AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT
Department of Social & Behavioral Studies
Syllabus
The Social Production of Knowledge
SOAN 290M/324F
For Graduate and Undergraduate Students
Sari Hanafi
Rigas Arvanitis
Associate Professor
Visiting Professor
Spring, 2011
Tuesday 2:00-4:30, Nicely 105
Sari Hanafi:
Phone: 01 350000, # 3823; Nicely 201.
Office hours: TTh 9:30:00-11:00 pm and open door policy
Sh41@aub.edu.lb, http://www.aub.edu.lb/~sh41/
Rigas Arvanitis:
American University of Beirut (AUB) et Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique du Liban (CNRS-L).
IRD - UMR 201 Développement et société
http://recherche-iedes.univ-paris1.fr/
ra180@aub.edu.lb
Phone: 01 350000, # 4370; Jusep 103c.
Office hours: upon request
Contents
I. Synopsis ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
II. Course Policies ................................................................................................................................................... 2
III. Assessment ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
IV. Format ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Seminar Presentation ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Memos................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Research Essay .................................................................................................................................................... 2
V. Topics and Readings .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction to science studies: from philosophy to practices......................................................................... 3
2. Where research is done? Laboratory studies, in and out ................................................................................. 3
3. Claiming claims: writing, arguing, opposing .................................................................................................. 3
4. Bibliographies : citing and "publish and perish" ............................................................................................. 3
5. Instituting science : norms and institutions ..................................................................................................... 3
6. Instituting science ouside the Western countries ............................................................................................. 4
7. Linkages and collaborations: Networks .......................................................................................................... 4
8. Objects and infrastructures of knowledge ....................................................................................................... 4
9. International collaborations ............................................................................................................................. 4
10. A larger view : Modes of production of scientific knowledge ...................................................................... 4
11. Science and technology policy ...................................................................................................................... 5
12. Social sciences in the Arab World : is there something specific? ................................................................. 5
13. Conclusion: The location of science ............................................................................................................. 5
Other material ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Bibliometrics ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Study of controversies ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Biographies and carreer paths ......................................................................................................................... 5
Institutional analysis........................................................................................................................................ 5
Is there a "science system"? ............................................................................................................................ 5
Books and articles for all the seminar ................................................................................................................. 6
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
1
I. Synopsis
This seminar will focus on how knowledge is being produced worldwide and in the Arab region. We will begin
by outlining the current theorists in this field (Latour, Callon, Star, Bowker, Shapin, Barnes, Pickering...),
underlining the importance of social practices to scientific work (laboratory work, publication practice,
collaborative exchange, inter-institutional networking, international research and communication activities). The
objective is thus not to privilege a specific theory but to identify patterns in scientific practice and the
institutional setting.
We will thus familiarize with approaches and identify some specific methodological tools related to the
sociology and anthropology of scientific and technological knowledge (bibliometrics, studies of controversies,
institutional surveys, ethnography of scientific practices). Great care will be given to locate these issues in the
specific context of the Arab region and on the development of research activities in emerging countries. Finally,
we will address the globalization of scientific activities (international scientific collaborations, world science
networks, international research programs, international institutions), and the influence it has on the local
production of knowledge.
II. Course Policies
1- You are strongly encouraged to participate in the discussion periods during classes and indeed beyond the
classroom. It will make the classes more interesting and vibrant.
2- You should have a sense of responsibility. Class attendance is required and assessed. Coming late is not
permitted without a proper justification. If you are absent, you should send a three–page summary of the reading
before the next class.
3- You should read the required materials each week. Otherwise, you should send me by email a three–page
summary of the reading before the following class. This also applies if you miss the class.
4- It is strictly prohibited to use or to show mobile phones during the class.
5- Academic integrity
The heart of the teaching profession is integrity. Any violation of academic integrity will NOT be tolerated and
will result in serious repercussions. Please refer to AUB policies and procedures on academic integrity.
http://pnp.aub.lb/university/handbook/158010044.html
III. Assessment
1.
2.
3.
25%
30%
45%
Class Attendance, class presentation and participation
3 memos
Research paper (Due May 5)
IV. Format
The course will be held in the form of a seminar, including lectures and class discussions.
Seminar Presentation
Each student is required to give an oral presentation on a chosen topic. The presentation should be no
more than 20-25 minutes.
Presentation will be based on the assigned readings (with *) and the other readings. Presenter will
provide a synthesis of the assigned readings and raise questions, counterarguments and connections to
other theoretical issues, or comparisons with other places and times. I will select two students to react
on the presentation and on the reading. Then discussion will be then open to the whole class. Students
will bring the assigned readings and prepare some quotes to be discussed.
Memos
Students will submit a 3-page memo each four weeks for a total of three memos for the semester. You
present your reaction to your readings. Memos are not a summary of the readings but an analytical
account of them. You should highlight some quotes from the readings. Memos are to be submitted on
time (due respectively on 14 March, 11 April, 9 May) exclusively through Moodle.
Research Essay
2
Each student will choose a topic related to the social production of knowledge. S/he will send us one
or two paragraph in how s/he will approach the topic and the suggested bibliography, to be approved
by us.
Students will be expected to explore the topic in an original fashion, applying concepts they learn in
the seminar. The research may be conducted from written primary and secondary source materials and
supplemented by original research which may include interviews and observation fieldwork, taking
care to follow professional standards of social science methodologies. A 4000-words research paper,
must follow normal standards of an essay with proper referencing, introduction, discussion and
conclusion. Paper is to be submitted by May 5, 2011 exclusively through Moodle.
V. Topics and Readings
1. Introduction to science studies: from philosophy to practices
Epistemology, philosophy of science, all this was changed with the advent of a more "social" history of science.
Thomas Kuhn and the scienfic paradigm; Latour shows that science in the making is different from science in
the books; Science is culture and practice.
- * Thomas Kuhn: chapter 4 + Postface to 2nd edition (on paradigms) (Kuhn 1970)
- * Latour Science in Action Introduction
- * Pickering: the mangle of practice, chap.1 (Pickering 1995)
- Knowledge as practice (Vinck 2007)
- Forms of knowledge: from intro, pp.1-10 of Cohendet and Amin: (2004) + Chapter 4
- Poitou (Poitou 2007) (French only)
- Pragmatic approach to knowledge or the durkheimian foundations of knowledge (Thévenot 1998) (in French)
- Gieryn on boundary work in Handbook
2. Where research is done? Laboratory studies, in and out
Opening the blackbox of science. The laboratory. Next, where do scientists speak: in articles. Introduction to
translation theory.
- * Laboratories: Latour - Science in Action Chapter 2
- * Give me a laboratory and I will raise the world (Latour 1983)
- * Translation: Latour Science in Action: chapter 4
- Laboratory studies (Vinck 2007)
- Boundary objects (Trompette & Vinck 2009; Trompette & Vinck 2010)
3. Claiming claims: writing, arguing, opposing
- * The rhetoric of an article (Latour & Fabbri 1977). In English in "Technostyle"
- * Latour Science in Action (chapter 1)
- * Latour, Bruno & Woolgar, Steve (1986) Laboratory life: the construction of scientific facts. Chapter 3.
- Callon on scallops ! (Callon 1986)
4. Bibliographies : citing and "publish and perish"
- * Glänzel on citation analysis, Chapter 4 of his course on bibliometrics (Glänzel 2001)
- * Terttu Luukkonen on theory of citations (Luukkonen 1997)
- * Hanafi / Arab East Universities (2011)
- Citation contexts: (Cozzens 1985)
- Burawoy
- Price on cumulative advantages (Price 1976)
5. Instituting science : norms and institutions
The historical and social process of institutionalizing science. The case of developing countries.
A. Dennis on why Merton speaks about norms: the threat of industrial R&D against the universities
- * Communities :Robert Merton (1957) “Science and Democratic social Structure’ in Social Theory and Social
Structure”.
3
- * Mulkay's analysis (1976)
- * A. Dennis (1987)
- * Lenoir on discipline (chap 3) (1997)
- * History of institutions: EOLSS article of Inkster on the central role played by the State (Inkster 2001)
- T. Shinn, chapter 1 (in French) (2005)
- Historians: The scientific enterprise (Inkster chap.4)
- Disciplines vs institutions : Bonneuil and Petitjean (1997)
- Ways of focusing linked to institutions (Ragouet, Shinn, et al. 1997)
- Simon & Shaffer Leviathan
6. Instituting science ouside the Western countries
The historical and social process of institutionalizing science. The case of developing countries.
- * Vessuri: instituting science in the developing world (Chapter of Vesuri in "The uncertain quest" 1994)
- * Empirical evidence: Article of Gaillard (1994) on scientific communities
- * Communities : the developing world (introduction of Gaillard, Krishna, et al. 1997)
- Shinn, Spaapen and Krishna (Shinn, Spaapen, et al. 1997) introductory essay
- Non hegemonic countries (Losego & Arvanitis 2008)
- People count: Vessuri on Nicolas Bianco (Vessuri 1997) (local/global)
- Ali EL Kenz on Algeria : Prometheus and Hermes (El Kenz 1997)
- Sciences hors d'occident (French) : a complete collection of articles on the theme
7. Linkages and collaborations: Networks
- * Networks: chapter on networks (Wagner 2008)
- * Collins: tacit knowledge and scientific networks
- * What is a research colaboration : Katz and Martin
- Strategic alliances (Vonortas & Murphy 2001)
- Learning through alliances (chap.8) of Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt (Tidd, Bessant, et al. 1997)
8. Objects and infrastructures of knowledge
Research is all about practices and objects. What is scientific object? How are frontiers drawn? What role is
played by scientific infrastructure?
- * S. Leigh Star: "This is not a boundary object"
- * Bowker on infrastructure (Bowker 2001)
- Star on boundary objects (Star & Ruhleder 1996)
- Bowker on Biodiversity
- Forms of knowledge: from intro, pp.1-10 of Cohendet and Amin: (2004) + Chapter 4 copy
- Databases are central knowledge objects: chapter 1 of "Sorting things out" (Bowker & Star 1999)
9. International collaborations
General frame for international scientific collaborations. Collaborations and co-operation.
- * Wagner - chapter 1 + next chapter after theory
- * An empirical investigation into the new claims : (Hicks & Katz 1996)
- * Weidemann (Weidemann 2010)
- EU report on Drivers of international research collaborations (Boekholt, Edler, et al. 2009)
- EULAKS report Arvanits, Gaillard & Gaillard
10. A larger view : Modes of production of scientific knowledge
Proposals made in order to identify the larger context in which science is done. National system of innovation,
research system, new modes of knowledge production. The institutional context of research.
- * Callon (1995) on the 4 models of science
- * New modes of production (Gibbons, Limoges, et al. 1994) introduction + chapter 1
- * Triple helix - (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff 1997) chapter 14
4
- Reviewing the debate : (Hessels & van Lente 2008)
- The scientific estate in history: (Inkster 1991)
- (Pestre 2003)
- The transversalist approach of Shinn : (Shinn 2002; Shinn & Ragouet 2005)
11. Science and technology policy
We are then left with some queries: - networks rather than communities ? - new agents (or actors) like
"intermediate" agents - actors acting, assembling strong conglomerates, political but also material - practices are
essential for knowledge, knowledge is a practical embodied activity, based on material objects and circulating in
built infrastructure. So what policy should there be?
- * Rigas EOLSS on S&T policy (Arvanitis 2001)
- * Amsden, Chap.1 (2001)
- Nelson on "social technology" (2008)
- Busch
- Salomon JJ Science and Politics (Salomon 1973)
- Salomon JJ - article in EOLSS (Salomon 2001)
- Elzinga in Handbook
- Cozzens in Handbook
- Waast (fr)
12. Social sciences in the Arab World : is there something specific?
- * Social sciences in the Arab World: (Arvanitis, Waast, et al. 2010)
- * Literature of the social sciences in the Arab World: (Waast, Arvanitis, et al. 2010)
- * Lebanon (Kabbanji 2010)
- * Jordan : (Al Husban 2010)
- Gaillard on Lebanese science system (Gaillard 2010)
- Wiebke (Fr) (Keim 2010; Keim 2010)
- Pontille on sociology (Pontille 2003)
13. Conclusion: The location of science
Final session of the seminar, discussion on the various aspects seen in the seminar; science is both located
geographically and intellectually; aspects not covered by the seminar will be mentioned. The challenge of
scientific activity in a small country.
Other material
* Bibliometrics * Controversies * Biographies * Institutional analysis * Surveys on communities * Ethnogaphic
of practices
Bibliometrics
- Leydesdorff
- Bibliometrics (general introduction) : Glänzel
- SSK analysis of technology (Bijker etc.)
- Akrich
- Special issues of RAC on boundary objects
Study of controversies
- Callon on scallops
Biographies and carreer paths
- Shapin
- Bozeman and Dietz
- Canibano
Institutional analysis
- Mouton & Waast template
- Rigas Arvanitis - Method of ESTIME
Is there a "science system"?
Descriptive Methodology: combine sources See UNESCO policy documents seem not to agree on that...
- State of science in Africa (Waast)
5
- Arvanitis (coord) - ESTIME
- Mouton & Waast - Metastudy
Books and articles for all the seminar
- The "Handbook" : (Jasanoff, Markle, et al. 1995)
- Reader: Barnes and Edge (1982)
- Rigas on S&T policy (Arvanitis 2001)
- (Arvanitis, Grossetti, et al. 2008)
- Shinn, Spaapen and Krishna (Shinn, Spaapen, et al. 1997)
- Gaillard, Krishna & Waast (Gaillard, Krishna, et al. 1997)
- Akrich, Callon, Latour - textes fondateurs (in French) (Akrich, Callon, et al. 2006)
- Latour "Science in Action" (1987)
- Pickering: the mangle of practice (1995)
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