
machines,
listing
of
Compto-
adding
in
chines,
ma-
"leading
in
told.
the
In
first
public
time
Shows
held
other
cities
of
Mr.
gratitude
Felt's
is
due
in
Felt,
multiplication
at
Square
Office
den,
Garthe
demonstrated
mechanical
him
to
key-driven
contests
Madison
have
Mr.
1901
duplex
rapid
practicable
that
contributions
important
fully
yet
made
Business
of
to
keyboard
produced
and
success,
inventor's
Since
and
machines,
bondage."
not
thus
listing
of
of
been
of
out
of
calculating
have
possibilities
deep
office
Comptometers
and
labor,
machinery.
Appliance
dred
hun-
first
problem
invention
an
pioneers
bookkeepers
But
in
large
which
Felt's
adding
and
by
and
Mr.
key-driven
the
the
key-operated
sold
large
the
Comptograph,
while
graphs
and
without
tried,
machine,
Thus
first
effecting
tackled
Felt
the
perfected
the
every
sell
to
interesting
is
money.
1888
which
in
it
years
were
America,
in
and
effort,
three
manufactured
found
are
Comptometer,
these
be
to
the
almost
But
machines
Today
of
invention
from
calculators
the
business
world.
T.
H.
R.
Arithmetic
Mechanical
or
History of the
Machine
Counting
The
D.
By
President
"
FELT
TARRANT
will
endeavor
machine
think
to
apt
are
quite
is not
art
give
to
that
that
idea
an
new
the
adding-
think.
might
one
as
machines
adding
Chicago
Comptometer
the
you
as
CO.,
MFG.
of
Manufacturers
I
FELT
E.
We
something
are
very-
new.
When
I
I say
We
quite
are
nothing
else ; or,
that
say
we
learned
3
or
X
few
a
12
The
we
of
sort
a
are
first
to
therefore
where
be
or
learned
short-cut
the
in
or
what
The
counting,
have
like
We
table.
multiplication
we
reason
call multiplication,
we
because
division
it is addition,
it is counting.
practise
counting,
elements
ing.
is count-
2X4
already
are
8,
36.
the
arithmetic,
We
count
say
with
calculating
the
exact,
more
have
simple
mechanical.
means
to
Primarily
counting.
multiplication,
is that
make
from
different
something
all mathematics
multiplication
consider
to
apt
machines,"
"computing
or
because
machines,
counting
mean
machines"
"adding
term
"to
first counting,
pebbles.
is
started.
The
calculate."
Calculi
counting
with
was
undoubtedly
"calculate"
word
is Latin
for
pebbles.
pebbles,
That
is
." ;:":.*":*","':".-":.*"*-"""
MECHANICAL
"
We
call
"Digits"
the
would
instead
of
have
the
the
decimal
decimal
if
five, simply
divide
make
short
but
if
few
that
used
we
short
different
into
There
machines
that
from
with
up,
strung
on
were
system,
used
five beads
two
keep
the
We
then
5's
track
more
Greek
common
just what
"
great
a
the
of
of
sort
a
divided
of
in
end
beads
that
circle
into
in
great
a
12.
one
In
ten
or
abacus, which
on
using
earliest
surmise.
We
people have
know
calculated
farther, because
the
boards
pebbles
number
a
ing
calculat-
the
would
they
used
of rods
in
get
beads,
frame
a
called "abacus."
of those
systems
China
of
and
make
of
is
other
a
by
the
rods.
far
rod, then
one
the
on
carrying
form
a
little
a
ground
the
make
times
by putting
largely
of the
digits,
divide
of
can
like that,
made
instead
be
the
We
use
all factors
are
went
the device
in ten
have
they
can
only
can
they
and
two
2
historic
the
one
why
twelve
to tell
different
on
could
as
by twenty-
twelve
astronomers
is
is, using
system
or
sixty degrees
instead
used
it
5.
way
on
and
There
are
and
earliest
rods,
and
frame,
That
were.
lying
mixed
made
is why
of
much
very
ciphers.
two
decimal
we
"
instead
instance, with
characters
system,
That
For
add
the
numeral
pebbles; then
pebbles
and
with
cuts
2 and
the
than
multiply anything
by four
isn't any
been
to
3, 4, 6, and
only
have
calculations
degrees, because
have
it would
digits.
of notation,
system
want
twelve
"
fingers
tens.
hundred
ways
duodecimal
and
mathematics.
hundred
six
OR
use
of
we
cuts.
three
many
the
we
system
is,the duodecimal
many
we
had
which
had
men
arithmetical
system,
a
If
decimal,
to make
do
we
characters
fingers.
mean
five,we
easier
numeral
ARITHMETIC
end
abacus
still used
is
East, which
a
of
division
the
positive count,
means
There
of the
is what
almost
and
other
has
in
rod.
the
There
you
two.
is known
a
can
But
as
the
universally in
in
and
Russia,
beads
nine
COUNTING
rod, then
lot of pebbles and
a
we
didn't
learn
had
as
much
time
learning
to
as
have
we
short
cuts
that
short
cuts
that
that
mathematical
through
A
boy.
He
bright.
the
a
the
time, which
knowledga
Moors.
pebbles
it with
with
the
have
decimal
same
many
show
they
They
prising
sur-
rapidly;
very
because
and
he
that
pipe
monk
us
same
system
their
of
some
of
occupied
air
A.
herd
shep-
by peeling
reeds
and
; then
vibrate
knew
He
very
that
at
D., practically all the
world
southern
a
music
down
him.
900
the
was
fitting it with
force
history
ingenious,
very
for playing
to
about
was
in written
Gerbert
was
educated
science
They
Gerbert.
of trees, and
a
have
we
instrument
an
through
So
that
noticed
off limbs
reeds.
that
do
we
Machine
Counting
named
man
monk
water
ran
First
made
the bark
he
with
profit by
can
if
Perhaps
things
the
consequently
counting machine
first
comes
them, but that
could
of.
sit down
discoveries.
The
The
to
of mathematics
thought
we
me
way.
we
those
sort
Naturally
bead.
compute
studying,
never
we
have.
we
do
worth
are
of fingers and
number
play whist,
has
It
one
with
to
learning
a
Europe.
and
you
it that
to do
have
fact, the Japanese
in
for
to compute
Orientals
rapidity.
Eastern
division, then
a
try
is because
spent
of
difficult
rather
be
^
MACHINE
countries
many
one
on
It would
with
THE
OF
HISTORY
THE
possessed
was
Spain,
well
as
by
as
the
north
Africa.
The
the
Moors
other
at
had
associated
life and
adopted
religion.
had
great universities,
Seville, but
Gerbert
who
two
known
for
their
Then
him
no
some
Christian
years
customs,
he
and
disappeared
before,
and
could
with
in Moorish
enter
Moors,
learned
from
Cordova
at
one
the
the
them,
lived
so
their
dan
Mohamme-
monks,
garb
and
those
applied at
8
MECHANICAL
of
one
be
that
through
After
he
Christian
Arabic
They
back
came
Gerbert
them
numerals
could
had
him
He
get
"
other.
back
we
into
what
But
use.
Arabic
have
we
they
numerals
them.
changed
Arabians
Printing
used
nine
until
of
a
thought
he
of
Pope
was
years
the
Arabic
back
he
machine
that
the
his
life trying
Otherwise
of the
in
succeeded
could, but he could
at all.
Europe
came
never
years
he
results
he
had
to
hundred
printing, that
When
or
unknown.
back
several
calculating
many
it was,
was
he brought
at, but
spent
; afterwards
him
960, I think
use.
plan for
accurate
not.
he
was
Roman
to
He
very
Catholic
Sylvester II.
another
Calculating Machines
Spaniard
His
four
hundred
three
about
its accuracy.
head, and
It
was
the
the
idea
says
formed
made
far
it did, but
calculating
years
and
As
Magnus.
History
old
made
up
was
famous
twenty
or
took
name
worked.
some
human
that
invention
working
it work.
his machine
came.
to
went
the
to
with
The
of that.
general
a
been
machine.
a
he
came
the
we
year
it wasn't
into
He
not
the
years
Early
But
and
went
from
India.
knowledge
work.
successful
Church
seemed
ciphers.
in
until the
with
making
of
in form
the
and
came
Moors
make
the
spread,
afterwards,
and
four
or
Consequently,
brought
he
in
what
are
today, because
back
came
three
not
As
both, he
They
different
significant digits
did
he
he brought
originated in northern
within
him
from
numerals.
very
write
we
took
then
and
graduated
Gerbert
then
were
in.
OR
Europe.
When
call the
taken
they
university
had
be
to
Mohammedan,
good
a
as
universities
these
ARITHMETIC
as
I have
of brass, in
figures showed
where
know
we
having
machines
ago,
lating
calcu-
a
in
seen
Europe
my
the
the
doubts
shape
teeth
HISTORY
THE
OF
Another
of the
made
his
his
perhaps
a
club.
Church
was
one
up.
Those
were
but
"
four
the
that
it was,
out
the
wheels
mechanic
realized
that
For
will
the
there
add
or
Those
that
the
see
you
digits
or
could
a
were
That
seventeenth
century.
hundreds
had
about
the
of
years
little twenty-five-
see,
consisting of three
you
insert
stylus and
a
simplicity is due
by
360, in what
that
will
that
see
were
in each
considered
the
fifteenth
after
that
one
the
dial of
"
the
as
units,
other.
could
tiply,
mul-
mathematics.
strange, like
until the
but
multiply.
almost
people who
numerals,
before
called
was
in
a
are
beneath
something
century,
on
was
down
columns
anything
continued
Arabic
use
addition
of the
do
or
write
difficult to
very
falling
few
very
we
individual
no
to
fully.
more
If you
be
condition
adopted
they smashed
now.
it would
divide,
astrologer.
They
it is
numerals
there
only
were
fact that
the
pieces of machinery,
modern
developed
than
"
difficult,because
"
This
superhuman.
So
the
where
row,
with
priests of the
concealed
now
4,625 multiplied
reason
tens, etc.
we
is
necessity for calculating machines
more
you
a
having
the
days
numerals
"
that
in
arts
like
problem,
clock
both
than
more
around.
much
Roman
and
It is not
smashed
something
was
made
of Bacon
was
were
complicated
no
machines
little discs
In those
So
it
undoubtedly
adding
turn
they
"
thought
they accomplished
cent
or
priests
Bacon
machine
made
Magnus
one
Magnus
later.
years
piece of calculating mechanism.
a
that
that
and
D.,
the
of
made
time.
same
A.
twenty
became
one
other
tried to make
it
a
What
Bacon,
at the
1000
year
ten, fifteen,or
The
Catholic
He
I say
9
named
time,
shortly after the
exactly.
MACHINE
same
character.
same
known, but the
not
COUNTING
the
at
man,
also
known
THE
middle
an
of the
I think, quite generally,
it
was
arithmetic,
easily
as
we
some
teach
MECHANICAL
10
children
it to the
the
did
not
that
we
mechanical
for
to
seem
to the
years
But
forward
were
call
here
The
with
credited
make
one
handled
would
which
they
mechanical
eighteen
eight inches
stick in your
a
stylus.
its great
by
transmit
tens
to
hundreds,
"
of
one
etc.
order
to the
(the French
a
accurate
great
recorded
many
the
large
very
and
six
machine,
you
same.
was
sioned
occa-
mechanism,
to
to tens, and
greatest
friends,
efforts
or
nothing
exactly the
the
;
operated
are
next, units
been
his
sense
little things
carrying
But, having
having
the
help
to
of
accomplished
operated
complicated
very
from
tens
Frenc'hman
was
you
allowance
dials which
four
if
due
wide
these
didn't
of the wheels
were
inches
ten
than
worked,
bulk, the largeness
the
they
He
several
any
is
lator.
calcu-
trying
on
in
have
would
machine
of his time, and
a
had
long,
He
even
making
been
pocket, with
His
and
of those
1642.
it.
machine,
Furthermore,
They
they
vest
have
inches
high.
if
even
more,
could
never
in
hold
myself
preserved,
are
None
now
mechanical
a
took
off the
There
would
we
deserved
and
little step
a
accurately,
them
tried
calculators.
probably
But
I have
what
make
fully
care
taking the top
names.
progress.
by Pascal
calculate
the greatest
tinued.
con-
devoted
of
made
ones
some
was
he
that
men
calculator.
first to
think
that
along.
age
the
not
after
machines
famous
lation
calcu-
long
very
hundreds
make
to
mechanical
most
being
it with
cogs
them
with
made
I do
But
for
there; they
highly organized
succeeded.
and
certain
efforts
mental
Calculator
number
ambitious
many
a
and
contain
the
efforts to make
and
scientific
Mechanical
all that
among
noted
subject would
Pascars
facility of
great
among
afterwards
years
Consequently,
very
list of the
mere
of
acquire that
were
OR
generally spread
hundreds
practise today.
calculators
A
many
school, became
Even
people.
people
in
ARITHMETIC
and
tist
scien-
being
of the
dif-
HISTORY
THE
ferent
other
any
in that
little disk
famous
which
in
11
calculators
^he is given
"
deal
great
a
perfectly
more
of credit
Pascal
He
for which
he
called
of the
four
kind
than
is most
the
foundation
scientist
great
a
things for
into very
used.
hundred
two
fare,
cents
celebrated
He
the
great
of
several
his
and
branches
he
of
and
of the
That
the
was
would
first thing
for that, much
wrote
lound
is
science
more
science.
on
of
one
invention
omnibus.
omnibus
books
many
different
race,
is the
famous
is very
in many
human
the
twenty-centimes
known.
for
a
ago.
many
be about
was
hundred
about
was
same
He
come
few
a
the
simple.
didn't
were
That
existence.
did
omnibus,
machine
there
undoubtedly
was
ways.
his
also, but
and
ical
mechan-
a
in all respects
of today, compact
still in
fifty years
in 1663, made
practically
Probably
use.
are
in England
was
machine
scientist
general
so
nation)
Moreland,
calculator
those
MACHINE
direction.
Sir Samuel
Some
COUNTING
inventions
attempted
than
and
THE
OF
The
in
his
books.
Pascal
only about
was
was
this machine.
of
the
before
the
laborious,
very
kind
calculating machine
often
was
made
he had
there
the
are
records
of
Leibnitz
call
we
to
idea
heard
never
He
young.
what
was
he conceived
so
It is said that
before, but
father
very
a
compute.
of
making
of anything
of many
attempts
him.
About
that
scientist
in
time,
Germany,
than
man
of
higher
boy
and
The
greater
His
eighteen.
officer and
customs
It
at his
started
the
Work
or
named
Pascal.
differential
mathematics,
little later, there
a
as
Leibnitz.
He
is said
calculus,
practised
on
in
He
to
was
was
have
which
a
great
probably
the
been
nearly
engineering,
a
ventor
in-
all the
is based.
MECHANICAL
12
It is
to
invent
the
it.
Napier
what
he did
did
so
question, however,
a
Leibnitz
differential
libraries
our
of
letters
He
the
the
of the
science
made
had
same
as
their
two
and
work,
by
of
he
so
went
than
work
have
known.
He
for other
Czar
of
and
by
satisfied.
make
to
Pascal
day
in
to
Austria,
not
was
to
ples
princi-
the
by
and
he
of letters
first time
ever
received
to
go
scientists
has
France
in that
for the
world
and
money
had
and
or
three.
he
It is said
a
He
lating
calcu-
noted
more
things much
more
was
blames
Both
not
wasted
all the
when
before
he
only
he
had
to
blame
didn't
the
to do
the
the
watchmakers,
the
it to
work.
mechanics
that
entirely satisfactory.
Leibnitz
was
failure
He
say.
watchmakers
employed
their
were
There
calculating machines
He
does.
250,000 francs, they
"
his
that
his remains
years
some
machines
sight.
the
many
can
you
fundamental
recent
some
great
a
of hundreds
found
kings, but
because
Pascal
He
books,
wonderful.
spent all he
He
first
Napier
say
wrote
that
of the
are
decorated
German
and
Leibnitz
and
photographs
Many
for his calculating machine
valuable
the
was
English
important
so
Emperors
machine,
really
books, but wrote
find
jealous of Pascal,
was
scientist
is said
and
and
many
great
a
greatest brain
honored
Russia
The
are
present-day
letters.
was
calculus.
by Leibnitz.
our
possessed
he
many
today and
written
those
wrote
Those
whether
OR
preserved.
was
never
letters.
also
was
ARITHMETIC
twelve
worked
he
money
one
buried,
was
been
had, and
that
man
noted
went
in absolute
as
years
the
his
on
dropped
to the
of
out
with
grave
A
poverty.
greatest
chine.
ma-
few
scientist
in
Europe.
It
was
claimed
Grillet by name,
a
by
who
some
knew
calculating machine,
and
that
another
of Pascal's
that
he
man
in
efforts, tried
came
much
France,
to make
nearer
to
HISTORY
THE
in
success
making
machine
The
what
machine,
any
of his
out
in France
dropped
So
did
for
of sight and
claim
rather
or
than
exhibited
was
out
some
13
machine
used, but
it
of it.
became
MACHINE
accurate
not
sudden
a
COUNTING
an
was
all of
then
THE
OF
that
Leibnitz
for
and
took
the
was
in Paris
inside
out
few
years
of it and
and
knew
didn't
head, but that he procured
own
fee,
a
nobody
mechanism
any
Pascal.
erate
gen-
his
chine,
ma-
this machine
put it in another
case.
When
I
is supposed
examined
machine
I
had
Leibnitz's
and
I
Royal
machine
am
have
used
made
in France.
of the
any
The
in
calculating machines
Charles
in France,
worked.
work
made
Without
a
practically and
machine
I
had
devices
been
which
some
worked
that
a
;
of them
devices
One
mean
we
of these
conceptions, and, I
results
; but
to
would
a
very
use.
highly-organized
Machine
of
insurance
an
the
first
When
I
in
one
say
machine,
that
a
pany
com-
and
1820
ever
were
were
simple devices, which
it
did
calculating
because
practical and
large extent, but they
They
was
they all ended
there
calculating, like the abacus, before
that
in
of 1820.
year
usefully.
machine
entirely different
are
was
fully,
care-
very
of the
calculating machine
simple devices
used
that
out
director
it
I
Germany,
possibilitythat Leibnitz
no
highly-organized
for
still in it.
examined
Successful
question
I
insides
Hanover,
mechanism
a
of.
out
another
the
different
Thomas,
nitz
Leib-
case
examined
of all attempted
First
Xavier
is
to the
up
The
has
at different
is true
failures, which
also
machines
two
arriving
to say,
I
and
there
organization, starting from
going
and
the
saw
mechanism
Library,
open
that
sure
could
the
like it, that
the
at
was
I
ago,
taken
carefully,
much
very
When
have
to
it very
a
that,
useful,
were
not
less automatic.
is
quite
as
famous
as
MECHANICAL
14
of
the
machine
the
inventor
Pascal,
of
the
find
we
as
it in
in the
product
another
of
figure
the
written
the
in the
of
products
so
6 written
He
multiplication and
then
get the
next
finally adding
multiply
243
Those
rods
in
only
it
there
thought
much
very
but
something
for
the
over
the
not
that
today,
about
No
on,
had
to
additions.
largely,
They
doubt
not
were
that
strips,
on
it, and
thing
same
have
so
he
written
that ; in
but
it down,
understanding
invention.
before
years
very
table
mystic
tain
ascer-
and
If
the
to
write
Continent.
people
table
another
on
mental
used
mind, but the
own
many
like
all
about
instance,
means,
by three
each
units
another,
one
same
were
something
was
honored
Arabs
it
the
corresponding
together.
multiplication
it out of his
to the
do
thing, and
the
simply
was
would
(Napier's rods)
great
a
by the
7
on
ing
oppos-
rods
of
simple addition,
a
of
triangle,
For
it
it
wrote
figure
sides.
rods
sub-products
he
46
England,
considered
by
write
multiplication
alongside of
sub-product
all the
by
select
Jay them
the
the
wrote
used
side, those
one
he
a
He
four
were
on
would
the first sub-product
of
Scotland,
containing
square
parts
only there
on.
fall in
OR
didn't
tens
corresponding.
pencil, with
them,
the
would
same
He
school, but
that
manner
product
a
on
side, and
a
triangle
of
size
such
in
of
Napier
little rods.
some
multiplication
the
calculus.
textbooks
our
in
rods,
square
on
by Napier,
invented
was
differential
multiplication table
ARITHMETIC
he
he
was
inated
orig-
known
was
fact, they practise
it
arranged
a
little
differently.
In
were
the
several
existence.
made
a
not
who
men
There
machine
It
but
between
meantime,
was
a
was
in
very
made
a
man
1709, but
near
reliable enough
Leibnitz
Poleni
named
that
used
machine
to
Thomas,
which
machines
approach
to be
and
an
to any
there
still in
are
in Venice,
is not
accurate
extent.
in
who
ence.
exist-
calculator,
There
are
16
MECHANICAL
Another
machine
1777, contained
the
type of machine.
made
by
heart
of
That
reaching
tooth
next
toothed
second
the
it
along
Thomas
number
movable
teeth
lever
a
Those
Thomas
Odhner
I
in
trying
am
Perhaps,
had
he
the
I
the
organization
was
Thomas
in the
"The
Earl
made
Stanhope
right.
The
the
There
whole
thing
no
the
another
was
who
is
of
doubt
rests
it
with
was
the
some
the
very
principle,
Leibnitz.
in
as
Thomas
brought
that
say
Earl
far
so
the
been
hardly
nitz
Leib-
teeth, etc.,but
from
he
Stanhope
to
a
pated
anticidid.
Mechanic"
who
also blames
the
made
are
Odhner
to
ever
fellow
he
and
they
either
on
shorter
that
sense
Fault
men
has
I could
same
by watchmakers,
to
that
As
out.
of machine
longer and
that
conclusion
the
entirely different
so
with
them.
type
anything
or
and
of
the
get
wheel
a
there
quite fair
Thomas
they
machine
contain
not
is in the
nitz's,
probably, barring Leib-
any
about
am
cylinders with
his organization
successful
to find out
if 8,
general principle
by having
are
that
the
slide out.
to make
Germany
shove
That
type
principle, although
however,
anticipated
teeth
9, the
engage;
engage.
slide in
machines
first attempts
old machines
and
fewer
or
; the
one-eighth
you
will
Odhner
can
Thomas
of toothed
next
9,
teeth
teeth
they
so
the
add
to
year
long teeth
very
it is the
the
the
the
series
a
OR
face, representing
nine
and
In
Stanhope
or
want
engaging
it
more
two
the
in
as
eight will
machine,
of
is known
shorter,
that
that
so
about
ten
the
If you
machine.
variable
bearing
across
so
Stanhope
contained
one-ninth
along
Stanhope
turn
clear
on.
so
wheel
shove
you
faces
being
shorter, and
what
machine
wheels, having wide
first one,
Earl
ARITHMETIC
machines.
the
fault
mechanic.
had
his machines
the
lack
I
guess
of the
He
of
cess
suc-
he
is
mechanic.
deserves
all
OF
HISTORY
THE
credit
There
are
any
something
in
proposition
get
he
the
far
wants
air
in
he
from
It looks
running
forth
will
I
was
planer.
A
across
I first
adjust it. I said, "Why
I thought
will make
I had
him
such
what
I
office in the
who
in
and
produce
that
week
a
I don't
calculating
a
the
on
market,
and
it, and
patent
of making
machine
a
if I
ness
busi-
runs
according
to
I
was
back
and
how
you
for counting?"
used
be
lating
calcu-
a
shop.
tool that
a
that
pretty
United
to
electrical
an
was
going
was
simple
I
soon
said, "I
machine."
a
friend
a
a
calculating-machine
night, and
it all
about
difficult
to
notches
can't
very
it is
thought
planer has
more
devise
all.
us.
working
or
one
it, and
invented
money
of
rest
about
now
all the
When
simple.
a
take
all the
machine,
the
him
give
at
be
has
anything
to
trouble
is hardly
who
man
study,
no
but
will
There
use.
little bit of
a
go
paper;
that
17
it is
to
ways
on
one
some
to
says
away
or
superior
me
don't, he
of
make
to
results
machine
with
Anybody,
number
letter from
a
MACHINE
calculating machine;
a
up
accurate
COUNTING
all blame.
and
think
can
THE
do,
said
and
will be
States
engineer, and
"In
:
I told
ninety days
every
doing its calculating by
machinery."
I went
So
the
make
to
the
frame
to make
bought
staples, and
bands
to
on
and
worked
Year's, but
before
I didn't
bought
to
keys of, and
the
to
expecting
I began
holiday,
time
the
went
to have
get
day,
it done
I got it done.
macaroni
butcher
to the
to
a
hardware
work
to
thousands
in three
rubber
lating
calcu-
a
in ninety
use
that
was
It
was
a
New
and
Christmas
days.
and
store
make
in
to
bought
bought
and
and
box
and
Day, because
Thanksgiving
that
the
bookstore
I went
for springs.
use
machine,
days.
I
of.
skewers
and
grocery
a
long
Modern
To
back
go
Another
the
in
The
in
three
made,
great
about
the
subject,
for
actuaries
years
and
Then
a
Scotland, the
in
Thomas
it for
twenty-five
machine
in
a
the
and
the
first
was
and
of France
until
people took
efforts
of
one
useful
was
get out
the
in
of
There
up
college
a
the
using
Thomas
is
manufacturing
named
He
machine
good
lot to
a
only durable
a
Tait, and
a
made
in
he
is still
He
Europe.
used
most
of
copy
splendid machine.
made
were
many
It is the
ago.
years
It
insurance
began
man
constructed
a
principle.
arithmetic.
England
$450, and
the
advanced.
it in London.
manufacturing
made
manufactured
science
and
up
machine,
It is the best
the
when
mechanical
man
It didn't
He
Odhner
It worked.
ago.
ing
contain-
Germany.
which
in
:
in 1777,
the
contain
France,
ago,
written
about
in
saw
particularly through
in
was
I
not
used.
were
machine
is still being
generations
forty
know
did
Colmar,
many
machine
wonderful
machine
place,
the
which
Thomas
same
a
principle which
1809
Machines
European
made
mar
OR
history of calculating machines
the
to
Odhner
another
a
ARITHMETIC
MECHANICAL
18
this
in
accurate
sold
country
calculating
calculating machine
made
ever
Europe.
had
Tait
But
of the
accountant
hotel
at my
him
about
He
Tait.
in
working
for
made
in London
day,
one
said Tait
London;
twenty-five
yet he
durable
calculating machine
that
we
Americans
and
durable.
wouldn't
I
be accurate
consider
don't
no
mean
matter
few
a
had
two
then
was
in
called
three
or
I asked
and
ago,
ics
mechanand
making,
accurate
Europe,
in
calculating machine
old
chief
England
only nearly
made
a
years
then
the
years,
in
Railway
Western
Great
The
ability whatever.
commercial
no
the
the
how
delicatelyyou
and
sense
accurate
machines
like
has
use
that
them
;
THE
HISTORY
but
the
Tait
possession
Tait
OF
THE
a
very
is
by telling that
machine,
little
and
on
time
test
it and
then
adjust
the
that
fact
made
the
"Don't
was
far and
today
when
he
starts
start
you
to
with
then
and
use
some
he
goes
fast."
it too
run
out
above
away
any
of
heretofore, regardless
or
calculating machines
many
in my
ago,
springs
times,
machine
Tait
machine
European
four
or
before
accurately;
computes
three
years
business, in which
every
it
I have
Yet
twenty
must,
cautions
Nevertheless,
the
about
you
until
screws
19
machine.
issued
pamphlet
a
MACHINE
accurate
doing considerable
was
your
COUNTING
used
being
are
in
Europe.
The
Nearly
Brunsviga
the
large office
every
machines,
The
rapidly.
they have
say
claim
will
time
build
Great
for
they
start
a
all
the
German
on
a
cabman,
most
against
in
over
streets
to
Germany,
is
no
enough
machine
of 1820.
Yet
and
years,
we
standpoint
to
the
before
take
put
great
a
before
French,
If you
the
the
eight
or
called
it
although
bought
were
and
war,
you,
having
They
sell
they
machine.
they
despite their
was
machines
ten
lating-machi
calcu-
in France.
what
to be of any
The
and
Even
German
of Paris
question but
accurate
that
seen
energetic.
very
Europe.
this
machine
have
different
business,
refuse.
factories
There
are
their
a
operated
principle.
likely he wouldn't
law
the
different
bought
War,
from
overthrow
if
fifteen
"
of the
Brunsviga
difficulty. We
I guess
"
people
pushing
a
made
again
on
machines
many
the
that
will
answer
the
of
number
a
them
wrong
a
overcome
and
into
money
give
uses
of
one
every
and
Brunsviga
The
Europe
catalogues
machine
a
in
recent
it until
see
but
wheels
numeral
Machine
Brunsviga
Odhner
the
first machine
practical
value
machine
was
was
the
that
the
was
Thomas
next.
And
MECHANICAL
20
the
machine
Brunsviga
in
granted
which, of
The
Perhaps
is
the
the
Babbage
calculator.
it
machine
a
and
mentally
that
The
noted
would
and
print
scientist.
English
a
the
large city libraries, many
of
case
the
machine
a
and
to
grind
Babbage
made
of
part
It
was
He
the
; but
It
he
to
never
partly made,
table, and
table.
finished
so
It
on
to
it, but
quite
about
then
was
until
algebraic
completed
in England,
and
a
either
"difference
is very
did
but
engine," is
famous.
do
ble.
relia-
anything
an
to
he
assist
started
"analytical
It
altogether.
the
feet
sterling.
offered
expressions.
he
of England
not
called
purpose
one,
three
the first one,
machine,
1833
pounds
Victoria
Queen
different
a
develop
time
some
of completing
different
for
called
for
of
large
a
wholly
not
was
after
practically
"
about
was
struct
con-
pieces
;
was
thousand
seventeen
use
machine
a
and
money,
then
new
many
to
was
and
Parliament
quite
engine."
machine
for each
then, instead
make
single table,
a
another
idea
the
and
that
the
it
up
So
in all
pertaining
but
He
intended
Babbage
find his books
can
of
use
difficult.
beautifully made,
his
to
by
compute
made
for
in
sion,
divi-
or
To
part he
appropriated
him
the
The
it.
of
ran
to
into
never
out
more
is very
machine
out
out
machine.
used
tables.
large volumes
grind
machine
new
a
high.
tables
a
But
sense.
multiplication,
You
Babbage
putting
mechanism,
making
one
as
scientific topics.
In the
making
of
spoken
in
the
use
literature
English
to make
was
tables
accurate
expired.
always
do
then
was
different
in
it is
theory
machine
Babbage
machine
calculating machine
a
addition.
or
the
was
patents
Calculator
and
machine,
It
not
was
famous
OR
under
have
course,
Babbage
most
made
originally
was
Germany,
ARITHMETIC
Then
one
now
he
which
on
was
died.
he
tion
exhibi-
OF
HISTORY
THE
British
One
Babbage
actually made
had
if he
he
but
was
could
Just
about
conceived
thousand
all
right.
He
A
Successful
idea
a
of making
engineers, but
alone.
son,
between
They
the
it
or
father
exhibited
of the
employed
to
of
cities in England,
and
from
them
published in book
form
and
It
One
the
was
thing that both
all tables
due
So
figures.
having
tables
machine
while
in
the
of
it up
by
certain.
used
being
It
1862.
of the
table
had
They
life
the
begun
was
is not
in
a
"
and
$2,700 by
was
statistics
or
machine.
a
It
It
1855.
was
abilities
probfew
very
of several
the
table, which
insurance
companies
they made
used
school,
first mortuary
table
ever
made.
accurate.
was
that
the
life.
they had
It
produce
worked.
table
pose.
pur-
civil and
completed
was
of human
same
constructed
in
England
the
school, took
machine
it
Stockholm,
for
appropriation
one
mortuary
a
right thing,
journal
offices in London
length
years.
of
they
but
for many
not
out
on,
was
to work
compute
for
twenty,
was
when
in
trying
was
in
Scheutz,
did
son
Government
the
he
That
Just
not
Machine
technical
came
and
by
before.
was
one
data
he
Government.
in 1837
But
time
had
could
he
the
at
machine
a
a
he
before
assisted
were
Swedish
in
the
he
it, and
object
aiming
named
man
mechanical
just about
The
was
though
as
made
never
Swedish
publishing
was
it
that
to
pages
it.
produce
time
21
many
about
years.
not
that
His
devotes
He
a
the
He
MACHINE
wrote
machine.
a
lived
attain
to
COUNTING
encyclopedia
and
machine,
THE
a
to
in
errors
machine
from.
mentally
computed
they
were
make
Babbage
and
Babbage
Scheutz
are
transcribing
going
the
never
to
more
and
overcome
type
forms
completed
appreciated
or
less
typesetting
that
they
this
was
curate,
inac-
the
difficultyby
printed
machine,
the
but
his
made
Scheutz
from, he
them
had
answers
something
like
a
stepped device
crank,
it
along
that
turn
we
The
by Hiett.
cider
a
and
stereotjrpes from
the
lead
the
the
same
with
ran
Then
lead.
print from,
to
made
figures
very
chance
no
paper.
machinery
plates
paper
was
the
as
on
turned
was
figures into
the
the
onto
There
machine.
and
mill,
pressed
was
machine
wide,
computed,
as
answers
Scheutz
by
print
to
inches
fast
as
OR
type
three
about
prints its
used
they got right
the
by
used
computed
made
they
so
as
lead
listing machine
the
make
impressed
were
mechanism
answer
of
strip
a
the
The
To
successfully.
into which
a
ARITHMETIC
MECHANICAL
22
for
mistake
a
in
transcribing.
found
They
in
it
"
it built in
in those
and
it would
think
it must
very
been
I have
not
Kensington
record
The
portion
Britain,
the
to
make
it is
supposed
one
built
by Scheutz,
time, but
is
and
York,
been
I could
it for
seen
the
at
now
while
machine
can
see
that
it is
any
mirrors
to
in the
South
find it
not
or
atory,
Observ-
Dudley
the
is
workmanship
work
was
to
years.
instrument-maker's
kept the object he wanted
want
the
and
said to have
machine
Babbage
You
than
works
engineering
great
England,
having
New
perfect.
the
was
one
of anybody
business."
didn't
It
at
finely finished
of
in
better
it.
seen
first Scheutz
that
man
much
Museum
Albany,
"all
in
in
have
not
be perfect if made
machine
Co.,
ing
accord-
course,
people
built
"
going
was
The
it isn't
Donkin
plan, only
and
"
chine
ma-
priated
appro-
same
then, of
and
Scheutz
accurately.
there
this
the
on
work
if it isn't made
of Bryan,
any
shop,
the
Government
columns,
more
ideas,
Islands
They
but
British
a
British
another
in
take
is, to
British
to
The
to build
money
that
larger,
difficult to keep
very
order.
running
some
to have
was
seen
in the
constructed,
it is
machine
in
which
the
accomplish
in
mind,
and
look
into.
a
for the
ladies
to
to
as
the
carry
and
slot.
If the
a
numerals,
number
in
go
you
one
go
in another
direction.
on
something
like
principle
is found
direction
; if found
There
was
principle
that
advertised
"
added
be
to
really
"
Iowa
and
Stanhope
white,
the
a
wonderful
very
Locke
by
from
black
simple machine
very
a
each
the
among
among
of
series
a
through
showing
numerals
of white
series
black
It has
back.
and
around
stylus
OR
ARITHMETIC
MECHANICAL
24
quite
to
up
recently.
Thomas
French
was
Moreland
German.
was
There
are
great
a
them,
of
French
many
but
no
highly-organized machines
recent
very
Thomas
Odhner
and
would
and
years,
considered
be
machines
He
he
1889
year
it when
made
had
never
another
was
only
was
he
heard
case
had
he
officer and
twenty
of
do
when
father
was
computing.
(By
the
of
inventors
or
he
when
Scheutz
twenty-three.)
or
the
This
division.
addition, and
Thomas
his
Odhner.
the
son,
as
be
useful
say
That
customs
a
Pascal
way,
and
machine;
only about
was
Several
were
It would
For
first
made
machine
it wasn't
his
machine.
calculating machines
and
for
made
made
he
they
before.
boy's
the
where
to
old, and
years
chine
ma-
a
principles.
new
calculating machine
a
made
Bollee
entirely
on
eighteen
was
Scheutz, the real inventor,
twenty
that
anything
Type
named
type
new
New
a
Frenchman
a
entirely
an
directly copied
who
day, until key-operated
our
Machine
BoUee's
of
in
useful
any
accurately until
made
Grant,
maybe
made
in.
came
In the
except those
none,
dreds
books, hun-
ever
work
would
that
and
Thomas
French.
was
in the
inventors
until
one
Pascal
and
English
was
Leibnitz
English.
was
of
under
by Bollee
the
early
twenty-two
tiplication
for mul-
was
entirely impracticable
for
dividing
multiplication and
as
division
the
it
HISTORY
THE
was
OF
quotient
your
figure
machine,
which
Odhner.
Nevertheless
the
the
under
manufactured
machine
Bollee
pin would
of the
and
1 unit
units
arranged
machine
in
knobs
set
is manufactured
It is
Germany.
Bollee
table
multiplication
on
high,
bone
the
took
and
2 units
put
on,
was
and
by
graving
en-
multiplication
plate of
a
metal
lengths.
One
high, the last pin
one,
once
of pins
so
rods
represented the
table,
series
next
next
This
high.
it at
moving
a
any
first nine
two,
once
once
first 2
units
high,
for
2X1,
2X2,
stood
of
when
machine
set
then
any
the
moved
crank
the
machine
the multiplicand
each
multiplication could
number
of
the
and
forth
certain
number,
the
on
an
or
index,
ing
leav-
then
by
instantly indicate
up.
By
figure of the multiplier
be
so
Thomas
"
set
the
^for instance,
"
^for instance, 7,
originally
the
pins
graduated
along
would
in
moved
operator
the
crank
a
"
for
the
multiplicand
particular figure,
this kind
small
slide back
to
plates carrying
would
second
times
that
manner
the
on
and
"
plates
to the
one
Brunsviga,
A
such
up
as
in
in
principle,
principle of the
Bollee
high, the
these
attached
seven
see
on.
so
to
of
is
sometimes
of pins of graduated
series
a
multiplication
The
4
that.
do
units
9
He
as
or
division, and
same
figures representing
didn't
be
etc.
next
the
it
steps of the
the
the
Thomas
Millionaire
multiplication table
on
series
three,
the
The
of
case
for
Steiger
E.
the
probably
The
Switzerland.
them
stood
and
You
the
form.
on
table.
of
patents
put the
Napier
used
what
operating
with
do
to
estimate
to
before
containing
one
another
material
into
have
Millionaire.
in
was
time
it is often
or
now,
is called
what
don't
25
had
you
every
multiplication.
machine
that
MACHINE
division
was
you
for
good
very
COUNTING
for
but
good,
very
THE
an
any
tion
opera-
lem
prob-
performed.
Bollee
machines
were
made
and
26
MECHANICAL
in
used, but
business
recent
I
and
fine
was
a
used
for
The
making
of
turning
around.
notches
Steiger form.
two
or
three
set
up
on
another
the
principle, except
the
move
a
of
indices
come
believe
he
was
construct
to
Millionaire,
disks, the
disks
that
disks
about
Bollee
ten
in
for
the
and
is at
one
and
then
by
played,
dis-
once
for each
cranks
set
simply
multiplicand,
answer
both
move
to
you
multiplier,
the
the
using
figure of
which
the
years
have
you
for each
machine
once
a
machine
digit
in
the
He
made
of
if you
is
made
first attempt
the
to add
in
and
it
not
his
of machines.
quite famous
but
as
four
a
mechanism;
to
but
use
it would
it in
the
rapid
of
One
It is
and
ture
litera-
of calculators,
maker
last
man
key-oi)er-
In the
Office at Washington.
to
calculating
five.
or
I
"
calculating
a
was
in
A
print.
1872, made
principle
made
never
tried
times, Pottin
number
a
Patent
immediate
printed, but
Odhner
subject he
he
"
Louis,
and
used
is in the
piece
St.
added
although
more
Invention
machine
key-operated
mechanism.
of the
to
Recent
Frenchman
a
that
He
of
down
Baldwin
minutes
was
multiplier.
to
models
It
it.
still farther,
crank
of
the
Jersey
and
a
made
having
It
pins.
New
Millionaire
crank
of
Now,
ated.
in
digits
second
of
rows
principle
Machines
named
same
the
and
all the
instead
of
It is the
series
for
moving
in
Saunders
one
in
notches
the
because
in calculators.
pins, employs
things
factor, but
than
as
On
automobile
another,
mechanism
usually
Bollee
OR
well.
Saunders
the
make
not
the
known
supplant
carried
ago
into
gone
much
as
machine,
named
man
will
with
tables
using
has
in automobiles
machine,
instead
A
made
Steiger
with
he
guess
is easier
money
he
years
ARITHMETIC
a
about
rough
his
tiful
beau-
thirty
way
HISTORY
THE
OF
machines
calculating
add
print
and
There
the
in
not
other.
the
second
one
would
stand
Of
first
was
more
practical
some
to Drint
it
but
was
operated
were
machine
calculators
Prof.
by
in
has
country
America,
Pottin
on
of Pottin
the
find
a
added
machine
it made
that
listing machine,
early machines
Scheutz
second
book
mechanical
on
operated
machines
history
in
for
be
I told
case
from
Paris,
this
country,
what
sure
surprised
about
to
taken
was
who
mechanical
him
and
but
machine,
d'Ocagne,
of
France,
in each
his first patent
a
in
patent
out
I wouldn't
Prof.
until
the
his
in
patents
actually made
of it.
became
out
four
to
and
because
a
of those
early
several
out
was,
it
though
as
type
was
believe
I
registered
able
been
never
that
d'Ocagne
took
He
taken
from
by
electric motor.
an
1883
England.
looks
the
read
Some
one.
power.
mentions
one
Pottin
He
by
was.
power,
slow
mighty
a
the
fragile. The
Scheutz
the
be said that
It could
by.
think
Sellings
two
and
a
use.
could
you
as
different
very
and
that
be said
it could
printed, because
and
in
substantial
by
principle of
crude
somewhat
was
machine
are
a
thing.
same
I don't
There
each
by
all right
was
underlying
Munich,
at
The
course,
The
museum
the
listing machine
a
quite original.
was
in the
it
time
later
a
would
paper.
same
did
I believe
as
much.
to
Sellings machine
machines
but
of
the
Also
Munich.
machine
tape
about
print.
machine,
amounted
That
a
It worked
country.
Sellings, which
named
does
multiplying
it
on
museum
which
him,
list of numbers
Germany
is in
It
care.
made
27
this
in
great
machine
a
was
in
man
a
MACHINE
used
are
it with
handled
if you
COUNTING
THE
has
France.
I have
Pottin's
native
find that
out
from
written
it
what
several
umes
volheard
never
I met
was
delphia.
Phila-
find
I cannot
Once
patent
but
calculators,
him.
a
a
patent
28
claimed
who
^awyer
Pottin's
that
machine,
it
and
work,
they
would
where
they
get
he
it
Note.
to
that,
me
Felt
the
marvelous
world
a
results
practical
of
modesty
not
only
world.]
speak
in
the
of
his
his
efforts
own
of
for
United
durability,
themselves
States,
and
in
but
to
in
thousands
throughout
it
did
France,
ometer.
Compt-
successful
a
ventor,
in-
mentioning
the
give
convenient
moderate
and
if
or
without
lecture
counting-machine
great
accuracy,
machines
concludes
it
Comptograph
"
Mr.
made
was
about
our
the
investigated
one
something
over
With
and
that
strange
seems
excited
so
found
know
not
Europe
to
gone
said
but
worked;
[Editor's
have
to
business
lute
abso-
size,
cost.
of
busy
the
But
his
offices,
civilized
TO"
DEPARTMENT
CIRCULATION
RETURN
#^
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