CDC 47202
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
OPERATIONS
Supplement 1
Student Study Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I
Analyzing the Incident
LO: 001 and 002
Container Identification
3
LO: 004
Pipeline Marker Information
57
LO: 007
DOT Classes and Divisions
58
LO: 013
Chemical and Physical Properties Terminology
63
LO: 015
Container Stress
Container Breaches
Contents Release
65
65
66
LO: 016
Dispersion Patterns of Released Materials
67
SECTION II
Implementing the Planned Response
LO: 047
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Components
Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Inspecting SCBA
72
73
LO: 048
Donning, Working-in, and Doffing SCBA Procedures
74
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SECTION I
Analyzing the Incident
Container Identification
Pipeline Marker Information
DOT Classes and Divisions
Chemical and Physical Properties Terminology
Container Stress, Breach, and Release
Dispersion Patterns of Released Materials
Notes
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LO: 001 and 002
3-2.1.1, 3-2.1.1.1, 3-2.1.1.2, 3-2.1.1.3, 3-2.1.1.4, 3-2.1.1.5
Identifying nonbulk and bulk containers.
NONBULK AND BULK PACKAGING
Package

Means packaging and its contents.
Packaging

May be singular or plural and means anything that contains a material.
Nonbulk Packaging

Is any packaging having a capacity meeting one of the following criteria:
1. Liquid – internal volume of 118.9 gallons (450 liters) or less.
2. Solid – capacity of 881.8 pounds (400 kilograms) or less.
3. Compressed Gas – water capacity of 1000 pound (453.6 kilograms) or less.

Nonbulk packaging may be a single packaging (e.g., drum, carboy, cylinder) or a
combination packaging consisting of one or more inner packagings inside an outer packaging
(e.g., glass bottles inside a fiberboard box). Nonbulk packaging may be palletized or placed
in overpacks for transport in various transport vehicles, vessels, and freight containers.

Examples of nonbulk packaging are bags, bottles, boxes, carboys, cylinders, drums, jerricans,
and wooden barrels.
Bulk Packaging

Is any packaging, including transport vehicles, having a capacity greater than described under
nonbulk packing.

Bulk packaging is further divided into two distinct types.
1. Bulk packaging that is placed on transport vehicles or vessel transportation
using a crane, hoist, forklift, etc., for loading and unloading.
-
Bulk bags and boxes, portable bins, portable tanks,
intermodal portable tanks, and ton containers.
2. Bulk packaging that is an integral part of the transport vehicle.
-
HazMat Operations
Tank trucks, tank trailers, hopper trailers, tank cars, and
hopper cars.
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BAGS (NonBulk)
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 100 pounds.
Construction Material

Bags are flexible packaging constructed of materials such as cloth, burlap, Kraft paper,
plastic, or a combination of these materials.
Container Description


Enclosed on all sides except one, which forms an opening that may or may not be sealed
after filling.
Closed by folding and gluing, heat sealing, tuck-in, or self-closing sleeves, stitching,
crimping with metal, or twisting or tying.
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable
materials.
Examples include cement, fertilizers, and pesticides.
Material Form

Solids.
Hazard Class

1, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
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CARBOYS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 20 gallons.
Construction Material


Glass or plastic bottles.
Outer packing comprised of polystyrene boxes, wooden boxes, or plywood drums.
Container Description

Glass or plastic “bottles” that may be encased in an outer protective packaging.
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives (acids and caustics), and water.
Examples include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and water.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

6 and 8.
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DRUMS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 55 gallons.
Construction Material

Metal, plastic, fiberboard, plywood, or other suitable materials.
Container Description






Sometimes called buckets, cans, or pails.
Metal and plastic drums can range in size up to 23 inches in diameter and 34 inches high.
Fiber drums range from 8 inches in diameter and 4 inches high to 24 inches in diameter and
43 inches high.
Removable head or nonremovable heads, referred to as “open head” and “tight or closed
head”
May have liners or linings.
Head and body are joined together by a “Chime”.
- Metal ring around the top and bottom of the sidewall.
Openings and Closures



Open head drums – removable head attached by a separate ring or built-in lugs.
Closed head drums – two openings, one 2 inches in diameter and the other ¾ inch in
diameter. Closed with plugs called “Bungs”.
Bungs may be vented for certain materials.
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Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable
materials.
Examples include lubricating grease, caustic powders, hydrogen peroxide, poisons, and
solvents.
Material Form

Solids and liquids.
Hazard Class

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
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CLYNDERS
Capacity and Working Pressures


Will not exceed 1000 pounds water capacity.
Service pressures range from a few pounds per square inch to several thousand pounds per
square inch.
Construction Material

Mild steel, aluminum, stainless steel, alloys of magnesium, glass, or plastic.
Container Description


Circular cross section with a valve or valve arrangement at one end of the cylinder.
Three basic types of cylinders.
- Aerosol containers
- Uninsulated cylinders
- Cryogenic (insulated) cylinders
Valving and Safety Features




Valve or valve arrangement at one end of the cylinder.
May be protected by a screw-on cap or cylinder rings.
Equipped with pressure relief devices (e.g., relief valve, rupture disk, fusible plug).
Some small cylinders have seals in place of the valve and are meant to be used with
equipment having a valve arrangement.
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable
materials.
Examples include:
- Aerosol containers: Cleaners, lubricants, paint, and toiletries.
- Uninsulated cylinders: Acetylene, gaseous nitrogen, liquefied
petroleum gas, and oxygen.
- Cryogenic cylinders: Argon, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.
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Material Form

Gaseous state: Liquefied, non-liquefied, dissolved gases, or mixture thereof.
Hazard Class

2
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BULK BAGS
Capacity


Standard sizes range from 15 to 85 cubic feet.
Capacities vary from 500 to 5000 pounds.
Construction Material

Bags are packaging constructed of flexible materials, e.g., woven polypropylene.
Container Description




Preformed packaging of a flexible material that is available plain, coated, or with liners.
Three basic designs: strap, bottom outlet, and sleeve.
Transported in a variety of open and closed transport vehicles including rail boxcars,
intermodal containers, and box (van) trailers.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers and very insensitive
explosives.
Examples include fertilizers, pesticides, and water treatment chemicals.
Material Form

Solids.
Hazard Class

1.5, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
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PORTABLE BINS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 7700 pounds.
Construction Material

Metal or plastic.
Container Description







Rectangular cross section.
Equipped with skids, frames, or other mountings to facilitate handling by mechanical means.
4 feet square and 6 feet high.
Loaded through the top and unloaded from the side or bottom.
Dump type portable bins are shipped on flat bed trucks and trailers in agricultural areas.
Mainly transported in/on flat bed or van type trucks or trailers, boxcars or flat cars, and
vessels.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and very insensitive
explosives.
Examples include ammonium nitrate fertilizer, other fertilizers, and pesticides.
Material Form

Solids.
Hazard Class

1.5, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
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PORTABLE TANKS
Capacity

Between 118.9 gallons (450 liters) and less than 732.5 gallons (3,000 liters).
Construction Material

Metal or plastic.
Container Description






Circular or rectangular cross sections.
Approximately 6 feet high.
Equipped with skids, frames, or other mountings to facilitate handling by mechanical means.
Some are insulated and may be equipped with steam and/or electric heating.
Transported in/on flat bed or van type trucks or trailers, boxcars or flat cars, and vessels.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, food grade commodities, liquid
fertilizers, and resin.
Examples include sodium cyanide, water treatment chemicals, and whiskey.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3, 6, 8, and 9.
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PIPELINES
Capacity

Flow rate determined in “barrels” rather than gallons.
- 1 barrel equals 42 gallons.
Working Pressures


Generally 100 to 7,000 psig (689.5 to 48,265 kPa gauge).
Special applications may dictate up to 15,000 psig (103,425-kPa gauge).
Construction Material

Steel, stainless steel, iron, or plastic.
Container Description




Circular cross section, varying sizes.
Placed above and below ground.
Design, construction, and safety features regulated by title 49 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) Parts 191, 192, and 195.
Pipeline markers will show locations of underground and submerged pipelines and provide
warning for the public.
Material Examples



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
Transports flammable liquids and gases, corrosives, toxics, liquid fertilizers, food
commodities, and a variety of other products.
Examples include natural gas, propane, and liquid petroleum products.
Material Form

Liquids, gases, and liquefied gases.
Hazard Class

2, 3, 6, 8, and 9.
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MC 306 Cargo Tank (Atmospheric Pressure)
Working Pressures
 Designed for static head pressure of its contents.
 Internal MAWP must be a minimum 2.65 psig and maximum 5 psig.
Capacity
 Between 2,000 and 10,000 gallons (7,570L and 37,850L).
Construction Material
 Most common construction material is .25-inch thick aluminum alloy.
Container Description




May contain up to eight compartments, but most contain four to five compartments.
Full-length roll over protection is along the tank top.
Manways and dome lids (covers) are on the tank top.
Most common leak is in the dome lid.
Material Example




Commonly transports petroleum products.
Gasoline/fuel oil/aviation jet fuel.
Solvents.
Liquid food products.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
 3.1 and 3.2.
 Nonhazardous items.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Are usually mechanical and may have a second remote closure, in addition to
the one on the driver’s side at the front of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Tank trucks may be either top loaded or bottom loaded. Although, bottom loading is
most prevalent.
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MC 406 Cargo Tank (Atmospheric Pressure)
Working Pressures
 Internal MAWP must be a minimum 2.65 psig and maximum 5 psig.
Capacity
 Capacities between 7,500 gal and 10,000 gal (28,387L and 37,850L).
Construction Material
 Most common construction material is .25-inch thick aluminum alloy.
Container Description




May contain up to eight compartments, but most contain four to five compartments.
Full-length roll over protection is along the tank top.
Manways and dome lids (covers) are on the tank top.
Most common leak is in the dome lid.
Material Example




Commonly transports petroleum products.
Gasoline/fuel oil/aviation jet fuel.
Solvents.
Liquid food products.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
 3.1 and 3.2.
 Nonhazardous items.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Are usually mechanical and may have a second remote closure, in addition to
the one on the driver’s side at the front of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Tank trucks may be either top loaded or bottom loaded. Although, bottom loading is
most prevalent.
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MC 307 Cargo Tank
Working Pressures
 Internal vapor pressure of 18 psi, but not more than 40 psi.
Capacity
 Between 5,000 and 7,000 gallons.
Construction Material
 Most common construction material is stainless steel.
 Other construction materials may include steel, aluminum, titanium, Hastaloy C,
and related alloys.
Container Description





One to two compartments are most common.
May be insulated or noninsulated.
Insulated tanks look horseshoe shaped/noninsulated tanks look round with ribs showing.
Most common leaks occur from the manway and safety relief device.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and the ends of the tank.
Transport Material Examples
 Flammable and combustible liquids.
 Mild corrosives.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
 3.1, 3.2, and 8.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Each bottom outlet must be equipped with a self-closing internal emergency shut-off valve.
The valves usually are hydraulic, but pneumatic and mechanical valves also are used.
Loading and Unloading Points
 These tanks can be loaded through the manway or through the bottom internal valves, and
they can be built to unload from the rear of the tank or from the center (belly unloading).
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MC 407 Cargo Tank
Working Pressures
 Internal vapor pressure of 18 psi, but not more than 40 psi.
Capacity
 Between 5,000 and 7,000 gallons.
Construction Material
 Most common construction material is stainless steel.
 Other construction materials may include steel, aluminum, titanium, Hastaloy C,
and related alloys.
Container Description





One to two compartments are most common.
May be insulated or noninsulated.
Insulated tanks look horseshoe shaped/noninsulated tanks look round with ribs showing.
Most common leaks occur from the manway and safety relief device.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and the ends of the tank.
Transport Material Examples
 Flammable and combustible liquids.
 Mild corrosives.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
 3.1, 3.2, and 8.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Each bottom outlet must be equipped with a self-closing internal emergency shut-off valve.
The valves usually are hydraulic, but pneumatic and mechanical valves also are used.
Loading and Unloading Points
 These tanks can be loaded through the manway or through the bottom internal valves, and
they can be built to unload from the rear of the tank or from the center (belly unloading).
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MC 312 Cargo Tank (corrosive)
Working Pressures
 Tank design pressures range from 35 psi to 50 psi.
Capacity
 Between 3,000 and 6,000 gallons (22,710L).
Construction Material
 May be constructed of steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or Hastaloy C.
Container Description
 Most commonly are single-compartment tanks, but may contain up to four.
 If the cargo tank has more than one compartment, each compartment must have its
own manway.
 May be insulated or noninsulated, and may be lined or unlined.
 Most common leaks occur around the manway and bottom sump.
 Rollover protection surrounds the manway and if required, the front and rear of the tank.
Transport Material Examples
 High-density liquids and strong corrosives, such as nitric and sulfuric acid.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
 8
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Each outlet at or near the top of the tank must have a shut-off valve as close to the tank
as possible.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Can be either top or bottom unloaded, but are usually unloaded upward through the rear
of the tank.
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MC 412 Cargo Tank (corrosive)
Working Pressures
 Tank design pressures range from 35 psi to 50 psi.
Capacity
 Between 3,000 and 6,000 gallons (22,710L).
Construction Material
 May be constructed of steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or Hastaloy C.
Container Description
 Most commonly are single-compartment tanks, but may contain up to four.
 If the cargo tank has more than one compartment, each compartment must have its
own manway.
 May be insulated or noninsulated, and may be lined or unlined.
 Most common leaks occur around the manway and bottom sump.
 Rollover protection surrounds the manway and if required, the front and rear of the tank.
Transport Material Examples
 High-density liquids and strong corrosives, such as nitric and sulfuric acid.
Material Form
 Liquid.
Hazard Class
8
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Each outlet at or near the top of the tank must have a shut-off valve as close to the tank
as possible.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Can be either top or bottom unloaded, but are usually unloaded upward through the rear
of the tank.
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MC 331 Cargo Tank (Pressurized Containers)
Working Pressures
 Tank design pressures range from 100 psi to 500 psi (690 kPa to 3448 kPa).
Capacity
 Between 2,500 gal to 11,500 gal (9,463 L to 43,528 L).
Construction Material
 Constructed of mild steel or high tensile steel.
 May be aluminum if the material to be hauled is compatible with it.
Container Description




Are single-compartment tanks and are round in cross section, with round ends.
The manway will be located on one end of the tank.
They are usually seamless and/or welded steel.
The upper two-thirds of a steel tank not covered with a reflective metal jacket must
be painted white, aluminum, or a similar reflective color.
Transport Material Examples
 Used for the transportation of liquefied and compressed gases.
 Ammonia, LP gas, butadiene, isopentanes, chlorine, and carbon dioxide.
Material Form
 Liquid, liquefied and compressed gases.
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Uses two remote methods of closure. Both are required to operate by mechanical and
thermal means. One is located at the front of the cargo tank and the other is located at
the rear of the vehicle.
 All piping, fittings, valves, and safety relief valves must be protected against damage
that could be caused by collision, jackknifing, and overturning.
Loading and Unloading Points
 All outlets must be marked to designate whether they communicate with liquid or vapor
when the tank is filled.
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MC 338 Cargo Tank (Cryogenic Liquids)
Working Pressures
 Inner tank pressures can range from 23.5 psi to 500 psi (162 kPa to 3,448 kPa) depending
on the product being transported.
Capacity
 Tank capacities range from 5,000 gal to 14,000 gal (18,925 L to 52,990 L).
Construction Material
 The inner tank is typically constructed of special steel alloys compatible with the product
to be transported and capable of withstanding extremely cold temperatures.
 The outer container is typically made of steel.
Container Description
 Tank-within-a-tank design.
 Tank is vacuum-insulated and must be connected with a vacuum gauge which indicates the
absolute pressure within the insulation space.
 Tank must have a suitable pressure gauge, indicating the lading pressure, located on
the front of the jacket so the driver can read it in the rearview mirror.
Transport Material Examples
 Used for the transportation of cryogenic liquids.
 Examples of materials shipped are liquefied argon, helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Material Form
 Liquefied and compressed gases.
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Internal safety valves are located inside the tank to protect the valve against mechanical stress
and accident damage.
 External valves with accident protection are located outside of the tank and are surrounded
with a metal framing to protect the valve against mechanical stress and accident damage.
 Emergency remote shutoff devices, when actuated, automatically close all internal safety
valves.
 Emergency remote shutoff devices will always be found at the left front of the cargo
tank, and may, in some instances, also be found at the right rear.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Located in a cabinet(s) at the rear or either side in front of rear wheels.
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Specialized Cargo Tanks (Tube Trailer)
Working Pressures
 Cylinder service pressures range from 3,000 to 5,000 psi.
Capacity
 Each component cylinder in a tube trailer is required by 49 CFR to have a minimum
water capacity of 453.6 kg (1,000 lbs.).
Construction Material
 Stainless steel, and steel.
Container Description
 The tube trailer consists of a group of seamless steel cylinders, 9 to 48 inches in
diameter, permanently mounted on a semitrailer.
 The tube trailer may have as few as two large cylinders or more than twenty smaller
cylinders.
 All cylinders contain the same material.
 Each cylinder is independently piped and valved.
Transport Material Examples
 Bulk non-liquefied compressed gases.
 Examples of materials shipped in tube trailers include helium, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen.
Material Form
 Bulk non-liquefied compressed gases.
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Loading and Unloading Points
 The filling and discharge of product are done through a manifold header, that is
usually located at the rear of the trailer.
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Pneumatic Hopper Trailer
Working Pressures
 Will vary due to manufacturer and product specifications. Generally no greater than 80 psi.
Capacity
 Up to 1,500 cubic feet.
Construction Material
 Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and alloys of magnesium.
Container Description
 These vehicles are not manufactured to a specification mandated by 49 CFR. However,
the vehicle must still be placarded and marked properly if it is carrying a regulated
material.
 When viewed from the side, they have rounded sides and sloping ends, with two or more
cone shaped structures connected by a pipe that is approximately four inches in diameter.
 Many dry bulk cargo tanks also have an air compressor mounted on them, usually at
the rear, which is used to assist in unloading the product.
Transport Material Examples
 Bulk fertilizers, some of which are classed as oxidizers.
 Ammonium nitrate fertilizers, cement, and dry caustic soda.
Material Form
 Solids.
Hazard Class
 5.1 and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Will vary due to design and construction of the trailer.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Dry bulk cargo tanks are usually loaded from the top and unloaded (using air pressure) from
the bottom.
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Intermodal Tank Containers
The portable tanks shown above illustrate the box and beam type framework. The appropriate
configuration will be used on IM 101, IM 102, Spec 5, Cryogenic, and Tube module intermodals.
Intermodal tank containers transport bulk gases and liquids. They are enclosed in a sturdy metal
supporting frame (either box type or beam type) built to international standards, which is typically 8 by 8
by 20 feet, although there are some 40-foot frames. They may be transported by highway, rail, or water.
Intermodal tank containers can be of three basic types: Nonpressure, pressure, and specialized
(including cryogenic portable tanks and tube modules). Some may be insulated and some may be
equipped with steam and/or electric heating.
Tank containers can carry a variety of hazardous and nonhazardous materials. Examples include
food grade commodities, liquid fertilizers, resins, anhydrous ammonia, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
oxygen, helium, and nitrogen.
Tank container markings are required to be standardized by the U.S. Department of
Transportation. Typical markings on an intermodal tank container are illustrated below.
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IM 101 Nonpressure Tank Container (IMO type 1)
IM 102 Nonpressure Tank Container (IMO type 2)
Working Pressures
 IM 101 - tank design pressures range from 25.4 to 100 psig.
 IM 102 - tank design pressures range from 14.5 to 25.4 psig.
Capacity
 Generally will not exceed 6,300 gallons (24,000 liters).
Construction Material
 Stainless steel, mild steel occasionally, aluminum, and alloys of magnesium.
Container Description




Tank permanently mounted in a supporting frame.
Frame size is 20 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high.
Lifted and secured by corner fittings called castings.
May have an insulation jacket to control product temperature.
Transport Material Examples
 Transports both nonhazardous and hazardous materials.
 They transport toxic, corrosive, alcohols, pesticides, insecticides, and flammable
materials. Examples include food grade commodities, liquid fertilizers, resins,
sodium cyanide, water treatment chemicals, and whiskey.
Material Form
 Liquids and solids.
Hazard Class
 3, 6, and 8.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Remote shutoff for internal valves is on the right side at the end of the container opposite from
the discharge valve.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Top fittings are installed within a spill box.
 Manhole has a hinged and bolted lid, with eight wing nuts or dogging style closure.
 Two externally operated bottom outlet valves – one internal and one external.
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Pressure tank containers Spec 51 (IMO type 5)
Working Pressures
 Designed to handle internal pressures ranging from 100 to 500 psig.
Capacity
 Range up to 5,500 gallons.
Construction Material
 Stainless steel, mild steel, aluminum, and alloys of magnesium.
Container Description
 The tanks have a circular cross section and may be as large as 6 feet in diameter
and 20 feet long.
 Fittings for pressure intermodal tank containers are protected and found on the
top, end, or bottom of the tank.
Transport Material Examples
 Transports gases liquefied under pressure.
 Examples of materials shipped in pressure tanks are anhydrous ammonia, bromine,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and sodium.
 Liquids carried can include motor fuel antiknock compound or aluminum alkyls.
Material Form
 Gases liquefied under pressure.
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Remote shutoff device is located on the right side on the end opposite the discharge end.
Loading and Unloading Points




Valves and fittings installed on the top, bottom, or ends of the container.
Either recessed or protected to lesson the chance of mechanical damage.
Safety relief device located on top.
Liquid and vapor loading/unloading valves.
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Intermodal tube containers
Working Pressures
 High-pressure cylinders tested to 3,000 or 5,000 psi.
Capacity
 Will very on the material and size of the cylinders.
Construction Material
 Stainless steel cylinders or a mild steel may also be used.
Container Description
 The horizontal cylinders are incased in a 8 foot X 8 foot framework.
 The bulk packaging consists of several horizontal seamless steel cylinders, from 9 inches
to 48 inches in diameter, permanently mounted inside an open frame with a box-like
compartment at one end, enclosing the valving.
Transport Material Examples
 Transports bulk gases.
 Examples of materials shipped in tube modules include non-liquefied gases such as helium,
nitrogen, and oxygen.
Material Form
 Non-liquefied gases.
Hazard Class
 2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Safety relief devices are set at not less than 70% of cylinder test pressure.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Valves are located in a cabinet at one end of the cylinder frame.
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Cryogenic tank container (IMO type 7)
Working Pressures
 25 psig or less.
Capacity
 1,000 lbs. under capacity + 4,500 to 5,000 gallons.
Construction Material
 Stainless steel, mild steel, or aluminum.
 18 to 24 inches of insulation, with a metal or plastic jacket.
Container Description
 The tank consists of a tank-within-a-tank design with insulation between the inner and
outer tanks. The space between the inner and outer tanks is normally maintained under
a vacuum, preventing the loss of product temperature.
 Fittings/valves will be enclosed in a compartment.
Transport Material Examples
 Cryogenic liquids.
 Examples of materials shipped are liquefied argon, ethylene, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Material Form
 Cryogenic liquids.
Hazard Class
 2.2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Fusible link on cable, activates remote shutoff.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Valves and fittings in a compartment on the top, ends, and sides of the container.
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02/15/16
Nonpressure and Pressure tank car views
Nonpressure tank car without expansion dome (inset)
Nonpressure tank car with expansion dome (inset)
Pressure tank car with protective housing (inset)
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02/15/16
Tank car identification markings
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02/15/16
Nonpressure Tank Car
Working Pressures
 Tank test pressures for nonpressure tank cars are 60 psi and 100 psi (414 kPa - 690 kPa).
Capacity
 Capacities range from 4,000 gal (15,140 L) to 45,000 gal (170,325 L).
Construction Material
 Most tank cars are carbon steel, and no designation appears in the specification marking.
When other construction materials (aluminum, nickel, alloy steel) are used, designators
will appear.
Container Description
 Nonpressure tank cars are distinguished by either an expansion dome with visible fittings
(on older cars) or the visible fittings without an expansion dome (on newer cars).
 Nonpressure tank cars may have up to six compartments, with one set of fittings for each
individual compartment.
 Compartments may have different capabilities and can transport different commodities
at the same time.
 Nonpressure tank cars may be either noninsulated or insulated.
Transport Material Examples
 May transport hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
 Examples of materials shipped in nonpressure railcars include benzene, caustic soda,
corn syrup, fruit juices, and whiskey.
Material Form
 Solids and liquids.
Hazard Class
 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Nonpressure tank cars that carry flammable liquids (and some poisonous materials) must
have a spring-operated, reseating safety relief valve set to discharge at 75% of tank pressure
(except some 60 psi tank cars may have a 35 psi safety relief valve).
Loading and Unloading Points
 Fittings for loading/unloading, pressure and/or vacuum relief, gauging, and other purposes
are visible at the top and/or bottom of the car.
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Pressure Tank Car
Working Pressures
 Tank test pressures for these tank cars are from 100 psi (414 kPa) to 600 psi (4137 kPa).
Capacity
 Capacities range from 4,000 gal (15,140 L) to 45,000 gal (170,325 L).
Construction Material
 Most tank cars are carbon steel, and no designation appears in the specification marking.
 When other construction materials (aluminum, nickel, alloy steel) are used, designators
will appear.
Container Description
 Tank cars are cylindrical, non-compartmented tanks with rounded heads.
 Pressure tank cars are generally distinguished by the presence of a single protective
housing on top that contains all valves and other fittings.
 Pressure tank cars may be insulated and/or thermally protected. Those without insulation
and without jacketed protection have at least the top two-thirds of the tank painted white.
Transport Material Examples
 Liquefied gases and flammable liquids.
 Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, and liquefied petroleum gas.
Material Form
 Liquefied gases, flammable liquids, and other hazardous liquids that have a high vapor
pressure.
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.
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Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Safety relief valves are usually set at 75% of tank test pressure.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Typically top loading, with their fittings inside the protective housing, mounted on
the manway cover plate, in the center of the tank.
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Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car
Working Pressures
 Cryogenic liquid tank cars carry low pressure, usually 25 psig or lower, refrigerated
liquids (minus 130F and below).
Capacity
 Will vary on the material being shipped.
Construction Material
 Cryogenic liquid tank car tanks are of the tank-within-a-tank style, with an alloy (stainless
or nickel) steel inner tank supported within a strong outer tank (a vacuum jacketing
system).
 The outer tank shell is made of a carbon-steel material.
Container Description
 Cryogenic liquid tank car tanks are of the tank-within-a-tank style.
 The space between the inner and outer tank is filled with insulation and kept under
a vacuum to maintain product temperature.
 The combination of insulation and vacuum protects the contents from ambient
temperatures for only 30 days, making these shipments time-sensitive.
 Absence of top fittings, since the fittings are enclosed in cabinets.
Transport Material Examples
 Refrigerated liquids (minus 130F and below).
 Materials shipped in cryogenic tank cars are the cryogenic liquids of argon, ethylene,
hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Material Form
 Refrigerated liquids (minus 130F and below).
Hazard Class
 2.2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Loading and Unloading Points
 Fittings for loading/unloading, pressure relief, and venting are in ground-level cabinets
at diagonal corners of the car or in the center of one end of the car.
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02/15/16
High Pressure Tube Car
Working Pressures
 Generally pressures up to 3,500 psig (24,133 kPa gauge).
 May have pressures up to 5,000 psig on certain materials.
Capacity
 Capacities will vary for the material that is transported.
Construction Material
 Steel cylinders.
Container Description
 Most common configuration has up to 30 noninsulated seamless steel cylinders
permanently mounted horizontally in a 40 feet frame with open sides on the car.
 Valves, fittings, and safety devices are all located at one end in a cabinet.
 All cylinders will contain the same product.
 If carrying flammables, each cylinder must be equipped with an ignition device on the
safety relief devices so that escaping product is immediately burned off.
Transport Material Examples
 Compressed (but never liquefied) gases.
 Helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Material Form
 Compressed gases (but never liquefied).
Hazard Class
 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Safety relief devices are usually set at 70% of tank test pressure.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Loading and unloading and safety relief devices are enclosed in a metal housing (cabinet)
to protect them from accidental damage.
 The cabinet is located at one end of the car.
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02/15/16
Pneumatically Unloaded Covered Hopper Car
Working Pressures
 Tank test pressures for these cars are from 20 psig (138 kPa) to 80 psig (552 kPa).
Capacity
 Capacities range depending upon the material shipped.
Construction Material
 Steel, stainless steel, and aluminum.
Container Description
 Constructed to tank car specifications.
 Rounded sides and ends with two or more sloping-sided bays on the bottom.
 Unloaded with compressed air using pressures of 15 psig or greater.
Transport Material Examples
 Hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
 Sodium hydroxide, soda ash, polyvinyl chloride pellets, and grain.
Material Form
 Bulk solids.
Hazard Class
 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Safety relief devices are located on each compartment and are usually set at 75% of tank
test pressure.
 Pressure is maintained only during unloading.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Typically top loading and bottom unloading.
 Compressed air is introduced into the top to force the lading out through the bottom openings.
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02/15/16
Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding
its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity
 Capacities may range from a few thousand gallons (liters) to 20,000 gallons (80,000 L).
Construction Material
 Typically constructed of steel.
Container Description
 A horizontal tank supported by unprotected steel supports or stilts may fail quickly
during fire conditions.
Material Examples
 It is commonly used for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel-dispensing operations.
Material Form
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Will vary for each container due to design and construction differences.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary due to design and construction.
 Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is
used.
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02/15/16
Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding
its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity
 Will vary due to design and construction.
Construction Material
 Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with the material being
stored).
Container Description
 Cone shaped pointed roof.
 It is designed with a weak roof-to-shell seam, intended to break when or if the container
becomes overpressurized.
 A disadvantage of this type of tank is that when it is partially full, the remaining
portion of the tank contains a potentially dangerous vapor space.
 The vapor space is explosive if the area is exposed to an ignition source.
Material Examples
 An ordinary cone roof tank stores flammable, combustible, and corrosive liquids.
Material Form
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 3 and 8.
Emergency Shut-off valves
 Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary due to design and construction.
 Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is
used.
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02/15/16
Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding
its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity
 Its capacity can range from 50,000 gallons (200,000 L) to over 1,000,000 gallons
(4,000,000 L).
Construction Material
 Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description
 A floating roof tank is a large-capacity, aboveground holding tank that is commonly
used to store flammable and combustible liquids, particularly petroleum products.
 It stands vertically and is usually much wider then it is tall.
 Designed so that the roof actually floats on the surface of the liquid. This eliminates
the potentially dangerous vapor space.
 The roof slides up and down the walls as the volume of the container changes.
 A fabric or rubber seal around the circumference of the roof provides a weather-tight seal.
Material Examples
 Stores flammable and combustible liquids.
Material Form
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary due to design and construction.
 Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is
used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding
its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity
 Will vary due to design and construction.
Construction Material
 Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description
 Similar in appearance to a floating roof tank, but there are some major differences
between the two:
* A lifter roof floats within a series of vertical guides that allow only a few feet
of travel.
* The roof is either liquid or fabric-sealed and moves up and down with changes
in vapor pressure.
 The roof is designed so that when the vapor pressure exceeds a designated limit, the
roof lifts up slightly and relieves the excess pressure.
Material Examples
 Is usually used to store volatile liquids.
Material Form
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary due to design and construction.
 Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is
used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding
its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity
 The vapordome roof tanks range in size up to a maximum of about 8,500,000
gallons (34,000,000 L).
Construction Material
 Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description
 A vapordome roof tank is a vertical storage tank that has a giant bulge or dome on its top.
 Attached to the underside of the dome is a flexible diaphragm that moves in conjunction
with changes in vapor pressure.
Material Examples
 Design is used for combustible liquids of medium volatility.
 Some nonhazardous materials, such as molasses and fertilizer blends, may be stored
in this style of tank.
Material Form
 Liquids.
Hazard Class
 3, 5, and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary due to design and construction.
 Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is
used.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 Spheroid – 0.5 to 15 psig (4 to 105 kPa).
Capacity
 This tank can store 3,000,000 gallons (12,000,000 L) or more.
Construction Material
 Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and alloys or magnesium.
Container Description
 Egg shaped to round tank designed for low working pressures.
Container Content Examples
 This tank may store LPG, methane, propane, and other light gases. It may
also contain certain flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.
Material Form
 Liquid or gaseous commodities.
Hazard Class
 Lighter gases in hazard class 2, and flammable liquids in hazard class 3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Pressure-relief valve is located on top of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary with construction design.
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02/15/16
Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 Noded spheroid - 0.5 to 15 psig (4 to 105 kPa).
Capacity
 Will vary with construction design.
Construction Material
 Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or other approved material.
Container Description
 Bulging, ribbed sections (swelled look).
 The noded spheroid tank is held together by a series of internal ties and supports that
reduce stress on the external shell.
Container Content Examples
 This tank may store LPG, methane, propane, and other light gases. It may also contain
certain flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.
Material Form
 Liquid or gaseous commodities.
Hazard Class
 Lighter gases in hazard class 2, and flammable liquids in hazard class 3.
Emergency shut-off valves
 Pressure-relief valve is located on top of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary with container construction.
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02/15/16
Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 For pressures 15 psig (105 kPa) and above.
Capacity
 Typically hold 500 to 40,000 gallons (2,000 L to over 160,000 L) of
liquid.
Construction Material
 Steel and stainless steel.
Container Description
 They are painted white or some other reflective color.
 Commonly found at facilities that dispense fuel gases to the public.
 Elongated with rounded ends.
Container Content Examples
 Substances commonly stored include propane, liquefied natural gas (LNG),
compressed natural gas (CNG), butane, ethane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, chlorine,
and hydrogen chloride.
Material Form
 Stores compressed or liquefied gases.
Hazard Class
 2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Pressure relief device located on the tank.
 Excessive flow valves located on off-loading piping.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary with container construction.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures
 Sphere - for pressures 15 psig (105 kPa) and above.
Capacity
 They hold up to 600,000 gallons (2,400,000 L) of product.
Construction Material
 Steel and stainless steel.
Container Description
 Round ball-like appearance.
 Most are noninsulated and white or a reflective color to reduce the heat level and the
resulting amount of vaporization that occurs inside the tank.
 The sphere tank is often supported off the ground by a series of concrete or steel legs.
Container Content Examples
 Liquefied petroleum gases are commonly stored in pressure sphere tanks.
Hazard Class
 2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 Pressure relief device located on the tank.
 Excessive flow valves located on off-loading piping.
Loading and Unloading Points
 Will vary with container construction.
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Ton Containers
Working Pressures
 Tank pressures range from 500 to 1,000 psi.
Capacity
 Liquid capacity from 180 to 320 gallons.
Construction Material
 Steel
Container Description
 Cylindrical pressure tanks approximately 3 feet in diameter and 8 feet long with convex
or concave heads.
 The name “ton container” comes from the packaging’s capability to transport one ton of
chlorine.
 All fittings are in the heads, including fusible plugs and/or spring-loaded safety relief
valves.
 Ton containers have two valves – one for vapor, one for liquid.
Transport Material Examples
 Ton containers transport bulk gases.
 Examples include chlorine, phosgene, anhydrous ammonia, and sulfur dioxide.
Material Form
 Gases and liquefied gases.
Hazard Class
 2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves
 All fittings are in the heads, including fusible plugs and/or spring-loaded safety relief
valves.
 Safety relief devices are prohibited for certain poisonous or noxious materials.
 They have three plugs, equally spaced around the head, to provide venting, if necessary.
Loading and Unloading Points
 All fittings are located in the head of the ton container.
 Ton containers have two valves – one for vapor, one for liquid.
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RADIOACTIVE PACKAGING - TYPE A
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 3,000 pounds.
Construction Material

Cardboard, wood, and metal.
Container Description

Cardboard boxes, wooden crates, cylinders, and metal drums.
Material Examples



Radiological gases (xenon)
Radiography instruments and soil density meters.
Radiopharmaceuticles (medicines that contain radioactive material).
Material Form

Solid, liquid, and gas.
Hazard Class

7
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RADIOACTIVE PACKAGING - TYPE B
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 6,000 pounds.
Construction Material

Steel, concrete, and lead pipe.
Container Description




Steel reinforced concrete casks.
Lead pipes.
Heavy-gauge metal drums.
Can survive serious accidents and fire without release of the radioactive material.
Material Examples




Fissionable materials.
High-grade raw radioactive materials.
Nuclear fuels (both new and spent).
Highly radioactive metals.
Material Form

Liquid and solid
Hazard Class

7
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LO: 004
3-2.1.3.1

Information on pipeline markers.
The location of all underground or submerged transmission and main pipelines must be
marked with a warning sign at each public road crossing, railroad crossing, waterway
crossing and also at intervals along the length of the pipeline.
-
However, gas distribution lines are not ordinarily marked at street crossings.

No standard format exists for pipeline markers as it does for the placards required in other
modes of hazardous materials transportation.

Pipeline markers have to contain specific information.
HazMat Operations
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The word “WARNING” prominently displayed.
-
The name of the product (if pipeline is dedicated to a single product).
-
The name of the owner and/or operator’s name.
-
The emergency telephone contact number (monitored 24 hrs).
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LO: 007
3-2.2.1
-
Definitions of DOT hazard classes and divisions.
Class 1 (Explosives)
An explosive is any substance or article, including a device, that is designed to function by
explosion (i.e., an extremely rapid release of gas and heat) or that, by chemical reaction within
itself, is able to function in a similar manner even if not designed to function by explosion.
Explosives in Class 1 are divided into six divisions. Each division will have a letter designation.
-
Division 1.1 consists of explosives that have a mass explosion hazard. A mass explosion is
one that affects almost the entire load instantaneously.
Examples of Division 1.1 explosives include black powder, dynamite, and TNT.
-
Division 1.2 consists of explosives that have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion
hazard.
Examples of Division 1.2 explosives include aerial flares, detonating cord, and power
device cartridges.
-
Division 1.3 consists of explosives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a
minor projection hazard, or both, but not a mass explosion hazard.
Examples of Division 1.3 explosives include liquid-fueled rocket motors and propellant
explosives.
-
Division 1.4 consists of explosive devices that present a minor explosion hazard. No device
in the division may contain more than 25 g (0.9 oz) of a detonating material. The explosive
effects are largely confined to the package and no projection of fragments of appreciable size
or range are expected. An external fire must not cause virtually instantaneous explosion of
almost the entire contents of the package.
Examples of Division 1.4 explosives include line-throwing rockets, practice ammunition,
and signal cartridges.
-
Division 1.5 consists of very insensitive explosives. This division is comprised of substances
that have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitive that there is very little probability of
initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under normal conditions of transport.
Examples of Division 1.5 explosives include pilled ammonium nitrate fertilizer-fuel oil
mixtures (blasting agents).
-
Division 1.6 consists of extremely insensitive articles that do not have a mass explosive
hazard. This division is comprised of articles that contain only extremely insensitive
detonating substances and that demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental initiation or
propagation.
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Class 2 (Gases)
- Division 2.1 (flammable gas) consists of any material that is a gas at 20ºC (68ºF) or less and
101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) of pressure, a material that has a boiling point of 20ºC (68ºF) or less at
101.3 kPa (14.7 psi), and that:
(a) Is ignitable at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) when in a mixture of 13 percent or less by volume
with air.
(b) Has a flammable range at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) with air of at least 12 percent
regardless of the lower limit.
Examples of Division 2.1 gases include inhibited butadienes, methyl chloride,
and propane.
-
Division 2.2 (nonflammable, nonpoisonous compressed gas, including compressed gas,
liquefied gas, pressurized cryogenic gas, and compressed gas in solution) consists of any
material (or mixture) that exerts in the packaging an absolute pressure of 280 kPa (41 psia) at
20ºC (68ºF).
A cryogenic liquid is a refrigerated liquefied gas having a boiling point colder than -90ºC
(-130ºF) at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) absolute.
Examples of Division 2.2 gases include anhydrous ammonia, cryogenic argon,
carbon dioxide, and compressed nitrogen.
-
Division 2.3 (poisonous gas) consists of a material that is a gas at 20ºC (68ºF) or less and a
pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi or 1 atm), a material that has a boiling point of 20ºC (68ºF) or
less at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi), and that:
(a) Is known to be so toxic to humans as to pose a hazard to health during transportation.
(b) In the absence of adequate data on human toxicity, is presumed to be toxic to humans
because, when tested on laboratory animals, it has an LC50 value of not more than 5,000
ppm.
Examples of Division 2.3 gases include anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, arsine,
chlorine, and methyl bromide.
Hazard zones associated with Division 2.3 materials are the following:
(a) Hazard zone A - LC50 less than or equal to 200 ppm.
(b) Hazard zone B - LC50 greater than 200 ppm and less than or equal to 1,000 ppm.
(c) Hazard zone C - LC50 greater than 1,000 ppm and less than or equal to 3,000 ppm.
(d) Hazard zone D - LC50 greater than 3,000 ppm and less than or equal to 5,000 ppm.
Class 3 (Flammable/Combustible Liquid)
- Flammable liquid is any liquid having a flash point of not more than 60.5ºC (141ºF).
Examples of Class 3 liquids include acetone, amyl acetate, gasoline, methyl alcohol, and
toluene.
-
Combustible liquid is any liquid that does not meet the definition of any other hazard class
and has a flash point above 60ºC (140ºF) and below 93ºC (200ºF). Flammable liquids with a
flash point above 38ºC (100ºF) can be reclassified as a combustible liquid.
Examples of combustible liquids include mineral oil, peanut oil, and No. 6 fuel oil.
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Class 4 (Flammable Solids)
- Division 4.1 (flammable solid) consists of any of the following three types of materials:
(a) Wetted explosives - explosives wetted with sufficient water, alcohol, or plasticizers
to suppress explosive properties.
(b) Self-reactive materials - materials that are liable to undergo, at normal or elevated
temperatures, a strongly exothermic decomposition caused by excessively high transport
temperatures or by contamination.
(c) Readily combustible solids - solids that can cause a fire through friction and any
metal powders that can be ignited.
Examples of Division 4.1 materials include magnesium (pellets, turnings, or
ribbons) and nitrocellulose.
-
Division 4.2 (spontaneously combustible material) consists of any of the following materials:
(a) Pyrophoric material - a liquid or solid that, even in small quantities and without an
external ignition source, can ignite within five minutes after coming in contact with air.
(b) Self-heating material - a material that, when in contact with air and without an energy
supply, is liable to self-heat.
Examples of Division 4.2 materials include aluminum alkyls, charcoal
briquettes, magnesium alkyls, and phosphorus.
-
Division 4.3 (dangerous when wet material) consists of materials that, by contact with water,
are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable or toxic gas at a rate
greater than 1 Lkg of the material per hour.
Examples of Division 4.3 materials include calcium carbide, magnesium powder,
potassium metal alloys, and sodium hydride.
Class 5 (Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides)
- Division 5.1 (oxidizer) consists of materials that can, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or
enhance the combustion of other materials.
Examples of Division 5.1 materials include ammonium nitrate, bromine
trifluoride, and calcium hypochlorite.
-
Division 5.2 (organic peroxide) consists of any organic compound containing oxygen (O) in
the bivalent -O-O- structure that can be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where
one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
-
Division 5.2 (organic peroxide) materials are assigned to one of seven types:
Type A - organic peroxide that can detonate or deflagrate rapidly as packaged for
transport. Transportation of Type A organic peroxides is forbidden.
Type B - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but that can
undergo a thermal explosion.
Type C - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly and cannot
undergo a thermal explosion.
Type D - organic peroxide that detonates only partially or deflagrates slowly, with
medium to no effect when heated under confinement.
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Type E - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor deflagrates and shows low, or no,
effect when heated under confinement.
Type F - organic peroxide that will not detonate, does not deflagrate, shows only a low,
or no, effect if heated when confined, and has low, or no, explosive power.
Type G - organic peroxide that will not detonate, does not deflagrate, shows no effect if
heated when confined, and has no explosive power, is thermally stable, and is
desensitized.
Examples of Division 5.2 materials include dibenzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl
ketone peroxide, and peroxyacetic acid.
Class 6 (Poisonous Materials)
- Division 6.1 (poisonous material) consists of materials, other than gases, that either are
known to be so toxic to humans as to afford a hazard to health during transportation, or in the
absence of adequate data on human toxicity, are presumed to be toxic to humans, including
materials that cause irritation.
Examples of Division 6.1 materials include aniline, arsenic compounds, carbon
tetrachloride, hydrocyanic acid, and tear gas.
-
Division 6.2 (infectious substance) consists of viable microorganisms, or their toxin, that
cause or can cause disease in humans or animals. Infectious substance and etiologic agent are
synonymous.
Examples of Division 6.2 materials include anthrax, botulism, rabies, and
tetanus.
-
Hazard zones associated with Class 6 materials are the following:
(a) Hazard zone A- LC50 less than or equal to 200 ppm.
(b) Hazard zone B- LC50 greater than 200 ppm and less than or equal to 1,000 ppm
Class 7 (Radioactive Materials)
- Radioactive material is any material having a specific activity greater than 0.002 microcuries
per gram (mCig).
Examples of Class 7 materials include cobalt, uranium hexafluoride, and
depleted uranium found in aircraft (as counter balances) and munitions.
Class 8 (Corrosive Materials)
- Corrosive material is a liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible
alterations in human skin tissue at the site of contact or a liquid that has a severe corrosion
rate on steel or aluminum.
Examples of Class 8 materials include nitric acid, phosphorus trichloride,
sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid.
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Class 9 (Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials)
- Miscellaneous hazardous material is a material that presents a hazard during transport, but
that is not included in another hazard class, including the following:
(a) Any material that has an anesthetic, noxious, or other similar property that could
cause extreme annoyance or discomfort to a flight crew member so as to prevent the
correct performance of assigned duties.
(b) Any material that is not included in any other hazard class, but is subject to the DOT
requirements (a hazardous substance or a hazardous waste).
Examples of Class 9 materials include adipic acid, hazardous substances (e.g.,
PCBs), and molten sulfur.
ORM-D Material
- An ORM-D material is a material that presents a limited hazard during transportation due to
its form, quantity, and packaging.
Examples of ORM-D materials include consumer commodities and small arms
ammunition.
Forbidden
- Forbidden means prohibited from being offered or accepted for transportation. Prohibition
does not apply if these materials are diluted, stabilized, or incorporated in devices.
Marine Pollutant
- A marine pollutant is a material that has an adverse effect on aquatic life.
Elevated Temperature Material
- An elevated temperature material is a material that, when offered for transportation in a bulk
packaging, meets one of the following conditions:
(a) Liquid at or above 100ºC (212ºF).
(b) Liquid with a flash point at or above 37.8ºC (100ºF) that is intentionally heated and is
transported at or above its flash point.
(c) Solid at a temperature at or above 240ºC (464ºF).
By being able to accurately identify the type of hazardous materials present and the primary hazards they
involve, the operations level responder can begin to take the correct defensive protective actions early, if
it is safe to do so.
In addition, understanding this type of information can assist hazardous materials response team
members, understand the type of incident they are responding to and be able to request any specialized
equipment or additional resources they might need.
Each hazard class and division will require different actions to deal with the primary hazards associated
with the material(s) involved.
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LO: 013
3-2.3.1.1
-
Chemical and physical properties and their significance and impact on the behavior of the
container and/or its contents.
Boiling point

Temperature at which the transition from a liquid to a gas state occurs. At this temperature,
the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure so that the liquid
rapidly becomes a vapor.
Chemical reactivity

Describes a substance’s propensity to release energy or undergo change, for example; selfreaction, polymerization, or violent reaction.
Corrosivity (pH)

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the material being tested.
Flammable/explosive range

The difference between the upper and lower flammable limits.
Lower explosive limit (LEL)

Is the minimum concentration of vapor to air below which a flame will not propagate in the
presence of an ignition source and is referred to as being “too lean”.
Upper explosive limit (UEL)

Is the maximum vapor to air concentration above which a flame will not propagate in the
presence of an ignition source and is referred to as being “too rich”.
Flash point

The minimum temperature at which a material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to
form an ignitable mixture with air and will not continue to burn.
Ignition (autoignition) temperature

The minimum temperature to which a material must be raised before it will ignite.
Physical state (solid, liquid, gas)

The characteristic form of a material at ambient temperature.
Specific gravity

The weight of a solid or liquid compared to an equal volume of water.
Toxic products of combustion
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
Some materials generate more highly toxic gases than others, therefore, appropriate levels of
protective clothing and equipment must be used to counter them.
Vapor density

Weight of a vapor compared to air.
Vapor pressure

The force exerted on the inside of a closed container by the vapor in the space above the
liquid in the container.
Water solubility

The ability of a substance to form a solution with water that can be important when
determining control methods.
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LO: 015
3-2.3.2
- Types of stress that could cause a container to release its contents.

Stress is defined as a stimulus causing strain, pressure, or deformity.

The three most common stressors are:
1. Thermal:
- Excessive heat or cold can cause intolerable expansion, contraction,
weakening, or consumption of the container and its parts.
- May increase internal pressure and reduce container shell integrity,
resulting in sudden failure.
2. Chemical:
- Uncontrolled reactions/interactions of contents in the container and
the container itself can result in sudden or long-term deterioration of
the container.
- Reactions involving two chemicals placed into the same container
can cause excessive heat and/or pressure, also resulting in container
failure.
3. Mechanical:
- This is a physical application of energy resulting in
container/attachment damage.
- Physical forces may change the shape of the container.

One or all of these stressors may come into play at hazardous materials incidents.
3-2.3.3
- Five ways in which a container can breach.

A breach is defined as a container that is stressed beyond its limits of its design
strength or ability to hold contents and thus opens up or breaches.

Different containers will breach in different ways.

The type of breach is dependant upon the type of container and the stress applied.

The five types of breaches are:
1. Disintegration:
- The container suffers a general loss of integrity.
- Example: glass bottle shattering.
2. Runaway cracking:
- A crack develops in the container as a result of some type of damage
and then continues to grow rapidly, breaking the container into
pieces.
- Associated with drums, cylinders, and tank cars.
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3. Closures opening up:
- Attachments to the container, such as pressure relief devices,
discharge valves, or other related equipment, may open up or break
off the container.
4. Puncture:
- This breach typically occurs as a result of mechanical stress coming
into contact with the container.
- Examples: forklift into a drum.
5. Spilt or tear:
- Failure of a welded seam on a tank or drum or a ripped seam on a
bag.
3-2.3.4
- Ways in which containers can release their contents.

Breaching of a container will most likely result in a release of the material.

Releases can occur quickly or over a long period of time.

Two things will have an effect on how quickly the breach will release contents are
energy (pressure) and matter (material).

The four types of releases are:
1. Detonation:
- The instantaneous and explosive release of the stored chemical
energy of the hazardous material.
- Results can include fragmentation, disintegration, or shattering of
the container.
- The duration of a detonation can be measured in hundredths or
thousandths of a second. (No time to react)
2. Violent rupture:
- The immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by
runaway cracks.
- Results are ballistic behavior of the container and its contents.
- Occur within a time frame of one second or less.
3. Rapid relief:
- The fast release of pressurized hazardous material through properly
operating safety devices or through damaged valves, piping, or holes
in the container.
- This may occur in a period of several seconds to several minutes.
4. Spill or leak:
- The slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head
pressure through holes, rips, tears, or usual openings/attachments.
- Can occur in a period of several minutes to several days.
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LO: 016
3-2.3.5
- Dispersion patterns that can be created upon release of a hazardous material.

Once a container has breached and the material released, it will distribute over the
surrounding area in pattern.

These patterns, sometimes called “footprints,” are the outline of the dispersing
material.

The seven types of dispersions patterns are:
1. Hemispheric:
- A semicircular or dome-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous
material.
- Gas or aerosol releases.
2. Cloud:
- Ball-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material where the
material has collectively risen above the surface.
- Gas or aerosol releases.
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3. Plume:
- An irregularly shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material
where wind and/or topography influence the downrange course from
the point of release.
- Gas or aerosol releases.
4. Cone:
- A triangular-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material with
a point source at the breach and a wide base downrange.
- Gas or aerosol releases.
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5. Stream:
- Surface-following pattern of liquid hazardous material affected by
gravity and topographical contours.
- Liquid releases.
6. Pool:
- A flat and circle-shaped pattern of the hazardous material on the
surface of the ground or on water.
- Liquid or solid releases.
7. Irregular:
- An irregular or indiscriminate deposit or pattern of the hazardous
material.
- Liquid or solid releases.
(no graphic for this type of dispersion pattern)
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Notes
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SECTION II
Implementing the Planned Response
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Components
Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Inspecting SCBA
Donning, Working-in, and Doffing SCBA
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LO: 047
3-4.4.6
– Operational components of self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

General components of a self contained breathing apparatus.
1. Facepiece assembly.
- Low pressure hose (breathing tube)
- Exhalation valve
- Facepiece
Provides user with an uncontaminated positive pressure air supply.
2. Regulator assembly.
- High pressure hose
- Low pressure alarm
- Mainline valve
- Bypass valve
Controls and regulates the flow of air from cylinder pressure to usable
pressure.
3. Air cylinder assembly.
- Cylinder
- Cylinder valve
- Cylinder pressure gauge
Provides user with an air supply (30 to 60 min).
4. Backpack and harness assembly.
- Backplate
- Waist strap
- Shoulder harness
Holds cylinder assembly on the wearer.

Follow manufacturer’s guidance and operating instructions for the self-contained breathing
apparatus provided by the authority having jurisdiction.
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3-4.4.7
– Procedures for cleaning, sanitizing, and inspecting respiratory protective equipment.

Follow manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations on the procedures for
cleaning inspecting, and sanitizing respiratory protection.

Most manufacturers will include a tracking/log book with each SCBA.

Accurate record keeping will help identify possible problems or potential failures.

General SCBA inspection procedures include the following:
1. Backpack/harness assembly.
- Check for physical damage on straps and buckles.
- Check cylinder strap and toggle link/lock mechanism.
2. Air supply cylinder.
- Check hydrostatic test date.
Steel/aluminum cylinders due every 5 years.
Composite cylinders due every 3 years.
- Leak test cylinders monthly.
- Check for evidence of exposure to high heat daily and after each use.
Discoloration.
Distorted rubber parts.
(if anything found take cylinder out of service)
3. Regulator assembly.
- Inspect hose for wear and tear.
- Inspect pressure gauge for noticeable damage and pressure reading
after air is turned on.
- Inspect quick coupling and breathing hose connection.
- Check low pressure warning whistle/bell/alarm.
Operates when cylinder pressure has dropped to 25%
capacity of cylinder.
4. Facepiece assembly.
- Inspect for wear and tear.
- Discoloration.
- Check for proper seal.
Fit tested IAW NFPA 1500 and ANSI Z88.5.
- Check breathing valve for proper operation.
- Check bypass for proper operation.

Respiratory inspections should be accomplished everyday and prior to each use.

Cleaning and sanitizing should be accomplished after each use.

Procedures for the cleaning, inspecting, and sanitizing of respiratory protection should be
outlined in the organization’s standard operating procedures.
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LO: 048
3-4.3.8
– Procedures for donning, working-in, and doffing positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus.

Manufacturer’s operating instructions should be followed when using any type of
respiratory protection.

Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus available to the operations level
responder vary in normal and emergency use procedures.

Basic donning, working-in, and doffing procedures would include:
1. Donning:
- Don (put on) the backplate harness assembly.
(over-the-head, coat, seat, rear mount methods)
- Turn on cylinder.
- Check regulator gauge.
- Don (put on) facepiece.
 Adjust head harness.
 Check seal.
- Attach mask to regulator.
 Breathing hose.
 Face piece-mounted regulator.
- Check positive pressure.
- Check emergency by-pass.
2. Working-in:
- Know limitations.
- Working times 15 to 20 minutes.
- Know emergency operating procedures.
Per manufacturer’s operating instructions.
3. Doffing:
- Disconnect air supply.
 Breathing tube, positive pressure lever, donning switch.
- Doff mask.
- Doff backplate/harness assembly.
- Turn off cylinder.
- Clean, reservice, and inspect.

Hazardous materials operations level responders should practice donning and doffing the
various types of self-contained breathing apparatus to become proficient in their wear,
use, and emergency procedures.

Procedures for the wear and use of respiratory protection should be outlined in the
organization’s standard operating procedures and the incident site safety plan.
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Notes
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Notes
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