Supplementary information reports data on (i) population genetics of the orangutan
chromosome 9polymorphism and on the Saimiri genus taxonomy.
The ENC polymorphism in orangutan chromosome 9 (human 12)
Supplementary Tables 1, 2, and 3 report in detail the unpublished data, from the laboratory of
Freiburg, on Sumatran orangutan (Table 1), Bornean orangutan (Table 2), and hybrid SumatraBorneo orangutan, for a total of 59 individuals.
Table 1: Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii) specimens – ENC polymorphism
Chromosome 9
Name
Sex
Stud #
Birth Date
Chromosome 9 status
1
Asia
f
2771
13.06.1996
homozygous normal
2
Bata
f
1161
13.07.1971
homozygous normal
3
Batak
m
1572
08.04.1977
homozygous normal
4
Benjamin
m
1516
25.05.1976
homozygous normal
5
Buschi
m
498
wb ~1959
heterozygous
6
Charly
m
497
wb ~1957
homozygous normal
7
Conny
f
2260
08.04.1989
homozygous normal
8
Dumai
m
2273
07.09.1989
heterozygous
9
Dunja
f
1302
19.04.1973
homozygous normal
10
Elsi
f
446
wb ~1958
homozygous derived
11
Hummel
m
411
wb ~1957
homozygous normal
12
Jolo
m
1254
02.10.1972
homozygous normal
13
Kayan
m
2368
28.07.1990
homozygous normal
14
Karolinch
f
1349
08.12.1973
heterozygous
15
Kiki
f
499
wb ~1959
homozygous normal
16
Kwesida
f
1555
15.01.1977
homozygous normal
17
Masala
m
2404
21.01.1991
homozygous normal
18
Matra
f
1465
19.11.1975
heterozygous
19
Moni
f
1609
07.12.1977
homozygous normal
20
Pandai
m
3368
13.09.2009
homozygous normal
21
Pini
f
2184
30.06.1988
homozygous normal
22
Pongo
m
787
wb ~1961
heterozygous
23
Schubbi
m
1237
28.05.1972
homozygous normal
24
Sirih
f
2520
07.12.1992
homozygous derived
25
Sinjo
m
1007
16.03.1969
heterozygous
26
Sitti
f
2281
20.11.1989
heterozygous
27
Suma
f
500
wb ~1960
homozygous normal
28
Tuan/Tao
m
2865
23.05.1998
homozygous normal
29
Ujian
m
2664
25.06.1994
heterozygous
30
Vicky
f
407
wb ~1957
heterozygous
2002 International studbook of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii); Lori
Perkins, studbook keeper, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL
60614, USA.
Orang-Utan Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm, Zuchtbuch für Europa XXVII/2009;
Clemens Becker, Zuchtbuchführer und EEP-Koordinator, Zoo Karlsruhe, Ettlinger
Strasse 6, D-76137 Karlsruhe.
wb: wild-born
----------------------------------------Table 2: Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) specimens – ENC polymorphism
Chromosome 9
Name
Sex
Stud #
Birth Date
Chromosome 9 status
1
Amatis
f
2263
29.04.1989
homozygous derived
2
Benjamin
m
1601
06.11.1977
heterozygous
3
Gusti
f
1665
28.08.1978
homozygous normal
4
Jonny
m
1236
21.05.1972
homozygous normal
5
Kajan
m
1610
wb ~1969
homozygous derived
6
Lea
f
2611
01.05.1993
homozygous normal
7
Lotti
f
1125
29.01.1971
homozygous derived
8
Maias
m
1052
wb ~1967
heterozygous
9
Miri
f
2406
14.02.1991
heterozygous
10
Napoleon
m
898
wb ~1965
homozygous normal
11
Rawit
f
1778
02.07.1980
heterozygous
12
Sandai
m
2617
20.08.1993
heterozygous
13
Sari
f
1097
26.07.1970
homozygous normal
14
Susi
f
794
wb ~1960
heterozygous
15
Temmy
f
1852
07.12.1981
heterozygous
16
Thai
m
2861
25.04.1998
heterozygous
17
Thilda
f
1452
wb ~1967
homozygous normal
18
Tjantike
f
1012
wb ~1967
homozygous normal
19
Tuan
m
1685
18.09.1978
homozygous normal
20
Wattana
f
2721
17.11.1995
homozygous normal
21
Yogi/Joki
m
828
wb ~1964
homozygous normal
2002 International studbook of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii); Lori
Perkins, studbook keeper, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL
60614, USA.
Orang-Utan Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm, Zuchtbuch für Europa XXVII/2009;
Clemens Becker, Zuchtbuchführer und EEP-Koordinator, Zoo Karlsruhe, Ettlinger
Strasse 6, D-76137 Karlsruhe.
wb: wild-born
----------------------------------------Table 3: Hybrid Sumatra/Bornean orang-utan specimens – ENC polymorphism
Chromosome 9
Name
Sex
Stud #
Birth Date
1
Bassir II
m
2423
21.09.1991
Chromosome 9
status
homozygous normal
2
Bulu
m
1741
29.12.1979
heterozygous
3
Kasih
f
485
19.03.1962
homozygous normal
4
Katai
m
2039
07.02.1985
homozygous normal
5
Kupang
m
2146
12.11.1987
heterozygous
6
Pendek
m
1636
23.01.1978
homozygous normal
7
Shinta
f
2603
01.02.1993
heterozygous
8
Sumbo
m
1942
13.10.1983
heterozygous
Parents
Dam Elsi
Dam Elsi
Dam
Sumbo
Dam Elsi
2002 International studbook of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii); Lori
Perkins, studbook keeper, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL
60614, USA.
Orang-Utan Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm, Zuchtbuch für Europa XXVII/2009;
Clemens Becker, Zuchtbuchführer und EEP-Koordinator, Zoo Karlsruhe, Ettlinger
Strasse 6, D-76137 Karlsruhe.
wb: wild-born
Saimiri genus taxonomy
Combining the taxa distinguished by Groves (2001) (Groves, 2001) with the cytogenetic
findings the taxonomy can be summarized as follows:
1. S. boliviensis
S.b. boliviensis (Bolivia, Brazil, Peru) with 6 acrocentric and 15 SM chromosomes
S.b. peruviensis (Peru, between rivers Huallanga and Tapiche) with 5 acrocentric (A) and 16
submetacentric (SM) chromosomes
2. S. oerstedii with 5 A 16 SM chromosomes
S.o. oerstedii (Panama, Costa Rica,
S.o. citrinellus (Rio Panita Basin in Costa Rica)
3. S. Sciureus
S.s. sciureus (northern Brazil, Guyana) with 7 A and 14 SM chromosomes
S.s. albigena (Columbia)
S.s. cassiquiarensis (Apopris and Jura River basins)
S.s. macrodon (Equador) with 6 A and 15 SM chromosomes
4. S. ustus (Brazil)
5. S. vanzolinii (Central Amazon) with 6 A and 15 SM chromosomes.
The various cytogenetic reports use a confusing array of numbering systems. For instance,
the two chromosomes recognized as variable were inconsistently numbered. Jones and Ma (1975)
(Jones and Ma, 1975) even refered to one variable pair as 10 when it was a submetacentric, 17
when it was an acrocentric while the other smaller chromosome was called 15 when it is a
submetacentric and 18 when it was an acrocentric. Lau and Arrigni (1976) (Lau and Arrighi, 1976),
Moore et al. (1990) (Moore et al., 1990), and Scammell et al. (2001) (Scammell et al., 2001)
refered to them as 15 and 16. Camberfort and Moro (1978) (Cambefort and Moro, 1978) refered to
them as chromosomes 14 and 15, Dutrillaux and Couturier (1981) (Dutrillaux and Couturier, 1981)
as 15 and 17, Yanenaga-Yassuda and Chu (1985) (Yonenaga-Yassuda and Chu, 1985) and
Minezawa et al. (1990) (Minezawa et al., 1990) as 10 and 16. Garcia et al. (1995) (Garcia et al.,
1995) reverted to a double numbering system: B5, C1 and B10, C2. In these paper the
chromosomes are numbered according to length and defined the Saimiri karyotype on the basis of
chromosome painting and reciprocal chromosome painting respectively (Dumas et al., 2007;
Stanyon et al., 2000). The chromosomes, which vary are chromosomes 5 and 15, homologous to
human chromosomes 12 and 8q respectively. The finding of at least one wild caught squirrel
monkey which was polymorphic for both inversions on chromosomes 5 and 15 raised the
possibility that some taxa may be polymorphic for these pericentric inversions as well as the Xchromosome. In any case, given the current assessment of phylogenetic relationships with squirrel
monkeys (Chiou et al., 2011; Lavergne et al., 2010; Perelman et al., 2011) it is almost certain that
lineage sorting accounts for the present day distribution pattern (the inversion of chromosome 5 and
15 where likely polymorphic in the last common ancestor).
The Supplementary Figure 1 shows the Saimiri sciureus sciureus karyotype DAPI banded (below)
and G-banded (above). The nomenclature is according to Stanyon et al. (2000) and Dumas et al.
(2007). In parenthesis is reported, for the variant chromosomes only, the nomenclature used by
Scammel et al. (2001). The ideograms on the right show the human synteny. The boxed
chromosomes on the right are reported the variant chromosomes of Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
(SBOb) and S.b. peruviensis (SBOp).
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