Program of Academic Course
Introduction to Information Hiding
Doctor of Technical Science,
Renowned Worker of Russian Federation High School,
IEEE Member ,
Professor of State Telecommunication University in
St.Petersburg (Russian Federation) ,
Valery Korzhik
Email: val-korzhik@yandex.ru
Helsinki University, Finland
2014
Contents
Theme 1. Introduction to the lecture course
Two main parts of information hiding (IH): steganography (SG) and
digital watermarking (WM). Terminology and classification. SG versus
cryptography. The main types of cover objects (CO) .Criteria of SG
system efficiency. The main attacks on SG .Historical review of SG.
Examples of the SG- use by terrorists and criminals. Traditional and
new results in the current course.
Similar courses which are commonly to give in other Universities.
Theme 2 .SG with embedding in the least significant bits of CO.
Embedding and detecting procedure. Selection channel. Detectability of
SG based on embedding in the LSB (histogram and sample pair analysis
attacks).
Theme 3 .Real SG systems and spread spectrum (SS)- based SG.
SG in Real World (Software market).
Examples of SG systems (Jsteg , F5, Outguess ctr.).Syndrom
embedding. Embedding and extraction with SG-SS .Blind and informed
decoding. Detecting of SS-based SG.
Theme 4 .SG for other cover objects.
Embedding into image-documents (SG-SC). The performance
evaluation of different SG schemes. Coumuflage of embedding by
scanner noices. Linguistic steganography (SG-L). Embedding based on
absolute and relative synonymous. Rejection-sampling embedding.
Internet SG.
Internet-based steganography.
Theme 5 . Perfectly secure and almost perfectly secure SG .
Relative entropy and Bchattacharyya Distance(BD) as criteria of SG
system security .Ideal SG for Gaussian CM. Model-based SG(SG-M).
Perturbed quantization steganography (PQS) and their security. Wet
paper codes. Hugo algorithm.SG parameter optimization based on the
use of NND estimator.
Demonstration of PQS algorithm.
Theme 6 . Steganography based on noisy channels.
Setting of SG-N model based on noisy channels. BSC and Gaussian
channel. Embedding and extraction procedures. Security and reliability
of such SG systems. Spread-time SG (STS) and their security and
reliability. SG-N systems with blind decoder.
Theme 7. Blind steganalysis .
Classification of steganalytic methods .Support vector machine. Linear
and non-linear versions. Choice of statistical functionals. SPAM
characteristics. Calibration of images.
Theme 8 .The main applications of digital watermarking.
Broadcast monitoring , owner identification, proof of ownership,
transaction tracking ,content authentication ,copy control, device
control. Fingerprinting. Tracing traitors.
Theme 9 . Watermark embedding and detection technique .
Embedding into transformed domains (DFT , DCT, DWT). Additive and
multiplicative embedding .Examples of robust WM : “golographic” –
based (WM-G) and maxima-based WM(WM-M).Multiple and null bit
WM.
Theme 10. Embedding with informed encoders.
Code book for 0-bit WM. Improved spread spectrum system
(ISS).Quantization projective modulation (QPM).Comparison of ISS
and QPM efficiency.
Theme 11 .Sophisticated attacks on WM.
Filtering attack. Estimation of WM. Compression/decompression attack.
Transforms D/A and A/D.
Theme 12 .Breaking of WM synchronization.Collusion attacks.
Resizing, cropping and image rotation. The use of Fourier-Mellin
Transform. Concatenated WM. Different types of collusion attacks on
WM systems .The performance evaluation of WM systems under the
conditions of collusion attacks.
The problem of tracing traitors The use of anticollusion- coded WM in
order to provide robustness of WM systems. Superimposed codes in real
space.
System attacks. Unauthorized WM embedding. Copy attack. Ambiguity
attack.
Theme 13 . Content authentication based on WM systems.
Problem of authentication based on WM systems(WM-AU). Modular
embedding and its efficiency .Distortion free embedding for images in
BMP and JPEG formats. Selective authentication based on WM.
Robustness to JPEG compression.
Theme 14 .Watermarking of audio signals.
Model of audio CM. Human auditory system (HAS).Masking in time
and in frequency domains. Modified LSB embedding. Phase modulation
embedding. Echo hiding. Error free embedding algorithm. Reverberation
hiding. Modified ISS-based embedding.
Theme 15 .Capacity of SG and WM systems.
Definition of SG and WM capacity .Capacity of SG with noisy
channels. Binary and Gaussian models of WM systems.
Discussion on WM and SG capacity.
Remark . The required background for the listeners of this course is
some basic mathematical knowledge including elements of probability
theory and elements of digital communications.
References
1.M.Maes ,”Twin Peaks: ”The Histogram Attack to Fixed Depth Image
Watermarking,”
LNCS,1525,pp.290-305, 1998.
2.M.J.Atallah et al ,”Natural Language Watermarking and
Tamperproofing “,LNCS 2578 ,pp.196-212,2003.
3.I.Melcuk , “Dependency Syntax : Theory and Practice.” SONY Press,
NY, 1988.
4.J Brassil, L.O’ Gorman, “ Watermarking Document Images with
Bounding Box Expansion”, Proc. First Int. Workshop on IH, pp. 227235,1996.
5.T. Handel, M. Sandford, “Hiding Data in the OSI Network Model”,
Proc. First Int. Workshop on IH, pp.23-38,1996.
6.T.M. Cover, J.A. Thomas, “Elements of Information Theory”, John
Wiley, 1991.
7. C. Cachin, “ An information – theoretic model for steganography”,
LNCS, 1525, pp.306-318, 1998.
8.T. Kailath, “ The divergence and Bhattacharyya distance measures in
signal selection”, IEEE Trans. Commun. Tech. 15, pp. 52-60, 1967.
9. V. Korzhik et al. “ On the use of Bhattacharyya distance as a measure
of detectability of steganographic systems”, Information Hiding
International Journal, N 1, 2008, pp.23-30.
10. J. Wang, P. Moulin, “ Steganalysis of block-structured stegotext”.
In: Security, Steganography and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,
SPIE Proc. Vol. 5306, pp.477-488, 2004.
11. P. Salee , “ Model – based steganography “. LNCS, 2939, pp. 154167, 2004.
12. J. Fridrich , et al “ Perturbed quantization steganography with wet
paper codes “. In:
Proc. Workshop on Multimedia and
Security. 2004, pp, 4-15, 2004.
13. V. Korzhik et al, “ Investigation of Some Attacks on Perturbed
Quantization Steganography” ( submitted).
14. V. Korzhik, et al, “ On the existence of perfect stegosystems”,
LNCS, 3710, pp.30- 37,2005.
15. V. Korzhik , et al. “ Stegosystems based on noisy channels “, Proc.
IX Spanish Meeting on Cryptology and Information Security, 2006.
16. J. Fridrich, “ Feature – based steganalysis for JPEG images and its
applications for future design of steganographic schemes “. LNCS,
3200, pp. 67-81,2005.
17. S. Lyu , H. Farid, “ Detecting Hidden Messages Using Higher –
Order Statistics and Support Vector Machines “, In: Proc. 5th Int.
Workshop on IH, 2002.
18. C. Burges , “ A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern
Recognition “, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2, pp. 121-167,
1998.
19. I, Cox, et al “ Digital Watermarking “, MK,2002.
20. M. Barni, F. Bartolini , “ Watermarking System Engineering”.
Marcel Dekker, 2004.
21.V.Gorodetsky ,V.Samoilov, “Simulation-based Exploration of SVDBased Technique for Hidden Communication by Image Steganography
Channel” , LNCS, 2776, pp.349-359, 2003.
22. V. Korzhik et al. “ A performance evaluation of digital watermark
under an additive noise attack “, In: Proc. VII Spanish Meeting on
Cryptography and Information Security, pp. 451-470, 2002.
23. H. Malvar, D. Florencia, “ Improved spread spectrum: A new
modulation technique for robust watermarking”, IEEET Trans. On
Signal Processing, 51, pp. 898-905, 2001.
24. Perez-Freire, F Perez-Gonzalez, “ Spread – spectrum vs.
quantization – based data hiding: Misconceptions and implications “,
In: Proc. SPIE 17th Symposium, 2005.
25.V. Korzhik et al. “Digital watermarking under filtering and additive
noise attack condition “. LNCS, 2776, pp. 371-382,2003.
26. V. Korzhik et al. “ The Performance Evaluation of Estimation Attack
on Spread – Spectrum Based Watermarking of Images” (submitted).
27. C, Wu et al, “ Robust Audio Watermarking for Copyright
Protection”. SPIE’s, 44th Meeting, pp. 18-23, 1999.
28. K.J. P. Liu et al, “ Multimedia Fingerprinting Forensics for Traitor
Tracing”, Hindawi PC, 2005.
29. A, J. Menezes et al, “ Handbook of Applied Cryptography”, CRC,
1996.
30. M.H. Lee, V. Korzhik et al, “Image authentication based on modular
embedding”, IEICE Trans. Inf. N1, E 89-D (4), pp. 1498-1506, 2006.
31. M. Goljan et al, “ Distortion – free data embedding for images”.
Proc. IHW’ 2001, pp. 31-45, LNCS.
32. V. Korzhik et al ,“ Methods of exact image authentication based on
watermarking technique “, Problems of information security, N1, 2008,
( in Russian).
33 J. Fridrich et al, “ Invertible Authentication Watermark for JPEG
Images”.
34. N. Zhicheng et al, “ Reversible Data Hiding “, IEEE Trans. on
Circuits and Systems for video Technology, vol.16 , N3, pp. 354-362,
2006.
35. J. Proakis, “ Digital Communications “, McGraw – Hill, 1995.
36. Gui – jun Nian et al, “ Research of improved echo data hiding :
audio watermarking based on reverberation “, In : Proc. ICASSP ‘ 2007
pp. 177-180.
37. N. Cvejic, “ Algorithms for audio watermarking and
steganography”, http : // herkules.oulu.fi / isbn9514273842/.
38.A.Davydkin, “Investigation of model-based steganography”, master
thesis, SPbGUT, 2009.
39.B.Ryabko, D.Ryabko, “Asymptotically optimal perfect
steganographic systems”, Problems of Information Transmission, 2009,
vol.45,N 2,pp.184-190.
40.K.Szczypiorski , “Steganography in TCP/IP Networks. State of the
art and Proposals of a New System,
MICCUPS,http://krxysiek.tell.pw.edu.pl/pdf/steg-seminar-2003.pu
41.J.Fridrich et al., “Efficient Wet Paper Codes”,
42.V.Korzhik et al, “Stegosystem Based on Noisy channels”, IJCSA
(submitted).
43.F.MacWilliams,N.Sloane,”The Theory of Error Correcting
Codes”,NHPC,1977
44.J.Fridrich, “Steganography in Digital Media.”,Cambridge Press,2010.
The subject matter of the course
No Title of the theme
1
2
Introduction
SG systems with
Embedding in LSB
3 Real SG and SS-based SG
4 SG for other cover objects
5 Perfectly secure and almost perfectly
secure SG
6 Steganography based on noisy
channels
7 Blind steganalysis
8 The main applications of digital
watermarking
9 Technique of watermarking
10. Informed encoder
11 Sophisticated attacks on WM
12 Breaking of WM synchronization.
Collusion attacks.
13. Content authentication based on WM
systems
14 Watermarking of audio cover objects
15. Capacity of SG and WM systems
Totally on the course
Totally
on
the
theme
2h
4h
Lectures Exercises Term
Personal
project work
1h
1h
1h
-
1h
2h
4h
5h
6h
2h
2h
2h
1h
2h
-
-
1h
1h
4h
8h
2h
-
4h
2h
3h
2h
2h
1h
-
-
1h
1h
10h
2h
4h
6h
2h
1h
2h
2h
2h
4h
2h
1h
2h
2h
4h
2h
-
2h
2h
2h
64h
1h
1h
24h
-
-
8h
8h
1h
1h
24h
2h
Remark .Students are free to select any one of two term
projects on the theme 6 or 9 presented in Table above.
Distribition of student’s final grade depending on particular
grades :
1.Presence at the lectures -10%
2.Exercises-30%.
3.Term project-20%.
4.Current control of the knowledges-10%
5.Final exam-30%.