humor and communication bibliography

1

HUMOR AND COMMUNICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY

In Two Parts: Humor & Persuasion, and Humor in Non-Persuasion Situations

K. Neuendorf & J. Eshleman

NOTE: * = Neuendorf has hard copy; (*) = held by CSU Library (many are out-of-print)

HUMOR REFERENCES

PART I: HUMOR AND PERSUASION

*Allyn, Jane, & Festinger, Leon. (1961). The effectiveness of unanticipated persuasive communications.

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62:35-40.

Annis, A.D. (1939). The relative effectiveness of cartoons and editorials as propaganda. Psychological

Bulletin, 36:628.

*Asher, R., & Sargent, S.S. (1941). Shifts in attitude caused by cartoon caricatures. Journal of General

Psychology, 24:451-455.

*Barol, Bill. (1986, December 1). It's a Sedelmaier! At the making of another hilarious TV commercial.

Newsweek, 108:69-70.

*Baron, Robert A., & Ball, Rodney L. (1974). The aggression-inhibiting influence of nonhostile humor.

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10:23-33.

*Baron, Robert Steven, Baron, Penny H., & Miller, Norman. (1973). The relation between distraction and persuasion. Psychological Bulletin, 80:310-323.

*Behrens, John C. (1986, September). Humorous ideas coupled with effective copy can make a big impression on customers--and even yield some surprising results. American Printer, 197:140, 143.

*Belch, George E., & Belch, Michael A. (1984). An investigation of the effects of repetition on cognitive and affective reactions to humorous and serious television commercials. In Thomas C. Kinnear (Ed.),

Advances in consumer research, vol. 11 (pp. 4-10). Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.

*Bender, Lauretta, & Lourie, Reginald S. (1941). The effect of comic books on the ideology of children.

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 11:540-550.

*Berlo, David K., & Kumata, Hideya. (1956). The investigator: The impact of a satirical radio drama.

Journalism Quarterly, 33:287-298.

Brandes, P.D. (1970). The persuasiveness of varying topics of humor. Paper presented to the Speech

Communication Association, New Orleans, LA.

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Brigham, J.C. (1975). Ethnic humor on television: Does it reduce/reinforce racial prejudice? Proceedings of the American Psychological Association.

*Brinkman, Del. (1968). Do editorial cartoons and editorials change opinions? Journalism Quarterly,

45:724-726.

Brooker, George W. (1981). A comparison of the persuasive effects of mild humor and mild fear appeals.

Journal of Advertising, 10(4):29-40.

*Bryant, Jennings, Brown, Dan, Silberberg, Alan R., & Elliott, Scott M. (1981). Effects of humorous illustrations in college textbooks. Human Communication Research, 8:43-57.

*Burma, John H. (1946). Humor as a technique in race conflict. American Sociological Review,

11(Dec.):710-715.

Cantor, Joanne, & Venus, Pat. (1980). The effect of humor on recall of a radio advertisement. Journal of

Broadcasting, 24:13-22.

*Chang, Mei-Jung, & Gruner, Charles R. (1981). Audience reaction to self-disparaging humor. Southern

Speech Communication Journal, 46:419-426.

Chapman, Antony J., & Crompton, P. (1978). Humorous presentation of material and presentations of humorous material: A review of the humor and memory literature and two experimental studies. In

M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris, & R.N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 84-92). London:

Academic Press.

(*)Chapman, Antony J., & Foot, H.C. (Eds.). (1976). Humour and laughter: Theory, research and applications. London: John Wiley & Sons.

(*)Chapman, Antony J., & Foot, H.C. (Eds.). (1977). It's a funny thing, humour. Oxford: Pergamon.

Clelend, R.S. (1959). Creative humor in relation to authoritarianism. American Psychologist, 14:375+.

*Coates, Joseph F. (1972, April). Wit and humor: A neglected aid in crowd and mob control. Crime and

Delinquency, 18:184-191.

*Collins, Janay. (1985). The effects of advertising repetition, humor and involvement: A laboratory experiment. Unpublished dissertation proposal, Michigan State University.

*Commercials: Humor is elusive ingredient. (1985, August 5). Television/Radio Age, 33:76-77.

*Cooper, Ann. (1985, May 16). Frenetic funnyman: Patrick Kelly won't stop at ads in fervent desire to make you laugh. Advertising Age, 56:5, 9.

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*Cooper, Eunice, & Jahoda, Marie. (1947). The evasion of propaganda: How prejudiced people respond to anti-prejudice propaganda. The Journal of Psychology, 23:15-25.

*Dragoti, Stan, Hamburg, Harry, Johnston, Jim, Holtzman, Henry, Meshekoff, Matthew, Kurtz, Bob, Roth,

Lewis, & Wotring, Jim. (1986, March 7). The subtle art of humor: What's funny, what's not, and how do you know the difference. (TV commercials.) Back Stage, 27:40, 42, 44, 48.

*Duncan, Calvin P. (1979). Humor in advertising: A behavioral perspective. Journal of the Academy of

Marketing Science, 7:285-306.

*Duncan, Calvin P., & Nelson, James E. (1985). Effects of humor in a radio advertising experiment. Journal of Advertising, 14(2):33-40.

*Duncan, Calvin P., Nelson, James E., & Frontczak, Nancy T. (1984). The effect of humor on advertising comprehension. In Thomas C. Kinnear (Ed.), Advances in consumer research, vol. XI (pp. 432-437).

Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.

Edell, Julie A., & Burke, Marian C. (1984). The marketing effect of "attitude toward an ad" on ad effectiveness under different processing conditions. In Thomas C. Kinnear (Ed.), Advances in

Consumer Research (pp. 644-649). Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.

*Festinger, Leon, & Maccoby, Nathan. (1964). On resistence to persuasive communications. Journal of

Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68:359-366. (NOTE: HUMOR NOT STUDIED

INTENTIONALLY)

*Flamberg, Daniel Stephen. (1984, October). Humor works: Selling ad space by radio. Folio, 13:244, 226.

Gelb, Betsy D., Hong, Jae W., & Zinkhan, George M. (1985). Communications effects of specific advertising elements: An update. In James H. Leigh & Claude R. Martin, Jr. (Eds.), Current issues and research in advertising (pp. 75-98). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

*Gelb, Betsy D., & Pickett, Charles M. (1983). Attitude-toward-the-ad: Links to humor and to advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 12(2):34-42.

*Gelb, Betsy D., & Zinkhan, George M. (1985). The effect of repetition on humor in a radio advertising study. Journal of Advertising, 14(4):13-20.

*Gelb, Betsy D., & Zinkhan, George M. (1986). Humor and advertising effectiveness after repeated exposures to a radio commercial. Journal of Advertising, 15(2):15-20, 34.

Gibb, J.D. (1964). An experimental comparison of the humorous lecture and the nonhumorous lecture in informative speaking. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Utah.

*Goodchilds, Jacqueline D. (1959). Effects of being witty on position in the social structure of a small group.

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Sociometry, 22:261-272.

*Grimes, Wilma H. (1955a). The mirth experience in public address. Speech Monographs, 22:243-255.

*Grimes, Wilma H. (1955b). A theory of humor for public address: The mirth experience. Speech

Monographs, 22:217-226.

*Grote, Barbara, & Cvetkovitch, George. (1972). Humor appreciation and issue involvement. Psychonomic

Science, 27(4):199-200.

Gruner, Charles R. (1964). An experimental study of the effectiveness of oral satire in modifying attitude.

Speech Monographs, 31:231-232.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1965a). An experimental study of satire as persuasion. Speech Monographs, 32:149-

153.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1965b). Is wit to humor what rhetoric is to poetic? Central States Speech Journal,

16:17-22.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1966). A further experimental study of satire as persuasion. Speech Monographs,

33:184-185.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1967a). Editorial satire as persuasion: An experiment. Journalism Quarterly, 44:727-

730.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1967b). Effect of humor on speaker ethos and audience information gain. Journal of

Communication, 17(?):228-233.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1970). The effect of humor in dull and interesting informative speeches. Central States

Speech Journal, 21:160-166.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1971). Ad hominem satire as a persuader: An experiment. Journalism Quarterly,

48:128-131.

(*)Gruner, Charles R. (1978). Understanding laughter: The workings of wit and humor. Chicago: Nelson-

Hall Company.

*Gruner, Charles R. (1985). Advice to the beginning speaker using humor--what the research tells us.

Communication Education, 34:142-147.

*Gruner, Charles R. (19??). Two experiments: Speaker ethos, self-deprecating wit/humor, and audience reaction. Unpublished manuscript, University of Georgia.

Gruner, Charles R. (19??). The impact of humor on speaker credibility in funeral eulogies. Unpublished

5 manuscript, University of Georgia.

*Gruner, Charles R., & Lampton, William E. (1972). Effects of including humorous material in a persuasive sermon. Southern States Communication Journal, 38:188-196.

Helene, Charles E. (1987). Humor in persuasion: An analysis and proposal toward the development of theory. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland.

*Henry, George M. (1986, May 19). And now, a gag from our sponsor: Silly TV commercials are driving viewers into a buying frenzy. Time, 127:71, 74.

*Hines, Edna. (1933). Cartoons as a means of social control. Sociology and Social Research, 17:454-464.

Humor sells. (1986, May 15). Bankers Monthly, 103:34+.

*Kelly, J. Patrick, & Solomon, Paul J. (1975). Humor in television advertising. Journal of Advertising,

4(3):31-35.

Kennedy, A.J. (1972). An experimental study of the effect of humorous message content upon ethos and persuasiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Also, paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, New Orleans, LA, 1970.

Kilpela, D.E. (1961). An experimental study of the effects of humor on persuasion. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Wayne State University.

*Kolaja, Jiri. (1953). American magazine cartoons and social control. Journalism Quarterly, 30:71-74.

*LaFave, Lawrence, & Mannell, Roger. (1976). Does ethnic humor serve prejudice? Journal of

Communication, 26(3):116-123.

*Lammers, H. Bruce, Leibowitz, Laura, Seymour, George Edw., & Hennessey, Judith E. (1983). Humor and cognitive responses to advertising stimuli: A trace consolidation approach. Journal of Business

Research, 11:173-185.

Landy, D., & Mettee, D. (1969). Evaluation of an aggressor as a function of exposure to cartoon humor.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12:66-71.

Lazarsfeld, Paul F., & Merton, Robert K. (1943). Studies in radio and film propaganda. Trans. N.Y. Acad.

Sci., 6:58-79.

*Lindemann, Helmut. (1969). Humour in politics and society. Impact of Science on Society, 19(3):269-277.

Lull, P.E. (1939). An objective study of the effectiveness of humor in persuasive speeches. Ph.D. Thesis,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

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*Lull, P.E. (1940). The effectiveness of humor in persuasive speech. Speech Monographs, 7:26-40.

Lynch, Mervin D., & Hartman, Richard C. (1968). Dimensions of humor in advertising. Journal of

Advertising Research, 8(Dec.):39-40.

Madden, Thomas J., & Weinberger, Marc G. (1982). The effects of humor on attention in magazine advertising. Journal of the Market Research Society [OR Journal of Advertising, according to Janay's bib.--which is it?], 11(2):8-14. [Duncan & Nelson reference this as Series WP81-19, School of

Business Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, pp. 1-18.

Madden, Thomas J., & Weinberger, Marc G. (1984). Humor in advertising: A practitioner's view. Journal of

Advertising Research, 24(4):23-29.

Markiewicz, Dorothy. (1972). The effects of humor on persuasion. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio

State University.

*Markiewicz, Dorothy. (1974). Effects of humor on persuasion. Sociometry, 37:407-422.

*McGhee, Paul E., & Goldstein, Jeffrey H. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of humor research, vols. I & II. New

York: Springer-Verlag.

McGoun, M.A. (1967). An experimental study of the persuasive impact of a satiric editorial and that of a comparable direct editorial. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Nebraska.

*Mettee, David R., Hrelec, Edward S., & Wilkens, Paul C. (1971). Humor as an interpersonal asset and liability. Journal of Social Psychology, 85:51-64.

*Miller, Gerald R., & Bacon, Paula. (1971). Open- and closed-mindedness and recognition of visual humor.

Journal of Communication, 21(June):150-159.

*Mitchell, Andrew A., & Olson, Jerry C. (1981). Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of Marketing Research, 18:318-332.

*Monica, Corbett. (1971, October 4). Six rules to help you make funny TV commercials. Advertising Age,

42:46+.

*Munn, William C., & Gruner, Charles R. (1981). "Sick" jokes, speaker sex, and informative speech.

Southern Speech Communication Journal, 46:411-418.

*Murphy, John H., Cunningham, Isabella C.M., & Wilcox, Gary B. (1979). The impact of program environment on recall of humorous television commercials. Journal of Advertising, 8(?):17-21.

*Nelson, James E. (1987). Comment on "Humor and advertising effectiveness after repeated exposures to a

7 radio commercial." Journal of Advertising, 16(1):63-65.

*Nosanchuck, T.A., & Lightstone, Jack. (1974). Canned laughter and public and private conformity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29:153-156.

*O'Quin, Karen, & Aronoff, Joel. (1981). Humor as a technique of social influence. Social Psychology

Quarterly, 44:349-357.

*Phillips, Kalman. (1968, May 13). When a funny commercial is good, it's great! Broadcasting, 74:26.

*Pokorny, Gary F., & Gruner, Charles R. (1969). An experimental study of the effect of satire used as support in a persuasive speech. Western Speech, 33:204-211.

*Pollio, Howard R., & Bainum, Charlene Kubo. (1983). Are funny groups good at solving problems? Small

Group Behavior, 14:379-404.

*Powell, Larry. (1977). Satirical persuasion and topic salience. Southern Speech Communication Journal,

42:151-162.

*Powell, Larry. (1978). Topic salience and responses to the source of satirical messages. Southern Speech

Communication Journal, 44:60-72.

Reid, John Kenneth. (1971). The effect of humor on perceived attractiveness of a speaker. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Oklahoma State University.

*Ruch, Willibald, & Hehl, Franz-Josef. (1986a). Conservatism as a predictor of responses to humour: I. A comparison of four scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 7(1):1-14.

Ruch, Willibald, & Hehl, Franz Josef. (1986b). Conservatism as a predictor of responses to humour: II. The location of sense of humour in a comprehensive attitude space. Personality and Individual Differences,

7:861-874.

*Salmans, Sandra. (1984, December 23). Jokes with a message. New York Times Book Review, 89:11.

*Schroeder, Anthony B. (1983). The structure of humor in persuasive speaking. Paper presented to the

Speech Communication Association, Washington, D.C.

*Shama, Abraham, & Coughlin, Maureen. (1979). An experimental study of the effectiveness of humor in advertising. American Marketing Association, Educator's conference proceedings, Chicago. pp. 249-

252.

*Shimp, Terance A. (1981). Attitude toward the ad as a mediator of consumer brand choice. Journal of

Advertising, 10(2):9-15,48.

*Smith, Christi McGuffee, & Powell, Larry. (1988). The use of disparaging humor by group leaders.

Southern Speech Communication Journal, 53:279-292.

Smith, Ewart E. (1961a). Methods for changing consumer attitudes: A report of three experiments (PRA

Report 61-2). Project Report Quartermaster Food & Container Institute for the Armed Forces.

*Smith, Ewart E. (1961b). The power of dissonance techniques to change attitudes. Public Opinion


Stephenson, R.M. (1951). Conflict and control functions of humor. American Journal of Sociology, 56:569-

574.

*Sternthal, Brian, & Craig, C. Samuel. (1973). Humor in advertising. Journal of Marketing, 37:12-18.

*Stocking, Holly, & Zillmann, Dolf. (1976). Effects of humorous disparagement of self, friend and enemy.

Psychological Reports, 39:455-461.

*Taylor, Pat M. (1964). The effectiveness of humor in informative speaking. Central States Speech Journal,

15:295-296.

*Topper, Judith. (1984, January 13). Selling is no joke: Humor becomes finely honed tool. Back Stage,

25:42, 44, 59.

*Vagnoni, Anthony. (1985, September 20). Humor on the horizon: Hi-tech also looms large. (Television advertising outlook.) Back Stage, 17:1+.

*Vance, Charles M. (1987). A comparative study on the use of humor in the design of instruction.

Instructional Science, 16:79-100.

*Volpe, Michael. (1977). The persuasive force of humor: Cicero's defense of Caelius. Quarterly Journal of

Speech, 63:311-323.

*Walker, Kelly. (1985, August 12). Here's the beef. Forbes, 136:88.

*Whipple, Thomas W., & Courtney, Alice E. (1981). How men and women judge humor: Advertising guidelines for action and research. Current issues and research in advertising, ??:43-56.

*Wilcox, Gary B., & Moriarty, Sandra E. (1984). Humorous advertising in the Post, 1920-1939. Journalism


Wilson, G.D. (1973). Conservatism and response to humour. In G.D. Wilson (Ed.), The psychology of conservatism (pp. ??-??). New York: Academic Press.

*Wilson, Glenn D., & Maclean, Alastair. (1974). Personality, attitudes and humor preferences of prisoners

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9 and controls. Psychological Reports, 34:847-854.

*Windes, Russel R. Jr. (1961). A study of effective and ineffective presidential campaign speaking. Speech


Youngman, R.C. (1966). An experimental investigation of the effect of germane humor versus non-germane humor in informative communication. Unpublished masters thesis, Ohio University.

Zeman, J.V. (1967). An experimental study of the persuasive effects of satire in a speech presented to a high school audience. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Nebraska.

*Zimbardo, Philip G., Weisenberg, Matisyohu, Firestone, Ira, & Levy, Burton. (1965). Communicator effectiveness in producing public conformity and private attitude change. Journal of Personality,

33:233-255.

*Zinkhan, George M., & Gelb, Betsy D. (1987). Humor and advertising effectiveness reexamined. Journal of

Advertising, 16(1):66-67.

*Ziv, Avner. (1976). Facilitating effects of humor on creativity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68:318-

322.

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HUMOR REFERENCES

PART II: HUMOR IN NON-PERSUASION SITUATIONS

Adams, Elizabeth R., & McGuire, Francis A. (1986). Is laughter the best medicine? A study of the effects of humor on perceived pain and affect. Special issue: Therapeutic activities with the impaired elderly.

Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 8:157-175.

*Agee, James. (1972). Comedy's greatest era. In William M. Hammel (Ed.), The popular arts in America: A reader (pp. 105-122). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Allen, LaRue, & Zigler, Edward. (1986). Humor in children: A nonverbal humor test. Journal of Applied

Developmental Psychology, 7:267-276.

(*)Allen, Melanie. (1977). The use and abuse of humour in the world of the family: Current trends in

America. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 159-160).

Oxford: Pergamon Press.

*Allen, Steve, with Wollman, Jane. (1987). How to be funny. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Alston, J.P., & Platt, L.A. (1969). Religious humor: A longitudinal content analysis of cartoons.

Sociological Analysis, 30:217-222.

Aman, R. (1984/85). Kakologia: A chronicle of nasty riddles and naughty word-plays. Maledicta, 8:203-

230.

Andrew, R.J. (1965). The origins of facial expressions. Scientific American, 213:88-94.

Andrus, T.D. (1946). A study of laugh patterns in the theatre. Speech Monographs, 13:114.

Apte, Mahadev L. (1985). Humor and laughter: An anthropological approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell

University Press.

*Apte, Mahadev L. (1987). Ethnic humor versus "sense of humor": An American sociocultural dilemma.

ABS: American Behavioral Scientist, 30(3):27-41.

(*)Apter, Michael J., & Smith, K.C.P. (1977). Humour and the theory of psychological reversals. In Antony

J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 95-100). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

(*)Athey, Chris. (1977). Humour in children related to Piaget's theory of intellectual development. In Antony

J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 215-218). Oxford: Pergamon

Press.

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(*)Atkin, John R. (1977). A designed locale for laughter to reinforce community bonds. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (p. 463). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Babington, Bruce. (1989). Affairs to remember: The Hollywood comedy of the sexes. Manchester:

Manchester University Press.

Bainum, Charlene Kubo, Lounsbury, K.R., & Pollio, Howard R. (1984). The development of laughing and smiling in nursery school children. Child Development, ??:??-??.

Barcus, F.E. (1961). A content analysis of trends in Sunday comics. Journalism Quarterly, 38:171-180.

(*)Bariaud, Francoise. (1977). Comprehension and emotional adhesion in the genetics of humour. In Antony

J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 229-232). Oxford: Pergamon

Press.

Barron, M.L. (1950). A content analysis of intergroup humor. American Sociological Review, 15:88-94.

Barshay, Robert. (1977). Black humour in the modern cartoon. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot

(Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 57-60). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Bateson, Gregory. (1953). The role of humor in human communication. In H. von Foerster (Ed.),

Cybernetics (pp. ??-??). New York: Macey Foundation.

Bateson, Gregory. (1969). The position of humour in human communication. In J. Levine (Ed.), Motivation in humour (pp. ??-??). New York: Atherton Press.

*Bateson, Gregory. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books. (?????CHECK

TITLE.)

Belk, Russell W. (1987). Material values in the comics: A content analysis of comic books featuring themes of wealth. Journal of Consumer Research, 14:26-42.

*Bellamy, Robert V., McDonald, Daniel G., & Walker, James R. (1990). The spin-off as television program form and strategy. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34:283-297.

Bender, J.H. (1963, Spring). The outlook for editorial cartooning. Journalism Quarterly, 40:175-180.

Berger, Arthur Asa. (1973). The comic stripped American. New York:

Walker and Company.

*Berger, Arthur Asa. (1976). Anatomy of the joke. Journal of Communication, 26(3):113-115.

(*)Berger, Arthur Asa. (1977). Humour as a system of communication. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C.

Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (p. 403). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

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*Berger, Arthur Asa. (1987a). Humor: An introduction. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist, 30(3):3-5.

*Berger, Arthur Asa (Ed). (1987b). Humor, the psyche, and society. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist,

30(3).

Bergler, Edmund. (1956). Laughter and the sense of humor. New York: Intercontinental Medical Books.

Berkowitz, Leonard. (1970). Aggressive humor as a stimulus to aggressive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16: 710-717.

Berlyne, D.E. (1960). Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw Hill.

*Berlyne, D.E. (1969). Laughter, humor, and play. In Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, second edition (pp. 795-852). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

(*)Berlyne, Daniel E. (1972). Humor and its kin. In Jeffrey H. Goldstein & Paul E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 43-60). New York:

Academic Press.

Bier, Jesse. (1968). The rise and fall of American humor. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Bihrle, Amy M., Brownell, Hiram H., & Powelson, John A. (1986). Comprehension of humorous and nonhumorous materials by left and right brain-damaged patients. Brain and Cognition, 5:399-411.

(*)Bouissac, Paul. (1977). From Joseph Grimaldi to Charlie Cairoli: A semiotic approach to humour. In

Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 115-118). Oxford:

Pergamon Press.

(*)Bourhis, Richard Y., Gadfield, Nicholas J., Giles, Howard, & Tajfel, Henri. (1977). Context and ethnic humour in intergroup relations. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 261-266). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Boyer, J.M. (1981). The relationship among personality, sex and humor appreciation. (Doctoral dissertation,

Georgia State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42:3408B.

Brabant, Sarah, & Mooney, Linda. (1986). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: Ten years later. Sex

Roles, 14:141-148.

Bradney, Pamela. (1957). The joking relationship in industry. Human Relations, 10:179-187.

(*)Bradshaw, John. (1977). Verbal jokes as de-transformed utterances and as speech acts. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 61-64). Oxford: Pergamon.

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(*)Brisland, S.G., Castle, R.A., Dann, J.W., McGarry, D., Smith, R.N., & Snow, A.J. (1977). Laughter in the basement. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 461-462).


(*)Brodzinsky, David M. (1977). Conceptual tempo as an individual difference variable in children's humour development. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 351-356).


Brodzinsky, D.M., Barnett, K., & Aiello, J.R. (1981). Sex of subject and gender identity as factors in humor appreciation. Sex Roles, 7:561-573.

Bruno, Rachelle M., Johnson, Janet M., & Simon, Janet. (1987). Perception of humor by regular class students and students with learning disabilities or mild mental retardation. Journal of Learning

Disabilities, 20:568-570.

(*)Bryant, Jennings. (1977). Degree of hostility in squelches as a factor in humour appreciation. In Antony J.


Bryant, Jennings, Gula, J.M., & Zillmann, Dolf. (1980). Humor in communication textbooks.


Bryant, Jennings, Hezel, Richard, & Zillmann, Dolf. (19??). Humor in children's educational television.

Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts.

Bryant, Jennings, Hezel, Richard, & Zillmann, Dolf. (1979). Humor in children's educational television.


(*)Bryant, Jennings, & Meyer, Timothy P. (1977). A developmental analysis of children's favourite jokes. In


Pergamon Press.

Bryant, Jennings, & Zillmann, Dolf. (1977). The mediating effect of the intervention potential of communications on displaced aggressiveness and retaliatory behavior. In B.D. Ruben (Ed.),

Communication yearbook I (pp. 291-306). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

(*)Buffery, Anthony W.H. (1977). Funny ha or funny peculiar. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot


(*)Burnand, Gordon. (1977). Teasing and joking in isolated societies. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C.

Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 437-438). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Byrne, D. (1958). Drive level, response to humor, and the cartoon sequence effect. Psychological Reports,

4:439-442.

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Byrne, D. (1961). Some inconsistencies in the effect of motivation arousal on humor preferences. Journal of

Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62:158-160.

Byrne, D., Terrill, J., & McReynolds, P. (1961). Incongruency as a predictor of response to humor. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62:435-438.

Calvert, W.C. (1949). The effect of the social situation on humor. Unpublished masters thesis, Stanford

University.

Cantor, Joanne R. (1976a). Humor on television: A content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting, 20:501-510.

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OTHER RELEVANT SOURCES

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884.

Zajonc, R.B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149:269-274.

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35:151-175.

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Lawrence Erlbaum.

204

SEE ALSO: pp. 220 and 225 of Grimes

2 articles cited on p. 17 of Gruner 1965

O'Quinn & Aronoff refs.

Goldstein & McGhee refs. (have copy of refs. only in black binder)

Pollio cites

Cattell & Luborsky--1946 & 1947

Davis & Farina 1970?

Kelly & Sobmon 1975??

"Groupiness" stuff: chapter "Copresence" by Zajonc in Psychology of Group Influence; Latane (have);

Fink & Walker

SHOULD THE MODEL BE EXPANDED TO?:

HUMOR

----> DISTRACTION

----> SOURCE LIKABILITY

---->

----> PERSUASION AFF.

----> ----> COMPREHENSION

----> MOOD

SEE P. 349 OF O'QUINN & ARONOFF AND P. 61 OF POWELL

---->

(COG.

BEH.??)

205

META-ANALYSIS REFERENCES

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Hills: Sage.

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Sage.

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EXAMPLES:

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Association, New Orleans, LA.

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*Fox, Richard J., Crask, Melvin R., & Kim, Jonghoon. (1988). Mail survey response rate: A meta-analysis of selected techniques for inducing response. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52:467-491.

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*Miller, Katherine I., & Monge, Peter R. (1986). Participation, satisfaction, and productivity: A metaanalytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 29:727-753.

206

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Management Journal, 30:524-541.

207

ANNOTATIONS

*Apte, Mahadev L. (1987). Ethnic humor versus "sense of humor": An American sociocultural dilemma.

ABS: American Behavioral Scientist, 30(3):27-41.

The author argues that ethnic humor is presently under more constraints than at any other point in

American history, especially in public communications, because of two opposing "core values" in contemporary society-- "sense of humor" and "emphasis on cultural and ethnic pluralism."

Bateson, Gregory. (1953). The role of humor in human communication. In H. von Foerster (Ed.),

Cybernetics (pp ??-??). New York: Macey Foundation.

In this essay Bateson offers paradox and the reframing of such paradox through the recognition of different logical types or levels of analysis. He derives these assumptions from the work of Bertrand Russell in the Mathematica Principia. In this latter volume Russell seeks to resolve the dilemma caused by unclassifiable statements that can only be resolved when a new level of logic is sought that will resolve the cyclical paradox of the unclassifiable statement. In humorous contexts statements can thus, according to Bateson, find new meaning upon reclassification.

Bateson, Gregory. (1969). The position of humour in human communication. In J. Levine (Ed.), Motivation in humour (pp. ??-??). New York: Atherton Press.

This article is a reprint of an original article In H von Forester (Ed). Cybernetics in 1953. (see above)

Bateson, Gregory. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.

In this collection of essays Bateson talks about the role of humor as a social self regulating mechanism.

In it he discusses the relationship between the comic and his/her environment, positing a necessarily symmetrical posture. He also discusses humor and the double bind.

*Berger, Arthur Asa. (Ed.). (1987). Humor, the psyche, and society. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist,

30(3).

An entire issue of the journal devoted to the study of humor.

Bradshaw, John. (1977). Verbal jokes as de-transformed utterances and as speech acts. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. ??-??). Oxford: Pergamon.

The paper presents a theory of jokes based upon Freudian insight and the work of Chomsky in psycholinguistics. The general theoretical setting of the author's work is buttressed by the assumption that both joker and audience have some overlapping perceptions; a mastery of the semantics, syntactics, and the phonological rules of language; the dialect within which the joke is rendered;

208 unimpaired speech, hearing, and memory; a mastery of the constitutive rules of the speech act; and selective attendance to jokes.

Bryant, Jennings. (1977). Degree of hostility in squelches as a factor in humor appreciation. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. ??-??). Oxford: Pergamon.

Bryant discusses the role of hostility as a means of reciprocity in humorous situations. The author argues that for a remark to be humorous it must correlate with the intensity of a prior humorous remark or it must fit the social circumstance within which it is rendered. In situations where there is no preexisting affective disposition moderately intense hostility is considered more humorous than either low intensity or high intensity hostile interchanges.

Cantor, Joanne R., & Zillmann, Dolf. (1973). Resentment toward victimized protagonists and severity of misfortunes they suffer as factors in humor appreciation. Journal of Experimental Research in


Study which investigates the role of negative affective disposition toward disparaged actors in the resolution of a humorous sequence.

*Chafe, Wallace. (1987). Humor as a disabling mechanism. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist, 30(3):6-

15.

The author argues that humor is an adaptive mechanism that overrides logical schema. Chafe adds that humor can help one from behaving in a counter productive fashion in that it allows us to view certain situations and occurrences as unimportant,

*Chapman, Antony J. (1983). Humor and laughter in social interaction and some implications for humor research. In Paul E. McGhee & Jeffrey H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research, Vol. II (pp.

??-??). New York: Springer-Verlag.

In this article the author reviews empirical work in the field of humor to discern the various social variables that influence the interactional processes of humor. The author argues that humor's most crucial aspect may be its social function.

(*)Chapman, Antony J., & Foot, Hugh C. (Eds.). (1976). Humour and laughter: Theory, research and applications. London: John Wiley & Sons.

This book is devoted to the theory and practice of humor. It is divided into two sections. The first of the two concentrates upon incongruity, superiority, arousal theories and contextual theories of humor and laughter. The second concerns both the creative process through which humor is created as well as various therapeutic applications.

209

(*)Chapman, Antony J., & Foot, Hugh C. (Eds.). (1977). It's a funny thing, humour. Oxford: Pergamon.

An interdisciplinary look at the subject of humor that emerged from work presented at a 1976 conference in Cardiff, Wales. The work appears in 10 sections and includes 96 essays and articles on the many aspects of humor. Of particular interest to scholars in the field of communication is section

VII which chronicles work upon humor within the field. The volume also has an extensive bibliography of work on the subject of humor.

Chapman, Antony J., Smith, J.R., & Foot, Hugh C. (1977). Language, humor and intergroup relations. In H.

Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations (pp. ??-??). New York: Academic Press.

The authors propose a role for disposition toward actors in a humorous sequence as important in the predicting mirth.

*Dundes, Alan. (1987). At ease, disease--AIDS jokes as sick humor. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist,

30(3):72-81.

In this analysis of humor the author explores the world of sick jokes and suggests that they are collective social mechanisms for coping with even the most tragic of occurrences. He cites jokes about the Kennedy assassination, the 1986 space shuttle disaster, the

Chernobyl nuclear disaster as examples of humor that serves this function. Aids humor not only serves this collective social coping function but it has the additional function of distancing the individual using it from homosexuality and the consequences of aids.

(*)Fine, Gary Alan. (1977). Humor in situ; the role of humor in small group culture. In Antony J. Chapman

& Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. ??-??). Oxford: Pergamon.

Fine looks at humor within the idioculture (i.e. the culture of the small group.). He offers five factors that should be present for an element of humor to become part of the group idioculture. He elucidates rules for jokes in the group process and offers examples of group humor.

*Fine, Gary Alan. (1983). Sociological approaches to the study of humor. In Paul E. McGhee & Jeffrey H.

Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research, vol. II (pp. ??-??). New York: Springer-Verlag.

The author argues that an adequate analysis of humor must include an understanding of its social context. The author discusses the social roles of the "joker," "fool," "clown," and "comedian." He discusses how the various role function, overlap, and differ. He also discusses the contextual rules that apply to humor as well as its function in social conflict, cohesion and control and its impact upon group culture.

*Freud, Sigmund. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: W.W. Norton.

In this translation of the classic 1905 work Freud offers a detailed examination of the complex psychological processes involved in jokes. The origin of the idea for this volume was born of the author's correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess in which the latter expressed astonishment at Freud's

210 many examples of humor in the proofs of Interpretations of Dreams. Freud discusses humor as a taboo in illustrating its role in religious, ethnic and sexual contexts. He further illuminates the role of humor in dreams. He additionally discusses the role of the verbal slip and the double entendre in the joking process. One should be warned, however, that many of Freud's original examples lose their poignancy in translation from the author's native German.

Fry, William F. Jr. (1963). Sweet madness: A study of humor. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.

The book is a result of work done by a research team headed by Gregory Bateson and members the

Palo Alto Group on a research grant supplied by the Rockefeller Foundation. The author examines various ways in which humor is used as a device for regulating distance in social relationships.

*Fry, William F. Jr. (1987). Humor and paradox. ABS: American Behavioral Scientist, 30(3):42-71.

Fry views the role of humor as play in the resolution of messages which hold various meanings that are dependent upon context and appropriate logical level of analysis through reframing.

Fry, William F. Jr. (1977). The appeasement function of mirthful laughter. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C.

Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 23-26). Oxford: Pergamon

This is an essay about the physiologic processes involved in laughter. The author notes how laughter comes into conflict with one of the basic evolutionary processes involved in survival- the cycle of respiration. While non-lethal, humor creates a distinct disadvantage for the human system. Fry sees this as an appeasement display, noting that no human behavior fills but a single function. He posits a

Darwinian solution to the phenomena of laughter.

(*)Godkewitsch, Michael. (1976). Physiological and verbal indices of arousal in rated humour. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theories, research, and applications (pp. ??-

??). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

The article uses Berlyne's theory of collative motivation to describe how momentary changes in the level of arousal determine the nature of affective responses. The model proposes three different arousal changes that may be rewarding and thus lead to feelings of positive affect. The article included two experiments . The first with 24 coeds measured overall arousal when reading sex jokes and non-sex jokes. The relationships between funniness and level of arousal were significant for sex jokes and not for non-sex jokes. The second experiment was the same as the first except for the fact that no physiological response was actually recorded instead a self report measure on a seven point scale was taken. There was a significant correlation between the two experiments.

(*)Hopen, C. Edward. (1977). Tracking the intractable--the analysis of humour in the study of value systems.


Pergamon.

In this brief piece the author illustrates the value system of an African tribe through the use of an

211 anecdote that describes the social milieu in which the group exists.

(*)Kline, Paul. (1977). The psychoanalytic theory of humor and laughter. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh G.

Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

An analysis of the mechanisms of Freudian humor, this piece takes the work of Freud in Jokes and the unconscious and a brief 1928 monograph entitled humor and delineates the various components of jokes from the point of view of psychoanalytic theory. The piece is interesting because the author makes an argument for the parsimony of Freudian theory by showing how it integrates specific theories about why jokes are constructed, the purpose of humor, and why jokes are funny into a general theory of personality.

Koestler, Arthur. (1964). The act of creation. London: Macmillian.

The author argues that the creative process of which humor is a component is a product of bisociationthe viewing of phenomena in two mutually exclusive frames of reference. Humor results in the rapid transfer of a logical pattern from one frame to another. Emotional climate is the crucial factor that determines what is humor and what is poetry or scientific discovery and why-though all are products of

bisociation-we only laugh at the first.

(*)La Fave, Lawrence, Haddad, Jay & Maesen, William A. (1976). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 63-92). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

The article is a review humor experiments that concern superiority and ego enhancement and deprecation. The work draws some "counter-intuitive conclusions" regarding the notion of sense of humor, humorous self effacement, and whether jokes exist. It provides a critic of some well-known theories of humor and posits a link between superiority humor and incongruity humor.

*McGhee, Paul E., & Goldstein, Jeffrey H. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of humor research, Vols. I & II. New


This set covers various applied and theoretical approaches to the study of humor. In the second volume different perspectives on the study of humor are presented including studies that describe the various cognitive processes that govern the appreciation and origination of humor; that view the use of humor as a device for social regulation and interaction; and that posit theoretical roles for humor in the disciplines of sociology and anthropology. (See specific article annotations for detailed accounts).

Meadowcroft, Jeanne M., & Zillmann, Dolf. (1987). Women's comedy preferences during the menstrual cycle. Communication Research, 14:204-218.

This research posits self selection of various types of entertainment during different phases of the menstrual cycle. The work is based upon Festinger's theory of selective exposure and demonstrates the role of physiological state in the selection process. While choice of humorous content was altered by

212 menstrual phase, appreciation of comedy did not vary over different phases of the cycle.

(*)Nerhardt, Goran. (1976). Incongruity and funniness: Towards a new descriptive model. In Antony J.

Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory, research, and application (pp. 55-62). New

York: John Wiley & Sons.

The author finds incongruity to be a necessary ingredient to funniness. The author offers a model based upon 13 postulates that concludes with the derivation that "the greater the divergence of a stimulus from expectation in one of many dimensions the funnier the stimulus.

(*)Rothbart, Mary K. (1976). Incongruity, problem solving and laughter.

In Antony J. Chapman & Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory research and applications

(pp. 37-54). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Rothbart uses two studies to demonstrate the role of incongruity in the appreciation of humor. The first experiment uses 34 nursery school and kindergarten students to examine the role of incongruity in the creation of humor. Four different laughter stimuli were used with children prior to exposure to the test of water conservation made famous by Piaget. There was no significant difference between conservers and non-conservers in their appreciation of the four stimuli. Nonconsevers did laugh more at observation of the transfer of water. The subjects of the second experiment were 32 kindergarten students (16 boys and 16 girls). The experimenter either explained the incongruity or why the apparent incongruity might be congruous.

Children laughed and smiled more when the incongruity was pointed out than when its plausibility was explained.

(*)Shultz, Thomas R. (1976). A cognitive-developmental analysis of humour. In Antony J. Chapman &

Hugh C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory, research and applications (pp. ??-??). New York:

John Wiley & Sons.

This article investigates the cognitive processes that are engaged in the appreciation of humor; the structural relationships between type of humor and cognitive process ; and how humour fits into the more general aspects of cognitive growth. The author derives three criteria to be meant so that humor can be conceptually defined and studied. Further, the author, in his criteria for research, avoids naturally occurring humor because of its dependence upon situation.

Shultz also addresses the issues of incongruity and resolution in humor as well as the role of humor in infancy.

*Suls, Jerry. (1983). Cognitive processes in humor appreciation. In Paul E. McGhee & Jeffrey H. Goldstein

(Eds.), Handbook of humor research Vol. I (pp. 85-108). New York: Springer-Verlag.

The chapter is concerned with the operation of mental processes that facilitate the understanding and enjoyment of humor, paying special attention to the cognitive incongruity resolution model. The article gives a brief overview of the work done concerning different incongruity theories of humor in philosophy and psychology. The author suggests that two models are necessary-- one for incongruity

213 and another for resolution.

Zijderveld, Anton. (1968). Jokes and their relation to social reality. Social Research, 35:286-311.

Study discusses the use of humor in the construction of social reality and the contexts necessary for social enhancement through its use.

*Zillmann, Dolf. (1983). Disparagement humor. In Paul E. McGhee & Jeffrey H. Goldstein (Eds.),

Handbook of humor research, vol. II (pp. ??-??). New York: Springer-Verlag.

This work presents a dispositional theory of mirth based upon affective disposition toward the parties involved and attempts to go beyond simple identification of reference group or class. The author posits a set of theorems to discern whether a response is "hedonically" positive or negative. He also offers it as a theory that can be expanded to other entertaining events.

*Zillmann, Dolf. (1988). Mood management through communication choices. ABS: American Behavioral

Scientist, 31(3):327-340.

The work is based on assumptions in Festinger's theory of selective exposure. The author contends that the consumption of entertaining messages is capable of altering mood and regulating mood.

Zillmann, Dolf, & Cantor, Joanne. (1972). Directionality of transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24:191-198.

A study of humor viewing disparagement as a key variable. Humor was appreciated most when a feeling of resentment existed between superior and subordinate groups and humor was directed at the disparaged group.

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