Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Chapter 3
Framework for Preparation of Operating Standards and
Manuals for
Groundwater Well Drilling, Investigations, and Development
3.1 Package of Operating
resources.
Standards for Hydrogeological
investigation
Investigations and Ground-water
exploration
Mapping (DGRS I 1000-2550 to
primary
4000-2550)
conduct prior to groundwater
3.1.1 Introduction
Water resources shortage
problem arises from the rapid
increase
in
populations
to
increasing
water
demand,
investigate
it
is
for
meet
on
to
international
hydrogeo-logical
investigation
standards,
4
groups,
geophysical
the
the
the
(2)
(1)
surface
investigation,
investigation,
to
namely,
hydrogeological
subsurface
hydrogeological
groundwater
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
task
the
Base
investigation,
resources
necessary
therefore,
academic
surface
productions in agriculture and
To
is,
groundwater
development.
into
increase
industries.
or
investigation can be categorized
and
expanding demands for water
resources
Hydrogeological
(3)
hydro-geological
and
mapping
(4)
or
groundwater mapping.
11
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Standards
hydrogeological
and
for
(6) DGRS
investiga-tions
groundwater
mapping
include:
(1) DGRS
Surface
2005-2550
Surface
Geophy-sical
Investigation:
Micro-Gravity
Methods,
I
1000-2550
(7) DGRS
Hydro-geological
Subsurface
Investigations,
(2) DGRS
I
I
3000-2550
Hydro-geological
Investigations, and
I
2001-2550
(8) DGRS
I
4000-2550
Selecting Surface Geophysical
Hydrogeological Mapping.
Investigation Methods,
3.1.2 DGRS I 1000-2550
(3) DGRS
I
Surface
2002-2550
Surface Hydrogeo-logical
Geophy-sical
Investigations
Investigation: Specific Electrical
The
Resistivity Methods,
(4) DGRS
I
Surface
objective
2003-2550
Surface
Geophy-sical
Hydrogeological
Investigation is to provide the
international
Refraction Method,
guidelines
Surface
Investigation:
I
the
Standard DGRS I 1000-2550
Investigation: Shallow Seismic
(5) DGRS
of
investigation
on
surface
2004-2550
hydrogeological investi-gations.
Geophy-sical
The two (2) major aims are to
Electromagnetic
construct
Methods,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
model
12
the
using
hydrogeological
the
existing
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
preliminary
data
from
the
The
Standard
DGRS
I
existing investigation areas and
1000-2550
to
preliminary
Hydrogeological Investigation is
hydro-geological maps of those
prepared to provide standard
areas so as to provide the initial
practices in the survey methods
baseline information for further
for locating groundwater well
detailed investigations.
points, investigation methods for
produce
the
Surface
hydrogeological
groundwater
mapping
and
mapping,
investigation
methods
for
groundwater resource potential
assessment, and investigation
methods
for
resource
conservation
contamination
groundwater
studies.
and
The
significant issues in this standard
include:
(1) investigation planning,
(2) data
compilation
and
investigation preparation,
(3) surface
hydrogeological
investigations,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
13
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) groundwater
well
(2) construction
elevation and loca-tion point
groundwater map,
leveling survey, and
(3) groundwater research of
(5) preparation
hydrogeological
surface
of
of
map
the
and
ground-water
research
hydrogeological
basin
on
and
groundwater
contamination, and
investigation report.
(4) specifiy
the
standard
3.1.3 DGRS I 2001-2550
level of personnel in surface
Selecting Surface Geophysical
geophysical investigation.
Investigation Methods
3.1.4 DGRS I 2002-2550
The
objective
of
this
Surface Geophysical
standard is to provide selective
Investigation: Specific Electrical
criteria in selecting appropriate
Resistivity Methods
surface
geophysical
The
investigation methods to suit
standard
specific
international
areas
of
specific
hydrogeological conditions.
is
guidelines
The significant issues in this
to
of
this
specify
investigation
for
surface
geophysical investigation using
standard include:
specific
(1) groundwater investigation
electrical
resistivity
methods. The methods can be
for a specific site,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
objective
applied
14
to
hydrogeological
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
investigation and groundwater
(3) standard
contamination studies.
can
be
locating
drilling
used
point
various electrode arrays,
for
(4) standard procedure for
for
spontaneous
groundwater well, investigations
potential
(SP)
survey,
for hydrogeological mapping and
groundwater
for
vertical electrical sounding with
Specific electrical resistivity
methods
format
(5) standard procedure for
mapping,
induced pola-rization (IP) survey,
investigations for groundwater
(6) standard procedure for
potential
assessment,
and
data interpre-tation from specific
investiga-tions for groundwater
electrical resistivity survey,
conservation and ground-water
(7) standard for delivery of
contamination. The significant
specific
issues in this standard include:
survey,
(1) standard
in
electrode
elec-trical
(8) standard for safety in the
array for investigations in areas
specific
with
survey operation, and
various
geological
conditions,
(2) standard
resistivity
electrical
resistivity
(9) standard for personnel
in
specific
qualifications
working
electrical resis-tivity survey data
survey.
storage,
3.1.5 DGRS I 2003-2550
in
the
Surface Geophysical
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
15
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Investigation: Shallow Seismic
conta-mination. The significant
Refraction Method
issues in this standard include:
The
objective
of
this
(1) conclusion
standard is to provide guidelines
for
surface
on
wave
theory and Snell’s law,
geophysical
(2) standard for planning for
investigation using the shallow
shallow seismic refraction field
seismic refraction method. The
survey,
technique can be applied for
hydrogeological
(3) standard
investigation
storage,
studies.
(4) standard
shallow
refraction
method
seismic
can
drilling
be
shallow
interpretation
using
various
seismic models,
to
(5) standard in delivery of
investigate for hydrogeological
shallow seismic refraction survey
mapping
results,
mapping,
location,
for
seismic refract-tion survey data
applied: to identify groundwater
well
shallow
seismic refract-tion survey data
and groundwater contamination
The
for
and
to
investi-gate
groundwater
assessment,
groundwater
and
for
(6) standard in safety for
potential
shallow seismic refraction survey
to
study
operation,
groundwater conservation and
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
16
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(7) standard for personnel
groundwater
mapping,
qualification for shallow seismic
groundwater
potential
refraction survey.
assessment, and ground-water
3.1.6 DGRS I 2004-2550
conservation and contamination.
Surface Geophysical
The significant issues in this
Investigation: Electromagnetic
standard include:
(1) conclusion
Methods
The
standard
objective
is
to
guidelines
of
provide
for
this
principles
the
methods,
of
for
the
elec-tromagnetic
(2) the application of the
surface
geophysical investi-gation using
electromagnetic
electromagnetic methods. The
hydrogeological investigation,
(3) the
technique can be applied for
hydrogeological
FDEM
investigation
be
applied
hydrogeological
such
for
(4) the
studies.
can
as
EM
for
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
hydro-geological
application
for
of
the
hydro-geological
for
hydro-geological
investigation,
location,
hydrogeological
the
(5) the application of the VLF-
investigations
well
of
investigation,
various
investigation
groundwater
TDEM
methods
in
application
in
investigation,
and groundwater contamination
Electromagnetic
methods
and
17
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(6) standard for delivery of
the
This standard is prepared
electro-magnetic
to
investigation results,
provide
procedure
(7) standard for safety in the
the
in
operating
surface
geophysical investigation using
operation of the electromagnetic
micro-gravity
investigation, and
methods can be applied for
(8) standard
personnel
for
quail-fication
methods.
The
the
various
hydrogeo-logical
for
investigations such as locating
electromagnetic investigation.
ground-water well drilling point,
3.1.7 DGRS I 2005-2550
hydrogeological
Surface Geophysical
groundwater
mapping,
Investigation: Micro-Gravity
groundwater
potential
Methods
assessment, and groundwater
The
standard
objective
is
to
of
specify
conservation and contamination.
the
The significant issues in this
standard include:
(1) standard planning for the
geophysical investigation using
methods.
micro-gravity investigation,
The
(2) standard for installation
technique can be applied for
hydrogeological
and
this
international practice for surface
micro-gravity
mapping
and pre-paration of the micro-
investigation
gravity investigation,
and groundwater contamination
study.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
18
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(3) standard for base station
hydrogeological
installation in the micro-gravity
The
for
and
prepare hydrogeo-logical maps.
investigation,
(4) correction
model
Bouger
methods
applied
anomalies,
for
be
various
hydrogeological
(5) standard for delivery of
can
investigations
such as locating groundwater
the micro-gravity investigation
well
drilling
results,
hydrogeological
point,
mapping
and
(6) standard for safety in the
groundwater
mapping,
operation of the micro-gravity
groundwater
potential
investigation, and
assessment, and groundwater
(8) standard
for
the
conser-vation
and
personnel qualify-cation in the
contamination. The significant
micro-gravity investigation.
issues in this standard include:
(1) standard for measuring
3.1.8 DGRS I 3000-2550
groundwater level,
Subsurface Hydro-geological
(2) standard for measuring
Investigations
The
objective
of
groundwater well depth,
this
(3) standard for storage and
standard is to provide guidelines
for subsurface hydrogeological
analyses
inves-tigation. Two main aims
samples in the field,
are
to
construct
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
of
groundwater
the
19
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) standard for storage of
(2) international
soil and rock samples, and
and legends for hydrogeological
(5) standardfor safety in the
operating
of
symbols
map,
subsurface
(3) international
procedure
hydrogeological investigation.
for hydro-geological mapping,
3.1.9 DGRS I 4000-2550
and
(4) information presentation
Hydrogeological Mapping
this
in hydro-geological map.
standard is to provide guidelines
3.2 Package of Operating
for international procedure for
Manuals for Hydrogeological
hydrogeological mapping. The
Investigations and Ground-water
two main aims are to construct a
Mapping (DGRM I 1000-2550 to
hydrogeological
4000-2550)
The
objective
of
model
and
prepare a hydrogeological map
3.2.1 Introduction
for the investigation area. The
The package of operating
standard is developed for use in
manuals
hydrogeological mapping. The
investigations and groundwater
significant issues include:
mapping consist of 8 manuals.
(1) standard
components
of
format
and
The
international
hydrogeological
significant
contexts
emphasize procedure and steps
hydrogeological map,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
for
in hydrogeological mapping and
20
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
groundwater
mapping.
The
hydrogeological
investigation
manuals have the same coding
report.
system as for the standards.
3.2.3 DGRM I 2001-2550
3.2.2 DGRM I 1000-2550
Selecting Surface Geophysical
Surface Hydrogeo-logical
Investigation Methods
Investigations
This manual consists of the
The DGRM I 1000-2550
following operating procedures:
manual describes:
(1) steps and methods in
(1) steps and procedure in
selecting
investigation planning,
investigation
(2) steps and procedure in
specific
investigation preparation,
selecting
investigations,
(4) steps and procedure in
elevation
and
survey
with
surface
investigation
groundwater
methods
for
various
(2) steps and methods in
hydro-geological
measuring
area
geophysical
hydrogeological conditions,
(3) steps and procedure in
surface
surface
geophysical
methods
for
hydrogeological mapping,
well
(3) steps and methods in
point
selecting
leveling, and
surface
geophysical
investigation
methods
for
(5) steps and procedure in
groundwater
reserve
and
preparation of map and surface
groundwater
contami-nation
studies.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
21
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.2.4 DGRM I 2002-2550
3.2.5 DGRM I 2003-2550
Surface Geophysical
Surface Geophysical
Investigation: Specific Electrical
Investigation: Shallow Seismic
Resistivity Methods
Refraction Method
This manual describes:
This manual describes:
(1) steps and methods in
(1) steps and methods in
electrode
array
investigation
in
various
design
areas
for
planning for surface geophysical
with
investigation
hydrogeological
shallow
seismic refraction survey,
conditions,
(2) steps and methods for
(2) steps and methods for
seismic refrac-tion survey data
data storage in specific electrical
storage,
resistivity investigation,
(3) steps and methods in
(3) steps and methods for
measuring
using
the
seismic
spontaneous
interpretation
potential, SP,
using
data
various
seismic models.
(4) steps and methods for
measuring
refract-tion
the
3.2.6 DGRM I 2004-2550
Induced
Surface Geophysical
Polarization, IP,
Investigation: Electromagnetic
(5) steps and methods for
Methods
the specific electrical resistivity
This manual explains:
survey data interpretation.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
22
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(1) applications
electromagnetic
survey
of
(2) steps, installations and
for
preparations of survey stations
hydrogeological investigation,
for micro-gravity survey,
(2) steps and methods in
(3) steps and base stations
applying the FDEM method for
installation
hydrogeological investigation,
survey,
(3) steps and methods in
in
microgravity
(4) steps and methods for
applying the TDEM method for
correction of anomalies.
hydrogeological
3.2.8 DGRM I 3000-2550
investigation,
and
Subsurface Hydrogeological
(4) steps and methods in
Investigations
applying the VLF-EM method for
This manual describes:
hydrogeological investigation.
(1) steps and methods for
3.2.7 DGRM I 2005-2550
measuring groundwater level,
Surface Geophysical
(2) steps and methods for
Investigation: Micro-Gravity
measuring groundwater
Methods
depth,
This manual describes:
(1) steps
and
well
(3) steps and methods for
planning
groundwater
sampling
and
methods in surface geophysical
storage and field groundwater
investigation using micro-gravity
sample analyses,
survey,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
23
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) steps and methods for
(4) steps and methods for
soil and rock sampling and
hydrogeolo-gical
storage, and
classification, and
(5) safety
manual
operating
in
(5) steps and methods for
subsurface
hydrogeological
map
data
investigation.
presen-tation
in
hydrogeological map.
3.3 Package of Operating
3.2.9 DGRM I 4000-2550
Standards for Groundwater
Hydrogeological Mapping.
Resource Potential Assessment
This manual describes:
(DGRS P 3001-2550 to DGRS P
(1) format and components
3008-2550)
of
inter-national
standard
3.3.1 Introduction
hydrogeological map,
The package of operating
(2) international
symbols
and
map
standards
legends
for
groundwater
resource potential assessment
presentation for hydrogeological
describes
map,
groundwater resource potential
(3) international
standards
quantitative
assessment using mathematical
procedure for investigation and
ground-water
hydrogeological mapping,
package consists of eight (8)
modeling.
The
standards, namely, DGRS P
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
24
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3001-2550
Model
Conceptualization,
3002-2550
DGRS
Selection
Mathematical
process
in
model
P
conceptualization which includes
of
groundwater
Ground-water
characterization,
regime
modeling
Models, DGRS P 3003-2550
protocol, defining the problems,
Setting Boundary Conditions for
and
Groundwater Flow Model, DGRS
development.
P 3004-2550 Groundwater Flow
regime
Model
Calibration,
DGRS
model
database
Groundwater
P
3005-2550 Groundwater Flow
Model Simulations, DGRS P
3006-2550 Groundwater Flow
Model
Calibration,
DGRS
P
3007-2550 Groundwater Flow
Model
Parameters
Sensitivity
Analysis, and DGRS P 30082550 Groundwater Flow Model
Reporting.
3.3.2 DGRS P 3001-2550 Model
Conceptualization
The
standard
objective
is
to
of
present
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
this
the
25
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
and hydrogeology of the model
Therefore,
area
clearly
should understand the structure,
understood so as to construct
the capacity, and the methods of
the
analysis used in the selected
should
be
appropriate
conceptual
model.
conceptualization
groundwater
flow
results
could
resources management.
in
mathematical
Selection of Mathematical
model include:
mathematical
selecting
there
work,
available
(2) appropriate
groundwater
equations
and
model has both advantages and
algorithm
such
disadvantages or limitations. The
difference method,
application.
depends
governing
method
as
of
finite
(3) the capacity of the model
appropriate model for a specific
application
groundwater
suitable to the objectives of the
are
The
for
the
(1) selecting a model that is
Groundwater Models
existing
as
making tools in groundwater
3.3.3 DGRS P 3002-2550
various
used
regime
Steps
present,
be
significant planning and decision
Figure 3-1.
models
user
and
characterization are illustrated in
At
model
model. The model simulation
Steps in the protocol for
model
the
to handle the required problems,
on
objectives of the model user.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
26
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) model accuracy and add
on coupling such as economic
coupling, and
(5) available
model
options
modifi-cation
for
or
verification.
Problem Definition
Data Base
Development
Process of
Conceptualization
Preliminary Qualitative
Surface
& Subsurface
Conceptualization
Characterization
Adequate
for problem?จ
ระบบสารสนเทศการประกอบกิ
N
การ
Ye
น้าบาดาล
o
Identify Data Needs
s
Hydrogeologic
Characterization
Adequate for problem?
No
Ye
Identify Data Needs
s
Ground-Water
System
Characterization
Adequate for problem?
Ye
N
o
Identify Data Needs
s
Ground-Water System
quantification
One or More
Data Needs?
Conceptualization
Prepared by Khon KaenYe
University
N
o
27
Chapter
3 Framework
for Preparation of
Preferred
Conceptual
Operating
Standards and Manuals
Model
s
Address Data Needs?
Problem Definition
Data Base
Remark:
Conceptualization
and
characterization is an iterative process
beginning with a theoretical understanding
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Figure 3-1 Steps in a protocol for model conceptualization
and groundwater flow regime characterization
3.3.4 DGRS P 3003-2550
mathematical groundwater flow
Setting Boundary Conditions for
model conforms to the existing
Groundwater Flow Model
hydrogeology and problems of
Setting boundary conditions
the study area. This standard
for a groundwater flow model is
covers the procedure in setting
an important part in conceptual
the appropriate conceptual model
model
boundary
construction.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
The
28
conditions
and
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
groundwater
flow
collection,
conceptual
describes the setting of the
sufficient
data,
model
boundaries
model.
It
conceptual
and
the
model,
applying
the
selection, model construction,
suitability
in
saturated
groundwater
flow
sufficient
model,
calibration
data,
and
code
sensitivity,
model.
adequate, if the data is not
3.3.5 DGRS P 3004-2550
enough we have to go back to
Groundwater Flow and Mass
the data collection step, and
Transport Modeling
predictive simulations as shown
in figure 3-2.
This standard describes the
defining of the model boundary
conditions, types of boundaries,
setting appropriate and correct
boundaries,
and
simulating
boundaries.
3.3.7 DGRS P 3006-2550
3.3.6 DGRS P 3005-2550
Groundwater Flow Model
Groundwater Flow Model
Calibration
The
Simulation
The
standard
groundwater
of
this
of
standard is to specify methods,
model
scope and steps for groundwater
guide
flow
objective
simulation for a site specific
flow
problem
previously observed field data. It
consists
of
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
data
29
model
calibration
using
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
also describes the calibration for
3.3.8 DGRS P 3007-2550
the input model parameters and
Groundwater Flow Model
automatic calibration.
Parameters Sensitivity Analysis
This standard describes the
methods and steps in the model
parameters sensitivity analyses,
types
of
sensitivity,
and
reporting.
3.3.9 DGRS P 3008-2550
Documenting and Reporting
Groundwater Flow Modeling
Study
This standard explains the
documenting and reporting of
groundwater
flow
modeling
study. It includes documenting
the modeling effort and the
modeling report.
Figure 3-2 Flow chart showing
the construction of the
3.4 Package of Operating
mathematical groundwater flow
Manuals for Groundwater
model (ASTM D 5447-04, 2004)
Resources Potential
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
30
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Assessment (DGRM P 1000-
The
assessment
2550 to 3000-2550)
groundwater
potential
3.4.1 Introduction
with
Groundwater
is
the
begins
calculation
groundwater
an
of
budget
of
together
important natural resources of
with groundwater recharge and
Thailand. Groundwater over use
discharge in the groundwater
will generate various adverse
basin
impacts
land
equation. However, using the
subsidence in the Bangkok area,
water balance equation alone for
permanent
level
the calculation is not fully correct
decline in the Central Plain, and
due to the complexity of the
saline
into
groundwater
the
example, pumping groundwater
Northeast and in the coastal
from the basin will result in
areas. River flow in many areas
lowering of groundwater head so
during the dry season will also
as to reduce the groundwater
be affected. The problems of
outflow and that, in turn, will
groundwater over use could be
affect the stream flow. It is
handled and protected if correct
necessary
assessment
mathematical
such
groundwater
water
groundwater
as
intrusion
wells
of
in
groundwater
using
modeling
potential is provided.
water
system.
to
to
balance
For
conduct
a
groundwater
study
detailed
groundwater potential.
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31
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
The
manual
assessment
of
for
the
assessment of the groundwater
groundwater
potential. A groundwater basin is
basin potential consists of three
defined
(3)
(1)
containing a large extent of
groundwater
aquifers with adequate usable
parts,
assessment
namely,
of
as
the
unit
area
budget for a groundwater basin,
groundwater.
(2) assessment of groundwater
quantity, therefore, depends on
potential and groundwater use
aquifer
planning for a groundwater basin,
drawdown, and properties of
and
aquifers such as storativity (S)
(3)
groundwater
mathematical
modeling
and
Groundwater
extent,
groundwater
and transmissivity (T).
applications.
The
methods
for
the
3.4.2 DGRM P 1000-2550
assessment of water budget
Assessment of Groundwater
include:
(1) identify the boundaries of
Budget for a Groundwater Basin
the
The objective of this manual
groundwater
basin,
both
is to present the principle and
lateral and vertical extents as
methods in the assessment of
well
groundwater
potentiometric level,
groundwater
groundwater
important
budget
for
basin.
budget
factor
is
in
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
a
as
water
table
or
The
(2) analyze and compile the
an
properties of the aquifers such
the
as storativity and transmissivity,
32
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(3) construct
groundwater
dynamic.
flow net and calculate flow rate,
Water
inflows
and
outflows from the basin all the
(4) specify draw down and
time. It is, therefore, important to
calculate water budget.
know the basin potential for
3.4.3 DGRM P 2000-2550
appropriate
Assessment of Groundwater
management to be able to utilize
Potential and groundwater use
the
Planning for a Groundwater
capacity without any adverse
Basin
impacts
groundwater
to
to
its
environment
and
Steps in the assessment of
is to provide the concept and
method for the assessment of
ground-water
groundwater
include:
and
basin
potential
(1) calculate water budget in
groundwater use planning for a
groundwater basin so as to
the
prevent adverse impacts to the
specify
environments and groundwater
groundwater draw down,
groundwater
the
basin
and
allowable
(2) estimate basin recharge
regimes.
The
full
groundwater system.
The objective of this manual
potential
groundwater
concept
groundwater
in
rate,
the
(3) estimate basin discharge
potential
rate,
assessment is that groundwater
in the groundwater basin is
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33
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) identify
parameters
of
the
manual
include
causing ad-verse impacts to
introduction
environment and groundwater
modeling, steps in developing
regime,
groundwater model, monitoring
(5) calculate
to
the
groundwater
groundwater
and
groundwater
parameters
balance equation with various
references.
time
3.5 Package of Operating
potential
using
steps
and
various
groundwater
model
monitoring,
and
observation well locations to
Standards for Groundwater Well
obtain the most suitable result,
Drilling and Groundwater Well
and
Development (DGRS D 1000(6) specify groundwater use
2550 to DGRS D 7000-2550)
plans.
3.5.1 Introduction
3.4.4 DGRM P 3000-2550
Groundwater
well
drilling
Mathematical Groundwater
begins
Modeling and Applications
selection, well drilling operation
This manual describes the
with
well
location
as well as groundwater well
basic concepts in groundwater
development.
modeling and its applications in
must follow acceptable standard
addition to the standard DGRS P
procedure and steps to prevent
3001-2550
and
Model
mitigate
The
the
operation
adverse
Conceptualization. The contents
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34
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
impacts. Standard practice can
prevent
and
groundwater
The
objective
standard DGRS D 1000-2550
contamination,
Drilling for Groundwater Well
Development
level
groundwater
the
mitigate
groundwater
of
is
to
specify
decline
and
standards for the groundwater
depletion,
well
well
investigation
drilling
to
deficiency, short well life as well
acquire the hydrogeological data
as
well
of aquifers. The obtained data
Effective
will be used for groundwater
groundwater well drilling and
observation or production well
development leads to effective
construction design, well casing
groundwater database system
and screen installations, drilling
and
machine
save
groundwater
development
optimal
resource
cost.
groundwater
utilization.
The
drilling methods and safety.
for Groundwater Well Drilling
Groundwater
equipment
selection, and groundwater well
package of Operating Standards
and
and
The significant issues in this
Well
standard include :
Development consists of seven
(1) locating of drilled hole to
(7) standards, namely:
obtain
geological
and
3.5.2 GDRS D 1000-2550
hydrogeological data as well as
Drilling for Investigations and
hydraulic parameters of aquifers,
Groundwater Well Development
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
35
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(2) selecting
machine
of
and
appropriate
drilling
(7) collecting
sediments for sieve analysis to
existing
design gravel pack or non-gravel
to
pack well, determine size of
(3) specifying standard rock
and soil sampling interval
gravel pack, size of screen
at
opening,
every 1.0 meter depth interval,
any)
and
design
groundwater well according to
(4) specifying core sampling
(if
aquifer
equipment
hydrogeological conditions,
interval
of
standard DGRS D 1002-2550,
considering
(8) pumping test according
previous existing data from the
to standard DGRS D
near by existing wells or existing
2550,
hydrogeological data,
(5) selecting
of
5000-
(9) reporting which include
standard
driller’s daily report, well type,
bore hole logging tools by bore
pumping
hole logging expert,
quality, lithological log, and main
(6) identifying aquifer depths
for
aquifer
packer
test
results,
water
aquifer locations,
tests
(10)
standard
considering bore hole logging
specifications
data, soil and rock data, water
machines and equipments, this
sampling
constitutes
for
water
quality
for
the
drilling
important
analyses, water level measuring
components of drilling machine
and pumping test,
so as to achieve the goal of the
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
36
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
groundwater well drilling, to save
(12)
standard
the development cost, and to
specifications for selection of
provide
drilling location,
example,
operating
when
safety.
drilling
for
with
(13)
standard
direct rotary drilling machine and
specifications
drilling
methods, operating steps, and
mud
in
the
unconsolidated aquifer to the
for
drilling
drilling data record,
depth of 200 - 300 m., and hole
(14)
standard
diameter of 300 - 400 mm., the
specifications for drilling crews
drilling engine must have: the
and personnel, and
driving power of not less than
(15)
standard
115 horse power; the drilling rig
specifications for safety.
with weight bearing capacity of
3.5.3 DGRS D 2000-2550
not less than 14,000 kg.; mud
Applications and Data
pump with the mud distributing
Interpretations of Borehole
rate of not less than 750 l./sec.
Geological Logging
and
the
maximum
pumping
The
objective
of
this
pressure of not less than 22
standard is to provide standard
kg/cm2.
practice in the application and
(11)
standard
data interpretation of borehole
specifications for selection of
geological logging. The main
drilling machines,
issues of the standard include:
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37
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(1) knowledge
and
aquifers and ensure a good
understanding in the application
quality groundwater well with
and
high well production and long
data
interpretation
of
borehole geological logging,
(2) standard
for
operating well life.
borehole
The main issues of the
logging tool,
(3) standard
standard include:
practice
in
(1) the concept of standard
borehole logging operation,
ground-water
(4) standard qualification for
field
personnel
and
considering
data
well
design
hydrogeological
conditions or types of aquifers,
interpretation, and
groundwater
(5) application of borehole
quality
and
quantity, well depth, and well
log data for groundwater well
construction cost.
design and construction.
(2) types
of
appropriate
3.5.4 DGRS D 3000-2550
groundwater well for the existing
Groundwater Well Design and
aquifers,
(3) international standards for
Construction
The
objective
of
groundwater well construction,
this
standard is to provide standard
(4) standard procedures for
practice for groundwater well
groundwater well construction to
design and construction so as to
achieve the standard well design
mitigate
including
adverse
impacts
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
to
38
well
reaming,
well
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
plugging, well screen installation,
(1) working procedure
and gravel packing, and,
(1.1) reviews
(5) standard qualification for
of
preliminary
ground-water
well
personnel involving well design
data
groundwater
well
and well construction crews as
records
well as standards for safety and
characteristics, drilling method,
environment protection.
size and depth for casing and
3.5.5 DGRS D 4000-2550
screen
Groundwater Well Development
conditions and climate as well as
The
objective
of
and
including
aquifer
installation,
site
available fresh water sources in
this
the vicinity.
standard is to provide operating
(1.2) method
method, tools and equipment for
for
well
groundwater well development
development with specified tools
to
well
and equipment such as size of
efficiency. The standard also
bailer, quantity and air pressure,
specifies
for
size of surging pistol, size of
concerned expert and operating
injection nozzle, and velocity of
safety as well as describing the
air or water injection as well as
correct
other
achieve
maximum
qualification
characteristics
for
for
well
development.
international groundwater well
(1.3) use of sodium hexa
development.
metaphosphate
This standard describes:
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
methods
39
in
well
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
development and contamination
(1) providing knowledge and
prevention and mitigation
under-standing
(2) specification
for
concerned
for
personnel about pumping test so
allowable fine sands entering the
as to achieve a useful well
well after well completion for
pumping
water uses in food and beverage
environment protection,
production,
domestic
and
rate
and
(2) standard
general
practice
industrial consumption, sprinkler
pumping
and
applications such as for pump
system
systems,
and
and
coolant
agricultural
irrigation.
(3) personnel, expert, and
test
for
for
selection
and
specific
aquifer
various
analysis
for
hydraulic
properties,
safety.
(3) standard
tools
and
3.5.6 DGRS D 5000-2550
equipments for well development
Pumping Test
such as mechanical pumping
The
objective
of
engine,
this
electrical
pumping
standard is to describe standard
engine, bucket, and water level
groundwater well for appropriate
measuring device,
(4) standard
pump selection and the analysis
practice
in
of the hydraulic parameters of
pumping test such as test well
the
significant
pumping, step drawdown test
contents of this standard include:
and pumping tests for aquifer
aquifer.
The
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
40
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
hydraulic parameters, pumping
analysis
duration, appropriate pumping
analysis. The obtained data will
rate,
be used for the groundwater well
and
observation
well
design, and
water
quality
design.
(5) standard
methods
for
The main issues of this
analyses of pumping test data to
determine
and
aquifer
standard include:
hydraulic
(1) steps for various sample
properties.
collections such as soils, rock
3.5.7 DGRS D 6000-2550
cuttings, rock core, and water
Sampling and Analysis of Rock
sampling,
and Soil samples from drilled
(2) standard sampling tools,
hole and Aquifer Packer Test
sample storage, sampling depth,
The
objective
of
sampling
this
quantity
for
water,
soils, and rocks,
standard is to describe standard
sampling and analysis of rock
(3) steps and methods for
cuttings and soil samples from
aquifer packer test to determine
drilled hole and aquifer packer
flow rate, water level, and water
test for groundwater well drillers
sampling,
(4) standard check lists for
or site geologist. The samples
will
be
used
determination
properties
such
for
of
soil sample analysis,
the
(5) standard check lists for
aquifer
as
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
cuttings sample analysis, and
sieve
41
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(6) standard
for
sieve
(4)
standard
steps
in
analysis.
groundwater
sam-
3.5.8 DGRS D 7000-2550
pling including preparation for
Groundwater Sampling and
sample collection, duration and
Groundwater Quality Analysis
sampling frequency, quantity of
sample,
sampling
standard is to provide standard
sampling
tools,
practice
in
groundwater
preservation, and
sampling
and
groundwater
The
objective
of
this
personnel
of this standard include:
groundwater
methods
and
(5) Qualifications
quality analysis. The main issues
(1) standard
methods,
sample
of
concerning
sampling
and
analysis.
for
ground-water sampling based on
required parameters such as
sampling
for
heavy
metal
determination,
(2) standard
quality
for
preserva-tion
water
and
remediation,
(3) standard methods for field
and labora-tory analyses of water
samples,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
42
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
The objective of this manual
3.6 Package of Operating
Manuals for Groundwater Well
is
Drilling and Groundwater Well
groundwater well drilling and
Development (DGRM D 1000-
appropriate operating methods
2550 to DGRM D 12000-25500)
and steps including : selection of
practice
in
groundwater well drilling and
development
and
operations.
and
The
for
drilling
machine
operation,
drilling
preparation
and
well
as
safety
and
environmental protection. The
topics in this manual consist of:
development
package
well
machine,
as
correct
procedures in performing the
drilling
guidelines
operation, drilling data records
involves
acceptable
provide
groundwater
3.6.1 Introduction
Standard
to
(1) introduction to various
of
types and details of drilling
manuals for groundwater well
machines with their significant
drilling and groundwater well
components, working system of
development consists of twelve
the
(12) operating manuals, namely:
machines
available
in
Thailand,
3.6.2 GDRM D 1000-2550
(2) selection
Drilling for Investigation and
of
drilling
equipment such as drilling bits,
Groundwater Well Development
preparation of drilling mud pond
and drilling mud,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
43
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(3) drilling
techniques
3.6.3 DGRM D 2000-2550
according to types of drilling
Applications and Interpretations
machine,
of Borehole Geological
(4) advantages
disadvantages
and
of
Logging
drilling
The objective of this manual
machine,
is
(5) steps
provide
guidelines
for
drilling
groundwater well design and
drilling
replenish basic knowledge in
preparation, site clearing, and
aquifer identification. The main
practice during groundwater well
contents of the manual include:
operation
for
to
such
as
drilling, and
(1) introduction to various
(6) suggested
according
to
practice
standards
geological borehole logging tools
in
and
equipment
suitable
groundwater well drilling such as
geological
standards DGRS D 1002-2550
These
drilling
resistivity log, gamma ray log,
for
groundwater
development
and
DGRS
6000-2550
sampling
well
D
borehole
for
logging.
include
borehole
and self potential log,
and
(2) introduction
of
to
correct
analysis of rock cuttings and soil
application
geological
samples from drilled hole and
borehole logging tools such as
aquifer packer test.
using gamma ray log in casedborehole or screened-borehole,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
44
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
appropriate borehole diameter,
(5) introduction
to
the
logging velocity, or well wash
interpretation of borehole logging
pumping
data such as the identification of
prior
to
borehole
logging.
sand and gravel strata from clay
(3) introduction to recording
layers,
identification
of borehole logging data such as
water
from
first time record from top to
layers,
and
bottom of borehole and second
fractures in hard rock formation,
time from bottom to top and
adjustments
to
obtain
of
brackish
fresh
water
observation
for
(6) introduction to methods
the
for identification of aquifers with
appropriate working scale for the
optimum
recorded graph. if anomalous
quantity as well as saving well
value
construction cost,
is
found,
immediate
recording of the adjustment must
water
quality
and
(7) introduction to method of
be carried out,
selection of protential aquifer for
(4) introduction and record
packer test to determine more
of other data such as analytical
information economically without
results of soils or rock cores,
the
borehole geological logs, depth
groundwater
at which water circulation loss
and
occurs, and drilling speed,
expense
drilling
production
a
well,
(8) introduction to methods
for loss and risk mitigation in
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
45
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
groundwater well drilling and
specified
in
construction.
groundwater
well
3.6.4 DGRM D 3000-2550
according to groundwater well
Groundwater Well Design and
construction contract,
(3) selection
Construction
to
describe
guidelines
for
of
or
screen
and
provide
screen type based on sieve
the
practice
analysis data of the sand and
specified according to standard
gravel
DGRS
described
D
design
opening size for wire mesh
The objective of this manual
is
standard
3000-2550
aquifer
in
formation
standards
as
and
Groundwater Well Design and
manuals DGRS D 6000-2550
Construction.
and
reaming
drilled hole and aquifer packer
to
test, respectively,
accommodate well casing and
(4) steps and methods of
screen as described in standard
D
6000-2550
cuttings and soil samples from
manual consist of:
DGRS
d
sampling and analysis of rock
The main contents of the
(1) borehole
DGRM
installing
3000-2550
casing,
well
screen, and sand trap pipe,
groundwater well design and
(5) steps and methods for
construction,
gravel pack construction and
(2) selection of types and
well sealing with cement or clay,
size of well casing and screen as
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
well
46
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(6) other
operations
suggested
as
specified
development.
Specific
in
equipment for percussion drilling
standard DGRS D 3000-2550
or direct rotary drilling is pipe
groundwater well design and
bailer.
construction, and
compressor, air pipe, and drilling
(7) personnel
and
safety
injection
nozzle,
air
stem or water pipe are specific
measures.
equipment
for
direct
rotary
3.6.5 DGRM D 4000-2550
drilling or reverse rotary drilling,
(2) selection of appropriate
Groundwater Well Development
ground-water well development
The objective of this manual
method and operating steps,
is to establish understanding in
steps and details of various
types
of
groundwater
(3) operating
well
and
(4) the application of sodium
practice
according to standard DGRS D
hexa
4000-2550
necessary).
Groundwater
Development.
The
for
each development method, and
development, types and size of
equipment
details
Well
important
metaphosphate
(if
3.6.6 DGRM D 5000-2550
issues in this manual include:
Pumping Test
(1) selection of main drilling
The objective of this manual
machine and specific equipment
is
to suit selected method of well
standard pumping test methods
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
47
to
provide
guidelines
for
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
considering
groundwater
well
3.6.7 DGRM D 6000-2550
conditions,
ground-water
well
Sampling and Analysis of Rock
capability,
and
groundwater
Cuttings and Soil samples from
demand
such
agricultural,
academic
as
domestic,
industrial
purposes.
drilled hole and Aquifer Packer
or
Test
The
The objective of this manual
significant issues of this manual
is
include:
standard practice in sampling
(1) objectives
of
pumping
to
provide
guidelines
for
and analysis of rock cuttings and
test,
soil samples from drilled hole
(2) equipment and tools for
pumping
test
and
and
their
DGRS
(3) installation of pumping
test
as
D
6000-2550
Sampling and Analysis of Rock
test equip-ment,
(4) recording
packer
outlined in standard
applications,
Cuttings and Soil samples from
of
pumping
drilled hole and Aquifer Packer
test data,
Test. The output data will be
(5) analysis of pumping test
used
data, and
for
groundwater
well
construction design to achieve
(6) qualification for operating
personnel
aquifer
and
maximum yield and maximum
operational
well efficiency. The significant
safety.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
issues in this manual include:
48
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(1) methods for soils and
rock
cuttings
sampling
sand or gravel for gravel pack,
from
and size of screen opening,
direct rotary or reverse rotary
(6) determination
drilling,
sampling
from
direct
from
rotary
sampling,
for
water
(8) gravel
level
size
flow
packed
well
design for uniform aquifers,
measurement, and assessment
(9) selection
using
of
sand
or
gravel size for sand or gravel
aquifer packer test,
pack,
(4) methods and steps for
grain
size
analysis using arithmetic scale
application of sieve analysis data
graph and semi-log scale graph,
in determining screen opening
and
and
and
(10)
the
size
analysis
grain
design for non-uniform aquifers,
water
groundwater
aquifer
(7) non-gravel packed well
sampling system,
(3) methods
the
distribution curve,
drilling using wire line core
sieve
the
coefficient of uniformity of soils
(2) methods for rock core
of
of
groundwater
well
(11)
construction design,
(5) applications
selection
of
well screen number and size of
of
sieve
gravel for gravel pack from
analysis data to determine major
aquifer grain size distribution
component of aquifers, sizes of
table.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
49
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.6.8 DGRM D 7000-2550
(5) details of checklists for
Groundwater Sampling and
recording water sample data,
Groundwater Quality Analysis
sample
The objective of this manual
is
to
provide
groundwater
guidelines
sampling
groundwater
quality
containers,
sample
tagging, and sample delivery
for
form,
and
analysis
according to standard DGRS D
7000-2550
Sampling
Quality
Groundwater
and
Analysis.
Groundwater
The
main
issues in the manual consist of:
(1) details of equipment and
devices for water sampling,
(2) selection
of
water
sampling method,
(3) water
sample
preservation,
(4) sample
duration
to
preservation
achieve
reliable
chemical analytical results, and
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
50
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.6.9 DGRM D 8000-2550 Pump
3.6.10
DGRM D 9000-2550
Selection and Installation
Groundwater Well Maintenance
The objective of this manual
The objective of this manual
is to provide knowledge and
is to describe standard practice
understanding in pump selection
to sustain operating groundwater
and installation to suit water
well longevity with good water
demand and groundwater well
quantity and quality yields. The
yield. The main issues include:
important issues of the manual
(1) introduction
to
consist of:
well
(1) causes of problems in
pumps,
ground-water
(2) working protocol which
pumping,
decreasing well yield, fine sand
includes;
and
entering the well, casing and
analysis of ground- water well
screen cracks or collapse, or
data,
decreasing groundwater head,
(2.1) compilation
(2) working protocol,
(2.2) water demand and
(2.1) compilation of well
total dynamic head,
records,
(2.3) pump selection, and
(2.2) examination
(2.4) installation methods,
types and sizes of pumping pipe,
existing
pump controlling device and
conditions,
pump
and
of
well
water distributing controller.
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51
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(2.3) well
maintenance
system. The main issues of this
operation, and
manual include:
(2.4) well
remediation
if
(1) classification
the well is chemically or bio-
groundwater
chemically clogged, and
based on scale of the operating
(3) periodic
supply
of
system
basic
system such as small scale,
mechcanical main-tenance and
medium scale, large scale, and
prevention.
very large scale. The criteria for
3.6.11
the classification are available
DGRM D 10000-
2550 Groundwater Supply
raw water yield, numbers of
System Design and
water users, and size of the area
Management
for
to
provide
groundwater
design
guidelines
supply
and
construction
of
the
system,
The objective of this manual
is
the
(2) main components of the
for
ground-water supply system,
system
(3) the
management
design
the
appropriate for individual water
groundwater
source conditions, water quality
including
and quantity, size of water user
improvement system and the
groups, size of the area for water
design of the water tank tower,
supply
optimum
system,
budget,
groundwater
supply
of
water
system
quality
and
supply
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52
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4) construction
methods
(1) selection of appropriate
including installation of water
ground-water
tank tower,
company,
(5) various
methods
ground-water
improvement
of
in hiring, decision making,
water
(3) groundwater well drilling
quality improvement to meet the
outputs,
requirements of the world health
organization
(WHO)
(4) knowledge
drinking
groundwater
water quality standard,
(6) example
of
machines
detailed
various
drilling
groundwater
drillers based on the potential of
drilling
machines,
experience,
DGRM D 11000-
and
drilling
drilling
personnel,
2550 General Checklists for
(6) national
Groundwater Well Owner
directory
of
groundwater well drillers, and
Decision making
(7) example of groundwater
The main issues in the
well drilling contract.
manual consist of:
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
and
grouping of the groundwater well
supply.
3.6.12
well
drilling
(5) classification
(7) format and administration
the
well
methods,
major agencies, and
of
in
and
groundwater
groundwater supply system for
method
drilling
(2) factors for consideration
quality
including
well
53
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.6.13
DGRM D 12000-
(1.3) difficulty in working
2550 General Cost Estimation
operation
for Groundwater Well Drilling
specifications,
and Groundwater Well
of
the
drilling
machine and equipment used,
The objective of this manual
spare parts, and deterioration
is to provide a method for
cost,
groundwater well drilling and
development
cost
the
(1.5) consumable
estimation
main
materials such as
cost
fuel
oil
components such as well size,
drilling
depth, machine and equipment
pack, cement,
used,
achieve
(1.4) types
Development
considering
to
site
conditions,
and
lubricants,
mud,
gravel
(1.6) types and size of
hydrogeological conditions, and
casing and screen materials,
concerned experts. The main
(1.7) other specifications,
issues of this manual include:
(1.8) risks and unexpected
(1) main
components
for
difficulties,
costing
(1.1) site
(1.9) management
and
others.
hydrogeological conditions,
(2) cost estimation using the
(1.2) size and depth of
quotation cost from the bill of
groundwater well,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
and
quantity (BOQ),
54
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(3) example of groundwater
3.7 Package of Operating
well drilling cost estimating from
Standards for Groundwater
the BOQ. the checklists for
Conservation and Rehabilitation
costing include:
(DGRS CR 1000-2550 and
(3.1) clerical
machine
work,
mobilization
6000-2550)
and
3.7.1 Introduction
installation,
The groundwater shortage
(3.2) site investigations,
crisis is increasing severely in
(3.3) production
many parts of the country. The
well
construction,
main causes of the shortage are
(3.4) pumping test,
due
(3.5) reporting,
groundwater
(3.6) well
pump
to
the
domestic,
installation,
increasing
demands
agricultural,
for
and
industrial water supplies. The
(3.7) management
over uses of groundwater supply
(3.8) profit, and
have generated many adverse
(3.9) value
added
tax
impacts such as land surface
(vat).
subsidence,
(4) examples of summary
saline
water
intrusion,
groundwater
datasheets on groundwater well
decline
and
drilling and development cost.
depletion as well as groundwater
contamination
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
55
level
groundwater
from
toxic
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
industrial
wastes.
These
(2) DGRS
CR
6000-2550
problems must have immediate
Ground-water Well Plugging and
attention
Filling.
and
Groundwater
capacity
mitigation.
knowledge
building
should
and
be
provided for members of the
community
to
know
and
understand the causes of the
problems
as well as the
guidelines
for
groundwater
conservation and rehabilitation
to
achieve
and
sustain
the
groundwater balance.
The operating standards for
groundwater conservation and
rehabilitation consist of two (2)
standards, namely:
(1) DGRS
Design
and
Groundwater
CR
1000-2550
Installation
Monitoring
of
Well
Network, and
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Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.7.2 DGRS CR 1000-2550
level and groundwater quality,
Design and Installation of
and
(3) selection of monitoring
Groundwater Monitoring Well
well drilling method, materials for
Network
this
well construction as well as
standard is to provide methods
appropriate technique for well
for monitoring groundwater level
construction and development.
fluctuations
3.7.3 DGRS CR 6000-2550
The
quality
objective
and
changes
determination
of
of
groundwater
as
well
as
Groundwater Well Plugging and
groundwater
Filling
flow direction in the specified
The
objective
of
this
groundwater source area and its
standard is to provide standard
immediate vicinity.
practice
(1) investigations
and
toxic
into
pollutants
classes
groundwater
well
plugging and filling to prevent
categorization of study areas
various
in
in
accordance to study objectives,
contamination
entering
or
into
other
the
aquifers through the abandoned
(2) monitoring well design to
groundwater
well,
abandoned
cover study areas and specify
well, dry well or well with saline
sampling
water intrusion.
numbers
and
frequencies to determine water
The important contents of
the standard include:
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
57
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(1) installation and removal
(1) DGRM CR 1000-2550
of pump and well cleaning,
Design
(2) well plugging and sealing
Groundwater
with clay or cement or mixture of
Monitoring
interval
Risk
screen
Assessment
for
mination,
pumping well from the same
(3) DGRM CR 3000-2550
aquifer.
Impact
3.8 Package of Reference
Groundwater Over-pumping
Assessment
(4) DGRM
Manuals for Groundwater
CR
of
4001-2550
Groundwater Recharge,
Conservation and Rehabilitation
(5) DGRM CR 4002-2550
(DGRM CR 1000-2550 to DGRM
Groundwater
CR 7000-2550)
Dams
for
Groundwater Storage,
3.8.1 Introduction
(6) DGRM CR 4003-2550
The package of reference
for
Well
Groundwater Resource Conta-
installations or well with a nearby
manuals
of
(2) DGRM CR 2000-2550
(3) plugging for deep well
multiple
Installation
Network,
clay-cement, and
with
and
Groundwater
groundwater
in-
Situ Containment,
conservation and rehabilitation
(7) DGRM CR 4004-2550
consists of ten (10) individual
Groundwater Quality Treatment
manuals, namely:
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
Contaminant
58
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Using
Chemical
and
The significant aspects in
Bioremediation Methods,
the manual include:
(8) DGRM CR 5000-2550
(1) monitoring well network
Groundwater Conservation,
design for specific area and case
(9) DGRM CR 6000-2550
study
Groundwater Well Plugging, and
(10)
DGRM
7000-2550
Sampling
and
Quality
as
area
contaminants,
CR
size,
contaminating
conditions, location, depth, well
Groundwater
spacing
Groundwater
monitoring wells,
Analyses
Groundwater
such
for
and
number
(2) suitable
Resource
of
surface
geophysical
inves-
tigation
Conservation.
methods
for
specific
3.8.2 DGRM CR 1000-2550
contamination
Design and Installation of
specific areas and cases,
(3)
Groundwater Monitoring Well
appropriate
methods
Network
for
unsaturated
The objective of this manual
conditions
drilling
sampling
and
in
in
in
aquifer
is to illustrate the procedure and
formations for proper handling of
steps in design and installation
contaminant
of groundwater monitoring well
borehole logging as well as
network as described in the
borehole
standard DGRS CR 1000-2550.
borehole TV,
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
59
sampling
inspecting
and
with
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(4)
sampling methods for
resource
contamination.
The
soft soil using thin wall tube or
assessment could be performed
thin wall sampler or rock core
by considering the results of
sampling for hard rock,
groundwater
(5) standard well installation
vulnerability
resource
analysis
together
and development which include
with the map of groundwater
well
potential pollution sources.
cleaning,
coupling,
and
appropriate
correct
well
The
sealing,
of
the
groundwater vulnerability can be
(6)
sampling
of
carried
contaminants in unsatu- rated
out
using
three
(3)
assessment methods, namely:
soil, and
(7)
assessment
(1) assessment
measuring of water
from
the
hydrogeological regime,
level and water quality using
(2) assessment
water level meters and field
from
the
environmental factors, and
water quality meters
(3) assessment
from
3.8.3 DGRM CR 2000-2550 Risk
comparison and mathematical
Assessment for Groundwater
modeling.
This manual illustrates an
Resource Contamination
example
The objective of this manual
of
the
groundwater
is to provide guidelines for risk
vulnerability assessment using
assessment
24
for
groundwater
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
60
assessment
tables
and
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
considering 14 specified factors.
The
assessment
method
The contamination risk that
is
exposes to the environmental
known as the DRASTIC method.
The
assessment
receptors includes:
of
(1) human health risk, and
contaminant potential can be
(2) ecological risk.
performed considering six (6)
3.8.4 DGRM CR 3000-2550
contaminant sources, namely:
Impacts Assessment of
(1) industrial source,
(2)
Groundwater Over- pumping
landfill waste disposal
The
source,
(3)
document is
domestic waste water
of
this
to provide the
concepts for a reference manual
treatment plant,
for the impacts assessment of
(4) agricultural wastes,
(5)
objective
groundwater over-pumping so as
gasoline service stations to
(oil and gasspill), and
identify
prevention
the
and
(6) mine wastes.
measures.
Contamination risk map can
concepts include:
be produced by overlaying the
effective
The
mitigation
assessment
(1) land subsidence due to
groundwater vulnerability map
groundwater pumping,
on the contaminant potential
(2) mechanics of pumping-
map after which the risk index
induced land subsidence,
could be classified.
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Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(3) detection
measurement
of
and
bodies such as swamps, lakes,
land
and canals,
subsidence,
(2) artificial recharge such
(4) damage caused by land
as pond and check dams, and
subsidence, and
(3) artificial
(5) monitoring
land
recharge
through ground-water well for
subsidence.
storage in aquifers and extracted
3.8.5 DGRM CR 4001-2550
for
use
during
Groundwater Recharge
shortage
period,
the
water
such
as
Artificial Storage and Recovery
The objective of this manual
(ASR) method.
is to provide basic concepts in
groundwater recharge to store
Prior to the implementation
surplus water in the aquifers and
of these projects, the economic
withdraw for use during the
output should be taken into
water
consideration.
shortage
period.
Groundwater recharge does not
3.8.6 DGRM CR 4002-2550
cause
Groundwater Dams for
any
impact
to
the
environment compared to water
Groundwater Storage
storage in the dam. Groundwater
The objective of this manual
recharge can be achieved by:
(1) natural
recharge
is to provide the concepts and a
or
reference
infiltration from surface water
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
manual
for
groundwater dam construction
62
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
for groundwater storage and
3.8.7 DGRM CR 4003-2550
conservation. Groundwater dam
Groundwater Contaminant in-
alleviates
Situ Containment
causes
evaporation
no
land
and
surface
The objective of this manual
inundation in the reservoir area.
The
groundwater
is
dam
and
containment. In-situ containment
groundwater dam,
is
site
preferred
solution
for
contaminated sites for which in-
selection criteria, and
(3) groundwater
concepts
groundwater contaminant in-situ
(1) concept and principle of
dam
provide
referenced standard practice in
development concepts include:
(2) groundwater
to
situ treatment or excavation is
dam
site
either impossible or prohibitively
survey.
expensive. This manual will not
discuss the details of design but
a description of each option will
be given, along with some of the
considera-tions and limitations.
In-situ containment method
can be cate-gorized into:
(1) hydraulic
containment
techniques,
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63
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
(2) physical
containment
toxic groundwater treatment at
techniques which include;
the
(2.1) slurry walls,
contaminant
source
and
within the contaminant plumes.
(2.2) grout curtains,
Thesignificant contents of
(2.3) sheet pile walls, and
the manual include:
(2.4) surface caps
(1) rehabilitation
of
3.8.8 DGRM CR 4004-2550
contaminated
ground-water
Groundwater Quality Treatment
using bioremediation methods,
(2) rehabilitation of human-
Using Chemical and
induced
Bioremediation Methods
contaminated
The objective of this manual
groundwater
to
reference
treatment for heavy metals and
guideline for groundwater quality
volatile organics in groundwater,
treatment using chemical and
and
is
provide
bioremediation
a
methods
such
as
(3) rehabilitation of naturally
to
achieve drinking and domestic
contami-nated groundwater.
water quality standards set out
3.8.9 DGRM CR 5000-2550
by
Groundwater Source
the
World
Health
Organization (WHO). The main
Conservation
issues of the manual consist of
The
techniques
and
methods
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
the
for
64
objective
document
is
to
reference
manual
of
provide
for
this
a
the
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
concepts of groundwater source
(4) problem-based
study
conservation, to maintain good
and research in groundwater
groundwater
source conservations.
quantity,
and
quality to achieve secure and
sustainable
groundwater
reserves,
and
as
well
conscience of the water user in
effective groundwater utilization
and , in turn, participate in
groundwater conservation.
The
principles
groundwater
of
conser-vations
include:
(1) identification of principles
for
ground-water
source
management,
(2) conservation
watershed
area
or
of
recharge
area,
(3) activity-based water use
control, and
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
65
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
3.8.10
rate, water quality, and the
DGRM CR 6000-
reason for well abandonment,
2550 Groundwater Well
(2.2) removal of pump (if
Plugging and Sealing
any), water level and well depth
The objective of this manual
is to provide understanding in
measurement
work details so as to achieve
removing all blocking materials
operating
in the well, well cleaning, and
standards
as
as
well
well plugging,
described in standard DGRS CR
(3) methods and details of
6000-2550. The main issues of
well plugging which can be
this manual consist of:
divided into four (4) methods,
(1) equipment and tools for
groundwater well plugging such
namely,
clay
as water level meter, well depth
plugging,
cement-drilling
measuring
mixture, and packer,
compressor,
meter,
cement
as
air
cement
mud
(4) well head area clearing
injector,
after well plugging and sealing
GPS meter, and packer,
as well as report preparing and
(2) operating steps
(2.1) compilation
and
submitting
and
to
related
analysis of ground-water well
organization.
data such as well depth, size
3.8.11
and depth of casing and screen,
2550 Groundwater Sampling
standing water level, pumping
and Groundwater Quality
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
66
DGRM CR 7000-
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Analyses for Groundwater
3.9.1 DGRM DB 1000-2550
Resource Conservation
Operating Manual on
is
The objective of this manual
Groundwater Database and
to
Groundwater Information
provide
groundwater
guidelines
sampling
in
and
System
ground-water quality analyses
for
groundwater
This manual is designed to
resource
provide steps and appropriate
conservations.
operating procedure for the DGR
The main issues of this
manual
consist
groundwater
of:
personnel. Distinct steps and
planning,
sampling
methods in database system
steps
operation will conform and will
including groundwater assurance,
be
quality
operating standards such as
control,
measuring
compatible
with
various
groundwater level, groundwater
investigations,
potential
sampling method, preservation
assessment,
groundwater
and chemical analyses.
development,
groundwater
3.9 Package of Operating
business
Manuals for Groundwater
groundwater rehabilitation and
Information System (DGRM DB
conservation. The components of
1000-2550)
the groundwater database and
control,
and
groundwater information system
consists of three (3) database
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
67
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
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Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
systems,
namely,
Database,
Information
and
Pasuthara
(1) hydrogeological
Hydrogeology
System
Groundwater
data and groundwater map,
(HYGIS),
(2) data
Business
resource
Information System as illustrated
on
groundwater
poten-tial
and
groundwater balance,
in Fig. 3-3.
The
survey
(3) groundwater
manual
provides
development data such as basic
operating guidelines for the DGR
groundwater
personnel
groundwater well drilling data,
to
handle
well
data,
systematically, the field data
hydrogeo-stratigraphic
storage,
and
pumping test data, groundwater
verification, data input, and data
quality data, groundwater well
retrieval. Specifications of data
maintenance data,
data
review
groups, operating steps, data
(4) groundwater
section,
resource
storage personnel, and data
conservation and rehabilitation
review prior to storage will be
data
clearly identified.
groundwater
The operating guidelines in
Description
as
wide
level
monitoring
(5) groundwater
business
of
control
data
datasheets and related database
groundwater
system include:
permission
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
country
data, and
the manual consist of five (5)
aspects.
such
68
such
well
and
as
drilling
permits,
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
groundwater use permits, and
groundwater
business
registration data.
Groundwater
data
management protocol for various
related sectors is illustrated in
Figure 3-4. The process of data
storage
formulation
begins
of
the
with
the
datasheet
format by the expert in the
concerned sectors. Field data
will be recorded in the designed
datasheet and later the data will
be
analyzed,
reviewed
and
verified by qualified personnel
prior to data input into database
system by the well trained staff
following the directions provided
in the operating manual.
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
69
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Bureau of Groundwater Potential
Bureau of
Assessment
Groundwater Control
Groundwater
Groundw
Database
ater
Information
Business
System
HYGIS
Informatio
n System
Database
System
Bureau of
Bureau of
Bureau of
Groundwater
Groundwater
Groundwater
Resources Region
Development
Conservation and
1-12
Restoration
Figure 3-3 Groundwater data management system of the
Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR, 2009)
Specified Field Data
Experts
Sheet Format
Field Data Recording
Recording 70
Prepared by Khon Field
Kaen Data
University
Verifying Reviews
Field technical
staffสนาม
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Academics
Operating Standards and Manuals
Data Input to Database
Data
System
Recording Staff
Final Report (Volume 1/10)
Groundwater Standard Formulation for Groundwater Well Drilling,
Investigations, and Development.
Figure 3-4 Steps in data management of the Department of
Groundwater Resources
Prepared by Khon Kaen University
71
Chapter 3 Framework for Preparation of
Operating Standards and Manuals