Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA, Talaue-McManus L (ed) (2010) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins: a global synthesis. Springer, Berlin References Aagaard K, Coachman LK, Carmack EC (1981) On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 28A:529–545 Abram NJ, Gagan MK, McCulloch MT et al (2003) Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires. Science 301:952–955 Abrantes F (2000) 200000 yr diatom records from Atlantic upwelling sites reveal maximum productivity during LGM and a shift in phytoplankton community structure at 185000 yr. Earth Planet Sci Lett 179(1):7–16 Abrantes F, Meggers H, Nave S et al (2002) Fluxes of microorganisms along a productivity gradient in the Canary Islands region (29°N): Implications for paleoreconstructions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3599–3629 Accornero A, Gowing MM (2003) Annual sedimentation pattern of zooplankton fecal pellets in the Southern Ross Sea: what food webs and processes does the record imply?. In: DiTullio GR, Dunbar RB (ed) Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea, Ant Res Ser 78. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 261–278 Accornero A, Manno C (2005) Annual patterns of vertical fluxes in the Ross Sea: a tool to reconstruct seasonal biogeochemical dynamics in the water column. 3rd International Conference on the Oceanography of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), Venezia Accornero A, Bergamasco A, Monaco A et al (1999) Particle fluxes at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf: the role of physical forcing. In: Spezie G, Manzella GMR (ed) The Oceanography of the Ross Sea – Antarctica. Springer Italia, Milano, pp 178–195 Accornero A, Manno C, Arrigo KR et al (2003a) The vertical flux of particulate matter in the polynya of Terra Nova Bay: results from moored sediment traps (1995–1997). Part I. Chemical constituents. Antarctic Science 15(1):119–132 Accornero A, Picon P, de Bovée F et al (2003b) Organic carbon budget at the sediment – water interface on the Gulf of Lions continental margin. Cont Shelf Res 23:79– 92 Acha EM, Mianzan HW, Guerrero RA et al (2004) Marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral South America physical and ecological processes. J Marine Syst 44:83–105 Achard F, Eva HD, Stibig HJ et al (2002) Determination of deforestation rates of the world’s humid tropical forests. Science 297:999–1003 ACIA (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge Adams J (1980) Contemporary uplift and erosion of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geol Soc Am Bull Pt II 91:1–114 Agenbag JJ, Shannon LV (1988) A suggested physical explanation for the existence of a physical boundary at 24°30’S in the Benguela system. S Af J Mar Sci 6:119– 132 Agustí S, Duarte CM, Vaque D et al (2001) Food web structure and elemental (CNP) fluxes in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:2295–2321 Ahumada R, Chuecas L (1979) Algunas características hidrográficas de la Bahía Concepción (36°40’ S; 73°02’ W) y áreas adyacentes, Chile. Gayana Miscelánea 8:1–56 1 Aït-Ameur N, Goyet C (2006) Distribution and transport of natural and anthropogenic CO2 in the Gulf of Cadiz. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 53(11–13):1329–1343 Alarcon M, Cruzado A, Alonso S (1996) Application of a Lagrangian model to the study of the atmospheric fluxes to the western Mediterranean. In: Guerzoni S, Chester R (ed) The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 87–92 Algar AC, Kerr JT, Currie DJ (2006) A test of Metabolic Theory as the mechanism underlying broad-scale species-richness gradients. Global Ecology and Biogeography. Doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00275.x Algesten G, Wikner J, Sobek S et al (2004) Seasonal variation of CO2 saturation in the Gulf of Bothnia: Indications of marine net heterotrophy. Global Biogeochem Cy 18:GB4021. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002232 Alheit J, Ñiquen M (2004) Regime shifts in the Humboldt Current ecosystem. Prog Oceanogr 60:201–222 Allen AP, Brown JH, Gillooly JF (2002) Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science 297:1545–1548 Aller RC (1988) Mobile deltaic and continental shelf muds as suboxic, fluidized bed reactors. Mar Chem 61:143–155 Aller JY, Aller RC (1986) General characteristics of benthic faunas on the Amazon inner continental shelf with comparison to the shelf off the Changjiang River, East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 6:291–310 Aller RC, Blair NE (2004) Early diagenetic remineralization of sedimentary organic C in the Gulf of Papua deltaic complex (Papua New Guinea): Net loss or terrestrial C and diagenetic fractionation of C isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:1815– 1825 Aller RC, Blair NE (2006) Carbon remineralization in the Amazon–Guianas tropical mobile mudbelt: A sedimentary incinerator. Cont Shelf Res 26(17–18):2241– 2259 Aller RC, Blair NE, Xia Q et al (1996) Remineralization rates, recycling, and storage of carbon in Amazon shelf sediments. Cont Shelf Res 16:753–786 Allison MA, Nittrouer CA, Faria LEC Jr (1995a) Rates and mechanisms of shoreface progradation and retreat downdrift of the Amazon river mouth. Mar Geol 125:373–392 Allison MA, Nittrouer CA, Kineke GC (1995b) Seasonal sediment storage on mudflats adjacent to the Amazon River. Mar Geol 125:303–328 Allison GW, Lubchenco J, Carr MH (1998) Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecological Applications 8(1):S79–S92 Allison MA, Bianchi TS, McKee BA et al (2007) Carbon burial on river-dominated continental shelves: Impact of historical changes in sediment loading adjacent to the Mississippi River. Geophys Res Lett 34:L01606. Doi:10.1029/2006GL028362 Alongi DM, McKinnon AD (2005) The cycling and fate of terrestrially-derived sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef shelf. Mar Pollut Bull 51:239–252 Alongi DM, Ayukai T, Brunskill GJ et al (1998) Sources, sinks, and export of organic carbon through a tropical, semi-enclosed delta (Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia). Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2:237–242 Altabet MA, Higginson MJ, Murray DW (2002) The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2. Nature 415:159–162 Álvarez M, Fernandez E, Pérez FF (1999) Air–sea CO2 fluxes in a coastal embayment affected by upwelling: physical versus biological control. Oceanol Acta 22:499– 515 2 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rosón G, Pérez FF et al (1993) Hydrographic variability off the Rías Baixas (NW Spain) during the upwelling season. J Geophys Res 98(C8):14447–14455 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rosón G, Pérez FF et al (1996) Nitrogen cycling in an estuarine upwelling system, the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain). Short-time-scale patterns of hydrodynamic and biogeochemical circulation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135:259–273 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Castro CG, Pérez FF et al (1997) Nutrient mineralization patterns in shelf waters of the Western Iberian upwelling. Cont Shelf Res 17:1247–1270 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Gago J, Míguez BM et al (2000) Surface waters of the NW Iberian margin: upwelling on the shelf versus outwelling of upwelled waters from the Rías Baixas. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 51:821–837 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Doval MD, Borges AV et al (2001a) Off-shelf fluxes of labile materials by an upwelling filament in the NW Iberian Upwelling System. Prog Oceanogr 51(2–4):321–337 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Gago J, Míguez BM et al (2001b) Net ecosystem production of dissolved organic carbon in a coastal upwelling system: the Ría de Vigo, Iberian margin of the North Atlantic. Limnol Oceanogr 46:135–147 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Beloso S, Joint I et al (2002) New production of the NW Iberian shelf during the upwelling season over the period 1982–1999. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:1725–1739 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Figueiras FG, Pérez FF et al (2003) The Portugal coastal counter current off NW Spain: new insights on its biogeochemical variability. Prog Oceanogr 56:281–321 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Nieto-Cid M, Piedracoba S et al (2005) Origin and fate of a bloom of Skeletonema costatum during a winter upwelling/downwelling sequence in the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). J Mar Res 63:1127–1149 Álvarez-Salgado XA, Arístegui J, Barton ED et al (2007) Contributions of upwelling filaments to net heterotrophic systems in the ocean carbon cycle. Limnol Oceanogr 52(3):1287–1292 Alvarez-Salgado XA, Borges AV, Figueiras FG et al (2010) Iberian Margin: The Rías. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins: a global synthesis. Springer, Berlin, pp 103–120 Alvera-Azcárate A, Barth A, Weisberg RH (2009a) The surface circulation of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico as inferred from satellite altimetry. J Phys Oceanogr 39:640-657. Doi:10.1175/2008JPO3765.1 Alvera-Azcárate A, Barth A, Weisberg RH (2009b) A nested model of the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela): description of the basin’s interior hydrography and interactions with the open ocean. Ocean Dynamics 59:97-120. Doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0169-y Alverson K, Eakin CM (2001) Making sure that the world’s palaeodata do not get buried. Nature 412:269 AMAP (ed) (1998) AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Oslo, Norway Ambrose WG Jr, Renaud PE (1995) Benthic response to water column productivity patterns: Evidence for benthic-pelagic coupling in the Northeast Water Polynya. J Geophys Res 100:4411–4422 Amos CL (1995) Siliciclastic tidal flats. In: Perillo GME (ed) Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 273–306 Amouroux D, Roberts G, Rapsomanikis S et al (2002) Biogenic gas (CH4, N2O, DMS) emission to the atmosphere from near-shore and shelf waters of the northwestern Black Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54:575–587 3 ANA (2001) Diagnástico do fluxo de sedimentos em suspensão na Bacia do Rio São Francisco. Lima JEFW et al – Planaltina. DF: Embrapa Cerrados; Brasília, DF: ANEEL: ANA ANA (2002a) Agência Nacional de Águas. Bacias hidrográficas do Atlântico Sul – Trecho leste. Série Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Recursos Hídricos CD-ROM n:4 ANA (2002b) http://www.ana.gov.br Anabalón V, Morales CE, Escribano R et al (2007) The contribution of nano- and microplanktonic assemblages in the surface layer (0–30 m) under different hydrographic conditions in the upwelling area off Concepcion, central Chile. Prog Oceanogr 75:396–414 Anadón R, Alvarez-Marqués E, Fernandez F et al (2002) Vertical biogenic particle flux during austral summer in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:883–901 Anderson RF (1986) Silica, diatoms and a freshwater productivity maximum in Atlantic coastal plain estuaries, Chesapeake Bay. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 22:183–197 Anderson CIH, Rodhouse PG (2001) Life cycles, oceanography and variability: ommastrephid squid in variable oceanographic environments. Fisheries Research 54:133–143 Anderson JT, Gardner GA (1986) Plankton communities and physical oceanography observed on the Southeast Shoal region, Grand Bank of Newfoundland. J Plankton Res 8:1111–1135 Anderson L, Dyrssen D (1994) Alkalinity and total carbonate in the Arabian Sea. Carbonate depletion in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Mar Chem 47:195–202 Anderson LA, Sarmiento JL (1994) Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis. Global Biogeochem Cy 8:65–80 Anderson LG, Dyrssen D (1981) Chemical constituents of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard area. Oceanological Acta 4:305–311 Anderson LG, Kaltin S (2001) Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean – potential impact by climate change. Polar Research 20(2):225–232 Anderson LG, Dyrssen DW, Jones EP et al (1983) Inputs and outputs of salt, fresh water, alkalinity and silica in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 30(1):87–94 Anderson JB, Brake CF, Myers NC (1984) Sedimentation on the Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica. Mar Geol 57:295–333 Anderson LG, Jones EP, Koltermann KP et al (1989) The first oceanographic section across the Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 36:475–482 Anderson LG, Dyrssen D, Jones EP (1990) An assessment of the transport of atmospheric CO2 into the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 95:1703–1711 Anderson LG, Holby O, Lindergen R et al (1991) The transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into the Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 96:16679–16687 Anderson RF, Rowe GT, Kemp PF et al (1994) Carbon budget for the mid-slope depocenter of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res 41:669–703 Anderson RF, Kumar N, Mortlock RA et al (1998a) Late-quaternary changes in productivity of the Southern Ocean. J Marine Syst 17(1–4):497–514 Anderson LG, Olsson K, Chierici M (1998b) A carbon budget for the Arctic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 12(3):455–465 Anderson LG, Jones EP, Swift JH (2003) Export production in the central Arctic Ocean evaluated from phosphate deficits. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2001JC001057 Andersson L, Håkansson B, Lundqvist J-E et al (1992) Vattnet i väster och öster. In: Sjöberg B (ed) Hav och Kust. Sver Nationalatlas, No. 7, pp 56–72 Andersson AJ, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (2005) Coastal ocean and carbonate systems in the high CO2 world of the Anthropocene. Am J Sci 306:875–918 4 Andersson AJ, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (2006) Coastal ocean CO2–carbonic acid– carbonate sediment system of the Anthropocene. Global Biogeochem Cy 20 GB1S92. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002506 Andreassen IJ, Wassmann P, Ratkova TN (1999) Seasonal variation of vertical flux of phytoplankton and biogenic matter at Nordvestbanken, north Norwegian shelf in 1994. Sarsia 84:227–238 Andreev AG, Baturina VI (2005) Interannual variability of the dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon in the Kuril Basin of the Okhotsk Sea. 20th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice, Japan, 20–25 February 2005 Andreev AG, Baturina VI (2006) Impacts of the tides and atmospheric forcing variability on dissolved oxygen in the subarctic North Pacific. J Geophys Res 111. Doi:10.1029/2005JC003277 Andreev AG, Zhabin IA (2000) Distribution of freons and dissolved oxygen in the Okhotsk Sea intermediate water. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 1:61–69 Andreev AG, Bychkov AS, Zhabin IA (1999) Excess CO2 penetration in the Okhotsk Sea. Extended abstract, 2nd International Symposium on CO 2 in the Oceans, Tsukuba Andrews WRH, Hutchings L (1980) Upwelling in the Southern Benguela Current. Prog Oceanogr 9:1–81 Andrews JT, Domack EW, Cunningham WL et al (1999) Problems and possible solutions concerning radiocarbon dating of surface marine sediments, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Quat Res 52:206–216 ANEEL (1999) Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. Série Estudos e Informações Hidrológicas e Energéticas – Água – Atlas Hidrológico do Brasil. CD-ROM ANEEL (2002) Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. et al Antia AN, Bondungen BV, Peinert R (1999) Particle flux across the mid-European continental margin. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:1999–2024 Antia AN, Koeve W, Fischer G et al (2001a) Basin-wide particulate carbon flux in the Atlantic Ocean: Regional export patterns and potential for atmospheric CO 2 sequestration. Global Biogeochem Cy 15(4):845–862 Antia AN, Maaßen J, Herman P et al (2001b) Spatial and temporal variability of particle flux at the N.W. European continental margin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3083–3106 Antoine D (ed) (2004) Guide to the creation and use of ocean-colour, level-3, binned data products. Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group, No. 4. IOCCG, Dartmouth, Canada Antoine D, André J-M, Morel A (1996) Oceanic primary production: 2. Estimation at global scale from satellite (coastal zone scanner) chlorophyll. Global Biogeochem Cy 10(1):57–69 Antoine D, Morel A, André JM (1995) Algal pigment distribution and primary production in the Eastern Mediterranean as derived from coastal zone color scanner observations. J Geophys Res 100(C8):16193–16209 Aota M, Ishikawa M (1991) Fresh water supply to the Sea of Okhotsk and volume transport of Soya Warm Current. Bulletin Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institution 55:95–99 Araya JF (1997) Perfiles geomorfológicos de los fiordos y depresión longitudinal de norpatagonia. Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 20:3–20 Archer DE, Maier-Reimer E (1994) Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Nature 367:260–264 Archer D, Winguth A, Lea D et al (2000) What caused the glacial/interglacial atmospheric pCO2 cycles? Rev Geophys 38(2):159–189 Arcos DF, Cubillos LA, Nuñez SP (2001) The jack mackerel fishery and El Niño 97–98 effects off Chile. Prog Oceanogr 49:597–617 5 Arheimer B, Torstensson G, Wittgren HB (2004) Landscape planning to reduce coastal eutrophication: agricultural practices and constructed wetlands. Landscape and Urban Planning 67:205–215 Arístegui J, Montero MF (1995) Plankton community respiration in Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Ocean) during austral spring. J Plankt Res 17:1647–1659 Arístegui J, Denis M, Almunia J et al (2002) Water column remineralization in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during early spring. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:1707– 1720 Arístegui J, Barton ED, Tett P et al (2004) Variability in plankton community structure, metabolism, and vertical carbon fluxes along an upwelling filament (Cape Juby, NW Africa). Prog Oceanogr 62:95–114 Arístegui J, Agustì S, Middelburg JJ et al (2005) Respiration in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the oceans. In: Del Giorgio PA, Williams PJleB (ed) Respiration in aquatic ecosystems. Oxford Univ Press, pp 181–205 Arístegui J, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Barton ED et al (2006) Oceanography and Fisheries of the Canary Current/Iberian Region of the Eastern North Atlantic. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 877–931 Armstrong RA, Lee C, Hedges JI et al (2002) A new, mechanistic model of organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:219–236 Arnone RA, La Violette PE (1986) Satellite definition of the bio-optical and thermal variation of coastal eddies associated with the African Current. J Geophys Res 91:2351–2364 Arnone RA, Martinolich P, Gould RW Jr et al (1998) Coastal optical properties using SeaWiFS. In: Ackleson S, Campbell J (ed) SPIE Proceedings, Ocean Optics XIV. Office of Naval Research, Washington DC Arntz W, Fahrbach YE (1996) El Niño: experimento climático de la naturaleza. Causas físicas y efectos biológicos. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, DF Arntz W, Tarazona J, Gallardo VA et al (1991) Benthos communities in oxygen deficient shelf and upper slope areas of the Peruvian and Chilean Pacific coast, and changes caused by El Niño. In: Tyson RV, Pearson TH (ed) Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geological Society Special Publications 58:131–154 Arrigo K (2005) Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles. Nature 437:349–355 Arrigo KR, van Dijken GL (2004) Annual cycles of sea ice and phytoplankton in Cape Bathurst polynya, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Geophys Res Lett 31. Doi:10.1029/2003GL018978 Arrigo KR, van Dijken GL (2007) Interannual variation in air-sea CO2 flux in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: A model analysis. J Geophys Res 112:C03020. Doi:10.1029/2006JC003492 Arrigo KR, Worthen DL, Schieber B et al (1998) Primary production in Southern Ocean waters. J Geophys Res 103:15587–15600 Arrigo KR, Robinson DH, Worthen DL et al (1999) Phytoplankton community structure and the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Science 283:365–367 Arunakumaren NJ, McMahon GA, Bajracharya K (2000) Water management in the Lower Burdekin: Groundwater model conceptualisation. Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Water Assessment and Planning Report, Brisbane, Queensland Arzanova NV, Naletova IA (1999) Hydrochemical structure, mesoscale eddies, and primary production in the northern part of the sea of Okhotsk. Okeanology 39:675–682 6 Arzhanova NV, Zubarevich VL (1997) Chemical basis of the productivity of the sea of Okhotsk. In: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Ecosystem of the Sea of the Okhotsk. VNIRO, Moscow, pp 86–92 Arzanova NV, Naletova IA, Sapoznikov VV et al (2002) Phytoplankton provision with nutrient stocks in the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea. Okeanology 42:198–209 Asper VL, Smith WO Jr (1999) Particle fluxes during austral spring and summer in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. J Geophys Res 104:5345–5360 Asper VL, Smith WO Jr (2003) Abundance, distribution and sinking rates of aggregates in the Ross Sea Polynya. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 50:131–150 Asper VL, Deuser WG, Knauer GA et al (1992) Rapid coupling of sinking particle fluxes between surface and deep ocean waters. Nature 357:670–672 Astor Y, Muller-Karger F, Scranton MI (2003) Seasonal and interannual variation in the hydrography of the Cariaco Basin: Implications for basin ventilation. Cont Shelf Res 23(1):125–144 Astor YM, Scranton MI, Muller-Karger F et al (2005) fCO2 variability at the CARIACO tropical coastal upwelling time series station. Mar Chem 97:245-261 Astraldi M, Conversano F, Civitarese G et al (2002) Water mass properties and chemical signatures in the central Mediterranean region. J Marine Syst 33– 34:155–177 Atkinson LP (1985) Hydrography and nutrients of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf. In: Atkinson LP, Menzel DW, Bush KA (ed) Oceanography of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf, Coastal and Estuarine Sciences vol 2. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 77–92 Atkinson MJ, Smith SV (1983) C:N:P ratios of benthic marine plants. Limnol Oceanogr 28:568–574 Atkinson LP, Tester PA (1993) Low-salinity water in the Gulf Stream off North Carolina. In: Dowgiallo MJ (ed) Coastal Oceanographic Effects of Summer 1993 Mississippi River Flooding. Special NOAA Report. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office/National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, pp 71–75 Atkinson LP, Lee TN, Blanton JO et al (1983) Climatology of the southeastern US continental shelf waters. J Geophys Res 88:4705–4718 Atkinson LP, Lee TN, Blanton JO et al (1987) Summer upwelling on the Southeastern Continental Shelf of the USA during 1981: Hydrographic observations. Prog Oceanogr 19:231–266 Atkinson LP, Valle-Levinson A, Figueroa D et al (2002) Oceanographic observations in Chilean coastal waters between Valdivia and Concepción. J Geophys Res 107(C7):6–8 Atkinson LP, Huthnance JM, Blanco JL (2005) Circulation, mixing and the distribution of remineralized nutrients. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 227–268 Attané I, Courbage J (2001) La démographie en Méditerranée. Situations et projections. Les fascicules du Plan Bleu, 11, Paris Aubrey DG, Emery KO, Uchupi E (1988) Changing coastal levels of South America and the Caribbean region from tide gauge records. Tectonophys 154:269–284 AusAID (2000) Papua New Guinea Program Profiles. Australian Agency for International Development, GPO Box 887, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Australian Natural Resources Atlas (2002) National Land and Water Resources Audit, V2.0. http://audit.ea.gov.au/ANRA/ atlas home.cfm. Accessed March 2002 Ayukai T, Miller D (1998) Phytoplankton biomass, production and grazing mortality in Exmouth Gulf, a shallow embayment on the arid, tropical coast of Western Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 225:239–251 7 Azam F, Smith DC, Hollibaugh JT (1991) The role of microbial loop in Antarctic pelagic ecosystem. In: Sakshaug E, Hopkins CCE, Øritsland NA (ed) Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology. Trondheim, Polar Res 10:239– 243 Azam F, Steward GF, Smith DC et al (1994) Significance of bacteria in carbon fluxes in the Arabian Sea. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 103:341–351 Azzaro M, La Ferla R, Azzaro F (2006) Microbial respiratory activity in the aphotic zone of the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Mar Chem 99:199–209 Babcock R, Clapin G, England P et al (2006) Benthic ecosystem structure: spatial and temporal variability in animal and plant diversity. In: Keesing JK, Heine JN, Babcock R et al (ed) Strategic Research Fund for Marine Environment, Final Report, vol 2, the SRFME core projects Babu CP, Brumsack HJ, Schnetger B (1999) Distribution of organic carbon in surface sediments along eastern Arabian Sea: A review. Mar Geol 162:91–103 Backus RH (ed) (1987) Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Bacon MP (1988) Tracers of chemical scavenging in the ocean: Boundary effects and large scale chemical fractionation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 325:147–160 Bacon MP, Rosholt JN (1982) Accumulation rates of 230Th and 231Pa and some transition metals on the Bermuda rise. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:651–666 Bacon MP, Brewer PG, Spencer DW et al (1980) Lead-210, polonium-210, manganese and iron in the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Res 27:119–135 Bacon MP, Belastock RA, Bothner MH (1994) 210Pb balance and implications for particle transport on the continental shelf, U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:511–535 Bacon S, Reverdin G, Rigor IG et al (2002) A freshwater jet on the east Greenland shelf. J Geophys Res 107(C7). Doi:10.1029/2001JC000935 Bailey GW (1983) Pilot study of the vertical flux of POC and PON in St Helena Bay. S Af J Sci 79:145–146 Bailey GW (1987) The role of regeneration from the sediments in the supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone in the southern Benguela system. In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) The Benguela and comparable ecosystems. S Af J Mar Sci 5:273–286 Bailey GW (1991) Organic carbon flux and development of oxygen deficiency on the modern Benguela continental shelf south of 22°S: spatial and temporal variability. In: Tyson RV, Pearson TH (ed) Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geological Society, pp 171–183 Bailey GW, Rogers J (1997) Chemical oceanography and marine geoscience off southern Africa: past discoveries in the post-Gilchrist era, and future prospects. Trans Roy Soc S Afr 52(1):51–79 Baird D (1971) Seasonal occurrence of the pilchard Sardinops ocellata on the East Coast of South Africa. Investl Rep Div Sea Fish S Afr 96:1–19 Baird D (ed) (2007) Western boundary currents – The Agulhas Current. Carbon and nutrient fluxes in global continental margins. Springer Baird ME, Leth O, Middleton JF (2007) Biological response to circulation driven by mean summertime winds off central Chile: A numerical model study. J Geophys Res 112:C07031. Doi:10.1029/2006JC003655 Baker ET, Milburn HB, Tennant DA (1988) Field assessment of sediment trap efficiency under varying flow conditions. J Mar Res 46:573–592 Bakker DCE (1998) Process studies of the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean. Dissertation, Netherlands Institute of Sea Research 8 Bakun A (1987) Monthly variability in the ocean habitat off Peru as deduced from maritime observations, 1953 to 1984. In: Pauly D, Tsukayama I (ed) The Peruvian anchoveta and its upwelling ecosystem: three decades of change. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 15:46–74 Bakun A (1990) Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247:198–201 Bakun A (2006) Wasp-waist populations and marine ecosystem dynamics: navigating the “predator pit” topographies. Prog Oceanogr 68:271–288 Bakun A, Broad K (2003) Environmental ‘loopholes’ and fish population dynamics: Comparative pattern recognition with focus on El Niño effects in the Pacific. Fish Oceanogr 12(4–5):458–473 Bakun A, Mendelssohn R (1989) Alongshore wind stress, 1953–1984: Correction, reconciliation and update through 1986, In: Pauly D, Muck P, Mendo J et al (ed) The Peruvian upwelling ecosystem: Dynamics and interactions. ICLARM Conference Proceedings18. Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschbom, Federal Republic of Germany; and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), Manila, Philippines, pp 77–81 Bakun A, Csirke J, Lluch-Belda D et al (1999) The Pacific Central American Coastal LME. In: Tang Q, Sherman K (ed) Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim: Assessment, Sustainability and Management. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, pp 465 Balboni V, Giordani P, Miserocchi S et al (1999) Hydrological and biogeochemical properties of northwestern adriatic coastal waters south of Po delta. In: Hopkins TS, Artegiani A, Cauwet G et al (ed) The Adriatic Sea – Proceedings of the Workshop ‘Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in the Adriatic Sea’, Ecosystem Research Report No. 32, Portonovo (Ancona), Italy 23 to 27 April 1996, Office for Official Publications of the European Community, Luxembourg, pp 39–57 Balzer W, Knoppers B (1996) Transport mechanisms of biogenous material, heavy metals and organic pollutants in east Brazilian waters, large scale investigations. In: Ekau W, Knoppers B (ed) Sedimentation Processes and Productivity in the Continental Shelf Waters off East and Northeast Brazil. Cruise Report and first results of the Brazilian German project JOPS-II (Joint Oceanographic Projects). Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Bremen, pp 9–25 Balzer W, Helder W, Epping E et al (1998) Benthic denitrification and nitrogen cycling at the slope and rise of the N.W. European Continental Margin (Goban Spur). Prog Oceanography 42:111–126 Bandaragoda DJ (2006) Institutional adaptation for integrated water resources management: An effective strategy for managing Asian river basins. Working Paper 107. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Bane JM Jr, Brooks DA, Lorenson KR (1981) Synoptic observations of the threedimensional structure and propagation of Gulf Stream meanders along the Carolina continental margin. J Geophys Res 86:6411–6425 Bange HW, Rixen T, Johansen AM et al (2000) A revised nitrogen budget for the Arabian Sea. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:1283–1297 Bange HW, Andreae MO, Lal S et al (2001) Nitrous oxide emissions from the Arabian Sea: A synthesis. Atmos Chem Phys 1:61–71 Banse K (1959) On upwelling and bottom-trawling off the southwest coast of India. J Mar Biol Assoc India 1:33–49 9 Barale V, Larkin D (1998) Optical remote sensing of coastal plumes and run-off in the Mediterranean region, citation. Journal of Coastal Conservation 4:51–58 Barale V, Zin I (2000) Impact of continental margins in the Mediterranean Sea: Hints from the surface colour and temperature historical record. Journal of Coastal Conservation 6:5–14 Barange M, Pillar SC, Hutchings L (1992) Major pelagic borders of the Benguela ecosystem according to euphausiid species distribution. In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Af J Mar Sci 12:3–18 Barber RT (1992) Geologic and climatic scales of nutrient variability. In: Falkowski PG, Woodhead AD (ed) Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York, pp 89–106 Barber RT, Chávez F (1983) Biological consequences of El Niño. Science 222:1203– 1210 Barber RT, Smith RL (1981a) Coastal upwelling ecosystems. In: Analysis of marine ecosystems. Longhurst AR (ed) Academic Press, London, pp 31–68 Barber RT, Smith WO (1981b) The role of circulation, sinking and vertical migration in physical sorting of phytoplankton in the upwelling center at 15°S. In: Richards FA (ed) Coastal Upwelling. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 366–371 Barber RT, Dugdale RC, Maclssac J et al (1971) Variations in phytoplankton growth. Associated with the source and conditioning of upwelling water. Investigación Pesquera 35:171–193 Barber RT, Marra J, Bidigare RR et al (2001) Primary productivity and its regulation in the Arabian Sea during 1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:1127–1172 Bardhan P, Ghatak M, Karaivanov A (2002) Inequality, market imperfections, and voluntary provision of collective goods. 20 Apr 2004 Mimeo, as cited by Ribot. Department of Economics, Univ of California, Berkeley Baretta-Bekker JG (ed) (1995) European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model I (1990– 1993). Neth J Sea Res (special issue) 33(3–4):229–483 Baretta-Bekker JG, Baretta JW (ed) (1997) European Regional Ecosystem Model II (1993–1996). J Sea Res (special issue) 38(3–4):169–436 Bargeron C, Hydes D (2007) More pieces of the shelf sea CO2 flux jigsaw puzzle. In: Surface Ocean CO2 Variability and Vulnerability Workshop, Paris, France. http://ioc3.unesco.org/ioccp/pCO2_workshop/Posters/Bargeron_SOCOV_POST. pdf Barker S, Higgins JA, Elderfield H (2003) The future of the carbon cycle: review, calcification response, ballast and feedback on atmospheric CO 2. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 361:1977–1999 Barlow RG, Aiken J, Holligan PM et al (2002) Phytoplankton pigment and absorption characteristics along meridional transects in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 7:637–660 Barmawidjaja DM, van der Zwaan GJ, Jorissen FJ et al (1995) 150 years of eutrophication in the northern Adriatic Sea: Evidence from a benthic foraminiferal record. Mar Geol 122:367–384 Barnes J, Ramesh R, Purvaja R et al (2006) Tidal dynamics and rainfall control N2O and CH4 emissions from a pristine mangrove creek. Geophys Res Lett 33:L15405. Doi:10.1029/2006GL026829 Barras J, Beville S, Britsch D et al (2004) Historical and Projected Coastal Louisiana Land Changes: 1978–2050. USGS Open File Report OFR 030334 (Revised January 2004). US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, 45 pp Barrett DJ (2002) Steady state turnover time of carbon in the Australian terrestrial biosphere. Global Biogeochem Cy 16(4):1108. Doi:10.1103/2002GB001860 10 Barrie L et al (1998) The influence of physical and chemical processes on contaminant transport into and within the Arctic. In: Gregor D, Barrie L, Loeng H (ed) The AMAP Assessment, pp 25–116 Barth JA, Cowles TJ, Kosro PM et al (2002) Injection of carbon from the shelf to offshore beneath the euphotic zone in the California Current. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2001JC000956 Bartoli F (1983) The biogeochemical cycle of silicon in two temperate forest ecosystems. Ecol Bull 35:469–476 Bartoli G, Migon C, Losno R (2005) Atmospheric input of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and silicon to the coastal northwesternMediterranean Sea: Fluxes, variability and possible impact on phytoplankton dynamics. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 52(11):2005–2016 Barton ED (1998) Eastern boundary of the North Atlantic: Northwest Africa and Iberia, coastal segment (18E). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 633–657 Barton ED, Arístegui J, Tett P et al (1998) The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region. Prog Oceanogr 41:455–504 Bascompte J, Melián CJ, Sala E (2005) Interaction strength combinations and the overfishing of a marine food web. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(15):5443–5447 Baskaran S, Brodie RS, Budd KL et al (2001) Assessment of groundwater quality and origin of saline groundwaters in the coastal aquifers of Bowen area, north Queensland. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia Batchelder HP, Barth JA, Kosro PM et al (2002) The GLOBEC Northeast Pacific California current system program. Oceanography 15:36-47 Bates NR (2001) Interannual variability of oceanic CO2 and biogeochemical properties in theWestern North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:1507–1528 Bates NR, Samuels L, Merlivat L (2001) Biogeochemical and physical factors influencing seawater fCO2, and air-sea CO2 exchange on the Bermuda coral reef. Limnol Oceanogr 46(4):833–846 Bates NR, Pequignet AC, Johnson RJ et al (2002) A short-term sink for atmospheric CO2 in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 420: 489–493 Bates NR, Pequignet AC, Sabine CL (2006) Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO2 gas exchange. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB3020. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002491 Bathmann Ul, Fischer G, Müller PJ et al (1991) Shortterm variations in particulate matter sedimentation off Kapp Norvegia, Weddell Sea, Antarctica: relation to water mass advection, ice cover, plankton biomass and feeding activity. Polar Biol 11:185–195 Batteen ML, Rutherford MJ (1990) Modeling studies of eddies in the Leeuwin Current: the role of thermal forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 20:1484–1520 Bauer JE, Druffel ERM (1998) Ocean margins as a significant source of organic matter to the deep open ocean. Nature 392:482–485 Bauer JE, Druffel ERM, Wolgast DM et al (2001) Sources and cycling of dissolved and particulate organic radiocarbon in the northwest Atlantic continental margin. Global Biogeochem Cy 15:615–636 Bauer JE, DeMaster DJ, Repeta DJ et al (2002) Biogeochemistry and cycling of carbon in the northwest Atlantic continental margin: findings of the Ocean Margins Program. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:4271–4709 Baumann KH et al (2003) Contribution of calcareous plankton groups to the carbonate budget of South Atlantic surface sediments. In: Wefer G, Mulitza S, Ratmeyer V (ed) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary. Springer, Berlin, pp 81–99 11 Beach D (2002) Coastal Sprawl. The effects of urban design on aquatic ecosystems in the U.S. Pew Ocean Commission Beardall J, Foster P, Voltolina D et al (1982) Observations on the surface water characteristics in the western Irish Sea: July 1977. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 14:589–598 Beardsley RC, Boicourt WC, Hansen DV (1976) Physical oceanography of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Am Soc Limnol Oceanogr Spec Symp 2:20–34 Beardsley RC, Limburner RYuH, Cannon GA (1985) Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 4:57–76 Beardsley RC, Candela J, Limeburner R et al (1995) The M2 tide on the Amazon shelf. J Geophys Res 100:2283–2319 Beardsley RC, Butman B, Geyer RW et al (1997) Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine: an update. In: Braasch G, Wallace G (ed) Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Ecosystem Dynamics Scientific Symposium and Workshop. RARGOM Report 97–1. Regional Association for Research on the Gulf of Maine, Hanover, NH, pp 177–134 Becker GA, Schulz A (2000) Atlas of the North Sea surface temperature. Dt Hydr Z, suppl. 11:79 pp Becquevort S, Bouvier T, Lancelot C et al (2002) The seasonal modulation of organic matter utilization by bacteria in the Danube-Black Sea mixing zone. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54(3):337–354 Begg GA, Marteinsdottir G (2002) Environmental and stock effects on spawning origins and recruitment of cod Gadus morhua. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 229:263–277 Bégovic M (2001) Contribution l’étude du système des carbonates en Méditerranée. Distribution et variation spatiotemporelle de la pression partielle de CO 2 dans les eaux superficielles du bassin Liguro-Provençal. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Paris VI Bégovic M, Copin-Montégut C (2002) Processes controlling the annual variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water of the central part of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Dyfamed site). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:2031– 2048 Behrenfeld MJ, Falkowski PG (1997) Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1–20 Behrenfeld MJ, Boss E, Siegel DA et al (2005) Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002299 Bélanger S, Xie H, Krotkov N et al (2006) Photomineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in Arctic coastal waters from 1979 to 2003: Interannual variability and implications of climate change. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB4005. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002708 Belicka LL, Macdonald RW, Harvey HR (2002) Sources and transport of organic carbon to shelf, slope, and basin surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49(8):1463–1483 Belicka LL, Macdonald RW, Yunker MB et al (2004) The role of depositional regime on carbon transport and preservation in Arctic Ocean sediments. Mar Chem 86:65– 88 Beman JM, Arrigo KR, A.Matson P (2005) Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean. Nature 434:211–214 Bender M, Grande K, Johnson K et al (1987) A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production. Limnol Oceanogr 32:1085–1098 12 Bender ML, Dickson M, Orchardo J (2000) Net and gross production in the Ross Sea as determined by incubation experiments and dissolved O2 studies. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3141–3158 Benitez-Nelson CR, Buesseler KO (1999) Variability of inorganic and organic phosphorus turnover rates in the coastal ocean. Nature 398:502–505 Benitez-Nelson CR, Buessler KO, Crossin G (2000) Upper ocean carbon export, horizontal transport, and vertical eddy diffusivity in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 20:707–736 Benitez-Nelson CR, O’Neill L, Kolowith LC et al (2004) Phosphonates and particulate organic phosphorus cycling in an anoxic marine basin. Limnol Oceanogr 49(5):1593–1604 Benitez-Nelson CR, O’Neill LP, Styles RM et al (2007) Inorganic and organic sinking particulate phosphorus fluxes across the oxic/anoxic water column of Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Mar Chem 105:90-100 Benner R, Opsahl S (2001) Molecular indicators of the sources and transformations of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi river plume. Org Geochem 32:597– 611 Benner R, Chin-Leo G, Gardner W et al (1992) The fates and effects of riverine and shelf-derived DOM on Mississippi River plume/Gulf shelf processes. In: Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity, NECOP Workshop Proceedings, October 1991. Texas-Louisiana Sea Grant Publications, College Station, TX, pp 95–104 Benner R, Benitez-Nelson B, Kaiser K et al (2004) Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2003GL019251 Benson SR, Croll D, Marinovic B, Chávez F et al (2002) Variability of the cetacean assemblage of a coastal upwelling center spanning an El Niño event. Prog Oceanogr 54:279–292 Berelson WM, McManus J, Coale KH et al (1996) Biogenic matter diagenesis on the sea floor: A comparison between two continental margin transects. J Mar Res 54:731–762 Berelson W, McManus J, Coale K et al (2003) A time series of benthic flux measurements from Monterey Bay, CA. Cont Shelf Res 23:457–481 Bergamasco A, Gacic M, Boscolo R et al (1996) Winter oceanographic conditions and water mass balance in the Northern Adriatic (February 1993). J Marine Syst 7:67–94 Bergamasco A, Defendi V, Meloni R (2002) Some dynamics of water outflow from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf during 1995/96. Antarctic Science 14(2):74–82 Bergamasco A, Defendi V, Budillon G et al (2004) Down flow observations near Cape Adare shelf break. Antarctic Science 16(2):199–204 Bergametti G, Remoudaki E, Losno R et al (1992) Source, transport and deposition of atmospheric phosphorus over the northwestern Mediterranean. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 14:501–513 Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (1989) Ocean productivity and paleoproductivity – an overview. In: Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (ed) Productivity of the ocean: Present and past. Wiley, New York, pp 1–34 Bergström S, Alexandersson H, Carlsson B et al (2001) Climate and hydrology of the Baltic basin. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A System Analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp 75–112 Berkes F (2003) Alternatives to conventional management: Lessons from small-scale fisheries. Environments 31(1):5–19 Bernal P, Ahumada R, González H et al (1989) Flujo de carbón en un modelo trófico pelágico para Bahía Concepción, Chile. Biología Pesquera 18:5–14 13 Bernardes MEC, Möller OO Jr (1999) Estimativas do Transporte da Corrente do Brasil na Região Ocêanica de 30 Graus Sul. In: XII Semana Nacional de Oceanografia (1999) Rio de Janeiro – RJ. Resumos Expandidos da XII Semana Nacional de Oceanografia. Rio de Janeiro – RJ: UERJ, pp 109–111 Bernárdez P, Prego R, Francés G et al (2005) Opal content in the Ría de Vigo and Galician continental shelf: biogenic silica in the muddy fraction as an accurate paleoproductivity proxy. Cont Shelf Res 25:1249–1264 Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: Its geochemical and environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:451–473 Berner RA (1992) Comments on the role of marine sediment burial as a repository for anthropogenic CO2. Global Biogeochem Cy 6:1–2 Berner RA, Rao JL (1994) Phosphorus in sediments of the Amazon River and estuary: Implications for the global flux of phosphorus to the sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2333–2340 Berner RA, Lasaga AC, Garrels RM (1983) The carbonatesilicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am J Sci 284:1183–1192 Berner RA, Ruttenburg KC, Ingall ED et al (1993) The nature of phosphorus burial in modern marine sediments. In: Wallast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (ed) Interaction of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles. Springer, Berlin, pp 365–378 Bertrand A, Segura M, Gutierrez M et al (2004) From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitatbased hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru. Fish and Fisheries 5:296–316 Beşiktepe S, Sur HI, Ozsoy E et al (1994) The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Prog Oceanogr 34:285–334 Bessa MF, Paredes JF (1990) Transporte do carbono e do nitrogênio orgânico e inorgânico dissolvidos pelo Rio São Francisco, Brasil, durante um ano hidrológico (1984–1985). Geochimica Brasiliensis 4:17–31 Béthoux JP, Copin-Montégut G (1986) Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mediterranean Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 31:1353–1358 Béthoux JP, Copin-Montegut G (1988) Phosphorus and nitrogen in the Mediterranean Sea: specificities and forecasting. Oceanol Acta 9:75–78 Béthoux JP, Gentili B, Raunet J et al (1990) Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water. Nature 347:660–662 Béthoux JP, Morin P, Chaumery C et al (1998) Nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea, mass balance and statistical analysis of concentrations with respect to environmental change. Mar Chem 63:155–169 Béthoux JP, Durrieu de Madron X, Nyffeler F et al (2002a) Deep water in the western Mediterranean: Peculiar 1999 and 2000 characteristics, shelf formation hypothesis, variability since 1970 and geochemical inferences. J Marine Syst 33–34:117–131 Béthoux JP, Morin P, Ruiz-Pino DP (2002b) Temporal trends in nutrient ratios: Chemical evidence of Mediterranean ecosystem changes driven by human activity. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:2007–2016 Beusen AHW, Dekkers ALM, Bouwman AF et al (2005) Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S05. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002453 Bezrukov PL (1960) Bottom sediments of the Okhotsk Sea. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii 32:15–95 Bhushan R, Dutta K, Somayajulu BLK (2001) Concentrations and burial fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon on the eastern margins of the Arabian Sea. Mar Geol 178:95–113 14 Bianchi TS, Mitra S, McKee BA (2002) Sources of terrestrially derived organic carbon in lower Mississippi River and Lousiana shelf sediments: Implications for differential sedimentation and transport at the coastal margin. Mar Chem 77:211–223 Biebow N, Hutten E (1999) Cruise Report KOMEX I and II: RV Professor Gagarinsky Cruise 22, Akademik Lavrentyev cruise 28, GEOMAR Rep. 82 Biebow N, Ludmann T, Karp B et al (2000) Cruise Report KOMEX V and VI: RV Professor Gagarinsky Cruise 26, Marshal Gelovany cruise 1, GEOMAR Report 88 Biebow N, Kulinich R, Baranov B (2003) Cruise Report: KOMEX II: RV Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev cruise 29. GEOMAR Report 98 Bienfang P, Ziemann D (1992) The role of coastal high latitude ecosystems in global export production. In: Falkowski PG, Woodhead AD (ed), Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York, pp 285–297 Bigelow HB (1933) Studies of the waters on the continental shelf, Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. The cycle of temperature. Papers in Physical Oceanography 2(4):135 pp Bignami F, Hopkins TS (2003) Salt and heat trends in the shelf waters of the southern Middle-Atlantic Bight. Cont Shelf Res 23:647–667 Billen G, Somville M, De Becker E et al (1985) A nitrogen budget of the Scheldt hydrographical basin. Neth J Sea Res 19:223–230 Billen G, Lancelot C, Meybeck M (1991) N, P, and Si retention along the aquatic continuum from land to ocean. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin J-M, Wollast R (ed) Ocean margin processes in global change. Wiley, New York, pp 19–44 Bird MI, Brunskill GJ, Chivas AR (1995) Carbon isotope composition of sediments from the Gulf of Papua. Geo-Marine Letters 15:153–159 Bisagni JJ, Gifford DJ, Ruhsam CM (1996) The spatial and temporal distribution of the Maine Coastal Current during 1982. Cont Shelf Res 16:1–24 Biscaye PE, Anderson RF (1994) Fluxes of particulate matter on the slope of the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight: SEEP-II. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:459–509 Biscaye PE, Anderson RF, Deck BL (1988) Fluxes of particles and constituents to the eastern United States continental slope and rise: SEEP-I. Cont Shelf Res 8:855– 904 Biscaye PE, Flagg CN, Falkowski PG (1994) The Shelf Edge Exchange Processes experiment, SEEP-II: An introduction to hypotheses, results and conclusions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:231–252 Bissett WP, Arango H, Arnone R et al (in prep) The prediction of hyperspectral inherent optical properties in the New Jersey Bight Bissett WP, Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA et al (1999) Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: I. Numerical simulation of differential carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Deep-Sea Res 46:205–269 Black DE, Peterson LC, Overpeck JT et al (1999) Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability. Science 286:1709–1713 Blanke B, Roy C, Penven P et al (2002) Linking wind and interannual upwelling variability in a regional model of the southern Benguela. Geophys Res Lett 29(24):9–12 Blanton JO (1991) Circulation processes along oceanic margins in relation to material fluxes. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin JM, Wollast R (ed) Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change. Wiley, New York, pp 145–163 Blanton JO, Tenore KR, Castillejo FF de et al (1987) The relationship of upwelling to mussel production in the rías on the Western coast of Spain. J Mar Res 45:497– 511 15 Blomquist W, Dinar A, Kemper K (2005) Comparison of institutional arrangements for river basin management in eight basins. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3636 Blondeau-Patissier D, Tilstone GH, Marinez-Vicente V et al (2004) Comparison of biophysical marine products from SeaWiFS, MODIS and a bio-optical model with in situ measurements from Northern European waters. J Opt A: Pure Appl Opt 6:875–889 Blum JD, Erel Y (1995) A silicate weathering mechanism linking increases in Sr-87/Si86 with global glaciation. Nature 373:415–418 Blumburg AF, Mellor GL (1987) A description of a threedimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Heaps NS (ed) Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 1–16 Bobkov A (1993) New scheme of the circulation and water mass distribution in the southern Kuril area. Umi to Sora 69:41–52 Bode A, Varela M (1998) Primary production and phytoplankton in three Galician Rías Altas (NW Spain): seasonal and spatial variability. Sci Mar 62:319–330 Bode A, Casas B, Varela M (1994) Size-fractioned primary productivity and biomass in the Galician shelf (NW Spain): Netplankton versus nanoplankton dominance. Scientia Marina 58:131–141 Bode A, Varela M, Barquero S et al (1998) Preliminary studies on the export of organic matter during phytoplankton blooms off La Coruña (North-western Spain). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 78:1–15 Bode A, Barquero S, González N et al (2004) Contribution of heterotrophic plankton to nitrogen regeneration in the upwelling ecosystem of A Coruña (NW Spain). J Plankton Res 26:11–28 Bode A, González N, Rodriguez C et al (2005) Seasonal variability of plankton blooms in the Ria de Ferrol (NW Spain): I. Nutrient concentrations and nitrogen uptake rates. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 63:269–284 Boehme SE, Sabine CL, Reimers CE (1998) CO2 fluxes from a coastal transect: A time-series approach. Mar Chem 63(1–2):49–67 Bogden PS, O’Donnell J (1998) Generalized inverse with shipboard current measurements: tidal and nontidal flows in Long Island Sound. J Mar Res 56:995–1027 Boicourt WC, Wiseman WJ et al (1998) Continental shelf of the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico: in the shadow of the western boundary current (2,W). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11, The global coastal ocean – Regional studies and synthesis. Wiley, New York, pp 135-182 Bokuniewicz H (1980) Groundwater seepage into Great South Bay, New York. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10:437–444 Bollinger MS, Moore WS (1984) Radium fluxes from a salt marsh. Nature 309:444–446 Boltovskoy D, Gibbons MJ, Hutchings L et al (1999) General biological features of the South Atlantic. In: Boltovskoy D (ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton, Backhuys Publ. Leiden, The Netherlands, pp 1–42 Bonnet S, Guieu C (2004) Dissolution of atmospheric iron in seawater. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2003GL018423 Bonnin J (2004) Short-term sediment resuspension on the continental slope and geochemical implications: The Faeroe- Shetland Channel. PhD Dissertation, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands Booth DA (1988) Horizontal dispersion in the north east Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 35:1937–1951 Booth D (1991) Urbanization and the natural drainage system – impacts, solutions and prognoses. Northwest Environmental Journal 7(1):93–118 16 Borgel R (1970) Geomorfología de las regiones australes de Chile. Revista Geográfica de Chile ‘Terra Australis’ 20:135–140 Borges AV (2005) Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO 2 fluxes in the Coastal Ocean?. Estuaries 28:3–27 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (1999) Daily and seasonal variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawater along Belgian and southern Dutch coastal areas. J Marine Syst 19:251–266 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2001) Short-term variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters of the Galician upwelling system. Prog Oceanogr 51:283–302 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2002a) Aspects of dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in the upwelling system off the Galician coast. J Mar Syst 32(1–3):181–198 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2002b) Distribution and air-water exchange of carbon dioxide in the Scheldt plume off the Belgian coast. Biogeochemistry 59(1–2):41– 67 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2002c) Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air–sea exchange in the upwelling system off the Galician coast. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2000GB001385 Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2002d) Spatio-temporal variability and air-sea exchanges of carbon dioxide in three European coastal ecosystems. EGS 2002 abstract Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2003) Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the English Channel and adjacent areas. J Geophys Res 108:1–14 Borges MF, Santos AMP, Crato N et al (2003) Sardine regime shifts off Portugal: a time series analysis of catches and wind conditions. Scientia Marina 67(Suppl):235– 244 Borges AV, Delille B, Frankignoulle M (2005) Budgeting sinks and sources of CO 2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts. Geophys Res Let. Doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023053 Borgne RL, Feely RA, Mackey DJ (2002) Carbon fluxes in the equatorial Pacific: A synthesis of the JGOFS Programme. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:2425–2442 Bory AJM, Newton PP (2000) Transport of airborne lithogenic material down through the water column in two contrasting regions of the eastern subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 14(1):297–315 Bory A, Jeandel C, Leblond N et al (2001) Downward particle flux within different productivity regimes off the Mauretanian upwelling zone (EUMELI program). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:2251–2282 Bory A, Dulac F, Moulin C et al (2002) Atmospheric and oceanic dust fluxes in the northeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean: how close a coupling?. Annales Geophysicae 20:2067–2076 Bottjer D, Morales CE (2007) Nanoplanktonic assemblages in the upwelling area off Concepcion (36°S) central Chile: Abundance, biomass, and grazing potential during the annual cycle. Prog Oceanogr 75:415–434 Boudreau PR, Geerders PJF, Pernetta JC (1996) LOICZ Data and Information System Plan (LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 6 (II), LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Boukthir M, Barnier B (2000) Seasonal and inter-annual variations in the surface freshwater flux in the Mediterranean Sea from ECMWF re-analysis project. J Marine Syst 24:343–354 Bouwman AF, Van Drecht G, Knoop JM et al (2005) Exploring changes in river nitrogen export to the world’s oceans. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB1002. Doi:10.1029/2004GB00231 Bowden KF (1955) Physical Oceanography of the Irish Sea. Fisheries Investigations II 18:66 17 Boyd AJ (1987) The Oceanography of the Namibian Shelf. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Cape Town Boyd PW, Newton PP (1999) Does planktonic community structure determine downward particulate organic carbon flux in different oceanic provinces?. DeepSea Res Pt II 46(1):63–91 Boyd AJ, Shillington FA (1994) Physical forcing and circulation patterns on the Agulhas bank. S Afr J Sci 90:114–122 Boyd PW, Trull TW (2007) Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?. Prog Oceanogr 72:276–312 Boyd CM, Smith SL, Cowles TJ (1980) Grazing patterns of copepods in the upwelling system off Peru. Limnol Oceanogr 25:583–596 Boyd AJ, Tromp BBS, Horstman DA (1985) The hydrology off the South African southwestern coast between Cape Point and Danger Point in 1975. S Afr J mar Sci 3:145–168 Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Galloway JN et al (2006) Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts. Global Biogeochem Cycle 20(1):GB1S91. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002537 Bozec Y, Thomas H, Elkalay K et al (2005) The continental shelf pump in the North Sea – evidence from summer observations. Mar Chem 93:131–147 Bozec Y, Thomas H, Schiettecatte L-S et al (2006) Assessment of the processes controlling the seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 51:2746–2762 Bradford JM (1985) Distribution of zooplankton off Westland, New Zealand, June 1979 and February 1982. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 19:311–326 Bradford JM, Chang, FH (1987) Standing stocks and productivity of phytoplankton off Westland, New Zealand, February 1982. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 21:71– 90 Bradford-Grieve JM, Chang FH, Gall M et al (1997) Size-fractionated phytoplankton standing stocks and primary production during austral winter and spring 1993 in the Subtropical Convergence region near New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 31:201–224 Bradford-Grieve J, Probert K, Lewis K et al (2006) New Zealand shelf region, Chp 36. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14B. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 1451–1492 Bradley PE, Scott EM, Baxter MS et al (1991) Radiocaesium in local and regional coastal water modelling exercises. In: Radionuclides in the study of marine processes, Proceedings of International Symposium, Univ of East Anglia, Norwich. Elsevier, London, pp 61–73 Brainard RE, McLain DR (1987) Seasonal and interannual subsurface temperature variability off Peru, 1952 to 1984. In: Pauly D, Tsukayama I (ed) The Peruvian anchoveta and its upwelling ecosystem: Three decades of change. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 15:14–45 Brambati A, Fanzutti GP, Finocchiaro F et al (1999) Some palaeoecological remarks on the Ross Sea shelf, Antarctica. In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea Ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 51–61 Brambati A, Corradi N, Finocchiaro F et al (2002a) The position of the grounding line in the Joides Basin: an interpretation based on sedimentological and geochemical data. In: Gamble JA, Skinner DNB, Henrys S, Lynch ER (ed) Antarctica at the close of a Millenium. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 35:365–372 Brambati A, Melis R, Quaia T et al (2002b) Late Quaternary climatic changes in the Ross Sea area, Antarctica. In: Gamble JA, Skinner DNB, Henrys S et al (ed) Antarctic Earth Sciences at the Close of a Millennium: Proceedings Volume 8th 18 International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences: Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 35:359–364 Brand LE (1994) Physiological ecology of marine coccolithophores. Coccolithophores. Cambridge Univ PressUniv Press, Cambridge Brandes JA, Devol AH, Jayakumar DA et al (1998) Isotopic composition of nitrate in the central Arabian Sea and eastern tropical North Pacific: A tracer for mixing and nitrogen cycles. Limnol Oceanogr 43:1680–1689 Brandhorst W (1971) Condiciones estivales frente a la costa de Chile. Revista de Biología Marina, Valparaíso 14(3):45–84 Brandini FP, Lopes RM, Gutseit KS et al (1997) Planctonologia na plataforma continental do Brasil: Diagnose e revisão bibliográfica. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente dos resursos hídricos e da Amazônia legal (MMA), Comissão Interministerial para os recursos do Mar (CIRM), Fundação de Estudos do Mar (FEMAR) Brandini FP, Boltovskoy D, Piola A et al (2000) Multiannual trends in fronts and distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll in the southwestern Atlantic (30–62°S). Deep-Sea Res 47:1015–1033 Brauman KA, Daily GC, Duarte TK et al (2007) The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32:67–98 Bray NA, Wijffels SE, Chong JC et al (1997) Characteristics of the Indo-Pacific Throughflow in the eastern Indian Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 24:2569–2572 Bremner JM (1981) Sediments on the continental margin off South West Africa between latitudes 17° and 25°S. Marine Geoscience Bulletin 10: Council for Geoscience, Pretoria Bremner JM (1983) Biogenic sediments on the South West African (Namibian) continental margin. In: Thiede J, Suess E (ed) Coastal upwelling: Its sedimentary record Part B: Sedimentary records of ancient coastal upwelling, Plenum Press, New York, pp 73–103 Brewer PG, Dyrssen D (1985) Chemical oceanography of the Persian Gulf. Prog Oceanogr 14:41–55 Brewer PG, Wong GTF, Bacon MP et al (1975) An oceanic calcium problem? Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:81–87 Brewer PG, Goyet C, Dyrssen D (1989) Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25°N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Science 246:477–479 Briand F, Lascaratos A (ed) (2000) The Eastern climatic transient. Its origin, evolution and impact on the ecosystem. Trieste, 29 March–1 April 2000. CIESM Workshop Series 10:10–13 Brickley P (2000) Vertical mixing by internal solitary waves in the Gulf of Maine. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Maine Brink KH, Cowles TJ (1991) The coastal transition zone program. J Geophys Res 96:14637–14647 Brink KH, Beardsley RC, Niiler PP et al (1991) Statistical properties of near-surface flow in the California coastal transition zone. J Geophys Res 96:14693–14706 Brink KH, Abrantes FFG, Bernal PA et al (1995) Group report: How do coastal upwelling systems operate as integrated physical, chemical and biological systems and influence the geological record? The role of physical processes in defining the spatial structures of biological and chemical variables. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (ed) Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103–124 Brinkman R, Wolanski E, Deleersnijder E et al (2002) Oceanic inflow from the Coral Sea into the Great Barrier Reef. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54:655–668 19 Broecker WS (1974) Chemical Oceanography. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York Broecker WS (2001) The big climate amplifier: Ocean circulation-sea ice-storminessdustiness-albedo. In: The Oceans & Rapid Climate Change: Past, Present, & Future. Am Geophys Union Geophysical Monograph 126:53–56 Broecker WS, Peng TH (1982) Tracers in the sea, Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades Broecker WS, Peng TH (1998) Greenhouse Puzzles. Eldigio Press, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Broecker WS, Toggweiler JR, Takahashi T (1980) The Bay of Bengal – a major nutrient source for the deep Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 49:506–512 Broecker WS, Patzert WC, Toggweiler JR et al (1986a) Hydrography, chemistry and radioisotopes in the south-east Asian basins. J Geophys Res 91:14345–14354 Broecker WS, Peng TS, Östlund G (1986b) The distribution of bomb tritium in the ocean. J Geophys Res 91:14331–14344 Broecker WS, Blanton S, Smethie WM et al (1991) Radiocarbon decay and oxygen utilization in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 5:87–117 Broerse ATC, Ziveri P, van Hinte JE (2000) Coccolithophore export production, species composition, and coccolith-CaCO3 fluxes in the NE Atlantic (34°N 21°W and 48°N 21°W). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:1877–1905 Bromwich DH, Kurtz DD (1984) Katabatic wind forcing of the Terra Nova Bay polynya. J Geophys Res 89:3561–3572 Bromwich DH, Chen QS, Li Y et al (1999) Precipitation over Greenland and its relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Geophys Res 104:22103–22115 Brooks DA (1985) Vernal circulation in the Gulf of Maine. J Geophys Res 90:4687– 4705 Brooks DA, Townsend DW (1989) Variability in the coastal current and nutrient pathways in the eastern Gulf of Maine. J Mar Res 47:303–321 Brovkin V, Sitch S, von Bloh W et al (2004) Role of land cover changes for atmospheric CO2 increase and climate change during the last 150 years. Global Change Biology 10:1253–1266 Brown CW, Podestá GP (1997) Remote sensing of coccolithophore blooms in the Western South Atlantic Ocean. Remote Sensing Environment 60:83–91 Brown WS, Beardsley RC (1978) Winter circulation in the western Gulf of Maine. Part 1. Cooling and water mass formation. J Phys Oceanogr 8:265–277 Brown RGB, Nettleship DN, Germain P et al (1975) Atlas of eastern Canadian seabirds. Can Wildl Serv Spec Rep Brown PC, Painting SJ, Cochrane KL (1991) Estimates of phytoplankton and bacterial biomass and production in the northern and southern Benguela ecosystems. S Af J Mar Sci 11:537–564 Bruchert V, Perez ME, Lange CB (2000) Coupled primary production, benthic foraminiferal assemblage, and sulfur diagenesis in organic-rich sediments of the Benguela upwelling system. Mar Geol 163:27–40 Bruevich SV (1956) The chemistry of the bottom sediments of the Okhotsk Sea. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii 18:41–132 Bruland KW, Rue EL, Smith GJ et al (2005) Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru. Mar Chem 93:81– 103 Brunet C, Poisson A, Lebel J et al (1984) Alcalinité totale – carbone inorganique – calcium – densité. In: Propri étés hydrologiques et chimiques des eaux du bassin occidental de la Méditerranée, campagne Mediprod IV, 15 Octobre–17 Novembre 1981, Résultats des campagnes à la mer, 26, 89-93, Centre National pour l’Exploitation des Océans, Brest, France 20 Brunet F, Gaiero DM, Probst JL et al (2005) 13C tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon sources in Patagonian rivers (Argentina). Hydrological Processes 19 (17):3321– 3344 Brunskill GJ (2004) New Guinea and its coastal seas, a testable model of wet tropical coastal processes: An introduction to Project TROPICS. Cont Shelf Res 24(19):2273–2295 Brunskill GJ, Woolfe KJ, Zagorskis I (1995) Distribution of riverine sediment chemistry on the shelf, slope, and rise of the Gulf of Papua. Geo-Mar Lett 15:160–165 Brunskill GJ, Orpin AR, Zagorskis I et al (2001) Geochemistry and particle size of surface sediments of Exmouth Gulf, northwest Shelf, Australia. Cont Shelf Res 21:157–201 Brunskill GJ, Zagorskis I, Pfitzner J (2002) Carbon burial rates in sediments, and a carbon mass balance, of the Herbert River region of the Great Barrier Reef continental shelf, north Queensland, Australia. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54:677– 700 Brunskill GJ, Zagorskis I, Pfitzner J (2003) Geochemical mass balance for boron, lithium, and strontium in the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:3365-3383 Brunskill GJ, Zagorskis I, Pfitzner J (2008) A Mass Balance for Sediment and Copper in the Rivers, Estuaries, Shelf and Slope of the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, Chp 6. In: Bolton BR (ed) The Fly River System, Papua New Guinea: Environmental Studies in an Impacted Tropical River System. Developments in Earth & Environmental Sciences, vol 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 205-254 Bryden HL, Kinder TH (1991) Steady two-layer exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res 38:S445 Brzezinski M, Nelson DM (1995) The annual silica cycle in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 42:1215–1237 Buddemeier RW (1996) Groundwater flux to the Ocean: Definitions, data, applications, uncertainties. In: Buddemeier RW (ed) Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of an International Symposium, LOICZ Reports and Studies No. 8, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands, pp 16–21 Buddemeier RW, Smith SV, Swaney DP et al (ed) (2002) The role of the coastal ocean in the disturbed and undisturbed nutrient and carbon cycles. LOICZ Reports and Studies No. 24. LOICZ, Texel, the Netherlands Budillon G, Spezie G (2000) Thermohaline structure and variability in the Terra Nova Bay Polynya (Ross Sea) between 1995–98. Antarctic Science 12(4):501–516 Budillon G, Tucci S, Artegiani A et al (1999) Water masses and suspended matter characteristics of the western Ross Sea. In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea Ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 63–81 Budillon G, Fusco G, Spezie G (2000) A study of surface heat fluxes in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Antarctic Science 12:243–254 Budillon G, Cordero Gremes S, Salusti E (2002) On the dense water spreading off the Ross Sea shelf. J Mar Syst 35(3–4):207–227 Budillon G, Pacciaroni M, Cozzi S et al (2003) An Optimum multiparameter mixing analysis of the shelf waters in the Ross Sea. Antarctic Science 15(1):105–118 Budillon G, Salusti E, Tucci S (2006) The evolution of density currents and nepheloid bottom layers in the Ross sea (Antarctica). J Mar Res 64(4):517–540 Buesseler KO (1998) The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 12:297–310 Buesseler KO, Bacon MP, Cochran JK et al (1992) Carbon and nitrogen export during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment estimated from 234Th:238U disequilibrium. Deep-Sea Res 39:1115–1137 21 Buesseler KO, Ball L, Andrews J et al (2001) Upper ocean export and particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean along 170°W. DeepSea Res Pt II 48:4275–4298 Buesseler KO, Barber RT, Dickson M-L et al (2003) The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W. DeepSea Res Pt II 50:579–604 Buesseler KO, Lamborg CH, Boyd PW et al (2007) Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean’s twilight zone. Science 316:567–570 Bugna GC, Chanton JP, Cable JE et al (1996) The importance of groundwater discharge to the methane budgets of nearshore and continental shelf waters of the northeastern Gulf Mexico. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:4735–4746 Bunt JS (1992) How can fragile ecosystems best be conserved?. In: Hsü KJ, Thiede J (ed) Use and Misuse of the Seafloor. Dahlem Workshop Reports. Wiley, Chichester, pp 229–242 Burnett WC, Dulaiova H (2003) Estimating the dynamics of groundwater input into the coastal zone via continuous radon-222 measurements. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 69:21–35 Burnett WC, Bokuniewicz H, Huettel M et al (2003) Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeochemistry 66:3–33 Burns KA, Greenwood PF, Summons RE et al (2001) Vertical fluxes of hydrocarbons on the Northwest Shelf of Australia as estimated by a sediment trap study. Org Geochem 32:1241–1255 Burns KA, Volkman JK, Cavanagh J et al (2003) Lipids as biomarkers for carbon cycling on the Northwest Shelf of Australia: Results from a sediment trap study. Mar Chem 80:103–128 Burns KA, Greenwood P, Benner R et al (2004) Organic biomarkers for tracing carbon cycling in the Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea). Cont Shelf Res 19:2373-2394 Burns KA, Brunskill G, Brinkman D et al (2008) Organic carbon and nutrient fluxes to the coastal zone from the Sepik River outflow. Cont Shelf Res 28(2):283–301 Burrage DM (1993) Coral Sea Currents. Corella 17(5):135–145 Burrage DM, Heron ML, Hacker JM et al (2002) Evolution and dynamics of tropical river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef: An integrated remote sensing and in situ study. J Geophys Res 107(C12):8016. Doi:10.1029/2001JC001024 Burrage DM, Heron ML, Hacker JM et al (2003) Structure and influence of tropical river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef: Application and performance of an airborne sea surface salinity mapping system. Remote Sensing of the Environment 85(2):204–220 Burrows M, Thorpe SA (1999) Drifter observations of the Hebrides slope current and nearby circulation patterns. Annales Geophysicae 17:280–302 Buscail R, Pocklington R, Daumas R et al (1990) Fluxes and budget of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer over the northwestern Mediterranean margin. Cont Shelf Res 1089–1122 Bushaw-Newton KL, Moran MA (1999) Photochemical formation of biologically available nitrogen from dissolved humic substances in coastal marine systems. Aquat Microb Ecol 18:285–292 Butman B, Beardsley RC (1987) Long term observations on the southern flank of Georges Bank. Part I: A description of the seasonal cycle of currents, temperature, stratification and wind stress. J Phys Oceanogr 17:367–384 Butman B, Beardsley RC, Magnell B et al (1982) Recent observations of the mean circulation on Georges Bank. J Phys Oceanogr 12:569–591 22 Cable JE, Burnett WC, Chanton JP et al (1996) Estimating groundwater discharge into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico using radon-222. Earth Planet Sci Lett 144:591– 604 Cable JE, Burnett WC, Chanton JP et al (1997) Field evaluation of seepage meters in the coastal marine environment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 45:367–375 Cabrera GC, Piccolo MC (1984) Clasificación de las masas de agua superficiales mediante análisis de discriminantes. Actas XII Coloquio Argentino de Estadística (Bahía Blanca, Argentina) 1:57–63 Cahoon LB, Cooke JE (1992) Benthic microalgal production in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 84:185–196 Cai W-J (2003) Riverine inorganic carbon flux and rate of biological uptake in the Mississippi River plume. Geophys Res Lett 30(2):1032. Doi:10.1029/2002GL016312 Cai W-J, Dai M (2004) Comment on “Enhanced Open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping”. Science 306:1477 Cai W-J, Wang Z, Wang Y (2003) The role of marsh-dominated heterotrophic continental margins in transport of CO2 between the atmosphere, the land-sea interface and the ocean. Geophys Res Lett 30(16):1849. Doi:10.1029/2003GL017633 Cai W-J, Dai M, Wang Y et al (2004) The biogeochemistry of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pearl River estuary and the adjacent Northern South China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 24:1301–1319 Cai W-J, Dai M, Wang Y (2006) Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province based synthesis. Geophys Res Lett 33:L12603. Doi:10.1029/2006GL026219 Cai W-J, Guo X, Chen C-TA et al (2008) A comparative overview of weathering intensity and HCO−3 flux of the world’s major rivers with emphasis on the Changjiang, Huanghe, Zhujiang (Pearl) and Mississippi Rivers. Cont Shelf Res 28:1538–1549 Calasans CF, Carvalho CEV, Ovalle ARC et al (1995) Distribuição de carbono orgânico dissolvido na porção inferior do Rio Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do V Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Congresso de Geoquímica dos países de língua portuguesa, Niterói, RJ, ANAIS – CD ROM V. 1, pp 1–3 Caldeira K, Duffy PB (2000) The role of the Southern Ocean in uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Science 287:620–622 Calienes R, Guillén O, Lostaunau N (1985) Variabilidad Espacio-Temporal de Clorofila. Producción Primaria y Nutrientes frente a la Costa Peruana. Boletin del Instituto del Mar del Perú 10 (1) Calvo-Díaz A, Morán XAG, Nogueira E et al (2004) Picoplankton community structure along the northern Iberian continental margin in late winter-early spring. J Plankton Res 26:1069–1081 Campagna C, Rivas AL, Marin MR (2000) Temperature and depth profiles recorded during dives of elephant seals reflect distinct ocean environments. J Marine Syst 24:299–312 Campbell JW, Blaisdell JM, Darzi M (1995) Level-3 SeaWiFS data products: Spatial and temporal binning algorithms. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, vol 32 Campbell J, Antoine D, Armstrong R et al (2002) Comparison of algorithms for estimating ocean primary production from surface chlorophyll, temperature, and irradiance. Global Biogeochem Cy 16(3):1035. Doi:10.1029/2001GB001444 Campos EJD, Goncalves JE, Ikeda Y (1995a) Water Mass Characteristics and Geostrophic Circulation in the South Brazil Bight – Summer of 1991. J Geophys Res 100(9):18537–18550 23 Campos EJD, Miller JL, Müller TJ et al (1995b) Physical oceanography of the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Oceanography 8:87–91 Campos EJD, Lentini CAD, Miller J et al (1999) Interannual variability of the sea surface temperature on the eastern South American continental shelf. Geophys Res Lett 104:2061–2064 Campos EJD, Velhote D, Silveira ICA (2000) Shelf break upwelling driven by Brazil Current cyclonic meanders. Geophys Res Lett 27(6):751–754 Canadell JG, Le Quéré C, Raupach MR et al (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Doi:10.1073/pnas.0702737104 Canals M, Puig P, Durrieu de Madron X et al (2006) Flushing submarine canyons. Nature 444:354–357 Canfield DE (1993) Organic matter oxidation in marine sediments. In: Wallast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (ed) Interaction of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles. Springer, Berlin, pp 333–363 CANZ (1996) Undersea New Zealand (New Zealand Region Physiography) 1:4 000,000 (2nd edn). NIWA Chart Miscellaneous Series No. 74 Capone DG, Bautista MF (1985) A groundwater source of nitrate in nearshore marine sediments. Nature 313:214–216 Capone DG, Knapp AN (2007) A marine nitrogen cycle fix? Nature 445:159–160 Capone DG, Slater JM (1990) Interannual patterns of water table height and groundwater derived nitrate in nearshore sediments. Biogeochemistry 10:277– 288 Capone DG, Zehr JP, Paerl HW et al (1997) Trichodesmium, a globally significant marine cyanobacterium. Science 276:1221–1229 Capone DG, Subramaniam A, Montoya JP et al (1998) An extensive bloom of the N 2fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum in the central Arabian Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 172:281–292 Capone DG, Burns JA, Montoya JP et al (2005) Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp.: An important source of new nitrogen to the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002331 Capriulo GM, Smith G, Troy R et al (2002) The planktonic food web structure of a temperate zone estuary, and its alteration due to eutrophication. Hydrobiologia 475/476:263–333 Caputi N, Chubb CF, Brown RS (1995) Relationship between spawning stock, environment, recruitment and fishing effort for the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus, fishery in Western Australia. Crustaceana 68:213–226 Cardell MJ, Sardà R, Romero J (1999) Spatial changes in sublittoral soft-bottom polychaete assemblages due to river inputs and sewage discharges. Acta Oecologica 20(4):343–351 Carder KL, Chen FR, Lee ZP et al (1999) Semi-analytic MODIS algorithms for chlorophylla and absorption with bio-optical domains based on nitrate-depletion temperatures. J Geophys Res 104(C3):5403-5421 Carey AE, Gardner CB, Goldsmith ST et al (2005) Organic carbon yields from small, mountainous rivers, New Zealand. Geophys Res Lett 32:L15404. Doi:10.1029/2005GL023159 Carlson CA, Ducklow HW, Hansell DA et al (1998) Organic carbon partitioning during spring phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea polynya and the Sargasso Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 43:375–386 Carlson CA, Hansell DA, Peltzer ET et al (2000) Stocks and dynamics of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3201–3225 24 Carmack E (1990) Large-scale oceanography of polar oceans. In: Smith WO Jr (ed) Polar Oceanography, Part A, Academic Press, San Diego, pp 171–222 Carmack E, Chapman DC (2003) Wind-driven shelf/basin exchange on an Arctic shelf: The joint roles of ice cover extent and shelf-break bathymetry. Geophys Res Lett 30(14):1778 Carmack EC, Macdonald RW (2002) Oceanography of the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea: A setting for marine life. Arctic 55(supp.1):29–45 Carmack EC, Macdonald RW, Jasper S (2004) Phytoplankton productivity on the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 277:37–50 Carmack E, Barber D, Christensen J et al (2006) Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves. Prog Oceanogr 71:145–181 Carr M-E (2002) Estimation of potential productivity in Eastern Boundary Currents using remote sensing. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:59–80 Carr M-E, Kearns EJ (2003) Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:3199–3221 Carrasco S, Santander H (1987) The El Niño event and its influence on the Zooplankton off Peru. J Geophys Res 92(C13):14405–14410 Carreto JI, Negri RM, Benavides HR (1986) Algunas caracter ísticas del florecimiento del fitoplancton en el frente del Río de la Plata. Parte I: Los sistemas nutritivos. Revista de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero 5:7–29 Carreto JI, Lutz VA, Carignan MO et al (1995) Hydrography and chlorophyll a in a transect from the coast to the shelf-break in the Argentinian Sea. Cont Shelf Res 15:315–336 Carrillo CJ, Smith RC, Karl DM (2004) Processes regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide in surface waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Mar Chem 84(3–4):161–179 Carruthers JN, Gogate SS, Naidu JR et al (1959) Shoreward upslope of the layer of minimum oxygen off Bombay: Its influence on marine biology, especially fisheries. Nature 183:1084–1087 Carter L (1975) Sedimentation on the continental terrace around New Zealand: a review. Mar Geol 19:209–237 Carter L (1980) Ironsand in continental shelf sediments off western New Zealand: a synopsis. New Zealand J Geol Geop 23:455–468 Carter L (1986) A budget for modern-Holocene sediment on the South Otago continental shelf. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 20:665–676 Carter L (2001) A large submarine debris flow in the path of the Pacific deep western boundary current off New Zealand. Geo-Mar Lett 21:42–50 Carter RM, Carter L (1987) The Bounty Channel system: a 55-million-year-old sediment conduit to the deep sea, south west Pacific Ocean. Geo-Mar Lett 7:183–190 Carter RA, D’Aubrey J (1988) Inorganic nutrients in Natal Continental shelf waters. In: Schumann EH (ed) Coastal Ocean Studies off Natal, South Africa. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies 26. Springer, Berlin, pp 131–151 Carter L, Eade JV (1980) Hauraki Sediments. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Chart, Coastal Series 1:200000 Carter L, Garlick RD, Sutton P et al (1998) Ocean Circulation New Zealand. NIWA Chart Miscellaneous Series No.76 Carton JA, Chepurin G, Cao X (2000a) A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950–1995 Part 2: results. J Phys Oceanogr 30:311–326 Carton JA, Chepurin G, Cao X et al (2000b) A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950–1995, Part 1: methodology. J Phys Oceanogr 30:294–309 25 Carvalho CEV, Torres JPM (2002) The Ecohydrology of the Paraíba do Sul River, Southeast Brazil. In: McClain M (ed) The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and Wetlands. IAHS Special Publication No. 6, pp 179–191 Carvalho CEV, Ovalle ARC, Rezende CE et al (1999) Seasonal variation of particulate heavy metals in the lower Paraíba do Sul river drainage basin, R.J., Brazil. Environ Geol 37:297–302 Castel J, Caumette P, Herbert R (1996) Eutrophication gradients in coastal lagoons as exemplified by the Bassin d’Arcachon and the Étang du Prévost. Hydrobiologia 329:ix–xxviii Castellanos P, Varela R, Muller-Karger F (2002) Descripción de las areas de surgencia al sur del Mar Caribe examinadas con el sensor infrarojo AVHRR. Memorias de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 154:55–76 Castro CG (1997) Caracterización química del agua subsuperficial del Atlántico Nororiental y su modificación por procesos biogeoquímicos. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Santiago, Spain Castro BM, Miranda LB (1998) Physical oceanography of the western Atlantic continental shelf located between 4°N and 34°S. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 209–252 Castro G, Neves CF (1993) O Estuário do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Simpósio Brasileiro de Recursos Hídricos (ABRH-RS) Anais 2:31–41 Castro CG, Pérez FF, Álvarez-Salgado XA et al (2000a) Coupling between thermohaline and chemical fields during two contrasting upwelling events off the NW Iberian Peninsula. Cont Shelf Res 20:189–210 Castro LR, Salinas GR, Hernandez EH (2000b) Environmental influences on winter spawning of the anchoveta Engraulis ringens off Central Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 197:247–258 Castro BM, Brandini FP, Vanin AMSP et al (2006a) Multidisciplinary oceanographic processes on the western Atlantic continental shelf between 4°N and 34°S, Chp 8. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 259–293 Castro CG, Nieto-Cid M, Álvarez-Salgado XA et al (2006b) Local mineralization patterns in the mesopelagic zone of the Eastern North Atlantic of the NW Iberian Peninsula. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 53:1925–1940 Castro-González M, Farías L (2004) N2O recycling at the core of the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:1–11 Castro-González M, Braker G, Farías L et al (2005) Communities of nirS type denitrifiers in the water column of the oxygen minimum zone in the Eastern South Pacific. Environmental Microbiology 7 (9):1298–1306 Catalano G, Povero P, FabianoM et al (1997) Nutrient utilisation and particulate organic matter changes during summer in the upper mixed layer (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Deep-Sea Res 44:97–112 Catalano G, Benedetti F, Predonzani S et al (2000) Spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient distributions in the Ross Sea. In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea Ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 107–120 Cattaneo A, Correggiari A, Langone L et al (2003) The late-Holocene Gargano subaqueous delta, Adriatic shelf: Sediment pathways and supply fluctuations. Mar Geol 193:61–91 Cauwet C, Martin JM (1982) Organic Carbon transported by French rivers. In: Degens ET (ed) Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers. Mitteilungen Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst., Univ of Hamburg, 52:S475–481 Cauwet G, Mackenzie FT (1993) Carbon inputs and distribution in estuaries of turbid rivers: The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Mar Chem 43:235–246 26 Cauwet G, Sidorov I (1996) The biogeochemistry of Lena River: organic carbon and nutrients distribution. Mar Chem 53:211–227 Cembella AD, Antia NJ, Harrison PJ (1984) The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: A multidisciplinary perspective: Part 1. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology 10:317–391 Census PNG (2000) Papua New Guinea Business Directory/ A Tourism Guide to Papua New Guinea. http://www. pngwebdirectory.com/travel/tourism guide tpa/index.php. Accessed 20 May 2003 Cermeño P, Marañón E, Rodríguez J et al (2005) Largesized phytoplankton sustain higher carbon-specific photosynthesis than smaller cells in a coastal eutrophic ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 297:51–60 Cermeño P, Marañón E, Pérez V et al (2006) Phytoplankton size structure and primary production in a highly dynamic coastal ecosystem (Ría de Vigo, NW-Spain): Seasonal and short-time scale variability. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 67:251–266 Chaigneau A, Pizarro O (2005a) Surface circulation and fronts of the South Pacific Ocean, east of 120°W. Geophys Res Lett 32(8):L08605. Doi:10.1029/2004GL022070 Chaigneau A, Pizarro O (2005b) Mean surface circulation and mesoscale turbulent flow characteristics in the eastern South Pacific, from satellite tracked drifters. J Geophys Res 110:C05014. Doi:10.1029/2004 JCC002628 Chambers R (1987) Sustainable livelihoods, environment and development: putting poor rural people first. IDS Discussion Paper 240. IDS, Brighton Chambers R (1989) Vulnerability, coping and policy. IDS Bulletin 20(2):1–8 Chambers R, Conway G (1992) Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper 296. IDS, Brighton Chan F, Barth JA, Lubchenco J et al (2008) Emergence of anoxia in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Science 319:920 Chang FH (1988) Distribution, abundance and size composition of phytoplankton off Westland, New Zealand, February 1982. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 19:193– 211 Chang FH, Bradford JM (1985) Standing stocks and productivity of phytoplankton off Westland, New Zealand, June 1979. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 19:193–211 Chang FH, Vincent WF, Woods PH (1989) Nitrogen assimilation by three size fractions of the winter phytoplankton off Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 23:491–505 Chang FH, Vincent WF, Woods PH (1992) Nitrogen utilisation by size-fractionated phytoplankton assemblages associated with an upwelling event off Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 26:287–301 Chang FH, Bradford-Grieve J, Vincent WF et al (1995) Nitrogen uptake by the summer size-fractionated phytoplankton assemblages in the Westland, New Zealand upwelling system. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 29:147–161 Chang FH, Zeldis J, Gall M et al (2003) Seasonal and spatial variation of phytoplankton assemblages, biomass and cell size from spring to summer across the New Zealand northeastern continental shelf. J Plankton Res 25:737–758 Chang K-I, Teague WJ, Lyu SJ et al (2004) Circulation and currents in the southwestern East/Japan Sea: Overview and review. Prog Oceanogr 61:105– 156 Chao S-Y (1988) Wind-driven motion of estuarine plumes. J Phys Oceanogr 18(8):1144–1166 Chao S-Y (1990) Circulation of the East China Sea, a numerical study. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 46:273–295 27 Chao S-Y (1992) An air-sea interaction model for cold air outbreaks. J Phys Oceanogr 22:821–842 Chao S-Y, Boicourt WC (1986) Onset of estuarine plumes. J Phys Oceanogr 16:2137– 2149 Chao S-Y, Shaw P-T, Wu SY (1996a) Deep water ventilation in the South China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 43:445–466 Chao S-Y, Shaw P-T, Wu SY (1996b) El Niño modulation of the South China Sea circulation. Prog Oceanogr 38:51–93 Chapman P, Shannon LV (1985) The Benguela ecosystem Part II Chemistry and related processes. In: Barnes M (ed) Oceanography and marine Biology An Annual Review 23, Aberdeen Univ Press, Aberdeen, pp 183–251 Chapman DC, Beardsley RC (1989) On the origin of shelf water in the Middle Atlantic Bight. J Phys Oceanogr 19:384–391 Charette MA, Buesseler KO (2004) Submarine groundwater discharge of nutrients and copper to an urban subestuary of Chesapeake Bay (Elizabeth River). Limnol Oceanogr 49:376–385 Charette MA, Buesseler KO, Andrews JE (2001a) Utility of radium isotopes for evaluating the input and transport of groundwater-derived nitrogen to a Cape Cod estuary. Limnol Oceanogr 46:456–470 Charette MA, Moran SB, Pike SM et al (2001b) 234Th as a tracer of carbon fluxes in the Gulf of Maine. J Geophys Res 106:11553–11579 Chauvaud L, Jean F, Ragueneau O et al (2000) Longterm variation of the Bay of Brest ecosystem: benthic-pelagic coupling revisited. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200:35–48 Chávez F (1995) A comparison of ship and satellite chlorophyll from California and Peru. J Geophys Res 100:24855–24862 Chávez F, Barber RT (1987) An estimate of new production in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 34(7):1229–1243 Chávez FP, Smith SL (1995) Biological and chemical consequences of open ocean upwelling. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis KC, Angel MV et al (ed) Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records. Wiley, New York Chávez FP, Toggweiler JR (1995) Physical estimates of global new production: The upwelling contribution. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (ed) Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records, Wiley, Chichester, pp 313–320 Chávez FP, Barber RT, Sanderson MP (1989) The potential primary production of the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem, 1953-1984. In: Pauly D, Muck P, Mendo J et al (ed) The Peruvian Upwelling System: Dynamics and Interactions. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 18. Instituto del Mar del Peru, Callao, Peru, pp 50-63 Chávez FP, Barber RT, Kosro PM et al (1991) Horizontal transport and distribution of nutrients in the coastal transition zone off northern California: Effect on primary production, phytoplankton biomass and species composition. J Geophys Res 96:14833–14848 Chávez FP, Buck KR, Service SK et al (1996) Phytoplankton variability in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 43:835–870 Chávez FP, Strutton PG, Friederich GE et al (1999) Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997–98 El Niño. Science 286:2126–2131 Chávez FP, Pennington JT, Castro CG et al (2002) Biological and chemical consequences of the 1997–98 El Niño in central California waters. Prog Oceanogr 54:205–232 Chávez FP, Ryan JP, Lluch-Cota S et al (2003) From anchovies to sardines and back – Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 299:217–221 28 Chávez FP, Takahashi T, Cai W-J et al (2007) Coastal Oceans. In: King AW, Billing L, Zimmerman GP et al (ed) The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. NOAA, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, pp 157-166 Chebotarev YuS, Moiseyev YeV, Kopylov AI (1983) Seasonal variations of nutrients and primary phytoplankton production in the littoral zone of the Black Sea near Gelendzhik Bay. In: Sezonnye izmeneniya chernomorskogo plantona (Seasonal variations of Black Sea plankton) Nauka, Moscow, pp 84–91 Chelton DB, Bernal PA, McGowan JA (1982) Largescale interannual physical and biological interaction in the California Current. J Mar Res 40:1095–1125 Chen C-TA (1993) The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink. Chemosphere 27(6):1041– 1064 Chen C-TA (1996) The Kuroshio intermediate water is the major source of nutrients on the East China Sea continental shelf. Oceanol Acta 19:523–527 Chen C-TA (1998) Response to Liu’s comments on “The Kuroshio Intermediate Water is the major source of nutrients on the East China Sea continental shelf” by Chen (1996). Oceanol Acta 21:713–716 Chen C-TA (2000a) The Three Gorges Dam: Reducing the upwelling and thus productivity of the East China Sea. Geophys Res Lett 27:381–383 Chen Y-LL (2000b) Comparisons of primary productivity and phytoplankton size structure in the marginal regions of southern East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 20:437–458 Chen K-C (2001) The chemical hydrography and water mass analysis of the Taiwan Strait and their application in a box model for the East China Sea. MSc Dissertation, National Taiwan University Chen C-TA (2002a) Carbon cycles in the fluvial and oceanic systems of Southeast Asia. IGBP-Global Change Newsletter, No.52:7–11 Chen C-TA (2002b) Shelf vs. dissolution-generated alkalinity above the chemical lysocline. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:5365–5375 Chen C-TA (2003) New vs export production on the continental shelf. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1327–1333 Chen C-TA (2004a) Exchanges of carbon in the coastal seas. In: Field CB, Raupauch MR (ed) The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, Island Press, pp 341–351 Chen YJ (2004b) Estimation of primary productivity in the South China Sea and observation of particulate organic carbon at SEATS station: Applications to the validation and improvement of the Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model of South China Sea. MSc Dissertation, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University Chen M-P, Bychkov A (1992) ROC-Russia Marine Science Collaboration Project. Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes – Marginal Sea Study (KEEP-MASS): initial Data Report. National Science Council, Taipei Chen Y-LL, Chen H-Y (2003) Nitrate-based new production and its relationship to primary production and chemical hydrography in spring and fall in the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1249–1264 Chen C-TA, Huang MH (1996) A mid-depth front separating the South China Sea water and the West Philippine Sea water. J Oceanogr 52:17–25 Chen C-TA, Wang SL (1999) Carbon, alkalinity and nutrient budgets on the East China Sea continental-shelf. J Geophys Res 104:20675–20686 29 Chen C-TA, Pytkowicz RM, Olson EJ (1982) Evaluation of the calcium problem in the South Pacific. Geochem J 16:1–10 Chen C-TA, Rodman MR, Wei CL et al (1986) Carbonate Chemistry of the North Pacific Ocean. US Department of Energy Technical Report, DOE/NBB-0079 Chen C, Beardsley RC, Limeburner R (1992) The structure of the Kuroshio southwest of Kyushu: velocity, transport, and potential vorticity fields. Deep-Sea Res 39:245–268 Chen C-TA, Holligan P, Hong HS et al (1994) Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, JGOFS Report 15, SCOR Chen C-TA, Ruo R, Pai SC et al (1995a) Exchange of water masses between the East China Sea and the Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan. Cont Shelf Res 15:19–39 Chen C-TA, Wang SL, Bychkov A (1995b) Carbonate chemistry of the Sea of Japan. J Geophys Res 100(C7):13737–13745 Chen C-TA, Gong G-C, Wang SL et al (1996) Redfield ratios and regeneration rates of particulate matter in the Sea of Japan as a model of closed system. Geophys Res Lett 23:1785–1788 Chen C-TA, Bychkov AS, Wang SL et al (1999a) An anoxic Sea of Japan by the Year 2200?. Mar Chem 67:249–265 Chen Y-LL, Lu HB, Shiah FK et al (1999b) New production and f-ratio on the continental shelf of the East China Sea: comparison between nitrate inputs from the subsurface Kuroshio Current and the Changjiang River. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 48:59–75 Chen X, Lohrenz SE, Wiesenburg DA (2000) Distribution and controlling mechanisms of primary production over the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. J Marine Syst 25:179–207 Chen C, Beardsley RC, Franks PJS (2001a) A 3-D prognostic numerical model study of the Georges Bank ecosystem. Part I: Physical model. Deep-Sea Res 48:419– 456 Chen C-TA, Wang S-L, Wang B-J et al (2001b) Nutrient budgets for the South China Sea basin. Mar Chem 75:281–300 Chen Y-LL, Chen HY, Lee WH et al (2001c) New production in the East China Sea, comparison between well-mixed winter and stratified summer conditions. Cont Shelf Res 21(6–7):751–764 Chen C-TA, Liu K-K, Macdonald R (2003) Continental margin exchanges. In: Fasham MJR (ed) Ocean Biogeochemistry: The role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change. Springer, Berlin, pp 53–97 Chen C-TA, Andreev A, Kim K-R et al (2004a) Roles of the continental shelves and marginal seas in the biogeochemical cycles of the north Pacific Ocean. J Oceanogr 60:17–44 Chen LQ, Gao ZY, Wang WQ et al (2004b) Characteristics of pCO2 in surface water of Bering Abyssal Plain and their effects on carbon cycle in the western Arctic Ocean. Science in China Ser D Earth Sciences 47:1035–1044 Chen LQ, Gao ZY, Yang XL et al (2004c) Comparison of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in the Southern Ocean and the western Arctic Ocean. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 23:647–653 Chen Y-LL, Chen H-Y, Karl DM et al (2004d) Nitrogen modulates phytoplankton growth in spring in the South China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 24:527–541 Chen CC, Chiang KP, Gong G-C et al (2006a) Importance of planktonic community respiration on the carbon balance of the East China Sea in summer. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB4001. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002647 30 Chen C-TA, Hou WP, Gamo T et al (2006b) Carbonate related parameters of subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas. Mar Chem 99:151–161 Chen C-TA, Wang SL, Chou WC et al (2006c) Carbonate chemistry and projected future changes in pH and CaCO3 saturation state of the South China Sea. Mar Chem 101:277–305 Chen CC, Gong G-C, Shiah FK (2007) Hypoxia in the East China Sea: one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world. Mar Environ Res 64(4):399–408 Cherkauer DS, Taylor RW (1990) The spatially continuous determination of groundwater flow to surface water bodies: application to the connecting channels between lakes Huron and Erie. J Hydrol 114:349–369 Chern C-S, Wang J, Wang D-P (1990) The exchange of Kuroshio and East China Sea shelf water. J Geophys Res 95:16017–16023 Chiang OE, Quiñones RA (2007) Relationship between viral and prokaryotic abundance on the Bajo O`Higgins 1 Seamount (Humboldt Current System off Chile). Scientia Marina 71(1):37–46 Chin-Leo G, Benner R (1992) Enhanced bacterioplankton production and respiration at intermediate salinities in the Mississippi River plume. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 87:87– 103 Chou L, Wollast R (2006) Estuarine silicon dynamics. In: Ittekkot V, Unger D, Humborg C et al (ed) The silicon cycle: Human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66, Island Press, pp 93–120 Chou S-H, Nelkin E, Ardizzone J et al (2003) Surface turbulence heat and momentum fluxes over global oceans based on Goddard satellite retrievals, version 2 (GSSTF2). J Climate 16:3256–3273 Chough SK, Lee HJ, Yoon SH (2000) Marine Geology of Korean Seas, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam Christensen JP, Murray JW, Devol AH et al (1987) Denitrification in continental shelf sediments has major impact on the ocean nitrogen budget. Global Biogeochem Cy 1:97–116 Christensen JP, Townsend DW, Montoya JP (1996) Water column nutrients and sedimentary denitrification in the Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 16:489–515 Chu PC, Lu S, Chen Y (1997) Temporal and spatial variability of the South China Sea surface temperature anomaly. J Geophys Res 102:20937–20955 Chung CS, Hong GH, Kim SH et al (2000) The Yellow Sea System. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/YellowSea/yellowseabud.htm Chung S-W, Jan S, Liu K-K (2001) Nutrient fluxes through the Taiwan Strait in spring and summer 1999. J Oceanogr 57:47–53 Chung S-N, Park G-H, Lee K et al (2004) Postindustrial enhancement of aragonite undersaturation in the upper tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean: the role of fossil fuel CO2. Limnol Oceanogr 49(2):315–321 Church TM (1996) An underground route for the water cycle. Nature 380:579–580 Church JA, Craig PD (1998) Australia’s shelf seas: diversity and complexity. The Sea – The Global Coastal Ocean – Regional Studies and synthesis. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 933–964 Churchill JH, Berger TJ (1998) Transport of Middle Atlantic Bight shelf water to the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras. J Geophys Res 103:30605–30621 Churchill JH, Wirick CD, Flagg CN et al (1994) Sediment resuspension over the continental shelf of the Delmarava peninsula. Deep-Sea Res 101:341–363 Cicerone R, Orr J, Brewer P et al (2004) The ocean in a high-CO2 world. Oceanography 17(3):72–78 31 CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University), IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute), and WRI (World Resources Institute) (2000) Gridded Population of the World (GPW) Version 2. Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University, Palisades, NY, Available at http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/gpw Civitarese G, Gacic M (2001) Had the Eastern mediterranean transient an impact on the new production in the Southern Adriatic? Geophys Res Lett 28(8):1627– 1630 Civitarese G, Gacic M, Vetrano A et al (1998) Biogeochemical fluxes through the Otranto Strait (Eastern Mediterranean). Cont Shelf Res 18:773–789 Civitarese G, Gacic M, Cardin V et al (2005) Winter convection continues in the warming Southern Adriatic. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 45(86):445–451 Claquin P, Leynaert AU, Sferatorre A et al (2006) Physiological ecology of diatoms along the land-sea continuum. In: Ittekkot V, Unger D, Humborg C et al (ed) The silicon cycle: Human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66, Island Press, pp 121–137 Clark DK, Feinholz ME, Yarbrough MA et al (2001) Overview of the radiometric calibration of MOBY. In: Earth Observing Systems VI, SPIE 4483:64–76 Clavier J, Guarrigue C (1999) Annual sediment primary production and respiration in a large coral reef lagoon (SW New Caledonia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 191:79–89 Coale KH, Fitzwater SE, Gordon RM et al (1996) Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 379:621–624 Coban-Yildiz Y, Tugrul S, Polat SC et al (2000) A comparative study on the abundance and elemental composition of POM in three interconnected basins: the Black, the Marmara and the Mediterranean Seas. Med Mar Sci 1:51–63 Cocciasu A, Dorogan L, Humborg C et al (1996) Long-term ecological changes in Romanian coastal waters of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bull 32:32–38 Cochran JK, Barnes C, Achman D et al (1995) Thorium-234/Uranium-238 disequilibrium as an indicator of scavenging rates and particulate organic carbon fluxes in the Northeast water polynya, Greenland. J Geophys Res 100:4399– 4410 Cochran JK, Buesseler KO, Bacon MP et al (2000) Short-lived thorium isotopes (234Th, 228Th) as indicators of POC export and particle cycling in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3451–3490 Cochrane JD (1963) Equatorial undercurrent and related currents off Brazil in March and April 1963. Science 142:669–671 Codispoti LA (1995) Is the ocean losing nitrate?. Nature 376:724 Codispoti LA, Christensen JC (1985) Nitrification, denitrification and nitrous oxide cycling in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. Mar Chem 16:277–300 Codispoti L, Lowman D (1973) A reactive silicate budget for the Arctic Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 18:448–456 Codispoti LA, Owens TG (1975) Nutrient transports through Lancaster Sound in relation to the Arctic Ocean’s reactive silicate budget and the outflow of Bering Strait waters. Limnol Oceanogr 20:115–119 Codispoti LA, Packard TT (1980) On the denitrification rate in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. J Mar Res 38:453–477 Codispoti LA, Richards FA (1968) Micronutrient distributions in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas during summer 1963. Arctic 21:67–83 Codispoti LA, Friederich GE, Hood DW (1986a) Variability in the inorganic carbon system over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980 and spring– summer 1981. Cont Shelf Res 5:133–160 32 Codispoti LA, Friederich GE, Packard TT et al (1986b) High nitrite levels off Northern Peru: a signal of instability in the marine denitrification rate. Science 233:1200– 1202 Codispoti LA, Barber RT, Friederich GE (1989) Do Nitrogen transformations in the Poleward Undercurrent off Peru and Chile have a globally significant influence?. In: Neshyba SJ, Mooers CNK, Smith RL et al (ed) Poleward flows along eastern ocean boundaries. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Springer, New York, pp 281– 310 Codispoti LA, Brandes JA, Christensen JP et al (2001) The oceanic fixed nitrogen and nitrous oxide budgets: Moving targets as we enter the anthropocene?. Scientia Marina 65:85–105 Codispoti LA, Flagg C, Kelly V et al (2005) Hydrographic conditions during the 2002 SBI process experiments. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:3199–3226 Cogley JG (1987, 1991, 1994) GGHYDRO – Global Hydrographic Data, Release 2.1. Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Colberg F, Reason CJC (2007) A model investigation of internal variability in the Angola Benguela Frontal Zone. J Geophys Res 112:C07008. Doi:10.1029/ 2006JC003920 Cole ML, Kroeger KD, McClelland JW et al (2006) Effects of watershed land use on nitrogen concentrations and 15N in groundwater. Biogeochemistry 77:199–215 Coleman JM, Huh OK (2004) Major World Deltas. A Perspective from Space. http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/PUBLICATIONS/C&Hnasa04/C&Hfinal04.htm Collie JS, Richardson K, Steele JH (2004) Regime shifts: Can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms?. Prog Oceanogr 60:281–302 Collier R, Dymond J, Honjo S et al (2000) The vertical flux of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Ross Sea: moored sediment trap observations 1996–1998. DeepSea Res Pt II 47:3491–3520 Collins LB, Wyrwoll K-H, France RE (1991) The Abrolhos carbonate platforms: geological evolution and Leeuwin Current activity. In: Pearce AF, Walker DI (ed) The Leeuwin Current: An influence on the Coastal Climate and Marine Life of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 74:47–57 Collins CA, Garfield N, Rago TA et al (2000) Mean structure of the inshore countercurrent and California undercurrent off Point Sur, California. Deep- Sea Res Pt II 47:765–782 Collins CA, Pennington JT, Castro CG et al (2003) The California Current system off Monterey, California: physical and biological coupling. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:2389–2404 Collister J, Rieley G, Stern B et al (1994) Compound-specific 13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms. Org Geochem 21:619–627 Collot J-Y, Delteil J, Lewis KB et al (1996) From oblique subduction to intra-continental transpression: structures of the southern Kermadec-Hikurangi margin from multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar and seismic reflection. Mar Geophys Res 18:357–381 Comiso JC, Parkinson CL (2004) Satellite-observed changes in the Arctic. Physics Today 57(8):38–44 Conan P, Pujo-Pay M, Raimbault P et al (1998) Variabilité hydrologique et biologique au sein du Courant Nord Méditerranéen à l’entrée du golfe du Lion. I. Transports en azote et productivité potentielle. Oceanol Acta 21:751–766 Condie SA, Harris PT (2006) Interactions between physical, chemical, biological, and sedimentological processes in Australia’s shelf seas (30, W-S). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 1413–1450 33 Conkright ME, O’Brien TD, Levitus S et al (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998, vol 11. Nutrient and Chlorophyll of the Pacific Ocean. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 37, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC Conley DJ (1997) Riverine contribution of biogenic silica to the oceanic silica budget. Limnol Oceanogr 42:774–777 Conley DJ (2002) Terrestrial ecosystems and the global biogeochemical silica cycle. Global Biogeochem Cy 16:1121. Doi:10.1029/2002GB001894 Conley DJ, Malone TC (1992) Annual cycle of dissolved DSi in Chesapeake Bay: Implications for the production and fate of phytoplankton biomass. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 81:121–128 Conley DJ, Schelske CL, Stoermer EF (1993) Modification of the biogeochemical cycle of silica with eutrophication. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 101:179–192 Conley DJ, Stålnacke P, Pitkänen H et al (2000) The transport and retention of dissolved silicate by rivers in Sweden and Finland. Limnol Oceanogr 45(8):1850–1853 Conley DJ, Humborg C, Rahm L et al (2002) Hypoxia in the Baltic Sea and basin-scale changes in phosphorus biogeochemistry. Environ Sci Technol 36:5315–5320 Conover RJ, Cota GF, Harrison WG et al (1990) Ice/water interactions and their effect on biological oceanography in the Arctic Archipelago. In: Harington CR (ed) Canada’s Missing Dimension: Science and History in the Canadian Arctic Islands. Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, pp 204–228 Cooley SR, Yager PL (2006) Physical and biological contributions to the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink formed by the Amazon River plume. J Geophys Res 111:C08018. Doi:10.1029/2005JC002954 Cooley SR, Coles VJ, Subramaniam A et al (2007) Seasonal variations in the Amazon plume-related atmospheric carbon sink. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB3014. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002831 Cooper LH (1956) Hypotheses connecting fluctuations in Arctic climate with biological productivity of the English Channel. Deep-Sea Res 3(Suppl):212–223 Cooper DM, Watts CD (2002) A comparison of river load estimation techniques: application to dissolved organic carbon. Environmetrics 13(7):733–750 Copin-Montégut C (1993) Alkalinity and carbon budgets in the Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochem Cy 7:915–925 Copin-Montégut C, Raimbault P (1994) The Peruvian upwelling near 15°S in August 1986. Results of continuous measurements of physical and chemical properties between 0 and 200m depth. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 41:439–467 Corbett DR, Dillon K, Burnett WC et al (1997) Estimating the groundwater contribution into Florida Bay via natural tracers, 222Rn and CH4. Limnol Oceanogr 45:1546– 1557 Corbett DR, Chanton J, Burnett W et al (1999) Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Limnol Oceanogr 44:1045–1055 Cornejo M, Farías L, Paulmier A (2006) Temporal variability in N2O water content and air-sea exchange in a upwelling area off central Chile (36°S). Mar Chem 101:85– 94 Cornell S, Rendell A, Jickells T (1995) Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature 376:243–246 Coste B, Le Corre P, Minas HJ (1988) Re-evaluation of the nutrient exchanges in the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res 35(5):767–775 Cowie GL, Calvert SE, Dedersen TF et al (1999) Organic content and preservational controls in surficial shelf and slope sediments from the Arabian Sea (Pakistan margin). Mar Geol 161:23–38 34 Cox RB (1979) Hydrogeology of the Herbert delta, Ingham. MSc Dissertation, Department of Geology, James Cook Univ of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld Cramer W, Bondeau A, Woodward FI et al (2001) Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology 7:357–373 Crawford B, Brickley PJ, Thomas AC (2007) Mesoscale eddies dominate ocean surface chlorophyll distribution in the Northern gulf of Alaska IUGG XXIV General Assembly: IAPSO Symposium PS007 Biogeochemical Fluxes Between the Shelf and Open Seas. Perugia, Italy Crespo BG, Figueiras FG (2007) A spring poleward current and its influence on microplankton assemblages and harmful dinoflagellates on the western Iberian coast. Harmful Algae 6:686–699 Crespo BG, Figueiras FG, Porras P et al (2006) Downwelling and dominance of autochthonous dinoflagellates in the NW Iberian margin: The example of the Ría de Vigo. Harmful Algae 5:770–781 Crespo BG, Figueiras FG, Groom S (2007) Role of across-shelf currents in the dynamics of harmful dinoflagellate blooms in the northwestern Iberian upwelling. Limnol Oceanogr 52:2668–2678 Cresswell GR, Golding TJ (1980) Observations of a south-flowing current in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 27:449–466 Cresswell GR, Boland FM, Peterson JL et al (1989) Continental shelf currents near the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 40:113– 128 Cresswell G, Frische A, Peterson J et al (1993) Circulation in the Timor Sea. J Geophys Res 98:379–389 Crisafi E, Azzaro F, La Ferla R et al (2000) Microbial biomass and respiratory activity related to the ice-melting upper layers in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea Ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 171–180 Cronin JR, Morris RJ (1982) The occurrence of high molecular weight humic material in recent organic rich sediment from the Namibian shelf. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 15:17–27 Croot PL, Hunter KA (1998) Trace metal distributions across the continental shelf near Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Mar Chem 62:185–201 Crossland CJ, Kremer HH, Lindeboom HJ et al (ed) (2005) Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene. The Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone Project of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme. Global Change – The IGBP Series. Springer, Berlin Crotwell AM, Moore WS (2003) Nutrient and radium fluxes from Submarine groundwater discharge to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina. Aquat Geochem 9:191–208 Crouzet P, Nixon S, Rees Y et al (1999) Nutrients in European Systems. Environmental Assessment Report No. 4, European Environment Agency Cruzado A, Velasquez ZR, del Carmen Pérez M et al (2002) Nutrient fluxes from the Ebro River and subsequent across shelf dispersion. Cont Shelf Res 22:349–360 Csanady GT (1990) Physical basis of coastal productivity – The SEEP and MASAR Experiments. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 71:1060–1061, 1064–1065 Csanady GT, Hamilton P (1988) Circulation of slope water. Cont Shelf Res 8:565–624 Cubillos L, Nuñez S, Arcos D (1998) Producción primaria requerida para sustentar el desembarque de peces pelágicos en Chile. Investigaciones Marinas 26:83–108 Cuevas LA, Morales CE (2006) Nano-heterotroph grazing on bacteria and cyanobacteria in oxic and suboxic waters in coastal upwelling areas off northern Chile. J Plankton Res 28:385–397 35 Cuevas LA, Daneri G, Jacob B et al (2004) Microbial abundance and activity in the seasonal upwelling area off Concepción (36°S), central Chile: a comparison of upwelling and non-upwelling conditions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(20–21):2427– 2440 Cunningham WL, Leventer A, Andrews JT et al (1999) Late-Pleistocene-Holocene marine conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: evidence from the diatom record. The Holocene 9:129–139 Cura JJ (1987) Phytoplankton. In: Backus RH (ed) Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, pp 213–218 Currie R (1953) Upwelling in the Benguela current. Nature 171:497–50 Currie KI, Hunter KA (1999) Seasonal variation of surface water CO2 partial pressure in the Southland Current, east of New Zealand. Mar Freshwater Res 50:375–382 Cury P, Roy C (1989) Optimal environmental window and pelagic fsh recruitment success in upwelling areas. Can J Fish and Aquat Sci 46:670–680 Cury P, Shannon LJ (2004) Regime shifts in the Benguela Ecosystem: Facts, theories, and hypothesis. Prog Oceanogr 60:223–243 Cury P, Bakun A, Crawford RJM et al (2000) Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in ‘wasp-waist’ ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:603–618 Cushing DH (1969) Upwelling and fish production. FAO Fisheries, Technical Papers 84:1–40 Cushing DH (1971) Upwelling and the production of fish. In: Russell FS, Yonge M (ed) Advances in Marine Biology 9. Academic Press, New York, pp 255–334 Cushing DH (1989) A difference in structure between ecosystems in strongly stratified waters and in those that are only weakly stratified. J Plankton Res 11:1–13 Cushing DH, Walsh JJ (ed) (1976) Ecology of the Seas. Blackwell Cynar FJ, Yayanos AA (1993) The oceanic distribution of methane and its flux to the atmosphere over southern California waters. In: R.S. Oremland (ed) Biogeochemistry of Global Change. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 551–573 D’Elia CF, Nelson DM, Boynton WR (1983) Chesapeake Bay nutrient and plankton dynamics: III. The annual cycle of dissolved silicon. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:1945–1955 da Silva AJ (1984) Hydrography and fish distribution at the Sofala Bank (Mozambique). Revista de Investigação Pesquira. Instituto de Investigação Pesqueiro, Maputo, Moçambique, 12:5–35 da Silva A, Young AC, Levitus S (1994) Atlas of surface marine data 1994, vol 1: Algorithms and procedures. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC Dafner EV, Sempéré R, Bryden HL (2001) Total organic carbon distribution and budget through the Strait of Gibraltar in April 1998. Mar Chem 73:233–252 Dagg MJ, Breed GA (2003) Biological effects of Mississippi River nitrogen on the northern gulf of Mexico – a review and synthesis. J Marine Syst 43:133–152 Dagg MJ, Whitledge TE (1991) Concentrations of copepod nauplii associated with the nutrient-rich plume of the Mississippi River. Cont Shelf Res 11:1409–1423 Dagg M, Benner R, Lohrenz S et al (2004) Transport and transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental shelves influenced by large rivers: Plume processes. Cont Shelf Res 24:833–858 Dagg M, Bianchi T, McKee B et al (2008) Fates of dissolved and particulate materials from the Mississippi River immediately after discharge into the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA, during a period of low wind-stress. Cont Shelf Res 28:1443–1450 Dai A, Trenberth KE (2002) Estimates of freshwater discharge from continents: Latitudinal and seasonal variations. J Hydrometeorol 3:660–687 36 Dale AW, Prego R (2002) Physico-biogeochemical controls on benthic-pelagic coupling of nutrient fluxes and recycling in a costal upwelling system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 235:15–28 Damm E, Mackensen A, Budéus G et al (2005) Pathways of methane in seawater: Plume spreading in an Arctic shelf environment (SW-Spitsbergen). Cont Shelf Res 25:1453–1472 Dando PR, Hughes JA, Leahy Y et al (1995) Earthquakes increase hydrothermal venting and nutrients inputs into the Aegean. Cont Shelf Res 15(6):655–662 Daneri G, Pantoja S (2007) Mineralization of organic matter: the importance of pelagic bacterioplankton in the Humboldt Current System off Chile. Center for Oceanographic Research in the Eastern South Pacific, Univ of Concepción, Concepción, Chile. COPAS Newsletter 13:1 Daneri G, Quiñones RA (2001) Undersampled ocean systems: A plea for an international study of biogeochemical cycles in the Southern Pacific Gyre and its boundaries. US JGOFS News 11(1):9 Daneri G, Dellarossa V, Quiñones RA et al (2000) Primary production and community respiration in the Humboldt Current System off Chile and associated oceanic areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 197:41–49 Darecki M, Stramski D (2004) An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea. Remote Sens Environ 89:326–350 Datnoff LE, Snyder GH, Korndörfer GH (ed) (2001) Silicon in agriculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam Davenport R, Neuer S; Hernandez-Guerra A et al (1999) Seasonal and interannual pigment concentration in the Canary Islands region from CZCS data and comparison with observations from ESTOC. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20(7):1419–1433 Davenport R, Neuer S, Helmke P et al (2002) Primary productivity in the northern Canary Islands region as inferred from SeaWiFS imagery. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3481–3496 David L (1999) Laguna de Terminos, Campeche. http://nest.su.se/mnode/mexicanlagoons/terminos/terminosbud.htm David L, Baros Z (2007) Impacts of tourism and sport activities on the surface of the earth: An anthropogenic geomorphological approach. Geosciences on-line Journal 4(1):1-20. http://e-terra.geoport.pt Davies AG, Morales CE (1998) An appraisal of the stoichiometry of nutrient interrelationships in the upwelling system off northern Chile. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 78:697–706 Davies-Colley RJ (1992) Yellow substance in coastal and marine water round the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 26:311–322 Dávila PM, Figueroa D, Müller E (2002) Freshwater input into the coastal ocean and its relation with the salinity distribution off austral Chile (35–55°S). Cont Shelf Res 22:521–534 Davis CS, McGillicuddy DJ Jr (2006) Transatlantic abundance of the N2-fixing colonial cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Science 312(5779):1517–1519 Dayton PK (1990) Polar Benthos. In: Smith WO Jr (ed) Polar Oceanography, Part. B, Academic Press, London, pp 637–676 de Garidel-Thoron T, Beaufort L, Bassinot F et al (2004) Evidence for large methane releases to the atmosphere from deep sea gas-hydrate dissociation during the last glacial episode. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(25):9187–9192 de Godoi SS (2005) Dinâmica quase-geostrófica do sistema Corrente do Brasil no Embaiamento de São Paulo (23.5°–27°S). PhD Dissertation, Univ of São Paulo, São Paulo 37 de Haas H, Boer W, van Weering TCE (1997) Recent sedimentation and organic carbon burial in a shelf sea: the North Sea. Mar Geol 144:131–146 de Haas H, van Weering TCE, de Stigter H (2002) Organic carbon in the shelf sea: Sinks or sources, processes and products. Cont Shelf Res 22:691–717 de la Lanza-Espino G, Flores-Verdugo FJ, Wulff F (2000) Teacapan-Agua BravaMarismas Nacionales, Sinaloa and Nayarit. http://nest.su.se/mnode/mexicanlagoons/tabbud.htm de Leeuw G, Cohen L, Frohn LM et al (2001) Atmospheric input of nitrogen into the North Sea: ANICE project overview. Cont Shelf Res 21(18–19):2073–2094 De Marco SG (2002) Características hidrológicas y bioópticas de las aguas de la laguna costera Mar Chiquita, y su relación con el fitoplancton. Doctoral Dissertation, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina De Menocal PB, Ruddiman WF, Pokras EM (1993) Influences of high- and low-latitude processes on African terrestrial climate: Pleistocene eolian records from equatorial Atlantic ocean drilling program site 663. Paleoceanography 8(2):209– 242 de Villiers S (1998) Excess dissolved Ca in the deep ocean: a hydrothermal hypothesis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 164:627–641 de Villiers S, Nelson BK (1999) Detection of low-temperature hydrothermal fluxes by seawater Mg and Ca anomalies. Science 285:721–723 de Wilde HPJ, Helder W (1997) Nitrous oxide in the Somali Basin: the role of upwelling. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44:1319–1340 Deacon GER (1940) Carbon dioxide in Arctic and Antarctic seas. Nature 145:250–252 Defries R, Bounoua SL, Collatz GJ (2002) Human modification of the landscape and surface climate in the next fifty years. Global Change Biology 8:438–458 Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (1991a) Summary: Biogeochemistry of major World rivers. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. SCOPE 42. Wiley, Chichester, pp 323–347 Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed) (1991b) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, SCOPE 42. Wiley, Chichester Degobbis D, Gilmartin M (1990) Nitrogen, phosphorus, and biogenic silicon budgets for the northern Adriatic Sea. Oceanol Acta 13(1):31–45 Degobbis D, Gilmartin M, Revelante N (1986) An annotated nitrogen budget calculation for the Northern Adriatic sea. Mar Chem 20:159–177 DeGrandpre MD, Olbu GJ, Beatty CM et al (2002) Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the US Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:4355–4367 Dehairs F, Fagel N, Antia AN et al (2000) Export production in the Bay of Biscay as estimated from barium – barite in settling material: A comparison with new production. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 47(4):583–601 del Giorgio PA (1992) The relationships between ETS (electron transport system) activity and oxygen consumption in lake plankton – a cross system calibration. J Plankton Res 14:1723–1741 del Giorgio PA, Duarte CM (2002) Respiration in the open ocean. Nature 420:379–384 Delcroix T, Murtugudde R (2002) Sea surface salinity changes in the East China Sea during 1997–2001: Influence of the Yangtze River. J Geophys Res 107(C12):8008. Doi:10.1029/2001JC000893 Delgado CL, Wada N, Rosegrant MW et al (2003) Fish to 2020. Supply and Deman in Changing Global Markets. World Fish Center Technical Report 62. International Food Policy Research Institute and World Fish Center Dell’Anno A, Mei ML, Pusceddu A et al (2002) Assessing the trophic state and eutrophication of coastal marine systems: new approach based on the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter. Mar Pollut Bull 44:611–622 38 Dellarossa VH (1998) Producción primaria anual en sistemas de alta productividad biológica. Escuela de Graduados Dissertation, Universidad de Concepción, Chile Dellarossa V, Daneri G, Quiñones RA et al (2001) Producción primaria y biomasa fraccionada por tamaños en sistemas acuáticos de distinto grado trófico. In: Alveal K, Antezana T (ed) Sustentabilidad de la Biodiversidad. Editorial Universidad de Concepción, pp 183–198 Delong EF, Karl DM (2005) Genomic perspectives in microbial oceanography. Nature 437:336–342 Delwiche CC, Bryan BA (1976) Denitrification. Annual Review of Microbiology 30:241– 262 DeMaster DJ (1981) The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:1715–1732 DeMaster DJ (2002) The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica budget. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3155–3167 DeMaster DJ, Aller RC (2001) Biogeochemical processes on the Amazon shelf: Changes in dissolved and particulate fluxes during river/ocean mixing. In: McClain ME, Victoria RL, Richey JE (ed) The biogeochemistry of the Amazon basin. Oxford Univ Press, New-York, pp 328–357 DeMaster DJ, Pope RH (1996) Nutrient dynamics in Amazon shelf waters: Results from AMASSEDS. Cont Shelf Res 16(3):263–289 DeMaster DJ, Knapp GB, Nittrouer CA (1983) Biological uptake and accumulation of silica on the Amazon continental shelf. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:1713–1723 DeMaster DJ, McKee RA, Nittrouer CA et al (1985) Rates of sediment accumulation and particle reworking based on radiochemical measurements from continental shelf deposits in the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 4:143–158 DeMaster DJ, Dunbar RB, Gordon LI et al (1992) Cycling and accumulation of biogenic silica and organic matter in high-latitude environments: the Ross Sea. Oceanography 5:146–153 DeMaster DJ, Ragueneau O, Nittrouer CA (1996) Preservation efficiencies and accumulation rates for biogenic silica and organic C, N and P in high-latitude sediments: the Ross Sea. J Geophys Res 101:18501–18518 Deng B, Zhang J, Wu Y (2006) Recent sediment accumulation and carbon burial in the East China Sea. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB3014. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002559 Dengler M, Schott FA, Eden C et al (2005) Break-up of the Atlantic deep western boundary current into eddies at 8°S. Nature 432:1018–1020 Denis L, Grenz C, Alliot E et al (2001) Temporal variability in dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes at the sedimentwater interface and related annual budget on a continental shelf (NW Mediterranean Sea). Oceanol Acta 24(1):85–97 Denis-Karafistan A, Martin JM, Minas H et al (1998) Space and seasonal distributions of nitrates in the Mediterranean Sea derived from a variational inverse model. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 45:387–408 Denman KL, Brasseur G, Chidthaisong A et al (2007) Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (ed) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge DEC (Department of Environment and Conservation, Marine Policy and Planning Branch) (2003) Marine Habitats of Western Australia. DIGITAL ArcView 3.2 polygon shapefile in Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) geographical coordinates 39 Depetris PJ, Kempe S (1991) The impact of the El Niño 1982 event on the Paraná River, its discharge and carbon transport. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl Palaeoecol (Global and Planetary Change Section) 89:239–244 Depetris PJ, Paolini J (1991) Biogeochemical aspects of South American rivers: the Paraná and the Orinoco. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed) Biogeochemistry of MajorWorld Rivers, SCOPE 42. Wiley, Chichester, pp 105– 125 Depetris PJ, Kempe S (1993) Carbon dynamics and sources in the Paraná River. Limnol Oceanogr 38(2):382–395 Depetris PJ, Kempe S, Latif M et al (1996) ENSO controlled flooding in the Paraná River (1904–1991). Naturwissenschaften 83(3):127–129 Depetris PJ, Gaiero DM, Probst JL et al (2005) Biogeochemical output and typology of rivers draining Patagonia’s Atlantic Seaboard. J Coast Res 21:835–844 Derry LA, Kurtz AC, Ziegler K et al (2005) Biological control of terrestrial silica cycling and export to watersheds. Nature 433:728–731 Déry SJ, Wood EF (2005) Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. Geophys Res Lett 32(10):L10401. Doi:1029/2005GL022845 Dethleff D (1995) Sea ice and sediment export from the Laptev Sea flaw lead during 1991/92 winter season. In: Kassens H et al (ed) Berichte zur Polarforschung, pp 78–93 Deuser WG (1971) Organic carbon budget of the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 18:995– 1004 Deuser WG (1973) Cariaco Trench: Oxidation of organic matter and residence time of anoxic water. Nature 242:601–603 Deuser WG (1996) Temporal variability of particle flux in the Sargasso Sea. In: Ittekkot V, Schäfer P, Honjo S et al (ed) Particle Flux in the Ocean. SCOPE UNEP. Wiley, Chichester, pp 185–198 Deuser WG, Muller-Karger FE, Evans RH et al (1990) Surface-ocean color and deepocean carbon flux: How close a connection?. Deep-Sea Res 37(8):1331–1343 Deutsch C, Gruber N, Key RM et al (2001) Denitrification and N2 fixation in the Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 15:483–506 Deutsch C, Sarmiento JL, Sigman DM et al (2007) Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean. Nature 445:163–167 Devassy VP, Bhattathiri PMA, Qasim SZ (1978) Trichodesmium phenomenon. Indian J Mar Sci 7:168–186 Devlin M, Waterhouse J, Taylor J et al (2001) Flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef: Spatial and temporal patterns in composition and distribution. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Research Publication No. 68, PO Box 1379, Townsville, Qld Devol AH (1991) Direct measurement of nitrogen gas fluxes from continental shelf sediments. Nature 349:319–321 Devol AH, Christensen JP (1993) Benthic fluxes and nitrogen cycling in sediments of the continental margin of the eastern North Pacific. J Mar Res 51 345–372 Devol AH, Codispoti LA, Christensen JP (1997) Summer and winter denitrification rates in western Arctic shelf sediments. Cont Shelf Res 17(9):1029–1050 Devol AH, Uhlenhopp AG, Naqvi SWA et al (2006) Denitrification rates and excess nitrogen gas concentrations in the Arabian Sea oxygen deficient zone. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 53:1533–1547 DFID (2000) Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets at livelihoods@ dfid.gov.uk. Department for International Development, UK DGA (2004) Dirección General de Aguas, Centro de Informaci ón de Recursos Hídricos. Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Chile 40 DHN (1999) Tábuas das Marés., Diretoria de Hidrogafia e Navegação, RJ, 194 pp DHN (2002) Tidetables. Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação, Niteroí, Brazil Di Tullio GR, Smith WO Jr (1996) Spatial patterns in phytoplankton biomass and pigment distributions in the Ross Sea. J Geophys Res 101:18467–18477 Diaz F (2000) Evolution saisonnière de la production primaire et des processus d’assimilation – régénération de l’azote dans le Golfe du Lion. Estimation d’un bilan de carbone. Approches in situ et modélisation. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Aix-Marseille II, France Diaz F, Raimbault P, Conan P (2000) Small-scale study of primary productivity during spring in a Mediterranean coastal area (Gulf of Lions). Cont Shelf Res 20(9):975–996 Dickens GR (2003) Rethinking the global carbon cycle with a large, dynamic and microbially mediated gas hydrate capacitor. Earth Planet Sci Lett 213(3–4):169– 183. Doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00325-X Dickson R (2005) The Northern Seas at a time of global change: an AOSB-CLIC observing plan for the International Polar Year. 91 pp Dickson RR, McCave IN (1986) Nepheloid layers on the continental slope west of Porcupine Bank. Deep-Sea Res 33:791–818 Dickson RR, Osborn TJ, Hurrell JW et al (2000) The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Climate 13:2671–2696 Diepenbroek M, Grobe H, Reinke M et al (1999) Data management of proxy parameters with PANGAEA. In: Fischer G, Wefer G (ed) Use of proxies in paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Berlin, pp 715– 727 Dileep Kumar M, Naqvi SWA, George MD et al (1996) A sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the northeast Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res 101:18121–18125 Ding K, Gordon HR (1995) Analysis of the influence of O2 A-band absorption on atmospheric correction of oceancolor imagery. Appl Opt 34:2068–2080 Dinnel SP, Wiseman WJ Jr (1986) Freshwater on the Louisiana and Texas shelf. Cont Shelf Res 6:765–784 Dinniman MS, Klinck JM, Smith WO Jr (2003) Cross-shelf exchange in a model of the Ross Sea circulation and biogeochemistry. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:3103–3120 Dittert N, Diepenbroek M, Grobe H (2001) Scientific data must be made available to all. Nature 414(6862):393 Dittmar T, Kattner G (2003) The biogeochemistry of the river and shelf ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean: a review. Mar Chem 83:103–120 Dittmar T, Fitznar HP, Kattner G (2001a) Origin and biogeochemical cycling of organic nitrogen in the eastern Arctic Ocean as evident from D- and L-amino acids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65(22):4103–4114 Dittmar T, Lara RJ, Kattner G (2001b) River or mangrove? Tracing major organic matter sources in tropical Brazilian coastal waters. Mar Chem 73:253–271 Domack EW, Jacobson EA, Shipp S et al (1999) Late Pleistocene-Holocene retreat of the West Antarctic Ice –Sheet system in the Ross Sea: Part 2– Sedimentologic and stratigraphic signature. Geol Soc Am Bull 111(10):1517–1536 Domingues CM, Wijffels SE, Maltrud ME et al (2006) The role of eddies in cooling the Leeuwin Current. Geophys Res Lett 33:L05603. Doi:10.1029/2005GL025216 Domingues CM, Wijffels SE, Maltrud ME et al (2007) Simulated Lagrangian pathways between the Leeuwin Current, Leeuwin Undercurrent and topography. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:797–817 Domínguez JML (1996) The São Francisco strandplain: A paradigm for wavedominated deltas? In: De Batist M, Jacobs P (ed) Geology of Siliclastic Shelf Seas. Geological Society SP 117, pp 217–231 41 Domínguez JML, Barbosa LM (1994) Controls on Quaternary evolution of the Sao Francisco strandplain: Roles of sea-level history, trade winds and climate. Field trip guide, 14th International Sedimentological Congress, IAS, Recife Domínguez JML, Bittencourt AC (1996) Regional assessment of long-term trends of coastal erosion in northeastern Brazil. Anais Academia brasileira de Ciências 68:355–371 Donaghay PL (1991) The role of episodic atmospheric nutrient inputs in chemical and biological dynamics of oceanic ecosystems. Oceanography 4:62–70 Doney S, Hood M (2002) A Global Ocean Carbon Observation System. A Background Report. GOOS Report No. 118, IOC/INF-1173. UNESCO, Paris Doney SC, Glover DM, Najjar RR (1996) A new coupled, one-dimensional biologicalphysical model for the upper ocean: Application to the JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Timeseries Study (BATS) site. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 43:591–624 Dong LX, Su JL, Wang KS (1989) Tidal flow fields of the Bohai and Yellow Seas in relation to sediment transport (In Chinese with English abstract). Acta Oceanologica Sinica 11:102–114 Doval MD, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Castro CG et al (2002) Dissolved organic carbon distributions in the Bransfield and Gerlache Straits, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49(4–5):663–674 Drenzek NJ, Montluçon DB, Yunker MB et al (2007) Constraints on the origin of sedimentary organic carbon in the Beaufort Sea from coupled molecular 13C and 14C measurements. Mar Chem 103(1–2):146–162 Drever JI (1988) The geochemistry of natural waters. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs Dronkers J, Miltenburg AG (1996) Fine sediment deposits in shelf seas. J Marine Syst 7:119–131 Droppo IG, Leppard GG, Liss SN et al (ed) (2005) Flocculation in natural and engineered environmental systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton Druffel ERM, Bauer JE, Griffin S (2005) Input of particulate organic and dissolved inorganic carbon from the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems 6(3):Q03009. Doi:10.1029/2004GC000842 Duan S, Bianchi TS (2006) Seasonal changes in the abundance and composition of plant pigments in Particulate organic carbon in the Lower Mississippi and Pearl Rivers. Estuaries and Coasts 29:427–442 Duarte CM, Agustí S (1998) The CO2 balance of unproductive aquatic ecosystems. Science 281:234–236 Duarte CM, Cebrian J (1996) The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnol Oceanogr 41(8):1758–1766 Duarte CM, Chiscano CL (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquatic Botany 65:159–174 Duarte CM, Agustí S , del Giorgio PA et al (1999) Regional carbon imbalance in the oceans. Science 284:1735b–1735 Duarte CM, Arístegui J, González N et al (2001) Evidence for a heterotrophic subtropical northeast Atlantic. Limnol Oceanogr 46:425–428 Duarte CM, Dachs J, Llabrés M et al (2006) Aerosol inputs enhance new production in the subtropical northeast Atlantic. J Geophys Res 111:G04006. Doi:10.1029/2005JG000140 Duce RA, Tinsdale NW (1991) Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1715–1726 Duce RA, Liss PS, Merrill JT et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 5:193–259 Ducklow HW (1995) Ocean biogeochemical fluxes: New production and export of organic matter from the upper ocean. Reviews of Geophysics 33(51):1271–1276 42 Ducklow HW, Harris RP (1983) Introduction to the JGOFS North Atlantic bloom experiment. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 40(1/2):1–8 Ducklow HW, McCallister SL (2005) The biogeochemistry of carbon dioxide in the coastal oceans, Chp 9. In: Robinson AR, Brink K (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 269–315 Ducklow HW, Dickson ML, Kirchmann DL et al (2000) Constraining bacterial production, conversion efficiency and respiration in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, JanuaryFebruary, 1997. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3227–3247 Ducklow HW, Steinberg DK, Buesseler KO (2001) Upper ocean carbon export and the biological pump. Oceanogr 14:50–58 Ducklow HW, Erickson M, Kelly J et al (2008) Particle export from the upper ocean over the continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula: a long-term record, 1992– 2007. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 55:2118–2131 Dudarev OV, Botsul AI, Anikiev VV et al (2000) Modern sedimentation in the estuary of the Amur River. Pacific Geology 19:30–43 Dugdale R (1967) Nutrient limitation in the sea: dynamics, identification and significance. Limnol Oceanogr 12:685–695 Dugdale R (1983) Effects of source nutrient concentrations and nutrient regeneration on production of organic matter in coastal upwelling centers. In: Suess E, Thiede J (ed) Coastal Upwelling; Its Sediment Record. Part A: Responses of the Sedimentary Regime to Present Coastal Upwelling. Plenum Press, New York, pp 175–182 Dugdale R (1985) The effects of varying nutrient concentrations on biological production in upwelling regions. CALCOFI Reports 26:93–96 Dugdale RC, Goering JJ (1967) Uptake of new and regenerated nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnol Oceanogr 12:196–206 Dugdale R, Wilkerson F (1992) Nutrient limitation of new production in the sea. In: Falkowski PG, Woodhead AD (ed) Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea. Plenum Press, New York, pp 107–122 Dugdale RC, Wilkerson FP (1998) Understanding the eastern equatorial Pacific as a continuous new production system regulating on silicate. Nature 391:270–273 Dugdale RC, Goering JJ, Ryther JH (1964) High nitrogen fixation rates in the Sargasso Sea and the Arabian Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 9:507–510 Dugdale RC, Goering JJ, Barber RT et al (1977) Denitrification and hydrogen sulfide in the Peru upwelling region during 1976. Deep-Sea Res 24:601–608 Dugdale RC, Wilkerson FP, Minas HJ (1995) The role of a silicate pump in driving new production. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 42(4):697–719 Dugdale RC, Wischmeyer AG, Wilkerson FP et al (2002) Meridional asymmetry of source nutrients to the equatorial Pacific upwelling ecosystem and its potential impact on ocean–atmosphere CO2 flux: a data and modeling approach. DeepSea Res Pt II 49:2513–2531 Duinker JC, Gerlach SA (1996) Verschmutzung. In: Rheinheimer G (ed) Meereskunde der Ostsee. Springer, Berlin, pp 272–275 Dullo W-C, Biebow N, Georgeleit K (ed) (2004) Cruise Report: KOMEX III: RV Sonne cruise 178. GEOMAR Report 84 Dumont E, Harrison JA, Kroeze C et al (2005) Global distribution and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S02. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002488 Dunbar RB (1984) Sediment trap experiments on the Antarctic continental margin. Ant J US 19:70–71 43 Dunbar RB, Anderson JB, Domack, EW et al (1985) Oceanographic influences on sedimentation along the Antarctic continental shelf. In: Jacobs SS (ed) Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Am Geophys Union Ant Res Series 43:291–312 Dunbar RB, Leventer AR, Mucciarone DA (1998) Water column sediment fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Atmospheric and sea ice forcing. J Geophys Res 103:30741–30759 Dunbar GB, Dickens GR, Carter RM (2000) Sediment flux across the Great Barrier Reef shelf to the Queensland Trough. Sediment Geol 133:49–92 Duncombe Rae CM (2005) A demonstration of the hydrographic partition of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem at 26°40’S. African Journal of Marine Science 27:617–628 Duncombe Rae CM, Shillington FA, Agenbag JJ et al (1992) An Agulhas ring in the South Atlantic Ocean and its interaction with the Benguela upwelling frontal system. Deep-Sea Res Pt A 39(11–12):2009–2027 Dunne JP, Armstrong RA, Gnanadesikan A et al (2005) Empirical and mechanistic models for the particle export ratio. Global Biogeochem Cy 19. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002390 Dunne JP, Sarmiento JL, Gnanadesikan A (2007) A synthesis of global particle export from the surface ocean and cycling through the ocean interior and on the seafloor. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB4006. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002907 Dupont LM, Leroy SAG (1995) Steps toward drier climatic conditions in north-western Africa during the Upper Pliocene. In: Vrba E, Patridge T, Denton D (ed) Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins. Yale Univ Press, New Haven, pp 289–298 Dupra V (1999) N and P Budgets for Irish Sea. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Europe/Irish%20Sea/Irishbud.htm Dupra V (2000a) Manukau Harbour, North Island. http:// data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/New Zealand/ManukauHarbor/ Manukau.htm Dupra V (2000b) Pelorus Sound, New Zealand. http:// data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/New Zealand/PelorusSound/ Pelorusbud.htm Dupra V, Smith SV (2000a) Ragay Gulf, Luzon Island. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/Philippines/ragay/ragaybud.htm Dupra V, Smith SV (2000b) Davao Gulf, Mindanao Island. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/Philippines/davao/davaobud.htm Dupra V, Smith SV, Marshall Crossland JI et al (2000) Estuarine systems of the East Asia region: carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes, LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 16. LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Dupra V, Smith SV, San Diego-McGlone ML et al (2000) San Miguel Bay, Luzon Island. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/Philippines/ sanmiguel/sm2/smbud.htm Dupra V, Smith SV, Marshall Crossland JI et al (2001) Coastal and estuarine systems of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions: carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes, LOICZ Reports & Studies No.19. LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Durbin EG, Durbin AG, Beardsley RC (1995) Springtime nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 15:433–450 Dürr HH, Meybeck M, Hartmann J et al (2006) Global spatial distribution of natural river silica inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeosciences Discuss 3:1529-1559 Durrieu de Madron X, Panouse M (1996) Transport de matière en suspension sur le plateau continental du Golfe du Lion – Situation estivale et hivernale. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Série IIa Paris 322:1061–1070 Durrieu de Madron X, Radakovitch O, Heussner S et al (1999) Role of the climatological and current variability on shelf-slope exchanges of particulate 44 matter. Evidence from the Rhône continental margin (NW Mediterranean). DeepSea Res Pt I 46:1513–1538 Durrieu de Madron X, Abassi A, Heussner S et al (2000) Particulate matter and organic carbon budgets for the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). Oceanol Acta 23(6):717–730 Durrieu de Madron X, Denis L, Diaz F et al (2001) Gulf of Lions, France. http://nest.su.se/MNODE/ Europe/Med Aegean BlackSea/France/G of lions/gulf of lions.htm Durrieu de Madron X, Denis L, Diaz F et al (2003) Nutrients and carbon budgets for the Gulf of Lions during the MOGLI cruises. Oceanol Acta 26(4):421–434 Durrieu de Madron X, Ferre B, Le Corre G et al (2005a) Trawling-induced resuspension and dispersal of muddy sediments and dissolved elements in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean). Cont Shelf Res 25:2387–2409 Durrieu de Madron X, Zervakis V, Theocharis A et al (2005b) Comments to “Cascades of dense water around the world ocean”. Prog Oceanogr 64(1) 83–90 Durrieu de Madron X, Wiberg PL, Puig P (2008) Sediment dynamics in the Gulf of Lions: The impact of extreme events. Cont Shelf Res 28:1867-1876 Dyer KR (1995) Sediment transport processes in estuaries. In: Perillo GME (ed) Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 423– 449 Dyurgerov MB, Meier MF (1997) Year-to-year fluctuations of global mass balance of small glaciers and their contribution to sea-level changes. Arctic and Alpine Research 29:392–402 Eade JV (1974) Poor Knights Sediments New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Chart, Coastal Series 1:200000 Eadie BJ, McKee BA, Lansing MB et al (1994) Records of nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity in sediments from the Louisiana continental shelf. Estuaries 17:754–765 Eakin CM, Diepenbroek M, Hoepffner M (2003) The PAGES Data System. In: Alverson KD, Bradley RS, Pedersen TF (ed) Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Springer, Berlin, pp 175–179 Earth Institute News (2005) The growing urbanization of the world. Earth Institute News. http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/ 2005/story03-07-05.html. Accessed 8 March 2005 Edmond JM, Spivack A, Grant BC et al (1985) Chemical dynamics of the Changjiang estuary. Cont Shelf Res 4:17–36 Egge JK, Aksnes L (1992) Silicate as regulating nutrient in phytoplankton competition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 83:281–289 EIA (2004) Sundarbans threatened by mega tourism project. The Environmental Investigation Agency. http://www.eiainternational.org/cgi/news/news.cgi?t=template&a=204 Eicken H (2004) The role of Arctic sea ice in transporting and cycling terrestrial organic matter. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 45–53 Eicken H, Reimnitz E, Alexandrov V et al (1997) Sea-ice processes in the Laptev Sea and their importance for sediment export. Cont Shelf Res 17(2):205–233 Eicken H, Kolatschek J, Freitag J et al (2000) A key source area and constraints on entrainment for basin-scale sediment transport by Arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 27(13):1919–1922 Eicken H, Gradinger R, Gaylord A et al (2005) Sediment transport by sea ice in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas: Increasing importance due to changing ice conditions?. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:3281–3302 45 Eisma D (1993) Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment. Springer, Berlin Eisma D, Kalf J (1987) Dispersal, concentration and deposition of suspended matter in the North Sea. Journal of Geological Society of London 144:161–178 Eissler Y, Quiñones RA (1999) Microplanktonic respiration off northern Chile during El Niño 1997–1998. J Plankton Res 21:2263–2283 Ekau W, Knoppers B (1999) An introduction to the pelagic system of the East and Northeast Brazilian shelf. Arch Fish Mar Res 47:113–132 Ekau W, Knoppers B (2003) A review and redefinition of the large marine ecosystems of Brazil. In: Sherman K, Hempel G (ed) Large marine ecosystems of the world – Trends in exploitation, protection and research. Large Marine Ecosystems 12. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 355–372 Eldridge ML, Trick CG, Alm MB et al (2004) The response of the marine phytoplankton community to a manipulation of bioavailable iron in HNLC waters of the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Aquat Microb Ecol 35:79–91 Eletrobrás (1992) Diagnóstico das condições sedimentológicas dos principais rios Brasileiros. Technical Report. Eletrobrás, Rio de Janeiro Eletrobrás (1998) Relatório anual do GTIB. Grupo de Trabalho de Informações Básicas para o Planejamento da Expanção e Geração. Technical Report. Eletrobrás, Rio de Janeiro Elsinger RJ, Moore WS (1984) 226Ra and 228Ra in the mixing zone of the Pee Dee River – Winyah Bay, Yangtze River and Delaware Bay estuaries. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 18:601–613 Elvidge CD, Baugh KE, Dietz JB et al (1997) Mapping of city lights using DMSP Operational Linescan System Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 63(6):727–734 Elvidge CD, Milesi C, Dietz JB et al (2004) U.S. constructed area approaches the size of Ohio. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 85(24):233–240 Emeis K-C, Brüchert V, Currie B et al (2004) Shallow gas in shelf sediments of the Namibian coastal upwelling ecosystem. Cont Shelf Res 24:627–642 Emery KO (1968) Relict sediments on continental shelves of the world. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 52:445–464 Emilsson I (1959) Alguns aspectos físicos e químicos das águas marinhas brasileiras. Ciência e Cultura São Paulo 11(2):44–54 Emilsson I (1961) The shelf and coastal waters off southern Brasil. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr 11:101–112 Enfield D (1981) Thermally driven wind variability in the planetary boundary layer above Lima, Peru. J Geophys Res 86:2005–2006 Enfield DB, Mayer DA (1997) Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño-Southern Ocean. J Geophys Res 102(C1):929–945 Entzeroth LC (1982) Particulate matter and organic sedimentation on the continental shelf and slope of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Texas, Austin Eppley RW, Peterson BJ (1979) Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 282:677–680 Esaias WE, Abbott MR, Barton I et al (1998) An overview of MODIS capabilities for ocean science observations. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 36(4):1250–1265 Escribano R (1998) Population dynamics of Calanus chilensis from northern Chile. Fish Oceanogr 7:245–251 Escribano R, Hidalgo P (2000) Spatial distribution of copepods during coastal upwelling in a northern area of the Eastern Boundary Humboldt Current. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 80(2):283–290 46 Escribano R, Schneider W (2007) The structure vand functioning of the coastal upwelling in central/southern Chile. Prog Oceanogr (Special Issue) 75(3), 602 pp Escribano R, Marín V, Irribarren C (2000) Distribution of Euphausia mucronata at the upwelling area of Peninsula Mejillones: The influence of the oxygen minimum layer. Scientia Marina 64:69–77 Esteves JL, Solís M, Gil MN et al (1996) Dos Bahías Patagónicas: Bahía Nueva-Bahía Engaño. In: Marcovecchio JE (ed), Pollution Processes in Coastal Environments. UNMdP, Mar del Plata (Argentina), Ch I, pp 64–73 Esteves JL, Ciocco NF, Colombo JC et al (2000) The Argentine Sea: the Southeast South American Shelf marine ecosystem. In: Sheppard CRC (ed) Seas at the Millennium: an environmental evaluation. Pergamon, New York (USA), vol I Ch 48, pp 749–771 Estournel C, Durrieu de Madron X, Marsaleix P et al (2003) Observations and modelisation of the winter coastal oceanic circulation in the Gulf of Lions under wind conditions influenced by the continental orography (FETCH experiment). J Geophys Res 108(C3):8059. Doi:10.1029/2001JC000825 Estrada M (1996) Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean. Scientia Marina 60(Suppl2):55–64 Etcheber H, Heussner S, Weber O et al (1996) Organic carbon fluxes and sediment biogeochemistry on the French Mediterranean and Atlantic Margins. In: Ittekkot V, Schäfer P, Honjo S et al (ed) Particle Flux in the Oceans. Wiley, Chichester, pp 223–241 European Environment Agency (2006) The changing faces of Europe’s coastal areas. EEA Report No. 6/2006, Copenhagen Evans DL, Signorini SS (1985) Vertical structure of the Brazil Current. Nature 315:48– 50 Eynaud F, Girandeau J, Pichon JJ et al (1999) Seasurface distribution of coccolithophores, diatoms, silicoflagellates and dinoflagellates in the South Atlantic Ocean during the late austral summer 1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:451– 482 Eyre BD (1998) Transport, retention and transformation of materials in Australian estuaries. Estuaries 21A:540–551 Eyre BD, Balls PW (1999) A comparative study of nutrient processes along the salinity gradient of tropical and temperate estuaries. Estuaries 22:313–326 Fabiano M, Povero P, Danovaro R et al (1999) Particulate organic matter composition in a semi-enclosed Periantarctic system: the Straits of Magellan. Sciencia Marina (Barc) 63(Suppl1):89–98 Fabiano M, Povero P, Misic C (2000) Spatial and temporal distribution of particulate organic matter in the Ross Sea. In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 135–149 Faganeli J, Gacic M, Malej A et al (1989) Pelagic organic matter in the Adriatic Sea in relation to winter hydrographic conditions. J Plankton Res 11:1129–1141 Fagerstrom JA (1987) The evolution of reef communities. Wiley, New York Falkowski PG (1997) Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean. Nature 387:272–275 Falkowski PG (2005) Biogeochemistry of primary production in the sea. Chp 8.05. In: Schlesinger WH (ed) Biogeochemistry, Part 8 of the Treatise on Geochemistry (Holland HD, Turekian KK ed). Elsevier, London, pp 185–213 Falkowski P, Hopkins TS, Walsh JJ (1980) An analysis of factors affecting oxygen depletion in the New York Bight. J Mar Res 38:479–506 Falkowski PG, Flagg CN, Rowe GT et al (1988) The fate of a spring phytoplankton bloom: export or oxidation? Cont Shelf Res 8:457–484 47 Falkowski PG, Biscaye PE, Sancetta C (1994) The lateral flux of biogenic particles from the eastern North American continental margin to the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:583–601 Falkowski P, Barber R, Smetacek V (1998) Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 281:200–206 Falkowski P, Scholes RJ, Boyle E et al (2000) The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science 290:291–296 Falkowski PG, Laws EA, Barber RT et al (2003) Phytoplankton and their role in primary production, new and export production, Chp 4. In: Fasham MJR (ed) Ocean Biogeochemistry: A New Paradigm. Springer, New York, pp 99–121 Falkowski PG, Katz ME, Knoll AH et al (2004) The evolution of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton. Science 305:354–360 Fang T-H (2004) Phosphorus speciation and budget of the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 24(12):1285–1300 Fang F, Morrow R (2003) Evolution, movement and decay of war-core Leeuwin Current eddies. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:2245–2262 Fanning KA (1992) Nutrient provinces in the sea: Concentration ratios, reaction rate ratios, and ideal covariation. J Geophys Res 97:5693–5712 FAO (2004) Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2008/09. Food and Agriculture Organization FAO (2006) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper No. 147. Food and Agriculture Organization Farías L, Cornejo M (2007) Effect of seasonal changes in bottom water oxygenation on sediment N oxides and N2O cycling in the coastal upwelling regime off central Chile (36.5 °S). Prog Oceanogr 75:561–575 Farías L, Graco M, Ulloa O (2004) Temporal variability of nitrogen cycling in continental-shelf sediments of the upwelling ecosystem off central Chile. DeepSea Res Pt II 51(20–21):2491–2505 Farías L, Paulmier A, Gallegos M (2007) Nitrous oxide and N-nutrient cycling in the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 54:164–180 Fasham MJR, Ducklow HW, McKelvie SM (1990) Nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. J Mar Res 48(3):591–639 Fasham MJR, Baliño BM, Bowles C (ed) (2001) Anderson R, Archer D, Bathmann U et al (Contributors) A new vision of ocean biogeochemistry after a decade of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Ambio Special Report 10, May 2001, 4–31 Fawcett A, Pitcher GC, Shillington FA (2008) Nearshore currents on the southern Namaqua shelf of the Benguela upwelling system. Cont Shelf Res 28:1026-1039 Feely RA, Sabine CL, Lee K et al (2004) Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305:362–366 Feely RA, Sabine CL, Hernández-Ayon M et al (2008) Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf. Science 320(5882):1490– 1492 Fekete BM, Vörösmarty CJ, Lammers RB (2000) Global composite runoff fields based on observed river discharge and simulated water balances. Univ of New Hampshire, USA/Global Runoff Data Center, Koblentz, Germany Feng M, Meyer G, Pearce A et al (2003) Annual and Interannual Variations of the Leeuwin Current at 32°S, J Geophys Res 108(11):3355. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001763 Feng M, Wijffels S, Godfrey JS et al (2005) Do eddies play a role in the momentum balance of the Leeuwin Current? J Phys Oceanogr 35(6):964–975 48 Feng M, Majewski L, Fandry CB et al (2007) Characteristics of two counter-rotating eddies in the Leeuwin Current system off the Western Australian coast. DeepSea Res Pt II 54:961–980 Fennel W (1996) Wasserhaushalt und Strömungen. In: Rheinheimer G (ed) Meereskunde der Ostsee. Springer, Berlin, pp 56–67 Fennel K, Spitz YH, Letelier RM et al (2002) A deterministic model for N2 fixation at stn. ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:149–174 Fennel K, Wilkin J, Levin J et al (2006) Nitrogen cycling in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Results from a three-dimensional model and implications for the North Atlantic nitrogen budget, Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB3007. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002456 Fermín EG, Figueiras FG, Arbones B et al (1996) Short-time scale development of a Gymnodinium catenatum population in the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). J Phycol 32:212–221 Fiadero M, Strickland JDH (1968) Nitrate reduction in the ocean off the west coast of South America. J Mar Res 26:187–201 Field JG, Shillington FA (2006) Variability of the Benguela Current System (16,E), Chp 21. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14B. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 835–863 Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT et al (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281:237–240 Fielding CR, Trueman JD, Dickens GR et al (2003) Anatomy of the buried Burdekin River channel across the Great Barrier Reef shelf: How does a major river operate on a tropical mixed siliciclastic carbonate margin during sea level lowstand?. Sediment Geol 157(3–4):291–301 Fieux M, Andrie C, Charriaud E et al (1996) Hydrological and chlorofluoromethane measurement of the Indonesian throughflow entering the Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res 101(C5):12433–12454 Figueiras FG, Niell FX (1987) Composición del fitoplancton en la rías de Pontevedra, NO de España. Inv Pesq 51:371–409 Figueiras FG, Ríos AF (1993) Phytoplankton succession, red tides and the hydrographic regime in the Rias Bajas of Galicia. In: Smayda TJ, Shimizu Y (ed) Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 239–244 Figueiras FG, Jones KJ, Mosquera AM et al (1994) Red tide assemblage formation in an estuarine upwelling ecosystem: Ria de Vigo. J Plankton Res 16:857–878 Figueiras FG, Labarta U, Fernández Reiriz MJ (2002) Coastal upwelling, primary production and mussel growth in the Rías Baixas of Galicia. Hidrobiología 484:121–131 Figueiredo RO (1999) Transporte de carbono e nitrogênio no baixo Paraíba do Sul: Fluxos e processos. PhD Dissertation, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos Findlater J (1971) Mean monthly air flow at low levels over the western Indian Ocean. Geophys Mem London 16:1–53 Finenko ZZ (1993) Primary production in the Black Sea during the winter-spring period. Oceanology 33(1):94–104 Fischer G (1991) Stable carbon isotope ratios of plankton carbon and sinking organic matter from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Mar Chem 35:581–596 Fischer G, Futterer D, Gersonde R et al (1988) Seasonal variability of particle flux in the Weddell Sea and its relation to ice cover. Nature 335:426–428 Fischer G, Donner B, Ratmeyer V et al (1996a) Distinct year-to-year flux variations off Cape Blanc during 1988–1991: Relationship to 18O-deduced seasurface temperatures and trade winds. J Mar Res 54:73–98 49 Fischer G, Neuer S, Wefer G et al (1996b) Short-term sedimentation pulses recorded with a fluorescence sensor and sediment traps at 900m depth in the Canary Basin. Limnol Oceanogr 41(6):1354–1359 Fischer G, Muller PJ, Wefer G (1998) Latitudinal 13Corg variations in sinking matter and sediments from the South Atlantic: effects of anthropogenic CO2 and implications for paleo-pCO2 reconstructions. J Marine Syst 17:471–495 Fischer G, Kalberer M, Donner B et al (1999) Stable isotopes of pteropod shells as recorders of sub-surface water conditions: comparison with the record of ruber G and measurements. In: Fischer G, Wefer G (ed) Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Berlin, pp 191– 206 Fischer G, Ratmeyer V, Wefer G (2000) Organic carbon fluxes in the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean: Relationship to primary production compiled from satellite radiometer data. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47(2):1961–1997 Fischer G, Neuer S, Davenport R et al (2010) The Northwest African Margin. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 78–103 Fitzwater SE, Johnson KS, Gordon RM et al (2000) Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and their relationship with nutrients and phytoplankton growth. DeepSea Res Pt II 47:3159–3179 Fiúza AFG (1984) Hidrologia e dinâmica das águas costeiras de Portugal. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Lisbon, Portugal Flagg CN, Kim HS (1998) Upper ocean currents in the northern Arabian Sea from shipboard ADCP measurements collected during the 1994–1996 U.S. JGOFS and ONR programs. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 45:1917–1959 Flagg CN, Wallace D, Kolber Z (1998) Cold anticyclonic eddies formed from cold pool water in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight. Cont Shelf Res 17(15):1839–1867 Fleisher MQ, Anderson RF (2003) Assessing the collection efficiency of Ross Sea sediment traps using 230Th and 231Pa. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:693–712 Flemming BW (1981) Factors controlling shelf sediment dispersal along the southeast African continental margin. Mar Geol 42:259–277 Flemming BW, Hay ER (1988) Sediment distribution and dynamics on the Natal continental shelf. In: Schumann EH (ed) Coastal Ocean Studies off Natal, South Africa. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Springer, New York, pp 47–80 Flexas M, Durrieu de Madron X, Garcia MA et al (2002) Flow variability in the Gulf of Lions during the MATER HFF Experiment (March–May 1997). J Marine Syst 33– 34:197–214 Florenchie P, Lutjeharms RE, Reason CJ (2003) The source of Benguela Niños in the South Atlantic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 30(10):12 Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP et al (2005) Global consequences of land use. Nature 309:570–574 Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P et al (2005) Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:441–473 Font J, Salat J, Tintore J (1988) Permanent features of the circulation in the Catalan Sea. Oceanol Acta Spec Publ S-9: 51–57 Fontugne MR, Duplessy JC (1986) Variations of the monsoon regime during the upper Quaternary: Evidence from carbon isotopic record of organic matter in North Indian Ocean sediment cores. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 56:69–88 Forehead HI (2006) The ecology and biogeochemistry of sandy sediments in the warm temperate coastal waters of Western Australia. PhD Dissertation, School of Plant Biology, Univ of Western, Australia 50 Forest A, Sampei M, Hattori H et al (2007) Particulate organic carbon fluxes on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea): Physical and biological forcing of shelf-basin exchanges. J Marine Syst 68:39–54. Doi:1016/j.jmarsys.2006.10.008 Forsberg BR (1985) The fate of planktonic primary production. Limnol Oceanogr 30(4):807–819 Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P et al (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (ed) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 129-234 Fossing H, Gallardo VA, Jørgensen BB et al (1995) Concentration and transport of nitrate by the matforming sulphur bacterium Thioploca. Nature (London) 374:713–715 Foster G, Carter L (1997) Mud sedimentation on the continental shelf at an accretionary margin – Poverty Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand J Geol Geop 40:157–173 Foster P, Hunt DTE, Pugh KB et al (1977) A seasonal study of the distributions of surface-state variables in Liverpool Bay. 1. Winter. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 29:303– 313 Foster P, Hunt DTE, Pugh KB et al (1978a) A seasonal study of the distribution of surface-state variables in Liverpool Bay. 2. Nutrients. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 34:55– 71 Foster P, Pugh KB, Hunt DTE (1978b) Ammonia distributions in the surface waters of Liverpool Bay. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 7:71–78 Fournier RO, Marra J, Bohrer R et al (1977) Plankton dynamics and nutrient enrichment of the Scotian Shelf. J Fish Res Board Can 34:1004–1018 Fournier RO, Van Det M, Wilson JS et al (1979) Influence of the shelf-break front off Nova Scotia on plankton standing stock in winter. J Fish Res Board Can 36:1228–1237 Fournier RO, Van Det M, Hargreaves NB et al (1984) Physical factors controlling summer distribution of chlorophyll a off southwest Nova Scotia. Limnol Oceanogr 29:517–526 Fraga F (1976) Fotosíntesis en la Ría de Vigo. Invest Pesq 40:151–167 Fraga F (1981) Upwelling off the Galician coast, northwest Spain. In: Richards FA (ed) Coastal Upwelling. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 176–182 Fraga F (2001) Phytoplanktonic biomass synthesis: application to deviations from Redfield stoichiometry. Sci Mar 65(suppl 2):153–169 Fraga S, Bakun A (1993) Global climate change and harmful algae blooms: the example of Gymnodinium catenatum on the Galician coast. In: Smayda TJ, Shimizu Y (ed) Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 59–65 Fraga F, Mouriño C, Manríquez M (1982) Las masas de agua en las costas de Galicia: Junio-Octubre. Resultados Expediciones Científicas 10:51–77 Franck VM, Smith G, Bruland KW et al (2005) Comparison of size-dependent carbon, nitrate and silicic acid uptake rates in high- and low-iron waters. Limnol Oceanogr 50:825–838 François R, Bacon MP, Altabet MA et al (1993) Glacial to interglacial changes in sediment rain rate in the SW Indian sector of subantarctic waters as recorded by 230Th, 231Pa, U, and 15N. Paleoceanography 8:611–629 Francois R, Honjo S, Krishfield R et al (2002) Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 16:1087. Doi:10.1029/2001GB001722 51 Frank M, Gersonde R, Mangini A (1999) Sediment redistribution, 230Th-normalization and implications for the reconstruction of particle flux and export productivity. In: Fischer G, Wefer G (ed) Use of proxies in paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Berlin, pp 409–426 Frank KT, Petrie B, Choi JS et al (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308:1621–1623 Frankenberg C, Meirink JF, van Weele M et al (2005) Assessing methane emissions from global spaceborne observation. Science 308(5724):1010–1014 Frankignoulle M, Borges AV (2001) European continental shelf as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochem Cy 15:569–576 Frankignoulle M, Gattuso JP, Biondo R et al (1996) Carbon fluxes in coral reefs. II. Eulerian study of inorganic carbon dynamics and measurement of air-sea CO2 exchanges. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 145(1–3):123–132 Frankignoulle M, Abril G, Borges AV et al (1998) Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries. Science 282:434–436 Franks PJS (1995) Coupled physical-biological models in oceanography. Rev Geophys (Supplement):1177–1187 Franks PJS, Chen C (2001) A 3-D prognostic model study of the ecosystem over Georges Bank and adjacent coastal regions, Part II, Coupled biological and physical model. Deep-Sea Res 48:457–482 Fransson A, Chierici M, Anderson LG et al (2001) The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: Implication for carbon fluxes. Cont Shelf Res 21(3):225–242 Fransson A, Chierici M, Nojiri Y (2006) Increased net CO2 outgassing in the upwelling region of the southern Bering Sea in a period of variable marine climate between 1995 and 2001. J Geophys Res 111:C08008. Doi:10.1029/2004JC002759 Freeland HJ, Bychkov AS, Whitney F et al (1998) WOCE section PIW in the Sea of Okhotsk 1. Oceanographic data description. J Geophys Res 103:15613–15623 Fréon P, Alheit J, Barton ED et al (2006) Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems: California, Canary and Humboldt. In: Shannon V, Hempel G, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Moloney C, Woods J (ed) Large Marine Ecosystems, vol 14. Elsevier, pp 187–223 Frey KE, Smith LC (2005) Amplified carbon release from vast West Siberian peatlands by 2100. Geophys Res Lett 32:L09401. Doi:10.1029/2004GL022025 Friedl G, Teodoru C, Wehrli B (2004) Is the Iron Gate I reservoir on the Danube river a sink for dissolved silica?. Biogeochemistry 68:21–32 Friedrichs MAM (2001) A data assimilative marine ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific: Numerical twin experiments. J Mar Res 59:859–894 Frignani M, Giglio F, Langone L et al (1998) Late-Quaternary fluctuations of organic carbon and biogenic silica fluxes to sediments of the Northwestern Ross Sea (Antarctica). Annals of Glaciology 27:697–703 Friis K, Körtzinger A, Wallace D (2003) The salinity normalization of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data. Geophys Res Lett 30(2):1085. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015898 Froehlich PN, Blanc V, Mortlock MA et al (1992) River fluxes of dissolved silica to the ocean were higher during glacials: Ge/Si in diagoms, rivers, and oceans. Paleoceanography 7:739–768 Frouin R, Fiuza AFG, Ambar I et al (1990) Observations of a poleward surface current off the coast of Portugal and Spain during winter. J Geophys Res 95:679–691 Fuenzalida R, Schneider W, Garcés-Vargas J et al (2008) Vertical and horizontal extension of the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II. Doi.10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.00 52 Furkert FW (1947) Westport Harbour. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 76:373–402 Furnas M (2003) Catchments and corals, terrestrial runoff to the Great Barrier Reef. AIMS, Townsville, Qld, 334 pp Furnas MJ, Mitchell AW (1996a) Nutrient inputs into the central Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from subsurface intrusions of Coral Sea waters: A two-dimensional displacement model. Cont Shelf Res 16:1127–1148 Furnas MJ, Mitchell AW (1996b) Pelagic primary production in the Coral and southern Solomon Seas. Mar Freshwater Res 47:695–706 Furnas MJ, Mitchell AW (1999) Wintertime carbon and nitrogen fluxes on Australia’s Northwest Shelf. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 49:165–175 Furnas MJ, Mitchell AW, Skuza M (1995) Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the central Great Barrier Reef shelf. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Research Publication Number 36:1–194 Fusco G, Flocco D, Budillon G et al (2002) Dynamics and variability of Terra Nova Bay Polynya. Marine Ecology PSZNI, Supplement I:201–209 Fütterer DK (1983) The modern upwelling record off northwest Africa. In: Thiede J, Suess E (ed) Coastal Upwelling and its Sedimentary Record, Part B: Sedimentary Records of Ancient Coastal Upwelling, Marine Sciences 10. Plenum Press, New York, pp 105–121 Gaard E, Hansen B (2000) Variations in the advection of Calanus finmarchicus onto the Faroe Shelf. ICES J Mar Sci 57:1612–1618 Gabche CE, Smith SV (2001a) Cameroon Estuary Complex, Cameroon. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Africa/Cameroon/ Cameroon/cameroonbud.htm Gabche CE, Smith SV (2001b) Rio-del-Rey Estuary Complex, Cameroon. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Africa/Cameroon/ RiodelRay/riodelraybud.htm Gacic M, Marullo S, Santoleri R et al (1997) Analysis of the seasonal and interannual variability of the sea surface temperature field in the Adriatic Sea from AVHRR data. J Geophys Res 102:22937–22946 Gacic M, Civitarese G, Ursella L (1999) Spatial and seasonal variability of water and biogeochemical fluxes in the Adriatic Sea. In: Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Eremeev VN (ed) The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 335–357 Gacic M, Civitarese G, Miserocchi S et al (2002) The open-ocean convection in the Southern Adriatic: A controlling mechanism of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Cont Shelf Res 22:1897–1908 Gaeta SA, Brandini FP (2006) Produção primária do fitoplâncton na região entre Cabo São Tomé (RJ) e o Chuí (RS). Chp 4. In: Wongschoswski CLDR, Madureira LSD (ed) O ambiente da plataforma continental e do talude na regiiao Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Editora Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, pp 219–264 Gaeta SA, Lorenzetti JA, Miranda LB et al (1999) The Victoria Eddy and its relation to the phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity during the austral fall of 1995. Arch Fish Mar Res 47:253–270 Gagan MK, Ayliffe LK, Opdyke BN et al (2002) Coral oxygen isotope evidence for recent groundwater fluxes to the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015336 Gago J, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Gilcoto M et al F (2003a) Assessing the fate of dissolved and suspended organic carbon in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula). Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 56:271–279 Gago J, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Pérez, FF et al (2003b) Partitioning of physical and biogeochemical contributions to short-term variability of pCO2 in a coastal upwelling system: a quantitative approach. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 255:43–54 53 Gago J, Gilcoto M, Pérez FF et al (2003c) Short-term variability of fCO2 in seawater and air–sea CO2 fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain). Mar Chem 80:247–264 Gago J, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Nieto-Cid M et al (2005) Continental inputs of C, N, P and Si species to the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 65:74–82 Gagosian RB, Nigrelli GE, Volkman JK (1983) Vertical transport and transformation of biogenic organic compounds from a sediment trap experiment off the coast of Peru. In: Suess E, Thiede J (ed) Coastal Upwelling; Its Sediment Record. Part A: Responses of the Sedimentary Regime to Present Coastal Upwelling. Plenum Press, New York, pp 241–272 Gaiero DM, Probst JL, Depetris PJ et al (2002) Riverine transfer of heavy metals from Patagonia to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Reg Environ Change 3:51–64 Gaiero DM, Probst JL, Depetris PJ et al (2003) Iron and other transition metals in Patagonian riverborne and windborne materials: geochemical control and transport to the southern South Atlantic Ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(19):3603–3623 Gaillardet J, Dupré B, Louvat P et al (1999) Global silicate weathering and CO 2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers. Chem Geol 159:3–30 Gall M, Zeldis J, Richardson K et al (2002) A multiscale strategy for monitoring phytoplankton biomass and primary production. Presented at meeting ‘Phytoplankton Productivity. An Appreciation of 50 Years of the Study of Oceans and Lakes’ March 18th-22nd, 2002, Univ of Wales, Bangor, Wales, UK Gallardo VA (1963) Notas sobre la densidad de la fauna bentónica en el sublitoral del norte de Chile. Gayana 10:3–15 Gallardo VA (1977) Large benthic microbial communities in sulfide biota under Chile Subsurface countercurrent. Nature 268:331–332 Gallardo VA, Carrasco F, Roa R et al (1995) Ecological patterns in the benthic macrobiota across the continental shelf off central Chile. Ophelia 40(3):167–188 Gallardo VA, Palma M, Carrasco FD et al (2004) Macrobenthic zonation caused by the oxygen minimum zone on the shelf and slope off central Chile. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(20–21):2475–2490 Galloway JN (2005) The global nitrogen cycle. Chp 8.12. In: Schlesinger WH (ed) Biogeochemistry, Part 8 of the Treatise on Geochemistry (Holland HD, Turekian KK ed). Elsevier, London, pp 557–583 Galloway JN, Howarth RW, Michaels AF et al (1996) Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of the North Atlantic Ocean and its watershed. Biogeochemistry 35:3–25 Galloway J, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al (2004) Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153–226 Galy V, France-Lanord C, Beyssac O et al (2007) Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system. Nature 450:407–410 Gamo T (1999) Global warming may have showed down the deep conveyor belt of a marginal sea of the northwestern Pacific: Japan Sea. Geophys Res Lett 26:3137–3140 Gamo T, Horibe Y (1983) Abyssal circulation in the Japan Sea. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 39:220–230 Gamo T, Nozaki Y, Sakai H et al (1986) Spatial and temporal variations of water characteristics in the Japan Sea bottom layer. J Mar Res 44:781–793 Gamo T, Momoshima N, Tolmachyov S (2001) Recent upward shift of the deep convection system in the Japan Sea, as inferred from the geochemical tracers tritium, oxygen, and nutrients. Geophys Res Lett 28:4143–4146 54 Gao S (2007) Modeling the growth limit of the Changjiang Delta. Geomorphology 85:225–236 Gao S, Collins M (1995) Net transport direction of sands in a tidal inlet, using foraminiferal tests as natural tracers. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 40:681–697 Gao S, Jia JJ (2004) Accumulation of fine-grained sediment and organic carbon in a small tidal basin: Yuehu, Shandong Peninsula, China. Reg Environ Change 4:63–69 Gao Y, Kaufman YJ, Tanré D et al (2001) Seasonal distributions of aeolian iron fluxes to the global ocean. Geophys Res Lett 28(1):29–32 García-Gil S, Vilas F, García-García A (2002) Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain): a case study. Cont Shelf Res 22:2303–2315 García-Muñoz M, Arístegui J, Pelegri JL et al (2005) Exchange of carbon by an upwelling filament off Cape Ghir (NW Africa). J Marine Syst 54(1–4):83–95 García-Soto C, Pingree RD, Valdés L (2002) Navidad development in the southern Bay of Biscay: Climate change and swoddy structure from remote sensing and in situ measurements. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2001JC001012 Gardner WD, Walsh ID, Richardson MJ (1993) Biophysical forcing of particle production and distribution during a spring bloom in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 40:171–195 Gardner WS, Benner R, Chin-Leo G et al (1994) Mineralization of organic material and bacterial dynamics in Mississippi River plume water. Estuaries 17:816–828 Gardner WD, Richardson MJ, Smith WO Jr (2000) Seasonal patterns of water column particulate organic carbon and fluxes in the Ross Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3423–3449 Garnier J, Sferratore A, Meybeck M et al (2006) Modeling silicon transfer processes in river catchments. In: Ittekkot V, Unger D, Humborg C et al (ed) The silicon cycle: Human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66. Island Press, pp 139–162 Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT (1971) Evolution of sedimentary rocks. Norton Publishers, New York Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT (1972) A quantitative model for the sedimentary rock cycle. Mar Chem 1:27–41 Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT, Hunt C (1975) Chemical Cycles and the Global Environment. William Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA Garrett CJR, Loucks RH (1976) Upwelling along the Yarmouth shore of Nova Scotia. J Fish Res Board Can 33:116–117 Garrett CJR, Keeley JR, Greenberg DA (1978) Tidal mixing versus thermal stratification in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. Atmos Ocean 16:403–423 Garrison GH, Glenn CR, McMurtry GM (2003) Measurement of submarine groundwater discharge in Kahana Bay, O’ahu, Hawaii. Limnol Oceanogr 48:920–928 Gascard J, Raisbeck G, Sequeira S et al (2004) The Norwegian Atlantic Current in the Lofoten basin inferred from hydrological and tracer data (129I) and its interaction with the Norwegian Coastal Current. Geophys Res Lett 31:L01308. Doi:10.1029/2003GL018303 Gaskell TF (1972) The Gulf Stream. John Day Co., New York Gatien MG (1976) A study in the Slope Water region south of Halifax. J Fish Res Board Can 33:2213–2217 Gattuso J-P, Pichon M, Delesalle B et al (1993) Community metabolism and air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coral reef ecosystem (Moorea, French Polynesia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 96:259–267 55 Gattuso J-P, Pichon M, Frankignoulle M (1995) Biological control of air-sea-CO2 fluxes: Effect of photosynthetic and calcifying marine organisms and ecosystems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129:307–312 Gattuso J-P, Payri CE, Pichon M et al (1997) Primary production, calcification and airsea CO2 fluxes of an algal-dominated coral reef community (Moorea, French Polynesia). J Phycol 33:729–738 Gattuso J-P, Frankignoulle M, Bourge I et al (1998a) Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Global Planet Change 18:37–46 Gattuso J-P, Frankignoulle M, Wollast R (1998b) Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:405–434 Gawarkiewicz G, Weingartner T, Chapman DC (1998) Sea-ice processes and water mass modification and transport over Arctic shelves. In: Brink KH, Robinson AR (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 171–190 Gayoso AM, Podestá GP (1996) Surface hydrography and phytoplankton of the Brazil – Malvinas currents confluence. J Plankton Res 18:941–951 George MD, Dileep Kumar M, Naqvi SWA et al (1994) A study of the carbon dioxide system in the northern Indian Ocean during premonsoon. Mar Chem 47:243–254 Gersbach GH, Pattiaratchi CB, Ivey GN et al (1999) Upwelling on the south-west coast of Australiasource of the Capes Current?. Cont Shelf Res 19:363–400 Geyer WR, Beardsley RC (1995) Introduction to special section on physical oceanography of the Amazon shelf. J Geophys Res 100:2281–2282 Geyer WR, Beardsley RC, Candela J et al (1991) The physical oceanography of the Amazon outflow. Oceanography 4:8–14 Gibbs RJ (1967) The geochemistry of the Amazon River systems: Part I. The factors that control the salinity and the composition and concentration of the suspended solids. Geol Soc Am Bull 78:1203–1232 Gibbs RJ (1970) Circulation in the Amazon River estuary and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. J Mar Res 28:113–123 Gibbs RJ (1982) Currents on the shelf of north-eastern South America. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 14:283–299 Gibbs MT (2008) Network governance in fisheries. Marine Policy 32:113–119 Gieskes WWC, Kraay GW (1975) The phytoplankton spring bloom in Dutch coastal waters of the North Sea. Netherlands J Sea Res 9:166–196 Gieskes WW, Kraay GW (1977) Continuous plankton records: changes in the plankton of the North Sea and its eutrophic Southern Bight from 1948 to 1975. Netherlands J Sea Res 11:334–364 Giles H (2001) Denitrification in continental shelf sediments. MSc thesis, Univ of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Gill AE, Niiler PP (1973) The theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res 20:141–177 Gill AE, Schumann EH (1979) Topographically induced changes in the structure of an inertial coastal jet: application to the Agulhas Current. J Phys Oceanogr 9:975– 991 Gillooly M, O’Sullivan G, Kirkwood D et al (1992) The establishment of a database for trend monitoring of nutrients in the Irish Sea. Project Report EC NORSAP No. B6618-89-03 Giordani P, Helder W, Koning E et al (2002) Gradients of benthic–pelagic coupling and carbon budgets in the Adriatic and Northern Ionian Sea. J Marine Syst 33– 34:365–387 Giraudeau J, Bailey GW, Pujol C (2000) A high-resolution time series analyses of particle fluxes in the Northern Benguela coastal upwelling system: Carbonate 56 record of changes in biogenic production and particle transfer processes. DeepSea Res Pt II 47:1999–2028 Gíslason SR, Arnórsson S, Ármannsson H (1996) Chemical weathering of basalt in SW Iceland: Effects of run-off, age of rocks and vegetative/glacial cover. Am J Sci 296:837–907 Gíslason SR, Òlafsson J, Snorrason Á (1997) Efnasamsetning, rennsli og aurburður straumvatna á Suðurlandi. Gagnagrunnur Raunvísindastofnunar, Hafrannsóknastofnunar og Orkustofnunar. Reykjavík, Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans Gíslason SR, Snorrason Á et al (2001) Efnasamsetning, rennsli og aurburður straumvatna á Austurlandi. II. Gagnagrunnur Raunvísindastofnunar og Orkustofnunar. Reykjavík, Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans Gjøesæter H (1995) Pelagic fish and the ecological impact of the modern fishing industry in the Barents Sea. Arctic 48(3):267–278 Gladyshev SV (1995) Fronts in the Kuril Islands region. Okeanology 34:452–459 Glibert PM, Harrison J, Heil C et al (2006) Escalating worldwide use of urea – a global change contributing to coastal eutrophication. Biogeochemistry 77:441–463 Globalview-CO2 (2004) Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project – Carbon Dioxide. CD-ROM, NOAA CMDL, Boulder, Colorado. Also available on Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/co2/GLOBALVIEW Gobler CJ, Sanudo-Wilhelmy SA (2001) Temporal variability of groundwater seepage and brown tide blooms in a Long Island embayment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 217:299–309 Godfrey JS, Ridgway KR (1985) The large-scale environment of the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current, Western Australia: Longshore steric height gradients, wind stresses, and geostrophic flow. J Phys Oceanogr 15:481–495 Goffart A, Catalano G, Hecq JH (2000) Factors controlling the distributions of diatom and Phaeocystis in the Ross Sea. J Mar Syst 27:161–175 Goldman JG (1988) Spatial and temporal discontinuities of biological processes in pelagic surface waters. In: Rothschild BJ (ed) Toward a theory of biologicalphysical interactions in the world ocean. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 273–296 Goldner DR (1999) Steady models of Arctic shelf-basin exchange. J Geophys Res 104(C12):29733–29755 Gomes HR, Goes JI, Saino T (2000) Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Cont Shelf Res 20:313–330 Gomez B, Eden DN, Hicks DM et al (1999) Contribution of floodplain sequestration to the sediment budget of the Waipaoa River, New Zealand. In: Alexander J, Marriott SB, Hey R (ed) Floodplains: Interdisciplinary approaches. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 163:69–88 Gomez B, Filipelli G, Carter L et al (2001) Recent sedimentation on an actively subsiding shelf: Hikurangi subduction margin, North Island, New Zealand. MARGINS Chapman Conference, Puerto Rico Gomez B, Trustrum NA, Hicks DM et al (2003) Production, storage, and output of particulate organic carbon: Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand. Water Resour Res 39(6):1161. Doi:10.1029/2002WR001619 Gómez F, González N, Echevarría F et al (2000) Distribution and fluxes of dissolved nutrients in the Straits of Gibraltar and its relationships to microphytoplankton biomass. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 51:439–449 Gómez F, Claustre H, Raimbault P et al (2007) Two High-Nutrient Low-Chlorophyll phytoplankton assemblages: the tropical central Pacific and the offshore PerúChile Current. Biogeosciences 4:1101–1113 57 Gong G-C, Liu K-K, Liu C-T, Pai S-C (1992) The chemical hydrography of the South China Sea west of Luzon and a comparison with the West Philippine Sea. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 3:587–602 Gong G-C, Liu K-K, Pai S-C (1995) Prediction of nitrate concentration from two end member mixing in the southern East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 15:827–842 Gong G-C, Chen Y-LL, Liu K-K (1996) Chemical hydrography and chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in summer: implications in nutrient dynamics. Cont Shelf Res 16:1561–1590 Gong G-C, Shiah FK, Liu K-K et al (2000) Spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll a, primary productivity and chemical hydrography in the southern East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 20:411–436 Gong G-C, Chang J, Liang M-H (2001) A photosyntheticirradiance model for the upwelling region northeast of Taiwan and its application to the East China Sea. J Geophys Res 106(C9):19957–19968 Gong G-C, Wen Y-H, Wang B-W et al (2003) Seasonal variation of chlorophyll a concentration, primary production and environmental conditions in the subtropical East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1219–1236 Gong G-C, Chang J, Chiang K-P et al (2006) Reduction of primary production and changing of nutrient ratio in the East China Sea: Effect of the Three Gorges dam?. Geophys Res Lett 33:L07610. Doi:10.1029/2006GL025800 Goñi MA, Yunker MB, Macdonald RW et al (2000) Distribution and sources of organic biomarkers in arctic sediments from the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Shelf. Mar Chem 71:23–51 Goñi MA, Aceves HL, Thunell RC et al (2003) Biogenic fluxes in the Cariaco Basin: A combined study of sinking particulates and underlying sediments. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 50:781–807 Goñi MA, Yunker MB, Macdonald RW et al (2005) The supply and preservation of ancient and modern components of organic carbon in the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean. Mar Chem 93:53–73 González HE (1992) The distribution and the abundance of krill faecal material and oval pellets in the Scotia and Weddel Seas (Antarctica) and their role in particle flux. Pol Biol 12:81–91 González RR, Quiñones RA (2002) LDH activity in Euphausia mucronata and Calanus chilensis: implications for vertical migration behaviour. J Plankton Res 24(12):1349–1356 González HE, Pantoja S, Iriarte JL et al (1989) Winterspring variability of sizefractionated autotrophic biomass in Concepcion Bay, Chile. J Plankton Res 11:1157–1167 González HE, Daneri G, Figueroa D et al (1998) Producción primaria y su destino en la trama trófica pelágica y océano profundo e intercambio océano-atmósfera de CO2 en la zona norte de la corriente de Humboldt (23°S): posibles efectos del evento El Niño 1997–1998. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71:429–458 González HE, Ortiz V, Sobarzo M (2000a) The role of feacal material in the particulate organic carbon flux in the northern Humboldt Current, Chile (23°S), Before and during the 1997–1998 El Niño. J Plankton Res 22:499–529 González HE, Sobarzo M, Figueroa D et al (2000b) Composition, biomass and potential grazing impact of the crustacean and pelagic tunicates in the northern Humboldt Current area off Chile: differences between El Niño and non-El Niño years. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 195:201–220 González HE, Giesecke R, Vargas CA et al (2004a) Carbon Cycling through the pelagic foodweb in the northern Humboldt Current off Chile (23°S). ICES J Mar Sci 61:572–584 58 González HE, Hebbeln D, Iriarte JL et al (2004b) Downward fluxes of faecal material and microplankton at 2300m depth in the oceanic area off Coquimbo (30°S), Chile, during 1993–1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51:2457–2474 González HE, Menschel E, Aparicio C et al (2007a) Spatial and temporal variability of microplankton and detritus, and their export to shelf sediments in the upwelling area off Concepcion, Chile (36°S), during 2002–2005. Prog Oceanogr 75:435– 451 González RR, Gutierrez MH, Quiñones RA (2007b) Similar potential ATP-P production and enzymatic activities in the microplankton community off Concepción (Chile) under oxic and suboxic conditions. Prog Oceanogr 75:550–560 Goolsby DA, Battaglin WA (2000) Nitrogen in the Mississippi Basin—Estimating sources and predicting fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico, USGS Fact Sheet. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ1133/index.html Goolsby DA, Battaglin WA (2001) Long-term changes in concentrations and flux of nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin, USA, Hydrological Processes 15(7):1209–1226 Goolsby DA, Battaglin WA, Lawrence GB et al (1999) Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin: Topic 3 Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 17. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Silver Spring, MD GOOS (2003) The Integrated, Strategic Design Plan for the Coastal Ocean Observations Module of the Global Ocean Observing System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, GOOS Report No. 125 Gorbarenko SA, Nürnberg D, Derkachev AN et al (2002) Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of the Upper Quaternary sediments in the Okhotsk Sea. Mar Geol 183:107–129 Gordeev VV (2000) River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, London, pp 297–321 Gordeev VV, Martin JM, Sidorov IS et al (1996) A reassessment of the Eurasian river input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. Am J Sci 296:664–691 Gordon AL (1985) Indian-Atlantic transfer of thermocline water at the Agulhas Retroflection. Science 227:1030–1033 Gordon HR (1987) Calibration requirements and methodology for remote sensors viewing the oceans in the visible. Remote Sens Environ 22:103–126 Gordon ES, Goñi MA (2003) Sources and distribution of terrigenous organic matter delivered by the Atchafalaya River to sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:2359–2375 Gordon AL, Tchernia P (1972) Waters of the continental margin off Adelie coast, Antarctica. In: Hayes DE (ed) Antarctic Research Series, Antarctic Oceanology II: The Australian– New Zealand sector. Am Geophys Union, pp 56–69 Gordon HR, Wang M (1994) Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm. Appl Opt 33:443–452 Gordon AL, Lutjeharms JRE, Gründling ML (1987) Stratification and circulation at the Aulhas Retroflection. Deep-Sea Res 34:565–599 Gordon AL, Bosley KT, Aikmani F III (1995) Tropical Atlantic Water within the Benguela upwelling system at 27°S. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 42:l–12 59 Gordon DC Jr, Boudreau PR, Mann KH et al (1996) LOICZ Biogeochemical Modelling Guidelines. LOICZ Reports & Studies No 5 Gordon LI, Codispoti LA, Jennings JC Jr et al (2000) Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the Ross Sea, Antarctica 1996–1997. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3095–3117 Gordon ES, Goñi MA, Roberts QN et al (2001) Organic matter distribution and accumulation on the inner Louisiana shelf west of the Atchafalaya River. Cont Shelf Res 21:1691–1721 Gordon AL, Zambianchi E, Orsi A et al (2004) Energetic plumes over the western Ross Sea continental slope. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21302. Doi:10.1029/2004GL020785 Gowen RJ, Hydes DJ, Mills DK et al (2002) Assessing trends in nutrient concentrations in coastal shelf seas: a case study in the Irish Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54:927–939 Goyet C, Bradshaw AL, Brewer PG (1991) The carbonate system in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt A 38(Suppl.2A):S1049–S1068 Goyet C, Metzl N, Millero F et al (1998a) Temporal variation of the sea surface CO2/carbonate properties in the Arabian Sea. Mar Chem 63:69–79 Goyet C, Millero FJ, O’Sullivan DW et al (1998b) Temporal variations of pCO2 in surface seawater of the Arabian Sea in 1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 45:609–623 Graco MI, Ledesma J, Flores G et al (2007) Nutrientes, oxígeno y procesos biogeoquímicos en el sistema de surgencias de la corriente de Humboldt frente a Perú. Revista peruana de biología 14(1):117–128 Grados MC (1988) Variabilidad del régimen hídrico del codo Peruano-Chileno. In: Memorias del Simposio Internacional de los Recursos Vivos y las Pesquerías en el Pacífico Sud-este, Número especial. Rev. Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur, pp 95–104 Grantz A, Phillips RL, Mullen MW et al (1996) Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean. Mar Geol 133:51–73 Grasshoff K, Kremling K, Ehrhardt K et al (ed) (1999) Methods of seawater analysis, 3rd Edn. Wiley-VCH GRDC (2007) data download from http://grdc.bafg.de/. The Global Runoff Data Center, 56002 Koblenz, Germany Grebmeier JM, Barry JP (2007) Benthic processes in polynyas. In: Smith WO Jr, Barber DG (ed) Polynyas: Windows into Polar Oceans. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 363– 390 Grebmeier JM, Harvey HR (2005) The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) project: An overview. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:3109–3115 Grebmeier JM, Whitledge TE (1996) Arctic System science ocean-atmosphere-ice interactions biological initiative in the Arctic: Shelf-basin interactions workshop. No. 4, Seattle Green PA, Vörösmarty CJ, Meybeck M et al (2004) Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typology. Biogeochemistry 68:71–105 Green RE, Bianchi TS, Dagg MJ et al (2006) An organic carbon budget for the Mississippi River turbidity plume and plume contributions to air-sea CO2 fluxes and bottom water hypoxia. Estuaries and Coasts 29(4):579–597 Greene K (2002) Beach nourishment: A review of the biological and physical impacts. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC). Habitat Management Series No. 7 60 Greenwood J, Feng M, Waite A (2007) A onedimensional simulation of biological production in two contrasting mesoscale eddies in the southeast Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:1029–1044 Gregg WW, Casey NW (2004) Global and regional evaluation of the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set. Remote Sens Environ 93:463–479 Gregg WW, Walsh JJ (1992) Simulation of the 1979 spring bloom in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: A coupled physical/biological/optical model. J Geophys Res 97:5723– 5743 Grégoire M, Lacroix G (2003) Exchange processes and nitrogen cycling on the shelf and continental slope of the Black Sea basin. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2002GB001882 Griffiths GA, Glasby GP (1985) Input of river derived sediment to the New Zealand continental shelf: I. Mass. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 21:773–787 Grob C, Quiñones RA, Figueroa D (2003) Cuantificación del transporte de agua costaocéano a través de filamentos y remolinos ricos en clorofila a en la zona centrosur de Chile (35.5–37.5°S). Gayana 67(1):55–67 Gross MG (ed) (1976) Middle Atlantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight. Proceedings of the Symposium, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 3–5 November 1975. Limnol Oceanogr 2 (Special Symposia),:441 pp Gruber N, Sarmiento JL (1997a) Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Global Biogeochem Cy 11:235–266 Gruber N, Sarmiento JL (1997b) The effect of nitrification and denitrification on the oxidation of plant material in the oceans. Global Biogeochem Cy 10:809–837 Gruber N, Frenzel H, Doney SC et al (2006) Simulation of the phytoplankton ecosystem dynamics. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 53:1483–1516 Gruber N, Nagai T, Frenzel H et al (2007) Eddy-driven offshore transport of organic matter in the California current system IUGG XXIV General Assembly: IAPSO Symposium PS007 Biogeochemical Fluxes Between the Shelf and Open Seas. Perugia, Italy Gründling ML (1980) On the volume transport of the Agulhas Current. Deep-Sea Res Pt A 27:557–563 Gründling ML (1983) On the course of the Agulhas Current. S Afr Geograph J 35:731– 753 Grunewald A, Quiñones RA, Nuñez S (1998) Spatial distribution and fluxes of matter associated to apendicularians (chordata, tunicata) in central-south Chile. Gayana Oceanología 6(1–2):11–24 Grunewald AC, Morales CE, González HE et al (2002) Grazing impact of copepod assemblages and gravitational flux in coastal and oceanic waters off central Chile during two contrasting seasons. J Plankton Res 24(1):55–67 Guarini J-M (1998) Modélisation de la dynamique du microphytobenthos des vasières intertidales du basin de Marennes- Oléron. PhD dissertation, Université de la Rochelle Guarini J-M, Blanchard GF, Gros P (2000) Quantification of the microphytobenthic primary production in European intertidal mudflats – a modeling approach. Cont Shelf Res 20:1771–1788 Guerra HT (1962) O litoral Atlântico. Paisagens do Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatistica (IBGE), Rio de Janeiro Guerzoni S, Chester R, Dulac F et al (1999) The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea. Prog Oceanogr 44(1–3):147–190 Guillard RRL, Kilham P, Jackson TA (1973) Kinetics of silicon limited growth in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal (Cyclotella nana Hustedt). J Phycol 9:233–237 61 Guillén O, Calienes R (1981) Productividad y Afloramiento frente a las Aguas Costeras Peruanas. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú vol Extraordinario ICANE :130– 143 Guillén O, Calienes R, Rondan De R (1977) Medio ambiente y producción primaria frente al área Pimentel-Chimbote. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú (3):107– 159 Guillén O, Lostaunau N, Jacinto M (1985) Características de El Fenómeno El Niño 1982–83. In: Arntz W, Landa A, Tarazona J (ed) El Niño y su Impacto en la Fauna Marina, Vol Extraordinario. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú-Callao, pp 11–20 Gulland JA (ed) (1971) The Fish Resources of the Oceans. Fishing News Books, West Byfleet, UK Gunther ER (1936) A report on oceanographical investigation in the Peru Coastal Current. Discovery Report 13:107–276 Guo L, Santschi H, Warnken KW (1995) Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in oceanic environments. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1392–1403 Guo L, Semiletov I, Gustafsson Ö et al (2004) Characterization of Siberian Arctic coastal sediments: Implications for terrestrial organic carbon export. Global Biogeochem Cy 18(1):GB1036. Doi:10.1029/2003GB002087 Guo L, Ping C-L, Macdonald RW (2007) Mobilization pathways of organic carbon from permafrost to arctic rivers in a changing climate. Geophys Res Lett 34(13):L13603. Doi:10.1029/2007Gl030689 Gust G, Byrne RH, Bernstein RE et al (1992) Particle fluxes and moving fluids: Experience from synchronous trap collections in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 39(7/8):1071–1083 Gustafsson BG (2001) Quantification of water, salt, oxygen and nutrient exchange of the Baltic Sea from observations in the Arkona Basin. Cont Shelf Res 21(13– 14):1485–1500 Gutiérrez MH (2003) Distribución de ATP disuelto en la columna de agua: relación con la biomasa microplanctónica y rol del zooplancton. MSc Dissertation, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile Gutiérrez D, Gallardo VA, Levin L et al (2002) Biomass and bioturbation responses of macrobenthos during El Niño 1997–1998 in Continental Margin Sediments off the Southeastern Pacific. Investigaciones Marinas 30 (1):144–145 Haberman KL, Ross RM, Quetin LB (2003) Diet of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana): II. Selective grazing in mixed phytoplankton assemblages. J exp mar Biol Ecol 283:97–113 Haff PK (2002) Neogeomorphology. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 83(29):310–317 Hagen E (2001) Northwest African upwelling scenario. Oceanol Acta 24:113–128 Hagström Å, Azam F, Kuparinen J et al (2001) Pelagic plankton growth and resource limitations in the Baltic Sea. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A System Analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp 177–210 Hahm DS, Kim G, Lee YW et al (2006) Tidal influence on the sea-to-air transfer of CH4 in the coastal ocean. Tellus B 58:88–94 Haidvogel DB, Beckmann A (1999) Numerical ocean circulation modeling. Imperial College Press, London Haidvogel DB, Arango HG, Hedstrom K et al (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn Atmos Oceans 32:239-281 Haines EB (1976) Nitrogen content and acidity of rain on the Georgia coast. Water Resour Bull 12:1223–1231 62 Hales B, Takahashi T, Bandstra L (2005) Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:BG1009. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002295 Hall J, Smith SV, Boudreau PR (ed) (1996) Report on the International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 9; JGOFS Report No. 22 Hamersley MR, Lavik G, Woebken D et al (2007) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Limnol Oceanogr 52:923–933 Hamm CE (2002) Interactive aggregation and sedimentation of diatoms and clay-sized lithogenic material. Limnol Oceanogr 47(6):1790–1795 Hammond DE, McManus J, Berelson WM et al (2000) Diagenetic fractionation of Ge and Si in reducing sediments: the missing Ge sink and a possible mechanism to cause glacial/interglacial variations in Ge/Si ratios. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64(14):2453–2465 Hancock GJ, Murray AS (1996) Source and distribution of dissolved radium in the Bega River estuary, southeastern Australia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 138:145–155 Handa N, Nakatsuka T, Fukuchi M et al (1992) Vertical fluxes and ecological significance of organic materials during the phytoplankton bloom during austral summer in Breid Bay, Antarctica. Mar Biol 112:469–478 Hansell DA (2002) DOC in the global ocean carbon cycle. In: Hansell DA, Carlson CA (ed) Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 685–715 Hansell DA, Carlson CA (1998) Net community production of dissolved organic carbon. Global Biogeochem Cy 12:443–453 Hansell DA, Carlson CA (2001) Marine dissolved organic matter and the carbon cycle. Oceanography 14:41–49 Hansell DA, Peltzer ET (1998) Spatial and temporal variations of total organic carbon in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 45:2171–2193 Hansell DA, Ducklow HW, Macdonald AM et al (2004) Metabolic poise in the North Atlantic Ocean diagnosed from organic matter transports. Limnol Oceanogr 49(4):1084–1094 Hansen JA (1984) Accumulation of macrophyte wrack along sandy beaches in Western Australia: biomass decomposition rates and significance in supporting nearshore production. PhD Dissertation, The Univ of Western Australia, Australia Hansen B (1992) Residual and tidal currents on the Faroe Plateau. ICES CM 1992/C:12, 18 pp Hansen B, Østerhus S (2000) North Atlantic – Nordic Sea exchanges. Prog Oceanogr 45:109–208 Hanshaw BB, Back W (1980) Chemical mass-wasting of the northern Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution. Geology 8:222–224 Hanson CE, Pattiaratchi CB, Waite AM (2005a) Sporadic upwelling on a downwelling coast: Phytoplankton responses to spatially variable nutrient dynamics off the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. Cont Shelf Res 25:1561–1582 Hanson CE, Pattiaratchi CB, Waite AM (2005b) Seasonal production regimes off southwestern Australia: influence of the Capes and Leeuwin Currents on phytoplankton dynamics. Mar Freshwater Res 56:1011–1026 Hanzlick D, Aagaard K (1980) Freshwater and Atlantic water in the Kara Sea. J Geophys Res 85:4937–4942 Hardisty J (1983) An assessment and calibration of formulations for Bagnold’s bedload equation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53:1007–1010 63 Hardman-Mountford NJ, Richardson AJ, Agenbag JJ et al (2003) Ocean climate of the South East Atlantic observed from satellite data and wind models. Prog Oceanogr 59:181–221 Hare SR, Mantua NJ (2000) Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Prog Oceanogr 47:103–145 Hargrave BT, Walsh ID, Murray DW (2002) Seasonal and spatial patterns in mass and organic matter sedimentation in the North Water. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:5227– 5244 Harikrishnan M (1998) Flow and water column structure at the Hebridean shelf-edge. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Wales, Bangor Harris TFW (1972) Sources of the Agulhas Current in the spring of 1964. Deep-Sea Res 19:633–650 Harris PT, Baker EK, Cole AR et al (1993) A preliminary study of sedimentation in the tidally dominated Fly River Delta, Gulf of Papua. Cont Shelf Res 13:441–472 Harris PT, Pattiaratchi CB, Keene JB et al (1996) Late Quaternary deltaic and carbonate sedimentation in the Gulf of Papua forel and basin: Response to sea level change. J Sediment Res 66:801–819 Harrison KG (2000) Role of increased marine silica input on paleo-pCO2 levels. Paleoceanography 15(3):292–298 Harrison WG, Cota GF (1991) Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability. Polar Research 10:87–104 Harrison G, Platt T (1981) Primary production and nutrient fluxes off the northern coast of Peru: a summary. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú-Callao, vol Extraordinario ICANE, pp 15–21 Harrison JA, Caraco N, Seitzinger SP (2005a) Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S04. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002480 Harrison JA, Seitzinger SP, Caraco N et al (2005b) Dissolved inorganic phosphorus export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S03. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002357 Hart TJ, Currie R (1960) The Benguela current. Discovery Reports 31:123–297 Hartnett HE, Keil RG, Hedges JI et al (1998) Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments. Nature 391:572– 574 Hastings D, S Emerson (1988) Oxidation of manganese by spores of a marine Bacillus: Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:1819– 1824 Haug G, Pedersen T, Sigman D et al (1998) Glacial/interglacial variations in production and nitrogen fixation in the Cariaco Basin during the last 580 kyr. Paleoceanography 13(5):427–432 Haury LR, Mcgowan JA, Wiebe PH (1978) Patterns and processes in the time-space scales of plankton distributions. In: Steele JH (ed), Spatial pattern in plankton communities. Plenum Press, New York, pp 277–327 Hay WW (1998) Detrital fluxes from continents to the oceans. Chem Geol 145:287–323 Hayes MO (1967) Relationship between coastal climate and bottom sediment type on the inner continental shelf. Mar Geol 5:111–132 Haynes R, Barton ED (1990) A poleward flow along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. J Geophys Res 95(C7):11425–11441 Haynes R, Barton ED, Pilling I (1993) Development, Persistence, and variability of upwelling filaments off the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. J Geophys Res 98(C12):22681–22692 64 Hayward TL (1991) Primary production in the north Pacific central gyre: A controversy with important implications. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:281–284 Head EJH, Harrison WG, Irwin BI et al (1996) Plankton dynamics and carbon flux in an area of upwelling off the coast of Morocco. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 43(1):1713–1738 Heath RA (1982) What drives the mean circulation on the New Zealand west coast continental shelf?. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 16:215–226 Heath RA, Gilmour AE (1987) Flow and hydrological variability in the Kahurangi Plume off north-west South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 21:125–140 Heath GR, Moore TC Jr, Dauphin JP (1976) Late Quaternary accumulation rates of opal, quartz, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate in the Cascadia Basin area Northeast Pacific. In: Cline RM, Hays JD (ed) Investigations of Late Quaternary paleoceanography and paleoclimatology. Geological Society of America Memoirs, pp 393–409 Heath MR, Edwards AC, Pätsch J et al (2002) Modelling the behaviour of nutrients in the coastal waters of Scotland. Report of the Fisheries Research Services, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen, Scottish Executive Central Research Unit Contract. 10/02, 107 pp Hebbeln D, Marchant M, Freudenthal T et al (2000a) Surface sediment distribution along the Chilean continental slope related to upwelling and productivity. Mar Geol 164:119–137 Hebbeln D, Marchant M, Wefer G (2000b) Seasonal variations of the particle flux in the Peru-Chile current at 30°S under “normal” and El Niño conditions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:2101–2128 Hecky RE, Kilman P (1984) Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine environments: A review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment. Limnol Oceanogr 33:796–822 Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar Chem 49(2–3):81–115 Hedges JI, Clark WA, Quay PD et al (1986a) Composition and fluxes of particulate organic material in the Amazon River. Limnol Oceanogr 31:717–738 Hedges JI, Ertel JR, Quay PD et al (1986b) Organic carbon-14 in the Amazon River system. Science 231:1129–1131 Hedges JI, Keil R, Benner R (1997) What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?. Org Geochem 27:195–212 Hegseth EN (1998) Primary production of the northern Barents Sea. Polar Research 17(2):113–123 Heinze C, Winguth AME, Maier-Reimer E et al (1999) A global oceanic sediment model for long term climate studies. Global Biogeochem Cy 13:221–250 Heip C, Goosen N, Herman PMJ et al (1995) Production and consumption of biological particles in temperate tidal estuaries. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 33:1–149 Helbling EW, Villafañe VE, Holm-Hansen O (1995) Variability of phytoplankton distribution and primary production around Elephant Island, Antarctica, during 1990–1993. Polar Biol 15:233–246 HELCOM (2001) Fourth Periodic Assessment for the state of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea, 1994–1998. Helsinki Commission Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No.82A Helmke P, Romero O, Fischer G (2005) Northwest African upwelling and its effect on off-shore organic carbon export to the deep sea. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002265 65 Henderson GM, Maier-Reimer E (2002) Advection and removal of 210Pb and stable Pb isotopes in the oceans: A general circulation model study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:257–272 Hendrickson P, Sellner KG, Rojas de Mendiola B et al (1982) The composition of particulate organic matter and biomasa in the Peruvian upwelling region during ICANE 1977 (14 Nov–2 Dec). J Plankton Res 4:163–186 Henrichs SM (1993) Early diagenesis of organic matter: The dynamics (rates) of cycling of organic compounds. In: Engel MH, Macko SA (ed) Organic Geochemistry. Plenum, New York, pp 101–117 Henry AE (1975) Hydrology and nutrient salts of the South-East Atlantic and SouthWest Indian oceans in 1968. Investl Rep Div Sea Fish S Afr 95:1–66 Henson SA, Thomas AC (2007) Phytoplankton scales of variability in the California Current System: 1. Interannual and cross-shelf variability. J Geophys Res 112:C07017. Doi:10.1029/2006JC004039 Hernández-Guerra A, Arístegui J, Cantón M et al (1993) Phytoplankton pigment patterns in the Canary Islands area as determined using Coastal Zone Colour Scanner data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(7):1431–1437 Hernes PJ, Benner R (2006) Terrigenous organic matter sources and reactivity in the North Atlantic Ocean and a comparison to the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Mar Chem 100(1–2):66–79 Herrera-Silveira J (1998) Nutrient-phytoplankton production relationships in a groundwater-influenced tropical coastal lagoon. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 1:373–385 Hertz R (1991) Manguezais do Brasil.Instituto Oceanográfico de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo Herut B, Krom M (1996) Atmospheric input of nutrients and dust to the SE Mediterranean. In: Guerzoni S., Chester R. (ed), The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 349–358 Herut B, Krom MD, Pan G et al (1999) Atmospheric input of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Southeast Mediterranean: Sources, fluxes and possible impact. Limnol Oceanogr 44(7):1683–1692 Herut B, Collier R, Krom MD (2002) The role of dust in supplying nitrogen and phosphorus to the South East Mediterranean. Limnol Oceanogr 47:870–878 Hesse PP (1997) Mineral magnetic ’tracing’ of aeolian dust in southwest Pacific sediments. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl Palaeoecol 131:327–353 Hesse PP, McTainsh GH (2003) Australian dust deposits: modern processes and the Quaternary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:2007–2035 Hetland RD, DiMarco SF (2008) How does the character of oxygen demand control the structure of hypoxia on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf?. J Marine Syst 70:49–62 Hicks DM, Gómez B, Trustrum NA (2000) Erosion thresholds and suspended sediment yields, Waipaoa River Basin, New Zealand. Water Resour Res 36:1129–1143 Hicks M, Quinn J, Trustrum N (2004) Stream sediment load and organic matter. In: Freshwaters of New Zealand. New Zealand Hydrological Society Inc. and New Zealand Limnological Society Inc., Christchurch, New Zealand, 764 pp Hidalgo-González RM, Álvarez-Borrego S, Zirino A (1997) Mixing in the region of the midrift islands of the Gulf of California: Effect on surface pCO2. Ciencias Marinas 23:317–327 Hill AE (1998) Buoyancy effects in coastal and shelf seas. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 21–62 Hill V, Cota G (2005) Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:3344–3354 66 Hill AE, Hickey BM, Shillington FA et al (1998) Eastern Ocean boundaries coastal segment (E). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 29–67 Hillfinger M (1995) Chronology of the Late Pleistocene - Holocene deglaciation in the Ross Sea. BA Dissertation. Hamilton College, Clinton, New York Hillier JR (1993) Management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers in Queensland, Australia. AGSO Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14:213–217 Hirsch P, Jensen KM, Boer B et al (2006) National Interests and Transboundary Water Governance in the Mekong. Australian Mekong Resource Center, The Univ of Sydney and Danish International Development Assistance Hitchcock GL, Smayda TJ (1977) The importance of light in the initiation of the 1972– 1973 winter-spring diatom bloom in Narragansett Bay. Limnol Oceanogr 22:126– 131 Ho T-Y, Scranton MI, Taylor GT et al (2002) Acetate cycling in the water column of the Cariaco Basin: Seasonal and vertical variability, and implication for carbon cycling. Limnol Oceanogr 47:1119–1128 Ho T-Y, Taylor GT, Astor Y et al (2004) Vertical and temporal variability of redox zonation in the water column of the Cariaco Basin: Implications for organic carbon oxidation pathways. Mar Chem 86:89–104 Hofmann EE (1998) How do we generalize coastal models to global scale. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin J-M, Wollast R (ed) Ocean margins processes in global change. Wiley, New York, pp 401–417 Hofmann, EE, Lascara CM (1998) Overview of interdisciplinary modeling for marine ecosystems. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 507–540 Holland HD (1978) The Chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans. Wiley, New York Holligan PM, Viollier M, Harbour DS et al (1983) Satellite and ship studies of coccolithophores production along a continental shelf edge. Nature 304:339–342 Holligan PM, Balch WM, Yentsch CM (1984) The significance of subsurface chlorophyll, nitrite and ammonium maxima in relation to nitrogen for phytoplankton growth in stratified waters of the Gulf of Maine. J Mar Res 42:1051–1073 Holloway PE (1987) Internal hydraulic jumps and solitons at a shelfbreak region on the Australian North West Shelf. J Geophys Res 92:5405–5416 Holloway PE, Nye HC (1985) Leeuwin Current and wind distributions on the southern part of the Australian North- West Shelf between January 1982 and July 1983. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 36:123–137 Holloway PE, Humphries SE, Atkinson M et al (1985) Mechanisms for nitrogen supply to the Australian North West Shelf. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 36:753–764 Holmes R, Peterson B, Gordeev V et al (2000) Flux of nutrients from Russian rivers to the Arctic Ocean: Can we establish a baseline against which to judge future changes?. Water Resour Res 36(8):2309–2320 Holmes MR, McClelland JW, Peterson BJ et al (2002) A circumpolar perspective on fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2001GB001849 Holm-Hansen O, Mitchell BG, Hewes CD et al (1989) Phytoplankton blooms in the vicinity of Palmer Station, Antarctica. Polar Biol 10:49–57 Holt JT, James ID (2001) An s coordinate density evolving model of the northwest European continental shelf. 1: model description and density structure. J Geophys Res 106:14015–14034 Holt JT, Proctor R (2008) The seasonal circulation and volume transport on the northwest European continental shelf: A fine-resolution model study. J Geophys Res 113:C06021. Doi:10.1029/2006JC004034 67 Honjo S, Doherty KW (1988) Large scale aperture timeseries sediment traps; design, objectives, construction and application. Deep-Sea Res 35:133–149 Honjo S, Manganini SJ (1993) Annual biogenic particle fluxes to the interior of the north Atlantic Ocean; studies at 34°N 21°W and 48°N 21°W. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 40(1/2):587–607 Honjo S, Manganini SJ, Wefer G (1988) Annual particle flux and a winter outburst of sedimentation in the northern Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Res 35:1223–1234 Honjo S, Francois R, Manganini S et al (2000) Particle fluxes to the interior of the Southern Ocean in the Western Pacific Sector along 170°W. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3521–3548 Hood C, Bane J (1983) Subsurface energetics of the Gulf Stream cyclonic frontal zone off Onslow Bay, North Carolina. J Geophys Res 88:4651–4662 Hood EM, Merlivat L (2001) Annual to interannual variations of the fCO 2 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Results from hourly measurements made by CARIOCA buoys, 1995–1997. J Mar Res 59:113–131 Hooke RL (1994) On the efficacy of humans as geomorphic agents. GSA Today 4:219– 225 Hooke RL (2000) On the history of humans as geomorphic agents. Geology 28(9):843– 846 Hooker SB, Esaias WE, Feldman GC et al (1992) An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color. In: Hooker SB, Firestone ER (ed), NASA Tech.Memo. 104566, vol 1. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 25 pp Hopcroft RR, Clark S, Chávez FP (2002) Copepod communities in Monterey Bay during the 1997 to 1999 El Niño and La Niña. Prog Oceanogr 54:251–264 Hopkins TS (1996) Eutrophic Limits of the Northern Adriatic (ELNA). Final Scientific Report for EC/ Environment Project, Brussels, 56 pp Hopkins TS, Garfield N III (1979) Gulf of Maine intermediate water. J Mar Res 37:103– 139 Hopkins TS, Artegiani A, Bignami F et al (1999) Water-mass modification in the Northern Adriatic. A preliminary assessment from the ELNA data set. In: Hopkins TS, Artegiani A, Cauwet G et al (ed) The Adriatic Sea – Proceedings of the Workshop ’Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in the Adriatic Sea’, Ecosystem Research Report No. 32, Portonovo (Ancona), Italy 23 to 27 April 1996. Office for Official Publications of the European Community, Luxembourg, pp 3–23 Hopkinson CS, Giblin AE, Tucker J (2001) Benthic metabolism and nutrient regeneration on the continental shelf of Eastern Massachusetts, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 224:1–19 Hopkinson CS, Vallino JJ, Nolin A (2002) Decomposition of dissolved organic matter from the continental margin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:4461–4478 Hopley D (1982) The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Quaternary development of coral reefs. Wiley, New York Hopley D (1995) Continental shelf reef systems. In: Carter RWG, Woodroffe CD (ed), Coastal evolution: Late Quaternary shoreline morphodynamics. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 303–340 Horibe Y, Endo K, Tsubota H (1974) Calcium in the South Pacific and its correlation with carbonate alkalinity. Earth Planet Sci Lett 23:136–140 Horne EPW, Loder JW, Harrison WG et al (1989) Nitrate supply and demand at the Georges Bank tidal front. In: Ros JD (ed). Topics in Marine Biology, Scient Mar 53(2–3):145–158 Houghton RW, Ho C (2001) Diapycnal flow through the Georges Bank tidal front: A dye tracer study. Geophys Res Lett 28(1):33–36 68 Houghton RW, Schlitz R, Beardsley RC et al (1982) The Middle Atlantic Bight Cold Pool: Evolution of the temperature structure during summer 1979. J Phys Oceanogr 12:1019–1029 Houlahan JE, Keddy PA, Makkay K et al (2006) The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition. Wetlands 26(1):79–96 Hovland M, Judd AG, Burke RA (1993) The global flux of methane from shallow submarine sediments. Chemosphere 26:559–578 Howard-Williams C, Davies-Colley R, Vincent WF (1995) Optical properties of the coastal and oceanic waters off the South Island, New Zealand: Regional variation. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 29:589–602 Howarth RW, Marino R (2006) Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades. Limnol Oceanogr 51(1):364–376 Howarth RW, Marino R, Cole JJ (1988) Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. 2. Biogeochemical controls. Limnol Oceanogr 33:688–701 Howarth MJ, Dyer KR, Joint IR et al (1993) Seasonal cycles and their spatial variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A343:383–403 Howarth RW, Billen G, Swaney D et al (1996) Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine inputs of N and P for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35:75–139 Howell EA, Doney SC, Fine RA et al (1997) Geochemical estimates of denitrification in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Geophys Res Lett 24:2549–2552 Hsin Y-C, Wu C-R, Shaw P-T (2008) Spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, 1982–2005: A numerical study. J Geophys Res 113:C04002. Doi:10.1029/2007JC004485 Hsu S-C, Lin F-J, Jeng W-L et al (1998) The effect of a cyclonic eddy on the distribution of lithogenic particles in the southern East China Sea. J Mar Res 56:813–832 Hsu M-K, Liu AK, Liu C (2000) A study of internal waves in the China Seas and Yellow Sea using SAR. Cont Shelf Res 20:389–410 Hsueh Y, Wang J, Chern C-S (1992) The intrusion of the Kuroshio across the continental shelf northeast of Taiwan. J Geophys Res 97(C9):14323–14330 Hu D (1984) Upwelling and sedimentation I. The role of upwelling in sedimentation in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanography and Limnology 2(1):12–19 Hu H-C (2007) Organic carbon and nitrogen in particulate matter and sediments and their isotopic compositions from the South China Sea and the Tsui-Fong Lake. MSc Dissertation, National Central University Hu C, Carder KL, Muller-Karger FE (2000) Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery over turbid coastal waters: a practical method. Remote Sens Environ 74:195– 206 Hu C, Carder KL, Muller-Karger FE (2001) How precise are SeaWiFS ocean color estimates?. Implications of digitization-noise errors. Remote Sens Environ 76:239–249 Huang CY, Wu SF, Zhao M et al (1997) Surface ocean and monsoon climate variability in the South China Sea since the last glaciation. Marine Micropaleontology 32:71–94 Hübner M (1995) Verteilung biogeochemischer Komponenten und deren Korngrößenabhängigkeit in Oberflächensedimenten des nordostbrasilianischen Kontinentalrandes zwischen Belem und Recife. Unpubl. MSc Dissertation, Univ of Hamburg Huettel M, Rusch A (2000) Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in permeable sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 45:534–549 69 Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Morrissey M et al (2001) Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations. J Hydrometeor 2:36–50 Huggett J, Freon P, Mullon C et al (2003) Modeling the recruitment success of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the southern Benguela: The effect of spatio-temporal spawning patterns on egg and larval transport. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250:247-262 Hughen KA, Overpeck JT, Peterson LC et al (1996a) The nature of varved sedimentation in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, and its paleoclimatic significance. In: Kemp AES (ed) Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoceanography from Laminated Sediments. Geological Society Special Publication No. 116, pp 171–183 Hughen KA, Overpeck JT, Peterson LC et al (1996b) Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Nature 380:51–54 Hughen KA, Overpeck JT, Lehman SJ et al (1998) Deglacial changes in ocean circulation from an extended radiocarbon calibration. Nature 391:65–68 Hughen K, Southon J, Lehman S et al (2000) Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation. Science 290:1951–1954 Hughen K, Lehman S, Southon J et al (2004) 14C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. Science 303(5655):202–207 Hughes RD (1993) An investigation of the Coral Sea with an ocean general circulation model. PhD Disseration, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, James Cook Univ of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld, 290 pp Humborg C (1997) Primary productivity regime and nutrient removal in the Danube Estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 45:579–589 Humborg C, Ittekkot V, Cociasu A et al (1997) Effect of Danube river dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature 386:385–388 Humborg C, Conley DJ, Rahm L et al (2000) Silica retention in river basins: Farreaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments. Ambio 29(1):45–50 Humborg C, Blomqvist S, Avsan E et al (2002) Hydrological alterations with river damming in Northern Sweden: Implications for weathering and river biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2000GB001369 Humborg C, Smedberg E, Blomqvist S et al (2004) Nutrient variations in boreal and subarctic Swedish Rivers: Landscape control of land-sea fluxes. Limnol Oceanogr 49:1871–1883 Humborg C, Pastuszak M, Aigars J et al (2006) Decreased silica land-sea fluxes through damming in the Baltic Sea catchment - significance of particle trapping and hydrological alterations. Biogeochemistry 77:265–281 Humphrey GF, Kerr JD (1969) Seasonal variations in the Indian Ocean along 110°E. III. Chlorophylls a and c. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 20:55–64 Hung J-J, Lin P-L, Liu K-K (2000) Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the southern East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 20:545–569 Hung J-J, Chen C-H, Gong G-C et al (2003) Distributions, stoichiometric patterns and cross-shelf exports of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1127–1145 Hunt GL Jr, McKinnell S (2006) Interplay between top-down, bottom-up, and waspwaist control in marine ecosystems. Prog Oceanogr 68:115–124 Hussain N, Church TM, Kim G (1999) Use of 222Rn and 226Ra to trace groundwater discharge into the Chesapeake Bay. Mar Chem 65:127–134 Hutchings L (1992) Fish harvesting in a variable environmentsearching for rules or searching for exceptions. In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH, Hilborn R (ed) Benguela Trophic Dynamics. S Af J Mar Sci 12:297–318 Hutchings L, Pitcher GC, Probyn TA et al (1995) The chemical and biological consequences of coastal upwelling. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis KC, Angel MV 70 et al (ed) Upwelling in the ocean: Modern processes and ancient records. Wiley, New York, pp 65 –81 Hutchins DA, Bruland KW (1998) Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature 393:561–564 Hutchins JB, Pearce AF (1994) Influence of the Leeuwin Current on recruitment of tropical reef fishes at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Bull Mar Sci 54:245–55 Hutchins DA, DiTullio GR, Zhang Y et al (1998) An iron limitation mosaic in the California upwelling regime. Limnol Oceanogr 43(6):1037–1054 Hutchins DA, Hare CE, Weaver RS et al (2002) Phytoplankton iron limitation in the Humboldt Current and Peru Upwelling. Limnol Oceanogr 47(4):997–1011 Huthnance JM (1984) Slope currents and “JEBAR”. J Phys Oceanogr 14:795–810 Huthnance JM (1995) Circulation, exchange and water masses at the ocean margin: The role of physical processes at the shelf edge. Prog Oceanogr 35:353–431 Huthnance JM (1997) North Sea interaction with the North Atlantic ocean. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 49:153–162 Huthnance JM, Coelho H, Griffiths CR et al (2001) Physical structures, advection and mixing in the region of Goban Spur. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:2979–3021 Huthnance JM, Humphery JD, Knight PJ et al (2002a) Near-bed turbulence measurements, stress estimates and sediment mobility at the continental shelf edge. Prog Oceanogr 52:171–194 Huthnance JM, Van Aken HM, White M et al (2002b) Ocean margin exchange-water flux estimates. J Mar Syst 32:107–137 Hwang DW, Kim G, Lee YW et al (2005a) Estimating submarine inputs of groundwater and nutrients to a coastal bay using radium isotopes. Mar Chem 96:61–71 Hwang DW, Lee YW, Kim G (2005b) Large submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and benthic eutrophication in Bangdu Bay on volcanic Jeju Island, Korea. Limnol Oceanogr 50:1393–1403 Hydes DJ, Kelly-Gerreyn BA, Le Gall AC et al (1999) The balance of supply of nutrients and demands of biological production and denitrification in a temperate latitude shelf sea—a treatment of the southern North Sea as an extended estuary. Mar Chem 68:117–131 Hydes DJ, Gowen RJ, Holliday NP et al (2004) External and internal control of winter concentrations of nutrients (N, P and Si) in north-west European shelf seas. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 59:151–161 Ianson D, Allen SE (2002) A two-dimensional nitrogen and carbon flux model in a coastal upwelling region. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2001GB00145 Ianson D, Allen SE, Harris SL et al (2003) The inorganic carbon system in the coastal upwelling region west of Vancouver Island, Canada. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 50:1023–1042 ICES (1983) Flushing times of the North Sea. ICES Cooperative Research Report 123 ICES (2008) Report of the Study Group on Working Hypotheses Regarding effects of Climate Change (SGWRECC). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea CM 2008 ACOM:43 Ichikawa H, Beardsley RC (1993) Temporal and spatial variability of volume transport of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 40:583–605 Ichikawa H, Beardsley RC (2002) The current system in the Yellow and East China Seas. J Oceanogr 58(1):77–92 ICOLD (2000) International Commission on Large Dams. http://www.icold-cigb.org Ieno EN, Solan M, Batty P et al (2006) How biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning: roles of infaunal species richness, identity and density in the marine benthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311:263–271 71 Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Armstrong R, Feely R et al (2002) Progress made in study of ocean’s calcium carbonate budget. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 83(34):365– 375 Ignatiades L, Psarra S, Zervakis V et al (2002) Phytoplankton size-based dynamics in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). J Marine Syst 36:11–28 Imawaki S, Marko JR, Uchida H et al (2001) Satellite altimeter monitoring the Kuroshio transport south of Japan. Geophys Res Lett 28(1):17–20 IMBER (2005) Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. IGBP Report No. 52, IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm Imberger J, Berman T, Christian R et al (1983) The influence of water motion on the distribution and transport of materials in a salt marsh estuary. Limnol Oceanogr 28:201–214 Imhoff ML, Bounoua L, Ricketts T et al (2004) Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature 429:870–873 Inoue HY, Ishii M, Matsueda H et al (2001) Distributions and variations in the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters (pCO2w) of the central and western equatorial Pacific during the 1997/1998 El Niño event. Mar Chem 76:59–75 IOCI (2002) Climate variability and change in southwest Western Australia. Indian Ocean Climate Initiative Panel, Perth, Western Australia Iriarte JL, González HE (2004) Phyoplankton size structure during and after the 1997/98 El Niño in a coastal upwelling area of the northern Humboldt Current System. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 269:83–90 Iriarte JL, Pizarro G, Troncoso VA et al (2000) Primary production and biomass of sizefractionated phytoplankton off Antofagasta, Chile (23–24°S) during pre-El Niño and El Niño 1997. J Marine Syst 26:37–51 Iriarte JL, Kusch A, Osses J et al (2001) Phytoplankton biomass in the sub-antarctic area of the Straits of Magellan (53°S), Chile, during spring-summer 1997–98. Polar Biology 24:154–162 Isemer H-J, Hasse L (1985) The Bunker climate atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean. 1: Observations. Springer, Berlin Ishii M, Inoue HY, Matsueda H et al (2001) Seasonal variation in total inorganic carbon and its controlling processes in surface waters of the western North Pacific subtropical gyre. Mar Chem 75:17–32 Ishimatsu A, Kikkawa T, Hayashi M et al (2004) Effects of CO2 on marine fish: Larvae and adults. J Oceanogr 60:731–741 Isla E, Palanques A, Alva V et al (2001) Fluxes and composition of settling particles during summer in an Antarctic shallow bay off Livingston Island, South Shetlands. Polar Biol 24:670–676 Isobe A, Beardsley RC (2006) An estimate of the cross-frontal transport at the shelf break of the East China Sea with the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model. J Geophys Res 111:C03012. Doi:10.1029/2005JC003290 ISSG (1990) The Irish Sea – an environmental review. Part two: waste inputs and pollution. Irish Sea Study Group, Liverpool Univ Press, UK165 pp Ito RG, Schneider B, Thomas H (2005) Distribution of surface fCO2 and air-sea fluxes in the Southwestern subtropical Atlantic and adjacent continental shelf. J Marine Syst 56(3–4):227–242 Ittekkot V (1993) The abiotically driven biological pump in the ocean and short-term fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 contents. Global Planet Change 8:17–25 Ittekkot V, Laane RWPM (1991) Fate of riverine particulate organic matter. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. SCOPE 42. Wiley, Chichester, pp 233–243 72 Ittekkot V, Zhang S (1989) Pattern of particulate nitrogen transport to world rivers. Global Biogeochem Cy 3:383–391 Ittekkot V, Safiullah S, Mycke B et al (1985) Seasonal variability and geochemical significance of organic matter in the river Ganges, Bangladesh. Nature 317:800– 803 Ittekkot V, Safiullah S, Arain R (1986) Nature of organic matter in rivers with deep sea connections: The Ganges - Brahmaputra and Indus. Sci Tot Environ 58:93–107 Ittekkot V, Nair RR, Honjo S et al (1991) Enhanced particle fluxes in Bay of Bengal induced by injection of fresh water. Nature 351:385–387 Ittekkot V, Haake B, Bartsch M et al (1992) Organic carbon removal in the sea: the continental connection. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL, Emeis KC (ed) Upwelling Systems: Evolution since the Early Miocene. Geological Society Special Publication 64, pp 167–176 Ittekkot V, Humborg C, Schäfer P (2000) Hydrological alterations on land and marine biogeochemistry: A silicate issue?. BioScience 50(9):776–782 Ivanov V (2007) Shelf-ocean heat and salt exchange caused by cascading-upwelling circulation. IUGG XXIV General Assembly: IAPSO Symposium PS007 Biogeochemical Fluxes Between the Shelf and Open Seas, Perugia, Italy Ivanov VV, Shapiro GI, Huthnance JM et al (2004) Cascades of dense water around the world ocean. Prog Oceanogr 60:47–98 Ivey JP, Ayers GP, Lewis TL et al (1996) Precipitation chemistry. In: Francey RJ, Dick AL, Derek N (ed) Baseline Atmospheric Program (Australia). Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Melbourne. 1994– 95 edn, pp 145–147 Jacinto GJ, San Diego-McGlone ML, Velasquez IB et al (2000) Manila Bay, Luzon Island. http://nest.su.se/ MNODE/Asia/Philippines/manilabay/m2/manilabud2.htm Jackson GA (2001) Effect of coagulation on a model planktonic food web. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:95–123 Jackson GA, Williams PM (1985) Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus to biological nutrient cycling. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 32:223–235 Jackson JBC, Kirby MX, Berger WH et al (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 292:629–638 Jacobs SS (1991) On the nature and significance of the Antarctic slope front. Mar Chem 35:9–24 Jacobs SS, Comiso JC (1989) Sea ice and oceanic processes on the Ross Sea continental shelf. J Geophys Res 94(C12):18195–18211 Jacobs SS, Giulivi CF (1998) Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. Antarctic Research Series 75:135–150 Jacobs SS, Giulivi CF (1999) Thermohaline data and ocean circulation on the Ross Sea continental shelf. In: Spezie G, Manzella GMR (ed) Oceanography of the Ross Sea – Antarctica. Springer Italia, Milano, pp 3–16 Jacobs SS, Amos AF, Bruchhausen PM (1970) Ross Sea oceanography and Antarctic Bottom Water formation. Deep-Sea Res 17:935–962 Jacobs SS, Fairbanks RG, Horibe Y (1985) Origin and evolution of water masses near the Antarctic continental margin: evidence from H218O/H216O ratios in seawater. Antarctic Research Series 43:59–85 Jacobs SS, Gordon AL, Ardai JL Jr (1989) Circulation and melting beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. Science 203:439–442 Jacobson AR, Mikaloff Fletcher SE, Gruber N et al (2007) A joint atmosphereocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Regional results. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB1020. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002703 73 Jahncke J, Checkley D, Hunt GL (2004) Trends in carbon flux to seabirds in the Peruvian upwelling system: Effects of wind and fisheries on population regulation. Fish Oceanogr 13:208–223 Jahne B, Munnich KO, Bosinger R et al (1987) On the parameters influencing air-water gas exchange. J Geophys Res 92:1937–1950 Jahnke RA (1996) The global ocean flux of particulate organic carbon: Areal distribution and magnitude. Global Biogeochem Cy 10:71–88 Jahnke RA (2005) Transport processes and organic matter cycling in coastal sediments. Chp 6 In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 163–191 Jahnke RA, Craven DB (1995) Quantifying the role of heterotrophic bacteria in the carbon cycle: A need for respiration rate measurements. Limnol Oceanogr 40:436–441 Jahnke RA, Nelson JR, Marinelli RL et al (2000) Benthic flux of biogenic elements on the Southeastern US continental shelf: influence of pore water advective transport and benthic microalgae. Cont Shelf Res 20:109–127 Jahnke R, Richards M, Nelson J et al (2005) Organic matter remineralization and porewater exchange rates in permeable South Atlantic Bight continental shelf sediments. Cont Shelf Res 25:1433–1452 Jahnke RA, Nelson JR, Richards ME et al (2008) Benthic primary productivity on the Georgia mid-continental shelf: Benthic flux measurements and high-resolution, continuous in situ PAR records. J Geophys Res. Doi:10. 1029/2008 JC004745 Jakobsson M, Grantz A, Kristoffersen Y et al (2004) The Arctic Ocean: Boundary conditions and background information. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (Editor) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–6 Jan S, Chao S-Y (2003) Seasonal variation of volume transport in the major inflow region of the Taiwan Strait: The Penghu Channel. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50(6– 7):1117–1126 Jan S, Wang J, Chern C-S et al (2002) Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait. J Marine Sys 35:249–268 Jarre A, Muck P, Pauly D (1991) Two approaches for modelling fish stock interactions in the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem. ICES Marine Science Symposium 193:171–184 Jarre-Teichmann A (1998) The potential role of mass balance models for the management of upwelling ecosystems. Ecological Applications 8(1 Suppl):93– 103 Jarre-Teichmann A, Shannon LJ, Moloney CL et al (1998) Comparing trophic flows in the southern Benguela to those in other upwelling ecosystems. S Af J Mar Sci 19:391–414 Jeandel C, Thouron D, Fieux M (1998) Concentrations and isotopic compositions of neodymium in the eastern Indian Ocean and Indonesian straits. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:2597–2607 Jenkins WJ, Goldman JC (1985) Seasonal oxygen cycling and primary production in the Sargasso Sea. J Mar Res 43:465–491 Jennerjahn TC (1994) Biogeochemie der Sedimente des brasilianischen Kontinentalrandes und angrenzender Mangrovengebiete zwischen 8° und 24°S. PhD Dissertation, Univ Hamburg Jennerjahn TC, Ittekkot V (1997) Organic matter in sediments in mangrove areas and adjacent continental margins of Brazil: I. Amino acids and hexosamines. Oceanol Acta 20:359–369 74 Jennerjahn TC, Ittekkot V (1999) Changes in organic matter from surface waters to continental slope sediments off the São Francisco River, Eastern Brazil. Mar Geol 161:129–140 Jennerjahn TC, Ittekkot V (2002) Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften 89:23–30 Jennerjahn TC, Ittekkot V, Carvalho CEV (1996) Preliminary data on particle flux off the São Francisco River, Eastern Brazil. In: Ittekkot V, Schäfer P, Honjo S et al (ed) Particle flux in the ocean. SCOPE Report 57. Wiley, Chichester, pp 215–222 Jetten MSM, Sliekers O, Kuypers M et al (2003) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by marine and freshwater planctomycete-like bacteria. Journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 63:107–114 Ji L, Cui H, Xin SP et al (2003) Characters of the pCO2 and CO2 flux in the East China Sea in autumn. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 21:180–186 Jiang WS, Pohlmann T, Sundermann J et al (2000) A modeling study of SPM transport in the Bohai Sea. J Marine Syst 24:175– 200 Jickells TD (1998) Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science 281:217–222 Jickells TD, Dorling S, Deuser W et al (1998) Air-borne dust fluxes to a deep water sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea. Global Biogeochem Cy 12:311–320 Jin XL (1992) Submarine geology of the East China Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing Jin JH, Chough SK, Ryang WH (2002) Sequence aggradation and systems tracts partitioning in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea: Roles of glacio-eustasy, subsidence and tidal dynamics. Mar Geol 184:249–271 Jitts HR (1969) Seasonal variations in the Indian Ocean along 110°E. IV. Primary production. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 20:65–75 Johannes RE (1980) The ecological significance of the submarine discharge of groundwater. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:365–373 Johannes RE, Pearce AF, Wiebe WJ et al (1994) Nutrient characteristics of well-mixed coastal waters off Perth, Western Australia. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 39:273–285 Johannessen OM, Miles M, Bjørgo E (1995) The Arctic’s shrinking sea ice. Nature 376:126–127 Johns WE, Lee TN, Schott FA et al (1990) The North Brazil Current retroflection: Seasonal structure and eddy variability. J Geophys Res 95:22103–22120 Johnson AKL (1995) Quantifying current and historical inputs of fertiliser N and P to rural lands in the Herbert River Catchment. In: Hunter HM, Eyles AG, Rayment GE (ed) Downstream Effects of Land Use. Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, pp 273–276 Johnson RG (1997) Climate control requires a dam at the Strait of Gibraltar. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 78(27):277, 280–281 Johnson AKL, Murray AE (1997) Herbert River Catchment Atlas. CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, Davies Laboratory, Townsville Johnson AS, Nelson G (1999) Ekman estimates of upwelling at Cape Columbine based on measurements of longshore wind from a 35 year time series. S Af J Mar Sci 21:433–436 Johnson KS, Chávez FP, Friederich GE (1999) Continental shelf sediment as a primary source of iron for coastal phytoplankton. Nature 398:697–700 Johnson KS, Chávez FP, Elrod VA et al (2001) The annual cycle of iron and the biological response in central California coastal waters. Geophys Res Lett 28:1247–1250 Johnson KS, Moore JK, Smith WO (2002) Workshop highlights iron dynamics in ocean carbon cycle. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 83(43):482–484 75 Joint I, Rees AP, Woodward EMS (2001a) Primary production and nutrient assimilation in the Iberian upwelling in August 1998. Prog Oceanogr 51:303–320 Joint I, Wollast R, Chou L et al (2001b) Pelagic production at the Celtic Sea shelf break. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3049–3081 Joint I, Groom S, Wollast R et al (2002) The response of phytoplankton production to periodic upwelling and relaxation events at the Iberian shelf break: estimates by the 14C method and by satellite remote sensing. J Mar Syst 32:219–238 Jones EP, Anderson LG (1986) On the origin of the chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean halocline. J Geophys Res 91C:10759–10767 Jones RC, Clark CC (1987) Impact of watershed urbanization on stream insect communities. Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ 23(6):1047–1055 Jones EP, Coote AR (1980) Nutrient distribution in the Canadian Archipelago: indicators of summer water mass and flow characteristics. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:589–599 Jones EP, Nelson DM, Tréguer P (1990) Chemical Oceanography. In: Smith WO (Editor) Polar oceanography Part B: Chemistry, biology and geology. Academic Press, New york, pp 407–476 Jones EP, Anderson LG, Swift JH (1998) Distribution of Atlantic and Pacific waters in the upper Arctic Ocean: Implications for circulation. Geophys Res Lett 26(6):765–768 Jones EP, Swift JH, Anderson LG et al (2003) Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res 108(C4). Doi:10.1029/2001JC001141 Jonsson P, Carman R (1994) Changes in deposition of organic matter and nutrients in the Baltic Sea during the twentieth century. Mar Poll Bull 28:417–426 Jorgensen BB (1983) Processes at the sediment-water interface. In: Bolin B, Cook RB (ed) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. Wiley, New York, pp 477–509 Josey SA, Marsh R (2005) Surface freshwater flux variability and recent freshening of the North Atlantic in the eastern Subpolar Gyre. J Geophys Res 110:C05008. Doi:10.1029/2004JC002521 Josey SA, Kent EC, Taylor PK (1998) The Southampton Oceanography Center (SOC) Ocean-Atmosphere Heat, Momentum and Freshwater Flux Atlas. SOC Report 6, Southhampton, 30 pp Josey SA, Kent EC, Taylor PK (2002) Wind stress forcing of the ocean in the SOC Climatology: comparisons with the NCEP-NCAR, ECMWF, UWM/COADS and Hellerman and Rosenstein datasets. J Phys Oceanogr 32:1993–2019 Judd AG, Hovland M, Dimitrov LI et al (2006) The geological methane budget at continental margins and its influence on climate change. Geofluids 2:109–126 Juillet-Leclerc A, Thiria S, Naveau P et al (2006) SPCZ migration and ENSO events during the 20th century as revealed by climate proxies from a Fiji coral. Geophys Res Lett 33:L17710. Doi:10.1029/2006GL025950 Justic D, Rabalais NN, Turner RE (1996) Effects of climate change on hypoxia in coastal waters: Doubled CO2 scenario for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnol Oceanogr 41:992–1003 Jyothibabu R, Maheswaran PA, Madhu NV et al (2004) Differential response of winter cooling on biological production in the northeastern Arabian Sea and northwestern Bay of Bengal. Curr Sci 87:783–791 Kahler P, Koeve W (2001) Marine dissolved organic matter: can its C:N ratio explain carbon overconsumption?. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:49–62 Kahru M, Mitchell BG (2001) Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll and CDOM concentration in the California Current. J Geophys Res 106(C2):2517–2529 76 Kaltin S, Anderson LG (2005) Uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Arctic shelf seas: evaluation of the relative importance of processes that influence pCO2 in water transported over the Bering-Chukchi Sea shelf. Mar Chem 94:67–79 Kaltin S, Anderson LG, Olsson K et al (2002) Uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Barents Sea. J Marine Syst 38:31–45 Kamstra F (1985) Environmental features of the southern Benguela with special reference to the wind stress. In: Shannon LV (ed) South African Ocean Colour and Upwelling Experiment. Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Cape Town, pp 13–28 Kamykowski D, Zentara SJ (1990) Hypoxia in the world ocean as recorded in the historical data set. Deep-Sea Res 37:1861–1874 Kanamori S, Ikegami H (1982) Calcium-alkalinity relationship in the North Pacific. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 38:57–62 Kanda J, Itoh T, Ishikawa D et al (2003) Environmental control of nitrate uptake in the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:403–422 Kang D-J, ParkM-K, Kim K-R (2001) Application of AMS radiocarbon in earth system science studies. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 39:755–761 Kang D-J, Lee K-E, Kim K-R (2003a) Recent developments in chemical oceanography of the East (Japan) Sea with an emphasis on CREAMS findings: A review. Geosciences Journal 7:179–197 Kang D-J, Park S, Kim Y-G et al (2003b) A Moving-Boundary Box Model (MBBM) for oceans in change: An application to the East/Japan sea. Geophys Res Lett 30:1299. Doi:10.1029/2002GL016486 Kang D-J, Kim K, Kim K-R (2004a) The past, present and future of the East/Japan Sea in change: a simple movingboundary box model approach. Prog Oceanogr 61:175–191 Kang D-J, Kim J-Y, Lee T et al (2004b) Will the East/Japan Sea become an anoxic sea in the next century?. Mar Chem 91:77–84 Kao S-J, Liu K-K (1996) Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river (Lanyang Hsi) in Taiwan. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1749–1757 Kao S-J, Liu K-K (1997) Fluxes of dissolved and nonfossil particulate organic carbon from an Oceania small river (Lanyang Hsi) in Taiwan. Biogeochemistry 39:255– 269 Kao S-J, Liu K-K (2000) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope systematics in a humandisturbed watershed (Lanyang-His) in Taiwan and the estimation of biogenic particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:189– 198 Kao S-J, Lin F-J, Liu K-K (2003) Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic compositions in surficial sediments from the East China Sea shelf and the southern Okinawa Trough. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1203–1217 Kao S-J, Shiah F-K, Wang C-H et al (2006) Efficient trapping of organic carbon in sediments on the continental margin with high fluvial sediment input off southwestern Taiwan. Cont Shelf Res 26:2520–2537 Kaplan WA (1983) Nitrification. In: Carpenter EJ, Capone DJ (ed) Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. Academic Press, New York, pp 139-190 Karafistan A, Martin JM, Rixen M et al (2002) Space and time distributions of phosphate in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:67–82 Karl DM (2007a) The marine phosphorus cycle, Chp 43. In: Hurst C J et al (ed) Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 3rd edn. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington DC, pp 523–539 Karl DM (2007b) Microbial oceanography: Paradigms, processes and promise. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5:759–769 77 Karl DM, Knauer GA (1991) Microbial production and particle flux in the upper 350 m of the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38(Supp 2A):S655–S661 Karl DM, Lucas R (1996) The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Program: Background, rationale and field implementation. Deep-sea Res 43:129–156 Karl DM, Tien G (1992) MAGIC: A sensitive and precise method for measuring dissolved phosphorus in aquatic environments. Limnol Oceanogr 37:105–116 Karl DM, Tilbrook BD, Tien G (1991) Seasonal coupling of organic matter production and particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res 38:1097– 1126 Karl DM, Letelier R, Hebel D et al (1995) Ecosystem changes in the North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 1991–92 El Niño. Nature 373:230–234 Karl DM, Letelier R, Tupas L et al (1997) The role of nitrogen fixation in the biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 388:533– 538 Karl DM, Bjorkman KM, Dore JE et al (2001a) Ecological nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry at station ALOHA. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:1529–1566 Karl DM, Dore JE, Lukas R et al (2001b) Building the long-term picture: the US JGOFS timeseries programs. Oceanogr 14:6–17 Karstensen J, Stramma L, Visbeck M (2008) Oxygen minimum zones in the eastern tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Prog Oceanogr 77:331–350 Kaspar HF, Asher RA, Boyer IC (1985) Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments and inorganic nitrogen fluxes across the sediment/water interface on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 21:245–255 Kassens H et al (1999) Land-ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and history. Springer, Berlin Katz ME, Pak D, Dickens GR et al (1999) The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Science 286:1531–1533 Kaufman YJ, Koren I, Remer LA et al (2005) Dust transport and deposition from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2003JD004436 Kaufmann P, Dayanandan P, Takeoka Y et al (1981) Silica in shoots of higher plants. In: Simpson TL, Volcani BE (ed) Silicon and siliceous structures in biological systems. Springer, New York, pp 409-499 Kaul L, Froelich P (1984) Modelling estuarine nutrient biogeochemistry in a simple system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:1417–1433 Kawahata H, Suzuki A, Ayukai T et al (2000) Distribution of the fugacity of carbon dioxide in the surface seawater of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Mar Chem 72:257–272 Kay AE, Lau LS, Stroup ED et al (1977) Hydrological and ecological inventories of the coastal waters of West Hawaii. Water Resources Research Center Technical Report 105, Univ of Hawaii Kayanne H, Hata H, Kudo S et al (2005) Seasonal and bleaching-induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO2 flux. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB3015. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002400 Keir RS, Rehder G, Frankignoulle M (2001) Partial pressure and air-sea flux of CO2 in the Northeast Atlantic during September 1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48(14– 15):3179–3189 Keizer PD, Gordon DC (1985) Nutrient dynamics in Cumberland Basin – Chignecto Bay, a turbid macrotidal estuary in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Neth J Sea Res 19:193–205 78 Kelly RP, Moran SB (2002) Seasonal changes in groundwater input to a well-mixed estuary estimated using radium isotopes and implications for coastal nutrient budgets. Limnol Oceanogr 47:1796–1807 Kelly-Gerreyn B, Rabalais N, Middelburg J et al (2008) Continental margins: linking ecosystems. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 89:64 Kemp WM, Smith EM, Marvin-DiPasquale M et al (1997) Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 150(1– 3):229–248 Kempe S (1979) Carbon in the fresh water cycle. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Ketner P (ed) The Global Carbon Cycle, SCOPE 13. Wiley, New York, pp 317-342 Kempe S (1982) Long term records of CO2 pressure fluctuations in fresh waters. In: Degens ET (ed) Transport of Carbon and Minerals in Major World Rivers, Pt l, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd 52. Mitt Geol - Palaont Inst, Univ Hamburg, pp 91-332 Kempe S (1995) Coastal seas: A net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide? LOICZ Report and Studies, No. 1. LOICZ International Project Office, Texel, 27 pp Kempe S, Pegler K (1991) Sinks and sources of CO2 in coastal seas: The North Sea. Tellus 43:224–235 Kemper K (2000) Dynamics of silicate and the late spring phytoplankton community on Georges Bank, May and June 1998. MSc Dissertation, Univ of Maine, Orono, Maine Kenner RA, Ahmed SJ (1975) Measurement of electron transport activities in marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology 33:119–128 Kennett JP (1982) Marine Geology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, NJ Kerhervé P, Minagawa M, Heussner S et al (2001) Stable isotopes (13C/12C and 15N/14N) insettling organic matter of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Biogeochemical implications. Oceanol Acta 24(Supplement 1):77–85 Kessler JD, Reeburgh WS, Southon J et al (2005) Fossil methane source dominates Cariaco Basin water column methane geochemistry. Geophys Res Lett 32:L12609. Doi:10.1029/2005GL022984 Khimitsa VA, Bibik VA (1979) Seasonal exchange in dissolved oxygen and phosphate between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Oceanology Wash 19:544–546 Kidder DL, Gierlowski-Kordesch EH (2005) Impact of grassland radiation on the nonmarine silica cycle and Miocene diatomite. Palaios 20:198–206 Kilham P (1971) A hypothesis concerning silica and the freshwater planktonic diatoms. Limnol Oceanogr 16:10–18 Kim G, Hwang DW (2002) Tidal pumping of groundwater into the coastal ocean revealed from submarine 222Rn and CH4 monitoring. Geophys Res Lett 29. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015093 Kim K-R, Kim K (1996) What is happening in the East Sea (Japan Sea)? Recent chemical observation during CREAMS 93–96. Journal of Korean Society of Oceanography 31:164–172 Kim K, Kim K-R, Chung J-Y et al (1996) New findings from CREAMS observations: Water masses and eddies in the East Sea. Journal of Korean Society of Oceanography 31:155–163 Kim K-R, Kim K, Kang D-J et al (1999) The East Sea (Japan Sea) in change: A story of dissolved oxygen. Marine Technology Society Journal 33:15–22 Kim K, Kim K-R, Min D et al (2001) Warming and structural changes in the East Sea (Japan Sea): A clue to the future changes in global oceans?. Geophys Res Lett 28:3293–3296 Kim K-R, Kim K, Kang D-J et al (2002) The changes in the East/Japan Sea found by CREAMS. Oceanography in Japan 11:419–429 79 Kim G, Lee KK, Park KS et al (2003a) Large submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from a volcanic island. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2003GL018378 Kim J-Y, Kang D-J, Kim E et al (2003b) Biological pump in the East Sea estimated by a box model (in Korean with English Abstr). Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 8:295–306 Kim K, Kim K-R, Kim Y-G et al (2004) Water masses and decadal variability in the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Prog Oceanogr 61:157–174 Kim G, Ryu JW, Yang HS et al (2005) Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the Yellow Sea revealed by 228Ra and 226Ra isotopes: Implications for global silicate fluxes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 237:156–166 Kim G, Lee YW, Joung DJ et al (2006) Real-time monitoring of nutrient concentrations and red-tide outbreaks in the southern sea of Korea. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2005GL025431 Kineke GC, Sternberg RW, Trowbridge JH et al (1996) Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 16:667–696 Kineke GC, Woolfe KJ, Kuehl SA et al (2000) Sediment export from the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: Evidence for a divergent sediment plume. Cont Shelf Res 20:2239–2266 King B, McAllister F, Wolanski E et al (2001) River plume dynamics in the Central Great Barrier Reef. In: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 145–159 Kirkman H (1983) The biology of Ecklonia radiata and other macrophytes of the sublittoral of southwestern Western Australia. PhD Dissertation, The Univ of Western Australia Kirkman H (1997) Seagrasses of Australia. Australia: State of the Environment. Technical Paper Series (Estuaries and the Sea), Department of the Environment, Camberra Kitani K (1973) An oceanographic study of the Okhotsk Sea: Particularly in regard to cold waters. Bulletin of Far Sea Fisheries Research Laboratory 9:45–77 Kjerfve B, Lacerda LD (1993) Mangroves of Brazil. In: Lacerda LD (ed) Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. Part I, Latin America. Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports 2, pp 245–272 Kjerfve B, Perillo GME, Gardner LR et al (2002) Morphodynamics of muddy environments along the Atlantic coasts of North and South America. In: Healy T, Wang Y, Healy JA (ed) Muddy coasts of the world: Processes, deposits and function. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 479–532 Klaas C, Archer DE (2002) Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: implication for the rain ratio. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2001GB001765 Klein R (1979) Urbanization and stream quality impairment. American Water Resources Association. Water Resources Bulletin 15(4):948–963 Klein B, Kress N, Roether W et al (2003) Accelerated oxygen consumption in eastern Mediterranean deep waters following the recent changes in thermohaline circulation. J Geophys Res 108(C9):8107. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001454 Kleypas JA, Buddemeier RR, Archer D et al (1999) Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric CO2 on coral reefs. Science 284:118–120 Klinck JM, Hofmann EE, Beardsley RC et al (2004) Water-mass properties and circulation on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf in austral fall and winter 2001. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51:1925–1946 80 Knapińska-Skiba D, Pempkowiak J (1988) Vertical distribution of selected elements in sediment cores from the southern Baltic. Proc XVI Conference Baltic Oceanographers, Inst Mar Res, Kiel, Germany, vol 2, pp 586–595 Knauss JA (1969) A note on the transport of the Gulf Stream. Deep-Sea Res 16:117– 123 Knies J, Stein R (1998) New aspects of organic carbon deposition and its paleoceanographic implications along the northern Barents Sea margin during the last 30,000 years. Paleoceanography 13:384–394 Knight PJ, Howarth MJ (1999) The flow through the north channel of the Irish Sea. Cont Shelf Res 19:693–716 Knoppers B, Kjerfve B (1999) Coastal lagoons of southeast Brazil: Physical and biogeochemical characteristics. In: Perillo G (ed) Estuaries of South America. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 35–66 Knoppers B, Pollehne F (1991) The transport of carbon, nitrogen and heavy metals to the offshore sediments by plankton sedimentation. In: Ekau W (ed) JOPS 90/91 Cruise Report. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, pp 25–30 Knoppers B, Ekau W, Figueiredo AG (1999a) The coast and shelf of east and northeast Brazil and material transport. Geo-Mar Lett 19:171–178 Knoppers B, Meyerhöfer M, Marone E et al (1999b) Compartments of the pelagic system and material exchange at the Abrolhos Bank coral reefs, Brazil. Arch Fish Mar Res 47:285–306 Knoppers B, Medeiros PRP, Souza WFL et al (2006) The São Francisco Estuary, Brazil. In: Wangersky P (ed) Estuaries, Pollution. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, pp 61–82 Ko DS, Preller RH, Jacobs GA et al (2003) Transport reversals at Taiwan Strait during October and November 1999. J Geophys Res 108(C11):3370. Doi:10.1029/2003JC001836 Koblentz-Mischke OJ, Volkovinsky VV, Kabanova JG (1970) Plankton primary production of the world ocean. In: Wooster W (ed) Scientific Exploration of the South Pacific, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp 183–193 Köhler H, Meon B, Gordeev VV et al (2003) Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the estuaries of Ob and Yenisei and the adjacent Kara Sea, Russia. Proceedings in Marine Science 6:281–308 Koike I, Yamamuro M, Pollard PC (1993) Carbon and nitrogen budgets of two ascidians and their symbiont, Prochloron, in a tropical seagrass meadow. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 44:173–182 Koike I, Ogawa H, Nagata T et al (2001) Silicate to nitrate ratio of the upper sub-arctic Pacific and the Bering Sea Basin in summer: Its implication for phytoplankton dynamics. J Oceanogr 57:253–260 Kolla V, Rao NM (1990) Sedimentary sources in the surface and near-surface sediments of the Bay of Bengal. Geo-Mar Lett 10:129–136 Kolla V, Bé AWH, Biscaye PE (1976) Calcium carbonate distribution in the surface sediments of the Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res 81:2605–2616 Konovalov SK, Murray JW (2001) Variations in the chemistry of the Black Sea on a time scale of decades (1960–1995). J Mar Syst 31:217–243 Körtzinger A (2003) A significant CO2 sink in the tropical Atlantic ocean associated with the Amazon River plume. Geophys Res Lett 30(24):2287. Doi:10.1029/2002GL018841 Körtzinger A, Duinker JC, Mintrop L (1997) Strong CO2 emissions from the Arabian Sea during South- West monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 24:1763–1766 81 Koslow JA, Pesant S, Feng M et al (2008) Structure and dynamics of the pelagic ecosystem off southwestern Western Australian, 2002–2004: phytoplankton biomass and productivity. J Geophys Res 113:C07050. Doi:10.1029/2007JC004102 Kostianoy AG, Zatsepin AG (1996) The West African coastal upwelling filaments and cross-frontal water exchange conditioned by them. J Marine Syst 7(2–4):349– 359 Kowalik Z, Polyakov I (1998) Tides in the Sea of Okhotsk. J Phys Oceanogr 28:1389– 1409 Krasakopoulou E, Souvermesoglou E, Pavlidou A et al (1999) Oxygen and nutrient fluxes though the straits of the Cretan Arc (March 1994–January 1995). Prog Oceanogr 44:601–624 Krasakopoulou E, Zervakis V, Souvermezoglou E et al (2002) North-eastern Aegean sea: An effort to estimate steady-state N & P budgets during September 1998. Mediterranean Marine Science 3/1:45–55 Krebs WN (1983) Ecology of neritic marine diatoms, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica. Micropaleo 29:267–197 Krembs C, Eicken H, Junge K et al (2002) High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: Implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49(12):2163–2181 Kremer HH, Le Tissier MDA, Burbridge PR et al (2005) LOICZ Science plan and implementation strategy. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm Kremling K, Lentz U, Zeitzschel B et al (1996) New type of time-series sediment trap for the reliable collection of inorganic and organic trace chemical substances. Review of Scientific Instruments 67(12):4360–4363 Krepper CM (1977) Difusión del agua proveniente del Estrecho de Magallanes en las aguas de la plataforma continental. Acta Oceanográfica Argentina 1(2):49–65 Kress N, Herut B (2001) Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Esatern Mediterranean Sea): Chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N:P ratios. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:2347–2372 Kress N, Manca BB, Klein B et al (2003) Continuing influence of the changed thermohaline circulation in the eastern Mediterranean on the distribution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients: physical and chemical characterization of the water masses. J Geophys Res 108(C9):8109. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001397 Krest JM, Moore WS, Gardner LR (1999) 226Ra and 228Ra in the mixing zones of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers: Indicators of groundwater input. Mar Chem 64:129–152 Krest JM, Moore WS, Gardner LR et al (2000) Marsh nutrient export supplied by groundwater discharge: Evidence from radium measurements. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:167–176 Krey J, Babenerd B (1976) Phytoplankton Production Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris Kroeze C, Seitzinger SP (1998) Nitrogen inputs to rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related nitrous oxide emissions in 1990 and 2050: A global model. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52:195–212 Kuehl SA, Nittrouer CA, DeMaster DJ et al (1985) A long square-barrel gravity corer for sedimentological and geochemical investigation of fine-grained sediments. Mar Geol 62:365–370 Kuehl SA, DeMaster DJ, Nittrouer CA (1986) Nature of sediment accumulation on the Amazon continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 6:209–226 82 Kuehl SA, Nittrouer CA, Allison MA et al (1996) Sediment deposition, accumulation, and seabed dynamics in an energetic fine-grained coastal environment. Cont Shelf Res 16:787–815 Kuehl SA, Brunskill GJ, Burns K et al (2004) Nature of sediment dispersal off the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: Preliminary sediment budget and implications for margin processes. Cont Shelf Res 24(19):2417–2429 Kumar MD, Naqvi SWA, George MD et al (1996) A sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the northern Bay of Bengal. J Geophys Res 101:18121–18125 Kumar SP, Ramesh R, Sardesai S et al (2004) High new production in the Bay of Bengal: Possible causes and implications. Geophys Res Lett 31:L18304. Doi:10.1029/2004GL021005 Kuo Y-H, Chen T-JG (1990) The Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX): An Overview. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 71(4):448–503 Kurtz DD, Bromwich DH (1983) Satellite observed behavior of the Terra Nova Bay polynya. J Geophys Res 88:9717–9722 Kurtz DD, Bromwich DH (1985) A recurring atmosphericallyforced polynya in Terra Nova Bay. In: Jacobs SS (ed) Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Antarctic Research Series 43:177–201 Kusakabe M, Andreev A, Lobanov V et al (2002) Effects of the anticyclonic eddies on water masses, chemical parameters and chlorophyll distributions in the Oyashio current region. J Oceanogr 58:691–701 Kuss J, Nagel K, Schneider B (2004) Evidence from the Baltic Sea for an enhanced CO2 air – sea transfer velocity. Tellus B 56(2):175–182 Kuss J, Roeder W, Wlost KP et al (2006) Time-series of surface water CO2 and oxygen measurements on a platform in the central Arkona Sea (Baltic Sea): Seasonality of uptake and release. Mar Chem 101(3–4):220–232 Kuypers MMM, Sliekers AO, Lavik G et al (2003) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature 422:608–611 Kuypers MMM, Lavik G, Woebken D et al (2005) Massive nitrogen loss from the Benguela upwelling system through anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6478–6483 Kuznetsov AP (1980) Ecology of the benthic community of the World Ocean. Science, Moscow Kvenvolden KA, Grantz A (1990) Gas hydrates of the Arctic Ocean region. In: Grantz A, Johnson L, Sweeney JF (ed) The Arctic Ocean Region. The Geology of North America. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp 539–549 Kvenvolden KA, Lilley MD, Lorenson TD (1993) The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane. Geophys Res Lett 20(22):2459–2462 La Ferla R, Azzaro M, Civitarese G et al (2003) Distribution patterns of carbon oxidation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Evidence of changes in the water column remineralization. J Geophys Res 108(C9):8111. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001602 Laane RWPM (2005) Applying the critical load concept to the nitrogen load of the river Rhine to the Dutch coastal zone. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62(3):487–493 Laane RWPM, Kramer KJM (ed) (1997) North-West European Shelf Programme. Final Project Report Laane RWPM, Brockmann U, van Liere L et al (2005) Immission targets for nutrients (N and P) in catchments and coastal zones: a North Sea assessment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62(3):495–505 Lacerda LD (1992) Carbon burial in mangrove sediments, a potential source of carbon to the sea during events of sea level change. In: Lacerda LD, Turcq B, Knoppers B, Kjerfve B (ed) Paleoclimatic Changes and the Carbon Cycle, Ser Geoquim Amb 1. Soc Bras Geoquim, Rio de Janeiro, pp 107–114 83 Lacerda LD, Kremer HH, Kjerfve B et al (ed) (2002) South American Basins. Loicz Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River catchment-Coastal Sea Interaction and Human Dimensions. Loicz Reports & Studies No. 21, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Lai ZL, Liu K-K (1994) The distribution of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in surfacial sediments on the continental shelf and slope in northern South China Sea. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 32:30–44 Lalli CM, Parsons TR (1997) Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, GB Lambert MJ, Burnett WC (2003) Submarine groundwater discharge estimates at a Florida coastal site based on continuous radon measurements. Biogeochemistry 66:55–73 Lampitt RS, Antia AN (1997) Particle flux in deep seas: Regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 44(8):1377–1403 Langdon C, Broecker WS, Hammond DE et al (2003) Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochem Cy 17(1):1011. Doi:10.1029/2002GB001941 Langone L, Frignani M, Cochran JK et al (1997) Scavenging processes and export fluxes close to a retreating seasonal ice margin (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Water Air Soil Pollution 99:705–715 Langone L, Frignani M, Labbrozzi L et al (1998) Present-day biosiliceous sedimentation in the NW Ross Sea (Antarctica). J Mar Syst 17:459–470 Langone L, Frignani M, Ravaioli M et al (2000) Particle fluxes and biogeochemical processes in an area influenced by seasonal retreat of the ice margin (Northwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica). J Mar Syst 27:221–234 Langone L, Dunbar RB, Mucciarone DA et al (2003) Rapid sinking of biogenic material during the late austral summer in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. In: DiTullio G, Dunbar R (ed) Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea. Am Geophys Union, Antarctic Research Series Monograph, 78:221–234 Lapointe BE, O’connell JD, Garrett GS (1990) Nutrient couplings between onsite sewage disposal systems, groundwaters, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys. Biogeochemistry 10:289–307 Lapouyade A, Durrieu de Madron X (2001) Seasonal variability of the advective transport of suspended particulate matter and organic carbon in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). Oceanol Acta 24:295–312 Lara RJ, Rachold V, Kattner G et al (1998) Dissolved organic matter and nutrients in the Lena River, Siberian Arctic: Characteristics and distribution. Mar Chem 59:301–309 Largier JL, Chapman P, Peterson WT et al (1992) The western Agulhas Bank: circulation, stratification and ecology. In: Payne AIL, Brink K, Mann H et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Afr J Mar Sci 12:319–339 LaRoche J, Breitbarth E (2005) Importance of the diazotrophs as a source of new nitrogen in the ocean. J Sea Res 53:67–91 LaRoche J, Nuzzi R, Waters R et al (1997) Brown tide blooms in Long Island’s coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Global Change Biology 3:397–410 Laruelle GG, Roubeix V, Sferratore A et al (in review) Effects of changes in river damming and temperature on the global silica cycle. Global Biogeochem Cy Lassig J, Leppaenen JM, Niemi A et al (1978) Phytoplankton primary production in the Gulf of Bothnia 1972–1975 as compared with other parts of the Baltic Sea. Finn Mar Res 244:101–115 84 Latif MA, Ozsoy E, Oguz T et al (1991) Observation of Mediterranean inflow into the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38(Suppl 2):S711–S725 Latif M, Roeckner E, Mikolajewicsz U et al (2000) Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation. J Climate 13:1809–1813 Laursen AE, Seitzinger SP (2002) The role of denitrification in nitrogen removal and carbon mineralization in Mid-Atlantic Bight sediments. Cont Shelf Res 22(9):1397–1416 Lauzier LM (1967) Bottom residual drift on the continental shelf area of the Canadian Atlantic coast. J Fish Res Board Can 24:1845–1859 Laws E (1997) Mathematical methods for oceanographers. Wiley, New York Laws EA (2004) New production in the equatorial Pacific: a comparison of field data with estimates derived from empirical and theoretical models. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 51:205–211 Law CS, Owens NJP (1990) Significant flux of atmospheric nitrous oxide from the northwest Indian Ocean. Nature 346:826–828 Laws EA, Falkowski PG, Smith WO et al (2000) Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:1231–1246 Le Quéré C, Rodenbeck C, Buitenhuis ET et al (2007) Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 316:1735–1738 Leach M, Scoones I, Stirling A (2007) Pathways to sustainability: An overview of the STEPS Center approach. STEPS Approach Paper. STEPS Center, Brighton Leaman K, Johns E, Rossby T (1989) The average distribution of volume transport and potential vorticity with temperature at three sections across the Gulf Stream. J Phys Oceanogr 19:36–51 Leão ZMAN, Domingues JML (2000) Tropical coast of Brazil. Mar Poll Bull 41:112–122 Lebedeva LP, Vostokov SV (1986) Studies of detritus formation processes in the Black Sea. Oceanology (Engl Transl) 24(2):258–263 Lee SY (1995) Mangrove outwelling: A review. Hydrobiologia 295:203–212 Lee K (2001) Global net community production estimated from the annual cycle of surface water total dissolved inorganic carbon. Limnol Oceanogr 46:1287–1297 Lee TN, Atkinson LP (1983) Low-frequency current and temperature variability from Gulf Stream frontal eddies and atmospheric forcing along the southeast US outer continental shelf. J Geophys Res 88:4541–4567 Lee CW, Bong CW (2008) Bacterial abundance and production, and their relation to primary production in tropical coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Mar Freshwater Res 59(1):10–21 Lee H-J, Chao S-Y (2003) A climatological description of circulation in and around the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:1065–1084 Lee HJ, Chu YS (2001) Origin of inner-shelf mud deposit in the southeastern Yellow Sea: Huskan Mud Belt. J Sediment Res 71:144–154 Lee YW, Kim G (2007) Linking groundwater-borne nutrients and dinoflagellate red-tide outbreaks in the southern sea of Korea using a Ra tracer. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 71:309–317 Lee JS, Matsuno T (2007) Intrusion of Kuroshio water onto the continental shelf of the East China Sea. J Oceanogr 63:309–325 Lee TN, Pietrafesa L (1987) Summer upwelling on the southeastern continental shelf of the USA during 1981: Circulation. Prog Oceanogr 19:267–312 Lee AJ, Ramster JW (ed) (1981) Atlas of the seas around the British Isles. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and HMSO, UK Lee TN, Atkinson LP, Legeckis R (1981) Observations of a Gulf Stream frontal eddy on the Georgia continental shelf, April 1977. Deep-Sea Res 28A:347–378 85 Lee TN, Williams E, Wang JD et al (1989) Response of South Carolina continental shelf waters to wind and Gulf Stream forcing during winter of 1986. J Geophys Res 94:10715–10754 Lee T, Yoder J, Atkinson L (1991) Gulf Stream frontal eddy influence on productivity of the southeast US continental shelf. J Geophys Res 96:22191–22205 Lee C, Murray DW, Barber RT et al (1998a) Particulate organic carbon fluxes: compilation of results from the 1995 US JGOFS Arabian Sea process study. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 45:2489–2501 Lee YC, Qin YS, Liu RY (ed) (1998b) Yellow Sea Atlas. Ho Yong Publishing Company, Seoul Lee TN, Johns WE, Liu C-T et al (2001) Mean transport and seasonal cycle of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan with comparison to the Florida Current. J Geophys Res 106(C10):22143–22158 Lee H-J, Chao S-Y, Liu K-K (2004) Effects of reduced Yangtze River discharge on the circulation of surrounding seas. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 15:111–132 Lefèvre N, Moore GF (2000) Distribution of the CO2 partial pressure along an Atlantic meridional transect. Prog Oceanogr 45:401–413 Lefevre D, Minas HJ, Minas M et al (1997) Review of gross community production, primary production, net community production and dark community respiration in the Gulf of Lions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44:801–832 Lefèvre N, Aiken J, Rutllant J et al (2002) Observations of pCO2 in the coastal upwelling off Chile: Spatial and temporal extrapolation using satellite data. J Geophys Res 107(C6):3055. Doi:10.1029/2000JC000395 Lefèvre N, Watson AJ, Olsen A et al (2004) A decrease in the sink for atmospheric CO2 in the North Atlantic. Geophys Res Lett 31(7):L07306. Doi:10.1029/2003GL018957 Lefèvre N, Guillot A, Beaumont L et al (2008) Variability of fCO2 in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic from a moored buoy. J Geophys Res 113:C01015. Doi:10.1029/2007JC004146 Legeckis R (1979) Satellite observations of the influence of bottom topography on the seaward deflection of the Gulf Stream off Charleston, SC. J Phys Oceanogr 9:483–497 Legendre L, Rassoulzadegan F (1995) Plankton and nutrient dynamics in marine waters. Ophelia 41:153–172 Legendre L, Rassoulzadegan F (1996) Food-web mediated export of biogenic carbon in oceans: hydrodynamic control. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 145:179–193 Lehner B, Döll P (2004) Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. J Hydrol 296(1–4):1–22 Leinweber A (2002) Saisonaler Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Oberflaechenwasser der zentralen Ostsee – Numerische Prozessstudien zur Simulation des CO2Partialdrucks - Dissertation. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultaet der Universitaet Rostock Leipe T, Knoppers BA, Marone E et al (1999) Suspended matter transport in coral reef waters of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Geo-mar Lett 19(3):186–195 Leithold EL, Perkey DW, Blair NE et al (2005) Sedimentation and carbon burial on the northern California shelf: the signatures of land-use change. Cont Shelf Res 25:349–371 Lemm AJ, Hegge BJ, Masselink G (1999) Offshore wave climate, Perth (Western Australia), 1994–96. Mar Freshwater Res 50:95–102 Lenhart HJ, Pohlmann T (1997) The ICES-boxes approach in relation to results of a North Sea circulation model. Tellus 49A(1):139–160 86 Lenhart HJ, Radach G, Backhaus JO et al (1995) Simulations of the North Sea circulation, its variability, and its implementation as hydrodynamic forcing in ERSEM. Netherlands J Sea Res 33:271–299 Lentini CAD, Olson DB, Podestá GP (2002) Statistics of Brazil Current rings observed from AVHRR: 1993 to 1998. Geophys Res Lett 29(16):1811. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015221 Lentz SJ (1995) Seasonal variations in the horizontal structure of the Amazon Plume inferred form historical hydrographic data. J Geophys Res 100:2391–2400 Lenz J (1996) Phytoplankton. In: Rheinheimer G (ed) Meereskunde der Ostsee. Springer, Berlin, pp 138–150 Leonard J, Crouzet P (1998) Lakes and Reservoirs in the EEA Area. Topic report No 1/1999. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Leonov AK (1960) Regional Oceanography. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad Leppaenen JM, Niemi A, Rinne I (1988) Nitrogen fixation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the nitrogen cycle of the Baltic Sea. Symbiosis 6:181–194 Lerman A, Mackenzie FT (2005) CO2 air–sea exchange due to calcium carbonate and organic matter storage, and its implications for the global carbon cycle. Aquat Geochem 11(4):345–390 Lerman A, Mackenzie FT, Ver LM (2004) Coupling of the perturbed C, N, and P cycles in industrial time. Aquat Geochem 10(1–2):3–32 Lesueur P, Tastet JP, Marambat L, (1996) Shelf mud field formation within historical times: examples from offshore the Gironde estuary, France. Cont Shelf Res 16:1849–1870 Leth O, Middleton JF (2004) A mechanism for enhanced upwelling off central Chile: Eddy advection. J Geophys Res 109:C12020. Doi:10.1029/ 2003JC002129 Leth O, Shaffer G (2001) A numerical study of the seasonal variability in the circulation off central Chile. J Geophys Res 106(C10):22229–22248 Levin L (2003) Oxygen minimum zone benthos: adaptation and community response to hypoxia. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 41:1–45 Levipan HA, Quiñones RA, Johansson HE et al (2007a) Methylotrophic methanogens in the water column of an upwelling zone with a strong oxygen gradient off central Chile. Environmental Microbiology 22:268–278 Levipan HA, Quiñones RA, Urrutia H (2007b) A time series of prokaryote secondary production in the oxygen minimum zone of the Humboldt current system, off central Chile. Prog Oceanogr 75(3):531–549 Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP et al (2000) Warming of the world ocean. Science 287:2225–2229 Levy DM, Moore WS (1985) 224Ra in continental shelf waters. Earth Planet Sci Lett 73:226–230 Levy H, Moxim WJ (1989) Simulated global distribution and deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted by fossil fuel combustion. Tellus 41B:256–271 Lewis KB, Barnes PM (1999) Kaikoura Canyon, New Zealand: active conduit from nearshore sediment zones to trench-axis channel. Mar Geol 162:39–69 Lewis BL, Landing WM (1991) The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38(Suppl 2A):S773–S804 Lewis B, Luther GW III (2000) Processes controlling the distribution and cycling of manganese in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:1541–1562 Lewis E, Wallace DWR (1998) Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 87 Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) (2000) The Freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean. NATO Science Series, Environmental Security vol 70. Kluwer, London Li Y-H (1994) Material exchange between the East China Sea and the Kuroshio Current. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 5:625–631 Li Y-H (2000) A compendium of geochemistry: From solar nebula to the human brain. Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ Li Y, Nowlin WD Jr, Reid OR (1997) Mean hydrographic fields and their interannual variability over the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf in spring, summer, and fall. J Geophys Res 102:1027–1049 Li L, Barry DA, Stagnitti F et al (1999) Submarine groundwater discharge and associated chemical input to a coastal sea. Water Resour Res 35:3253–3259 Li CX, Zhang JQ, Fan DD (2001) Holocene regression and the tidal radial sand ridge system formation in the Jiangsu coastal zone, east China. Mar Geol 173:97–120 Li DJ, Zhang J, Huang DJ et al (2002) Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Sci China Series D- Earth Sci 45(12):1137–1146 Libes SM (1992) An introduction to marine biogeochemistry. John Wiley, New York Lidz L, Charm WB, Ball MM et al (1969) Marine basins off the coast of Venezuela. Bull Mar Sci 19(1):1–17 Lie H-J, Cho C-H (1994) On the origin of the Tsushima warm Current. J Geophys Res 99(C12):25081–25092 Lie H-J, Cho C-H, Lee J-H et al (1998) Separation of the Kuroshio water and its penetration onto the continental shelf west of Kyushu. J Geophys Res 103(C2):2963–2976 Lie H-J, Cho C-H, Lee J-H et al (2001) Does the Yellow Sea Warm Current really exist as a persistent mean flow?. J Geophys Res 106(C10):22199–22210 Liebezeit G (1985) Residual amino acid fluxes in the upper water column of the Bransfield Strait. Oceanol Acta 8:59–65 Lighthill MJ (1969) Dynamic response of the Indian Ocean to the onset of the southwest monsoon. Phil Trans Roy Met Soc A 265:45–92 Likens GE, Bormann FH, Johnson NM et al (1977) The effect of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershedecosystem. Ecol Monog 40(1):23–47 Limeburner R, Beardsley RC (1996) Near-surface recirculation over Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res 43:1547–1574 Lin J-M (2003) Temporal variation of particle scavenging in the upper layer of South China Sea: Application of 234Th/238U disequilibria. MSc Dissertation, National Taiwan University Lin S, Huang K-M, Chen S-K (2000) Organic carbon deposition and its control on iron sulfide formation of the southern East China Sea continental shelf sediments. Cont Shelf Res 20:619–635 Lin I-I, Liu WT, Wu C-C et al (2003) New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone. Geophys Res Lett 30(13):1718. Doi:10.1029/2003GL017141 Lisitzin AP (1995) The marginal filter of the ocean. Oceanology 34(5):671–682 Liss PS (1976) Conservative and non-conservative behavior of dissolved constituents during estuarine mixing. In: Burton JD, Liss PS (ed) Estuarine Chemistry. Academic Press, London, pp 93–130 Liss PS, Merlivat L (1986) Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: Buat-Ménard P (ed) The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. D. Reidel Publishing, pp 113–127 Liu ZX (1997) Yangtze Shoal – a modern tidal sand sheet in the northwestern part of the East China Sea. Mar Geol 37:321–330 88 Liu G, Chai F (2009) Seasonal and interannual variability of primary productivity and export production in South China Sea: A three-dimensional physical biogeochemical model study. ICES J Mar Sci 66:402–431 Liu H, Dagg M (2003) Interactions between nutrients, phytoplankton growth, and grazing by micro- and mesozooplankton in the plume of a large river. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 258:31–42 Liu K-K, David L (2003) Working group report WG6: Continental margins. OCEANS Open Science Conference, Paris, 7–10. http://www.igbp.kva.se/obe/WG6format.pdf. Accessed January 2003 Liu C-T, Liu R-J (1988) The deep current in the Bashi Channel. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 20:107–116 Liu K-K, Gong G-C, Lin S et al (1992a) The year-round upwelling at the shelf break near the northern tip of Taiwan as evidenced by chemical hydrography. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 3:243–275 Liu K-K, Gong G-C, Shyu C-Z et al (1992b) Response of Kuroshio upwelling to the onset of northeast monsoon in the sea north of Taiwan: observations and a numerical simulation. J Geophys Res 97:12511–12526 Liu K-K, Lai Z-L, Gong G-C et al (1995) Distribution of particulate organic matter in the southern East China Sea: implications in production and transport. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 6:27–45 Liu K-K, Su MJ, Hsueh CR et al (1996) Nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate in the Kuroshio water northeast of Taiwan: Evidence for nitrogen fixation as a source of isotopically light nitrate. Mar Chem 54:273–292 Liu AK, Chang YS, Hsu MK et al (1998a) Evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the East and South China Seas. J Geophys Res 103:7995–8008 Liu ZX, Xia DX, Berne S et al (1998b) Tidal deposition systems of China’s continental shelf, with special reference to the eastern Bohai Sea. Mar Geol 145:225–253 Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Chen C-TA et al (2000a) Exploring continental margin carbon flexes in the global context. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 81(52):641–642, 644 Liu K-K, Iseki K, Chao S-Y (2000b) Continental margin carbon fluxes. In: Hanson RB, Ducklow HW, Field JG (ed) The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 187–239 Liu K-K, Tang TY, Gong G-C et al (2000c) Cross-shelf and along-shelf nutrient fluxes derived from flow fields and chemical hydrography observed in the southern East China Sea off northern Taiwan. Cont Shelf Res 20:493–523 Liu K-K, Chao S-Y, Shaw P-T et al (2002) Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: Observations and a numerical study. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:1387–1412 Liu SM, Zhang J, Chen HT et al (2003) Nutrients in the Changjiang and its tributaries. Biogeochemistry 62:1–18 Liu JP, Milliman JD, Gao S et al (2004) Holocene development of the Yellow River’s subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 209:45–67 Liu K-K, Chen Y-J, Tseng C-M et al (2007a) The significance of phytoplankton photoadaptation and benthic-pelagic coupling to primary production in the South China Sea: Observations and numerical investigations. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:1546– 1574 Liu K-K, Kao S-J, Wen L-S et al (2007b) Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter and biogeochemical processes in the eutrophic Danshuei Estuary in northern Taiwan. Sci Tot Environ 382:102–120 Liu K-K, Seitzinger S, Mayorga E et al (2008) Fluxes of nutrients and selected organic pollutants carried by rivers. In: Urban ER, Sundby B, Rizzoli P et al (ed) Watersheds, bays and bounded seas: The science and management of semi89 enclosed marine systems. SCOPE 70. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 141– 167 Liu JT, Huh C-A, You C-F (2009) Fate of terrestrial substances in the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon. J Marine Syst 76:367-368 Livingstone DE (1963) Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. In: Fleischer M (ed) Data of Geochemistry, 6th edn. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 440G, pp 1–61 Lluch-Cota DB, Wooster WS, Hare SR (2001) Sea surface temperature variability in coastal areas of the northeastern Pacific related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Geophys Res Lett 28:2029–2032 Lobbes JM, Fitznar HP, Kattner G (2000) Biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved and particulate organic matter in Russian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64(17):2973–2983 Locarnini RA (1994) Water masses and circulation in the Ross Gyre and environs. PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M University Loder JW (1980) Topographic rectification and tidal currents on the sides of Georges Bank. J Phys Oceanogr 10:1399–1416 Loder JW, Greenberg DA (1986) Predicted positions of tidal fronts in the Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 6:397–414 Loder JW, Platt T (1985) Physical controls on phytoplankton production at tidal fronts. In: Gibbs PE (ed) Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine Biology Symposium. Cambridge Univ Press, pp 3–21 Loder JW, Perry RI, Drinkwater KF et al (1992) Physics and biology of the Georges Bank frontal system. In: Science Review of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, the Halifax Fisheries Research Laboratory, and the St. Andrews Biological Station. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, pp 57–61 Loder JW, Boicourt WC et al (1998a) Western Ocean Boundary Shelves (W). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 3–28 Loder JW, Petrie B, Gawarkiewicz G (1998b) The coastal ocean off northwestern North America: A large-scale view. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 105–133 Loeb V, Siegel V, Holm-Hansen O et al (1997) Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387:897–900 Lohrenz SE, Cai W-J (2006) Satellite ocean color assessment of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in a river-dominated coastal margin. Geophys Res Lett 33:L01601. Doi:10.1029/2005GL023942 Lohrenz SE, Dagg MJ, Whitledge TE (1990) Enhanced primary production at the plume/oceanic interface of the Mississippi River. Cont Shelf Res 7:639–664 Lohrenz SE, Fahnenstiel GL, Redalje DG et al (1997) Variations in primary production of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf waters linked to nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 155:45–54 Lohrenz SE, Fahnenstiel GL, Redalje DG et al (1999a) Nutrients, irradiance, and mixing as factors regulating primary production in coastal waters impacted by the Mississippi River plume. Cont Shelf Res 19:1113–1141 Lohrenz SE, Wiesenburg DA, Arnone RA et al (1999b) What controls primary production in the Gulf ofMexico?. In: Sherman K, Kumpf H, Steidinger K (ed) The Gulf of Mexico Large Marine Ecosystem: Assessment, sustainability and management. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, pp 151–170 Lohrenz SE, Redalje DG, Cai W-J et al (2008) A retrospective analysis of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in the Mississippi River plume. Cont Shelf Res 28:1466–1475 90 Lohse L, Epping EHG, Helder W et al (1996) Oxygen pore water profiles in continental shelf sediments of the North Sea: Turbulent versus molecular diffusion. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 145(1–3):63–75 LOICZ (1998) http://www.nioz.nl/loicz/ Lonardi AG, Ewing M (1971) Sediment transport distribution in the Argentine Basin. 4. Bathymetry of the continental margin, Argentine basin and other related province, canyons and sources of sediments. In: Ahrens LH, Press F, Runcorn SK et al (ed) Physics and chemistry of the earth, vol 8. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, pp 79–121 Longhurst A (1995) Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Prog Oceanogr 36:77–167 Longhurst A (1998a) Ecological biogeography of the pelagial. In: Pierrot-Bults AC, Van der Spoel S (ed) Pelagic Biogeography ICoPB II. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. IOC Workshop Report 142:239–249 Longhurst A (1998b) The ecological geography of the sea. Academic Press, San Diego Longhurst A, Sathyendranath S, Platt T et al (1995) An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J Plankton Res 17:1245– 1271 López-Jamar E, Cal RM, González G et al (1992) Upwelling and outwelling effects on the benthic regime of the continental shelf off Galicia, NW Spain. J Mar Res 50:465–488 Lopez-Veneroni DG (1998) The dynamics of dissolved and particulate nitrogen in the Northwest Gulf of Mexico. PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Lord DA, Hillman K (1995) Perth coastal waters study: Summary report. Report to the water Authority of Western Australia Lorenzo LM, Arbones B, Tilstone GH et al (2005) Across-shelf variability of phytoplankton composition, photosynthetic parameters and primary production in the NW Iberian upwelling system. J Mar Syst 54:157–173 Lorenzoni L (2005) The influence of local rivers on the eastern Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. MSc Dissertation, Univ of South Florida, College of Marine Science Lough JM (1993) Variations of some seasonal rainfall characteristics in Queensland, Australia: 1921–1987. International Journal of Climatology 13:391–409 Lough JM (1994) Climate variation and El Niño-Southern oscillation events on the Great Barrier Reef: 1958–1987. Coral Reefs 13:181–195 Lough JM (1998) Coastal climate of northwest Australia and comparisons with the Great Barrier Reef: 1960–1992. Coral Reefs 17:351–367 Lourey MJ, Dunn JR, Waring J (2006) A mixed layer nutrient climatology of Leeuwin Current and Western Australian shelf waters: seasonal nutrient dynamics and biomass. J Marine Syst 59:25–51 Lovenduski NS, Gruber N, Doney SC et al (2007) Enhanced CO2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean from a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB2026. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002900 Lowry RK, Loch SG (1995) Transfer and SERPLO: powerful data quality control tools developed by the British Oceanographic Data Center. In: Giles JRA (ed) Geological data management. Geological Society Special Publication, pp 109– 115 Löye-Pilot MD, Martin JM, Morelli J (1990) Atmospheric input of inorganic nitrogen to the Western Mediterranean. Biogeochemistry 9:117–134 Ludescher CM (1997) Fisheries resources between Bowen and Tully, an inventory. Queensland Fisheries Management Authority, Australia Ludwig W (2001) The age of river carbon. Nature 409(6819):466–467 91 Ludwig W, Probst J-L, Kempe S (1996) Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Global Biogeochem Cy 10(1):23–42 Lugo S (1983) Organic Carbon export by riverine waters of Spain. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Soliman H (ed) Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers. Mitteilungen Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst., Univ of Hamburg, 55:S523–527 Lundberg L, Haugan PM (1996) A Nordic Seas – Arctic Ocean carbon budget from volume flows and inorganic carbon data. Global Biogeochem Cy 10:493–510 Lund-Hansen LC, Skyum P, Christiansen C (1996) Modes of stratification in a semienclosed Bay at the North Sea – Baltic Sea Transition. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 42:45–54 Lusquiños A, Valdéz AJ (1971) Aportes al conocimiento de las masas de agua del Atlántico Sudoccidental, H-659. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Buenos Aires Lutjeharms JRE (1981) Features of the southern Agulhas Current from satellite remote sensing. S Afr J Sci 77:231–236 Lutjeharms JRE (1991) The temperature/salinity relationship of the south west Indian Ocean. S Af Geogr 18:15–30 Lutjeharms JRE (2006) The coastal oceans of south-eastern Africa. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 783–834 Lutjeharms JRE, de Ruijter WPM (1996) The influence of the Agulhas Current on the adjacent coastal ocean: possible impacts of climate change. J Mar Syst 7:321– 336 Lutjeharms JRE, Meeuvis JM (1987) The extent and variability of south-east Atlantic upwelling. In: Payne AIL, Gulland JA, Brink KH (ed) The Benguela and comparable ecosystems. S Af J Mar Sci 5:51–62 Lutjeharms JRE, Stockton PL (1987) Kinematics of the upwelling front off southern Africa. In: Payne AIL, Gulland JA, Brink KH (ed) The Benguela and Comparable Ecosystems. S Af J Mar Sci 5:35–50 Lutjeharms JRE, Catzel R, Valentine HR (1989) Eddies and other boundary phenomena of the Agulhas Current. Cont Shelf Res 9:597–616 Lutjeharms JRE, Shillington FA, Duncombe Rae CM (1991) Observations of extreme upwelling filaments in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean. Science 253(5021):774– 776 Lutjeharms JRE, Monteiro PMS, Tyson PD et al (2001) The oceans around Southern Africa and regional effects of climate change. S Af J Sci 97(3/4):119–130 Lutz M, Dunbar R, Caldeira K (2002) Ragional variability in the vertical flux of particulate carbon in the ocean interior. Global Biogeochem Cy. Doi:10.1029/2000GB001383 Lyakhin I, Rusanov VP (1983) Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between water and atmosphere in the Arctic Seas. Oceanology 23:277–726 Lykousis V, Chronis G, Tselepides A et al (2002) Major outputs of the recent multidisciplinary biogeochemical researches undertaken in the Aegean Sea. J Marine Syst 33–34:313–334 Lynch DR, Namie CE (1993) The M2 tide and its residual on the outer bank of the Gulf of Maine. J Phys Oceanogr 23:2222–2253 Lynch DR, Ip JTC, Naimie CE et al (1996) Comprehensive circulation model with application to the Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 16:875–906 Lynch DR, Holboke MJ, Naimie CE (1997) The Maine coastal current: spring climatological circulation. Cont Shelf Res 17:605–634 Lynn RJ, Simpson JJ (1987) The California Current system: The seasonal variability of its physical components. J Geophys Res 92:12947–12966 Lyons WB, Nezat CA, Carey AE et al (2002) Organic carbon fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands. Geology 30:443–446 92 Lyu SJ, Kim K (2003) Absolute transport from the sea level difference across the Korea Strait. Geophys Res Lett 30:1285. Doi:10.1029/2002GL16233 Ma LM, Qiao R, Zhang B et al (1999) Carbon dioxide in the East China Sea. In: Hu DX, Tsunogai S (ed) Margin flux in the East China Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 113–123 Ma J, Hipel KW, De M et al (2008) Transboundary water policies: Assessment, comparison and enhancement. Water Resources Management 22:1069–1087 Macdonald RW (1976) Distribution of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in southern Beaufort Sea. Environ Sci Tech 10:1241–1246 Macdonald RW (2000) Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. NATO, ASI Series, pp 383–407 Macdonald RW, Wong CS, Erickson PE (1987) The distribution of nutrients in the southeastern Beaufort Sea: Implications for water circulation and primary production. J Geophys Res 92(C3):2939–2952 Macdonald RW, Carmack E, McLaughlin F et al (1989) Composition and modification of water masses in the Mackenzie Shelf Estuary. J Geophys Res 94(C12):18057– 18070 Macdonald RW, Paton DW, Carmack EC (1995) The freshwater budget and under-ice spreading of Mackenzie River water in the Canadian Beaufort Sea based on salinity and 18O/16O measurements in water and ice. J Geophys Res 100:895– 919 Macdonald RW, Solomon SM, Cranston RE et al (1998) A sediment and organic carbon budget for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Mar Geol 144:255–273 Macdonald RW, Sakshaug E, Stein R (2004) The Arctic Ocean: Modern status and recent climate change. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 6–21 Macdonald RW, Harner T, Fyfe J (2005) Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. Sci Tot Environ 342:5–86 Mace K, Duce R, Tindale N (2001) Organic nitrogen in rain and atmospheric aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania (Abstract). IAPSO/IABO Joint Assembly, Mar del Plata, Argentina MacFadyen A (1998) Modeling primary productivity from satellite-derived chlorophyll in the Monterey Bay region. MBARI Summer Intern report, 19 pp. http://www. mbari.org/education/internship/99interns/99internpapers/AmyMacFadyen.pdf Machu E, Garçon V (2001) Phytoplankton seasonal distribution from SeaWIFS data in the Agulhas Current system. J Mar Res 59(5):795–812 MacIntyre S, Wanninkhof R, Chanton JP (1995) Trace gas exchange across the airwater interface in freshwater and coastal marine environments. In: Matson PA, Harris RC (ed) Biogenic trace gasses: Measuring emissions from soil and water. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp 52–97 MacIsaac JJ, Dugdale RC, Barber RT et al (1985) Primary production cycle in an upwelling centre. Deep-Sea Res 32:503–529 Mack R, Simberloff D, Lonsdale VM et al (2000) Biotic invasion: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10(3):689–710 Mackas DL, Yelland DR (1999) Horizontal flux of nutrients and plankton across and along the British Columbia continental margin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46(11– 12):2941–2967 Mackas DL, Strub PT, Thomas A et al (2006) Eastern ocean boundaries pan-regional overview, Chp 2. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14A. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 21–59 93 Mackenzie FT (1981) Global carbon cycle: Some minor sinks for CO 2. In: Flux of Organic Carbon by Rivers to the Ocean. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC, pp 359–384 Mackenzie FT, Garrels RM (1966) Chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. Am J Sci 264:507–525 Mackenzie FT, Ristvet BL, Thorstenson DC et al (1981) Reverse weathering and chemical mass balance in a coastal environment. In: Martin JM, Burton JD, Eisma D (ed) River Inputs to the Ocean. UNEP-UNESCO, Switzerland, pp 152– 187 Mackenzie FT, Lerman A, Ver LM (1998a) Role of the continental margin in the global carbon balance during the past three centuries. Geology 26:423–426 Mackenzie FT, Ver LM, Lerman A (1998b) Coupled biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the land-ocean-atmosphere system. In: Galloway J, Melillo J (ed) Asian change in the context of global climate change. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK Mackenzie FT, Ver LM, Lerman A (2000) Coastal-zone biogeochemical dynamics under global warming. International Geology Review 42:193–206 Mackenzie FT, Ver LM, Lerman A (2002) Century-scale nitrogen and phosphorus controls of the carbon cycle. Chem Geol 190:13–32 Mackenzie FT, Lerman A, Andersson AJ (2004) Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cyclingmodels. Biogeosciences 1:11–32 Mackenzie FT, Andersson A, Lerman A et al (2005) Boundary exchanges in the global coastal margin: Implications for the organic and inorganic carbon cycles. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 193–225 Madhu NV, Maheswaran PA, Jyothibabu R et al (2002) Enhanced biological production off Chennai triggered by October 1999 super cyclone (Orissa). Curr Sci 82:1472–1479 Madhupratap M, Prasanna Kumar S, Bhattathiri PMA et al (1996) Mechanisms of the biological response to winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Nature 384:549–552 Maestrini SY, Collos Y, Leftley JW et al (1986) Ammonium thresholds for simultaneous uptake of ammonium and nitrate by oyster-pond algae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 102:75–98 Magazzu G, Panella S, Decembrini F (1996) Seasonal variability of fractionated phytoplankton, biomass and primary production in the Straits of Magellan. J Marine Syst 9:249–267 Magliocca A (1978) O minimo de oxigenio na costa leste do Brasil entre 7 a 22°S. (The minimum oxygen concentration in eastern brazilian coast between 7–22°S). Bolm Inst Oceanogr São Paulo 27:79–94 Magnien RE, Summers RM, Sellner KG (1992) External nutrient sources, internal nutrient pools, and phytoplankton production in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 15:497–516 Mahanta C, Goswami RK (2003) C-N-P flux from Brahamaputra-Ganges system to the Bay of Bengal: Potential impact on the biogeochemistry of the Indian Ocean. OCEANS Open Science Conference, Paris, 7–10. http://www.igbp.kva.se/obe/OBE PS2.pdf. Accessed January 2003 Mahiques MM, Mishima Y, Rodrigues M (1999) Characteristics of the sedimentary organic matter on the inner and middle continental shelf between Guanabara Bay and Sao Francisco do Sul, southeastern Brazilian margin. Cont Shelf Res 19:775–798 94 Mahiques MM, Silveira ICA, Sousa SHM et al (2002) Post-LGM sedimentation on the outer shelf-upper slope of the northernmost part of São Paulo Bight Southeastern Brazil. Mar Geol 181:387–400 Mahiques MM, Tessler MG, Ciotti AM et al (2004) Hydrodynamically driven patterns of recent sedimentation in the shelf and upper slope off Southeast Brazil. Cont Shelf Res 24:1685–1697 Mahiques MM, Bícego MC, Silveira ICA et al (2005) Modern sedimentation in the Cabo Frio upwelling system, Southeastern Brazilian Shelf. Anais Acadaemia Brasileira de Ciencias 77(3):535–548 Malanotte-Rizzoli P (1991) The Northern Adriatic as a prototype of convection and water mass formation on the continental shelf. In: Chu PC, Gascard JC (ed) Deep convection and deep water formation in the oceans. Elsevier Oceanography Series No.57, pp 229–239 Manabe S, Stouffer RJ (1993) Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmosphere system. Nature 364:215–217 Mandarano LA, Featherstone JP, Paulsen K (2008) Institutions for interstate water resources management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44(1):136–147 Manghnani V, Morrison JM, Hopkins TS et al (1998) Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the southwest monsoon. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 45:2027–2052 Manighetti B, Carter L (1999) Across-shelf sediment dispersal, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Mar Geol 160:271–300 Mann CR (1967) The termination of the Gulf Stream and the beginning of the North Atlantic Current. Deep-Sea Res 14:337–359 Mann KH, Lazier JRN (1996) Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA Mañosa J, Depetris PJ (1993) Preliminary results on carbon fluxes in the Uruguay River. In: Kempe S, Eisma D, Degens ET (ed) Transport of carbon and nutrients in lakes and estuaries, Part 6, SCOPE-UNEP Sonderband. Mitt Geol - Palaont Inst, Univ Hamburg, Heft 74, pp 13–22 Mantoura RFC, Martin JM, Wollast R (ed) (1991) Ocean margin processes in global change. Wiley, New York Mantua N, Haidvogel D, Kushnir Y et al (2002) Making the climate connections: Bridging scales of space and time in the U. S. GLOBEC Program. Oceanography 15(2):75–87 Manzello DP, Kleypas JA, Budd DA et al (2008) Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10450–10455 Marañón E, Cermeño P, Fernández E et al (2004) Significance and mechanisms of photosynthetic production of dissolved organic carbon in a coastal eutrophic ecosystem. Limnol Oceanogr 49:1652–1666 Marañón E, Cermeño P, Pérez V (2005) Continuity in the photosynthetic production of dissolved organic carbon from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 299:7–17 Marchesiello P, McWilliams JC, Shchepetkin A (2001) Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models. Ocean Modelling 3:1–20 Marchesiello P, McWilliams JC, Shchepetkin A (2003) Equilibrium structure and dynamics of the California Current System. J Phys Ocean 33(4):753-783 Margalef R (1958) Temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in phytoplankton. In: Buzzati-Traverso AA (ed) Perspectives in Marine Biology. Univ California Press, Berkeley, pp 323–348 95 Margerum RD (2008) A typology of collaboration efforts in environmental management. Environmental Management 41:487–500 Marín VH, Delgado LE, Luna-Jorquera G (2003) Schlorophyll squirts at 30°S off the Chilean coast (eastern South Pacific): Feature tracking analysis. J Geophys Res 108(C12):3378. Doi:10.1029/2003JC001935 Marinelli RL, Jahnke RA, Craven DB et al (1998) Sediment nutrient dynamics on the South Atlantic Bight continental shelf: The importance of benthic photosynthesis, nutrient regeneration, bioirrigation and porewater advection. Limnol Oceanogr 43:1305–1320 Marinovic B, Croll D, Gong N et al (2002) Effects of the 1997/98 El Niño on zooplankton abundance and euphausiid community composition within the Monterey Bay Coastal upwelling system. Prog Oceanogr 54:265–278 Marins RV, Freire GSS, Maia LP et al (2002) Impacts of land-based activities on the Ceará coast, NE Brazil. In: Lacerda LD, Kremer HH, Kjerfve B et al (ed) South American Basins. LOICZ Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment-Coastal Sea Interaction and Human Dimensions. LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 21, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands, pp 92–98 Maritorena S, Siegel DA (2005) Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model. Remote Sens Environ 94:429–440 Maritorena S, Siegel DA, Peterson AR (2002) Optimization of a semianalytical ocean color model for globalscale applications. Appl Opt 41:2705–2714 Markina NP (1990) The comparison of the biological productivity of the Far-Eastern Seas. In: Biological Resources of the Shelf and Marginal Seas of the Soviet Union. Science, Moscow, pp 20–39 Marone E, Lopes RM, Machado EC et al (2005) Land-Ocean fluxes in the Paranaguá Bay Complex, Southern Brazil. Brazilian J Oceanogr 53(3/4):169–181 Marra J, Houghton RW, Garside C (1990) Phytoplankton growth at the shelf-break front in the middle Atlantic Bight. J Mar Res 48:851–868 Marrari M, Hu C, Daly K (2006) Validation of SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Southern Ocean: A revisit. Remote Sens Environ 105:367–375 Marsh JA (2001) Mobile, Alabama, USA. http://nest.su.se/mnode/North%20America/MobileBay/Mobilebud.htm Martin AK (1981) Evolution of the Agulhas Current and its paleo-ecological implications. S Afr J Sci 77:547–554 Martin JH, Knauer GA, Karl DM et al (1987) VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the Northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 34:267–285 Martínez R, Estrada M (1992) Respiratory electron transport activity of microplankton in the Weddell Sea during early spring: influence of the ice cover and the ice edge. Polar Biol 12:275–282 Martínez NC, Murray RW, Thunell RC et al (2007) Modern climate forcing of terrigenous deposition in the tropics (Cariaco Basin, Venezuela). Earth Planet Sci Lett 264:438–451 Martins CS, Hamann M, Fiúza AFG (2002) Surface circulation in the eastern North Atlantic, from drifters and altimetry. J Geophys Res 107:C12. Doi:10.1029/2000JC000345 Martos P, Piccolo MC (1988) Hydrography of the argentine continental shelf between 38° and 42°S. Cont Shelf Res 8(9):1043–1056 Marty D, Bonin P, Michotey V et al (2001) Bacterial biogas production in coastal systems affected by freshwater inputs. Cont Shelf Res 21(18–19):2105–2115 Marutani T, Kasai M, Reid LM et al (1999) Influence of storm-related sediment storage on the sediment delivery from tributary catchments in the upper Waipaoa River, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24:881–896 96 Mascarenhas AS Jr, Miranda LB, Rock NJ (1971) A study of the oceanographic conditions in the region of Cabo Frio. In: Costlow JD (ed) The fertility of the sea. Gordon & Breach, New York, pp 285–308 Massel SR, Brinkman RM, Mason L et al (1997) Water circulation and waves in Exmouth Gulf. In: Love PK (ed) Proceedings of the Australian Physical Oceanography Conference, 10–12 February 1997. Macquarie University, Sydney, pp 48 Masson DG (2001) Sedimentary processes shaping the eastern slope of the FaeroeShetland Channel. Cont Shelf Res 21:825–857 Masuzawa J (1972) Water characteristics of the north Pacific central region. In: Stommel H, Yoshida K (ed) Kuroshio, Univ of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 95– 127 Matson EA (1993) Nutrient flux through soils and aquifers to the coastal zone of Guam (Mariana Islands). Limnol Oceanogr 38:361–371 Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG et al (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504–509 Matthäus W (1977) Zur mittleren jahreszeitlichen Veränderlichkeit der Temperatur in der offenen Ostsee. Beiträge zur Meereskunde H 40:117–155 Matthäus W (1978) Zur mittleren jahreszeitlichen Veränderlichkeit des Oberflachensalzgehaltes der Ostsee. Gerl Beitr Geophys 87/5:369–376 Matthäus W (1996) Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Dichte. In: Rheinheimer G (ed) Meereskunde der Ostsee. Springer, Berlin, pp 75–81 Matthäus W, Franck H (1992) Characteristics of major Baltic inflows – a statistical analysis. Cont Shelf Res 12:1375–1400 Matthäus W, Lass HU (1995) The recent salt inflow into the Baltic Sea. J Phys Oceanogr 25:280–286 Matthäus W, Nausch G, Lass HU et al (2001) Hydrographisch-chemische Zustandseinschitzung der Ostsee 2000. In: Matthäus W, Nausch G (ed) The hydrographic-hydrochemical state of the western and central Baltic Sea in 1999/2000 and During the 1990s. Meereswiss Ber Warnemünde, No. 45, pp 27– 88 Matthews E, Fung I (1987) Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochem Cy 1:61–86 Maxwell JGR, Cresswell GR (1981) Dispersal of tropical marine fauna to the Great Australian Bight by the Leeuwin Current. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 32:493–500 Mayer LM (1994) Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:1271–1284 Mayer LM, Keil RG, Macko SA et al (1998) Importance of suspended particulates in riverine delivery of bioavailable nitrogen to coastal zones. Global Biogeochem Cy 12:573–579 Mayorga E, Aufdenkampe AK, Masiello CA et al (2005) Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers. Nature 436:538– 541 Mazé JP, Arhan M, Mercier H (1997) Volume budget of the eastern boundary layer off the Iberian Peninsula. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44(9–10):1543–1574 McCandliss R, Jones SE, Jago CF (2000) Distribution and fluxes of suspended particulate matter at the Hebridean shelf edge (Abstract). Exchange Processes at the Ocean Margins. 32nd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, , 8–12 May 2000, Liège, Belgium 97 McCarthy JJ, Taylor WR, Taft JL (1977) Nitrogenous nutrition of the plankton in the Chesapeake Bay. 1. Nutrient availability and phytoplankton preferences. Limnol Oceanogr 22:996–1011 McCave IN, Hall IR, Antia AN et al (2001) Distribution, composition and flux of particulate material over the European margin at 47°–50°N: Results from OMEX I. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3127–3139 McClain CR, Cleave ML, Feldman GC et al (1998) Science quality SeaWiFS data for global biosphere research. Sea Technol 39:10–16 McClain CR, Barnes RA, Eplee RE Jr et al (2000) SeaWiFS postlaunch calibration and validation analyses, Part 2. In: Hooker SB, Firestone ER (ed) NASA Tech. Memo. 2000-206892, vol 10. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 57 pp McClain CR, Feldman GC, Hooker SB (2004) An overview of the SeaWiFS project and strategies for producing a climate research quality global ocean bio-optical time series. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51:5–42 McCook LJ, Klumpp DW, McKinnon AD (1995) Seagrass communities in Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: A preliminary survey. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 78:81–87 McCorkle DC, Veeh HH, Heggie DT (1994) Glacial-Holocene paleoproductivity off Western Australia: A comparison of proxy records. In: Zahn R, Kaminski M, Labeyrie L et al (ed) Carbon cycling in the global ocean: Constraints on the ocean’s role in global change, NATO ASI Series, vol 117. Springer, Berlin, pp 443–479 McCulloch M, Fallon S, Wyndham T et al (2003a) Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement. Nature 421(6924):727–730 McCulloch M, Pailles C, Moody P et al (2003b) Tracing the source of sediment and phosphorus into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Earth Planet Sci Lett 210:249258 McGill DA (1963) The relative supplies of phosphate, nitrate and silicate in the Mediterranean Sea. Rapports et Procésverbaux, Reunions CIESM 18(3):737– 744 McGillicuddy DJ, McCarthy JJ, Robinson AR (1995) Coupled physical and biological modeling of the spring bloom in the North Atlantic (I): Model formulation and onedimensional bloom processes. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 42:1313–1357 McGillis WR, Edson JB, Zappa CJ et al (2004) Air-sea CO2 exchange in the equatorial Pacific. J Geophys Res 109:C08S02. Doi:10.1029/2003JC002256 McGinnis DE, Bocaniov S, Teodoru C et al (2006) Silica retention in the Iron Gate I reservoir on the Danube river: the ole of side bays as nutrient sinks. River Res Appl 22:441–456 McGranahan G, Balk D, Anderson B (2006) Low coastal zone settlements. http:// www.tiempocyberclimate.org McKee B, Aller R, Allison M et al (2004) Transport and transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental shelves influenced by major rivers: Benthic boundary layer and seabed processes. Cont Shelf Res 24:899–926 McKinnon M (ed) (1997) New Zealand Historical Atlas. Plates 5 and 6. David Bateman Wellington, NZ McKinnon AD, Ayukai T (1996) Copepod egg production and food resources in Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Mar Freshwater Res 47:595–603 McKinnon AD, Carleton JH, Duggan S (2007) Pelagic production and respiration in the Gulf of Papua during May 2004. Cont Shelf Res 27(12):1643–1655 98 McLaughlin FA, Carmack EC, Ingram RG et al (2006) Oceanography of the Northwest Passage. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 1213-1244 McLoughlin RJ, Young PC (1985) Sedimentary provinces of the fishing grounds of the North West Shelf of Australia: Grain-size frequency analysis of surficial sediments. Australian J Mar Freshwater Res 36:671–681 McManus GB, Peterson WT (1988) Bacterioplankton production in the near shore zone during upwelling off central Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 43:11–17 McManus J, Polsenberg J (2004) Coral-algal phase shifts on coral reefs: Ecological and environmental aspects. Prog Oceanogr 60:263–279 MEA (2003) Ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press, Washington Meade RH (1996) River-sediment inputs to major deltas. In: Milliman J, Haq B (ed) Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence. Kluwer, London, pp 63–85 Meade RH, Nordin CF, Curtis WR et al (1979) Sediment loads in the Amazon River. Nature 178:161–163 Meade RH, Dunne T, Richey JE et al (1985) Storage and remobilization of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil. Science 270:614–617 Medeiros C, Macedo S, Feitosa FAN et al (1999) Hydrology and phytoplankton biomass of the northeastern Brazilian waters. Arch Fish Mar Res 47:133–151 Mee LD (1992) The Black Sea in crisis: The need for concerted international action. Ambio 24:278–286 Meehl GA, Hu A (2006) Mega droughts in the Indian monsoon and southwest North America and a mechanism for associated multi-decadal sea surface temperature anomalies. J Climate 19:1605–1623 Meggers H, Freudenthal T, Nave S et al (2002) Assessment of geochemical and micropaleontological sedimentary parameters as proxies of surface water properties in the Canary Islands region. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3631–3654 Mehta MP, Butterfield DA, Baross JA (2003) Phylogenetic diversity of nitrogenase (nifH) genes in deep-sea and hydrothermal vent environments of the Juan de Fuca ridge. Appl Environ Microb 69:960–970 Meksumpun S, Meksumpun C, Hoshika A et al (2005) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of sediment in the Gulf of Thailand: Evidence for understanding of marine environment. Cont Shelf Res 25:1905–1915 Melling H (1993) The formation of a haline shelf front in wintertime in an ice-covered Arctic sea. Cont Shelf Res 13:1123–1147 Melling H (1996) Water modification on arctic continental shelves: seasonal cycle and interannual variation. In: Lemke P, Anderson L, Barry R et al (ed) Proceedings of the ACSYS Conference on the Dynamics of the Arctic Climate System, Goteborg, Sweden, pp 78–82 Melling H (2000) Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 479–502 Melling H, Lewis EL (1982) Shelf drainage flows in the Beaufort Sea and their effect on the Arctic Ocean pycnocline. Deep-Sea Res 29:967–985 Melling H, Moore RM (1995) Modification of halocline source waters during freezing on the Beaufort Sea shelf: evidence from oxygen isotopes and dissolved nutrients. Cont Shelf Res 15(1):89–113 Mendo J, Pizarro L, Castillo S (1987) Monthly turbulence and Ekman transport indexes 1953 to 1985, based on local wind records from Trujillo and Callao, Peru. In: Pauly D, Tsukayama I (ed) The Peruvian anchoveta and its upwelling ecosystem: three decades of change. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 15:75–88 99 Menzel DW, Pomeroy LR, Lee TN et al (1993) Introduction. In: Menzel D (ed) Ocean Processes: US Southeast Continental Shelf. US Dept of Energy, Washington DC, pp 1–8 Mesias JM, Mantano RP, Strub PT (2003) Dynamical analysis of the upwelling circulation off central Chile. J Geophys Res 108(C3):3085. Doi:10.1029/2001JC001135 Metcalf WG (1968) Shallow currents along the northeastern coast of South America. J Mar Res 26:232–243 Metcalf WG, Stalcup MC (1967) Origin of the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent. J Geophys Res 72:4959–4975 Metzger EJ, Hurlburt HE (1996) Coupled dynamics of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 101(C5):12331–12352 Meybeck M (1982) Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus transport by world rivers. Am J Sci 282:401–450 Meybeck M (1996) River water quality. Global ranges, time and space variabilities, proposal for some redefinition. Verh Internat Verein Limnol 26:81–96 Meybeck M (2001) River basin activities under Anthropogene conditions. In: Bodungen B, Turner RK (ed) Science and integrated coastal management. Dahlem Univ Press, Berlin, pp 276–294 Meybeck M, Jussieu P (1993) C, N, P and S in rivers: from sources to global inputs. In: Wallast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (ed) Interaction of C, N, P and S biogeochemical cycles. Springer, Berlin, pp 163–193 Meybeck M, Chapman D, Helmer R (1989) Global assessment of fresh water quality. Basil Blackwell, Oxford Meybeck M, Dürr HH, Vörösmarty CJ (2006) Global coastal segmentation and its river catchments: a new look at landocean linkage. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB1S90. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002540 Meybeck M, Dürr H, Roussennac S et al (2007) Regional seas and their interception of riverine fluxes to oceans. Marine Chem 16:301–325 Meyer AA, Lutjeharms JRE, de Villiers S (2002) The nutrient characteristics of the Natal Bight, South Africa. J Mar Syst 35:11–37 Meyers PA (1997) Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Org Geochem 27:213–250 MfE (2001) National Inventory Report. New Zealand greenhouse gas inventory 1990– 1999. As reported April 2001, Ministry for the Environment 2001, NZ Michael HA, Mulligan AE, Harvey CF (2005) Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean. Nature 436:1145–1148 Michaels AF, Olson D, Sarmiento JL et al (1996) Inputs, losses and transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pelagic North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 35:181–226 Michaels AF, Karl DM, Capone DM (2001) Element stoichiometry, new production and nitrogen fixation. Oceanography 14(4):68–77 Michalopoulos P, Aller RC (1995) Rapid clay mineral formation in Amazon delta sediments: reverse weathering and oceanic elemental fluxes. Science 270(5236):614–617 Michalopoulos P, Aller RC (2004) Early diagenesis of biogenic silica in the Amazon delta: Alteration, authigenic clay formation, and storage. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68 (5):1061–1085 Michalopoulos P, Aller RC, Reeder RJ (2000) Conversion of diatoms to clays during early diagenesis in tropical, continental shelf muds. Geology 28:1095–1098 Michel C, Ingram RG, Harris LR (2006) Variability in oceanographic and ecological processes in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Prog Oceanogr 71(2–4):379–401 100 Micheli F, Halpern B (2005) Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages. Ecology Letters 8:391–400 Middelburg JJ, Soetaert K (2004) The role of sediments in shelf ecosystem dynamics. In: Robinson A, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 353–374 Middelburg JJ, Soetaert K, Herman PMJ et al (1996) Denitrification in marine sediments: A model study. Global Biogeochem Cy 10:661–673 Migon C, Sadroni V, Béthoux J-P (2001) Atmospheric input of anthropogenic phosphorus to the northwest Mediterranean under oligotrophic conditions. Marine Environmental Research 52:413–426 Mikaloff Fletcher SE, Gruber N, Jacobson AR et al (2007) Inverse estimates of the oceanic sources and sinks of natural CO2 and the implied oceanic carbon transport. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB1010. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002751 Miller CB (2004) Biological oceanography. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA Miller F, Hirsch P (2003) Civil Society and internationalized river basin management. Working Paper No. 7. Australian Mekong Resource Center, Univ of Sydney Miller JL, Lee TN (1995) Gulf Stream meanders in the South Atlantic Bight 1. Scaling and energetics. J Geophys Res 100:6687–6704 Miller WL, Moran MA (1997) Interaction of photochemical and microbial processes in the degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1317–1324 Miller LA, Chierici M, Truls J et al (1999) Seasonal dissolved inorganic carbon variations in the Greenland Sea and implications for atmospheric CO 2 exchange. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46:1473–1496 Miller AJ, Di Lorenzo E, Neilson DJ et al (2000) Modeling CalCOFI observations during El Niño: Fitting physics and biology. Calif Coop Oceanic Fish Invest Rep 41:87– 97 Miller LA, Yager PL, Erickson KA et al (2002) Carbon distributions and fluxes in the North Water, 1998 and 1999. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:5151–5170 Milliman JD (1975) Upper continental margins sedimentation off Brazil: Part VI: A synthesis. Contr Sedimentol 4:151–176 Milliman J (1993) Production and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the Ocean: Budget of a non-steady state. Global Biogeochem Cy 7:927–957 Milliman J (1997) Blessed dams or damned dams?. Nature 386:325–326 Milliman JD, Droxler AW (1996) Neritic and pelagic carbonate sedimentation in the marine environment: Ignorance is not bliss. Geologische Rundschau 85:496–504 Milliman JD, Meade RH (1983) World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J Geol 91:1–21 Milliman J, Syvistski JPM (1992) Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers. J Geol 100:525–544 Milliman JD, Rutkowski C, Meybeck M (1995) River discharge to the sea: A Global River Index (GLORI). LOICZ Reports & Studies 2. LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Milliman J, Farnsworth KL, Albertin CS (1999a) Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies. J Sea Res 41:97–107 Milliman JD, Troy PJ, Balch WM et al (1999b) Biologically mediated dissolution of calcium carbonate above the chemical lysocline?. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:1653– 1669 Millot C (1981) La dynamique marine sur le plateau continental du Golfe de Lion en été. Etat Dissertation, Univ of Paris VI Millot C (1990) The Gulf of Lions’ hydrodynamics. Cont Shelf Res 10:885–894 101 Millot C (1999) Circulation in the western Mediterranean Sea. J Marine Syst 20:423– 442 Millot C, Taupier-Letage I (2005) Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5, Part K. The Natural Environment and the Biological Cycles. Springer, pp 1–38 Millot R, Gaillardet J, Dupré B et al (2002) The global control of silicate weathering rates and the coupling with physical erosion: new insights from rivers and the Canadian shield. Earth Planet Sci Lett 196:83–98 Min D-H (1999) Studies of large-scale intermediate and deep water circulation and ventilation in the North Atlantic, South Indian and Northeast Pacific Oceans, and in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), using chlorofluorocarbons as tracers. PhD Dissertation, Univ of California, San Diego, USA Min D-H, Warner MJ (2005) Basin-wide circulation and ventilation study in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) using chlorofluorocarbon tracers. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:1580– 1616 Minagawa M, Ohashi M, Kuramoto T et al (2001) 15N of PON and nitrate as a clue to the origin and transformation of nitrogen in the Subarctic North Pacific and its marginal sea. J Oceanogr 57:285–300 Minas M, Minas HJ (1989) Primary production in the Gulf of Lions with considerations to the Rhone River input. Water Pollution Research Reports 13:112–125 Minas HJ, Minas M, Packard TT (1986) Productivity in upwelling areas deduced from hydrographic and chemical fields. Limnol Oceanogr 31:1182–1206 Mincks SL, Smith CR, DeMaster DJ (2005) Persistence of labile organic mater and microbial biomass in Antarctic shelf sediments: evidence of a “sediment food bank”. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 300:3–19 Miserocchi S, Langone L, Tesi T (2007) Content and isotopic composition of organic carbon within a flood layer in the Po River prodelta (Adriatic Sea). Cont Shelf Res 27:338–358 Mishonov AV, Gardner WD, Richardson MJ (2003) Remote sensing and surface POC concentration in the South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:2997–3015 Misic C, Povero P, Fabiano M (2002) Ectoenzymatic ratios in relation to Particulate Organic Matter distribution (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Microbial Ecology 44:224– 234 Mitchell JS, Carter L, McDougall JC (1989) New Zealand region sediments 1:6000000. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Chart, NIWA Miscellaneous Series 67, NZ Mittelstaedt E (1991) The ocean boundary along the northwest African coast. Prog Oceanogr 26:307–355 Mohrholz V, Schmidt M, Lutjeharms JRE (2001) The hydrography and dynamics of the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone and environment in April 1999. S Af J Sci 97:199–208 Moisan JR (2010) Coupled circulation/biogeochemical models to estimate carbon flux. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 539–558 Moisan JR, Hofmann EE (1996) Modeling nutrient and plankton processes in the California Coastal Transition Zone. 1. A time- and depth-dependent model. J Geophys Res 101:22647–22676 Moisan JR, Niiler PP (1998) The seasonal heat budget of the North Pacific: Net heat flux and heat storage rates (1950–1990). J Phys Ocean 28:401–421 Moisan JR, Hofmann EE, Haidvogel DB (1996) Modeling nutrient and plankton processes in the California Coastal Transition Zone. 2. A three-dimensional physical-bio-optical model. J Geophys Res 101:22677–22691 102 Moisan JR, Moisan TK, Abbott MR (2002) Modeling the effect of temperature on the maximum growth rates of phytoplankton populations. Ecol Model 153:197–215 Mojica Prieto FJ, Millero FJ (2002)The values of pK1 + pK2 for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:2529–2540 Molina V, Farías L, Graco M et al (2004) Benthic nitrogen regeneration under oxygen and organic matter spatial variability off Concepci ón (~36°S), central Chile. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(20–21):2507–2522 Molina V, Farías L, Eissler Y et al (2005) Ammonium cycling under a strong oxygen gradient associated with the Oxygen Minimum Zone off northern Chile (~23°S). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 288:35–43 Molina V, Ulloa O, Farías L et al (2007) Ammonia-oxidizing ß-proteobacteria from the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. Appl Environ Microb 73:3547–3555 Molisani MM, Carvalho CEV, Ovalle ARC et al (1999) Heavy metals distribution in sediments of the lower Paraiba do Sul river and estuary, RJ, Brazil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63:682–690 Mollenhauer G, Schneider RR, Jennerjahn T et al (2004) Organic carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic Ocean: Its modern, mid-Holocene and Last Glacial basinwide distribution. Global Planet Change 40:249–266 Moloney CL, Jarre A, Arancibia H et al (2005) Comparing the Benguela and Humboldt marine upwelling ecosystems with indicators derived from inter-calibrated models. ICES J Mar Sci 62:493–502 Monaco A, Courp T, Heussner S et al (1990) Seasonality and composition of particulate fluxes during ECOMARGE–I, western Gulf of Lions. Cont Shelf Res 10(9– 11):959–987 Monbet P, Brunskill GJ, Zagorskis I et al (2007) Phosphorus speciation in the sediment and mass balance for the central region of the Great Barrier Reef continental shelf (Australia). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:2762-2779 Moncheva S, Gotsis-Skretas O, Pagou K et al (2001) Phytoplankton blooms in Black Sea and Mediterranean coastal ecosystems subjected to eutrophication: similarities and differences. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 53:281–295 Moncoiffé G, Álvarez–Salgado XA, Figueiras FG et al (2000) Seasonal and short time– scale dynamics of microplankton community production and respiration in an inshore upwelling system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 196:111–126 Montecino V, Pizarro G (1995) Phytoplankton acclimation and spectral penetration of UV irradiance off the central Chilean coast. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 121:261–269 Montecino V, Quiroz D (2000) Specific primary production and phytoplankton cell size structure in an upwelling area off the coast of Chile (30°S). Aquatic Science 62:, 364–380 Montecino V, Pizarro G, Quiroz D (1996) Dinámica fitoplanct ónica en el sistema de surgencia frente a Coquimbo (30°S) a través de la relación funcional entre fotosíntesis e irradiancia (P-I). Gayana Oceanología 4(2):139–151 Montecino V, Pizarro G, Quiroz D (1998) Primary production off the Chilean coast. In: Holloway G, Muller P, Henderson D (ed) Biotic Impacts of extratropical climate variability in the Pacific. Proceedings Aha Hulikoa Winter Workshop Hawaii Congress. Univ of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp 69–76 Montecino V, Astoreca R, Alarcón G et al (2004) Bio-optical characteristics and primary productivity during upwelling and non-upwelling conditions in a highly productive coastal ecosystem off central Chile (~36°S). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(20– 21):2413–2426 Montecino V, Strub TP, Chávez F et al (2006) Bio-physical interactions off western South-America, Chp 10. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge 103 Montecinos A, Purca S, Pizarro O (2003) Interannual-tointerdecadal sea surface temperature variability along the western coast of South America. Geophys Res Lett 30:1570. Doi:10.1029/2003GL017345 Monteiro PMS (1997) The oceanography, the biogeochemistry and fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Benguela upwelling system. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Cape Town, South Africa Monteiro PMS (2010) The Benguela Current System. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 65–78 Monteiro PMS, Roychoudhury A (2005) Spatial distribution of trace metals in an eastern boundary upwelling retention area (St Helena Bay, South Africa): A hydrodynamicbiological forcing hypothesis. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:123–134 Monteiro PMS, van der Plas AK (2006) Forecasting Low Oxygen Water (LOW) variability in the Benguela System, Chp 5. In: Shannon G, Hempel P, MalanotteRizzoli Moloney C et al (ed) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem. Elsevier Series, Large Marine Ecosystems, vol 14, Part II. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 91–109 Monteiro PMS, Nelson G, van der Plas A et al (2005) Internal tide – shelf topography interactions as a potential forcing factor governing the large scale sedimentation and burial fluxes of particulate organic matter (POM) in the Benguela upwelling system. Cont Shelf Res 25:1864–1876 Monteiro PMS, van der Plas AK, Mohrholz V et al (2006) Variability of natural hypoxia and methane in a coastal upwelling system: Oceanic physics or shelf biology?. Geophys Res Lett 33:L16614. Doi:10.1029/2006GL026234 Monteiro PMS, van der Plas AK, Mélice J-L et al (2008) Interannual hypoxia variability in a coastal upwelling system: Ocean–shelf exchange, climate and ecosystemstate implications. Deep-Sea Res Pt I. Doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.12.010 Montero P, Daneri G, Cuevas LA et al (2007) Productivity cycles in the coastal upwelling area off Concepción: The importance of diatoms and bacterioplankton in the organic carbon flux. Prog Oceanogr 75(3):518–530 Montoya JP, Holl CM, Zehr JP et al (2004) High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean. Nature 430:1027–1031 Moore WS (1969) Ocean concentration of 228Ra. Earth Planet Sci Lett 6:437–446 Moore WS (1996) Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by 226Ra enrichments. Nature 380:612–614 Moore WS (1997) High fluxes of radium and barium from the mouth of the GangesBrahmaputra River during low river discharge suggest a large groundwater source. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:141–150 Moore MI, Murdoch RCM (1993) Physical and biological observations of coastal squirts under non-upwelling conditions. J Geophys Res 98(C11):20433–20061 Moore WS, Astwood H, Lindstrom C (1995) Radium isotopes in coastal waters on the Amazon shelf. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:4285–4298 Moore TS II, Matear RJ, Marra J et al (2007) Phytoplankton variability off the Western Australian Coast: Mesoscale eddies and their role in cross-shelf exchange. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:943–960 Mopper K, Sarpal RS, Kieber DJ (1995) Protein and humic substance fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in antarctic sea water. Antarctic Journal of the U.S. 30(5):137-139 Morales CE, Lange CB (ed) (2004) Oceanography in the eastern South Pacific: Part I. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51:20–21 104 Morales CE, Braun M, Reyes H et al (1996) Anchovy larval distribution in the coastal zone off northern Chile: The effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations and of a cold-warm sequence (1990–95). Investigaciones Marinas (Chile) 24:77–96 Morales C, Hormazabal S, Blanco JL (1999) Inter-annual variability in the meso-scale distribution of the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum layer off northern Chile (18–24°S): Implications for the pelagic system and biogeochemical cycling. J Mar Res 57:909–932 Morales CE, Blanco JL, Braun M et al (2001) Chlorophyll-a distribution and mesoscale physical processes in upwelling and adjacent oceanic zones off northern Chile (summer-autumn 1994). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 81:193–206 Morales CE, González HE, Hormazabal SE et al (2007) The distribution of chlorophyll-a and dominant planktonic components in the coastal transition zone off Concepción, central Chile, during different oceanographic conditions. Prog Oceanogr 75(3):452–469 Morán XAG, Gasol JM, Pedrós–Alió C et al (2002) Partitioning of phytoplankton organic carbon production and bacterial production along a coastal–offshore gradient in the NE Atlantic during different hydrographic regimes. Aquat Microb Ecol 29:239–252 Morel FMM, Hering JG (1993) Principles and applications of aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York Moriceau B, Goutx M, Guigue C et al (2009) Si–C interactions during degradation of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 56:1381-1395 Moroshkin KV (1964) New scheme of the surface Okhotsk Sea currents. Oceanology 1:641–643 Moroshkin KV (1966) Water masses of the Okhotsk Sea. Science, Moscow Morrison JM, Codispoti LA, Gaurin S et al (1998) Seasonal variation of hydrographic and nutrient fields during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 45:2053–2101 Morrison JM, Codispoti LA, Smith SL et al (1999) The oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea during 1995. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46:1903–1931 Morrow R, Fang F, Fieux M et al (2003) Anatomy of three warm-core Leeuwin Current eddies. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:2229–2243 Moseidjord H, Svendsen H, Slagstad D (1999) Sensitivity studies of circulation and ocean-shelf exchange off northern Norway. Sarsia 84:191–198 Mosseri J, Quéguiner B, Rimmelin P et al (2005) Silica fluxes in the northeast Atlantic frontal zone of Mode Water formation (38°-45°N, 16°- 22°W) in 2001–2002. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2004JC002615 Moulin C, Lambert CE, Dulac F et al (1997) Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation. Nature 387(12):691–694 Mountain DG (2004) Variability of the water properties in NAFO Sunareas 5 and 6 during the 1990s. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 34:103–112 Moutin T, Raimbault HL, Golterman HL et al (1998) The inputs of nutrients by the Rhône river into the Mediterranean Sea: recent observations and comparison with earlier data. Hydrobiologia 373/374:237–246 Mucci A, Sundby B, Gehlen M et al (2000) The fate of carbon in continental shelf sediments of eastern Canada: A case study. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47(3–4):733– 760 Muehe D, Neves C (1995) The implications of sea-level rise on the Brazilian coast: A preliminary assessment. J Coast Res 14:54–78 Mukhopadhyay SK (2002) Studies on the effects of changes in external forcing or boundary conditions on coastal (Northwest Bay of Bengal) fluxes of nutrients and 105 dissolved gases (O2, CO2 and CH4) via Hooghly River. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Calcutta, Kolkata Mulholland M, Ohki K, Capone DG (2001) Nutrient controls on nitrogen uptake and metabolism by natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria). J Phycol 37:1001–1009 Mulholland MR, Floge S, Carpenter EJ et al (2002) Phosphorus dynamics in cultures and natural populations of Trichodesmium spp. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 45:45–55 Müller PJ, Fischer G (2001) A 4-year sediment trap record of alkenones from the filamentous upwelling region off Cape Blanc, NW Africa and a comparison with distributions in underlying sediments. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:1877–1903 Müller PJ, Schneider R (1993) An automated leaching method for the determination of opal in sediments and particulate matter. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 40(3):425–444 Muller-Karger FE, McClain CR, Richardson PL (1988) The dispersal of the Amazon’s water. Nature 333:56–59 Muller-Karger FE, McClain CR, Fisher TR et al (1989) Pigment distribution in the Caribbean Sea: Observations from Space. Prog Oceanogr 23:23–69 Muller-Karger FE, Aparicio-Castro R (1994) Mesoscale processes affecting phytoplankton abundance in the Southern Caribbean Sea. Cont Shelf Res 14(2/3):199–221 Muller-Karger FE, Varela R (1990) Influjo del Río Orinoco en el Mar Caribe: observaciones con el CZCS desde el espacio. Memoria. Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, Caracas, 131–134: 361–390 Muller-Karger FE, Varela R, Thunell R et al (2000) The CARIACO project: Understanding the link between the ocean surface and the sinking flux of particulate carbon in the Cariaco Basin. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 81(45):529, 534, 535 Muller-Karger FE, Varela R, Thunell R et al (2001) Annual cycle of primary production in the Cariaco Basin: Response to upwelling and implications for vertical export. J Geophys Res 106(C3):4527–4542 Muller-Karger F, Varela R, Thunell R et al (2004) Processes of coastal upwelling and carbon flux in the Cariaco Basin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(10–11):927–943 Muller-Karger FE, Hu C, Andréfouët S et al (2005a) The Color of the coastal ocean and applications in the solution of research and management problems. In: Miller RL, Del Castillo CE, McKee BA (ed) Remote sensing of coastal aquatic environments: Technologies, techniques and application. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 101–127 Muller-Karger FE, Varela R, Thunell R et al (2005b) The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle. Geophys Res Lett 32:L01602. Doi:10.1029/2004GL021346 Mullon C, Cury P, Penven P (2002) Evolutionary individualbased model for the recruitment of anchovy (Engraulis capensis) in the southern Bengula. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:910–922 Murata A, Takizawa T (2003) Summertime CO2 sinks in shelf and slope waters of the western Arctic Ocean. Cont Shelf Res 23:753–776 Murray JW, Jannash HW, Honjo S et al (1989) Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea. Nature 331:411–413 Murray JW, Fuchsman C, Kirkpatrick J et al (2005) Species and 15N signatures of nitrogen transformations in the Suboxic Zone of the Black Sea. Oceanography 18:36–47 Naidu AS, Cooper LW, Grebmeier JM et al (2004) The continental margin of the North Bering-Chukchi Sea: distribution, sources, fluxes, and burial rates of organic 106 carbon, Chp 7.3. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The Organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 193–203 Naik H (2003) Benthic nitrogen cycling with special reference to nitrous oxide in the coastal and continental shelf environments of the eastern Arabian Sea. PhD Dissertation, Goa University Naimie CE (1996) Georges Bank residual circulation during weak and strong stratification periods: prognostic numerical model results. J Geophys Res 101:6469–6486 Naimie CE, Blain CA, Lynch DR (2001) Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea – a model-generated climatology. Cont Shelf Res 21:667–695 Najjar RG, Keeling RF (2000) Mean annual cycle of the air-sea oxygen flux: A global view. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:573–584 Naletova IA, Sapozhnikov VV, Metreveli MP (1997) Features of the distribution of primary production in summer and estimation of the overall production in the Sea of Okhotsk (in Russian). In: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Ecosystem of the Sea of the Okhotsk. VNIRO, Moscow, pp 98–103 Naqvi SWA (1987) Some aspects of the oxygen-deficient conditions and denitrification in the Arabian Sea. J Mar Res 49:1049–1072 Naqvi SWA (1991) Geographical extent of denitrification in the Arabian Sea in relation to some physical processes. Oceanol Acta 14:281–290 Naqvi SWA, Noronha RJ (1991) Nitrous oxide in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38:871–890 Naqvi SWA, Shailaja MS (1993) Activity of the respiratory electron transport system and respiration rates within the oxygen minimum layer of the Arabian Sea. DeepSea Res Pt II 40:687–695 Naqvi SWA, Hansen HP, Kureishy TW (1986) Nutrient uptake and regeneration ratios in the Red Sea with reference to the nutrient budgets. Oceanol Acta 9:271–276 Naqvi SWA, Jayakumar DA, Nair M et al (1994) Nitrous oxide in the western Bay of Bengal. Mar Chem 47:269–279 Naqvi SWA, Shailaja MS, Kumar MD et al (1996) Respiration rates in subsurface waters of the northern Indian Ocean: Evidence for low decomposition rates of organic matter within the water column in the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 43:73–81 Naqvi SWA, Yoshinari T, Jayakumar DA et al (1998) Budgetary and biogeochemical implications of N2O isotope signatures in the Arabian Sea. Nature 394:462–464 Naqvi SWA, Jayakumar DA, Narvekar PV et al (2000) Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature 408:346– 349 Naqvi SWA, Sarma VVSS, Jayakumar DA (2002) Carbon cycling in the northern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon: Significance of salps. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 226:35–44 Naqvi SWA, Naik H, Narvekar PV (2003) The Arabian Sea. In: Black K, Shimmield G (ed) Biogeochemistry of marine systems. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp 156–206 Naqvi SWA, Bange HW, Gibb SW et al (2005) Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in the Arabian Sea. Prog Oceanogr 65:116–144 Naqvi SWA, Naik H, Pratihary A et al (2006a) Coastal versus open ocean denitrification in the Arabian Sea. Biogeosciences 3:621–633 Naqvi SWA, Narvekar PV, Desa E (2006b) Coastal biogeochemical processes in the North Indian Ocean (14, S-W). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 723–781 107 Nausch G, Feistel R, Lass HU et al (2002) Hydrographisch-chemische Zustandseinschätzung der Ostsee 2001. Meereswiss Ber Warnemünde 49:1–77 Nawrocki M, Karl D (1989) Dissolved ATP turnover in the Bransfield Strait, Antartica during a spring bloom. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 57:35–44 Nedashkovsky AP, Sapozhnikov VV (2001) Estimate of CO2 fluxes through the oceanatmosphere boundary on the basis of hydrochemical parameters measured in the western part of the Bering Sea (in Russian with English abstract). Oceanology 41:370–378 Nedwell DB, Parkes RJ, Upton AC et al (1993a) Seasonal fluxes across the sedimentwater interface, and processes within sediments. Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering 343(1669):519–529 Nedwell DB, Walker TR, Ellis-Evans JC et al (1993b) Measurements of seasonal rates and annual budgets of organic carbon fluxes in an Antarctic coastal environment at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, suggest a broad balance between production and decomposition. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3989–3995 Nehring D (1981) Die chemischen Bedingungen und ihre Veränderungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nahrstoffregimes. In: Nehring D, Francke E (ed) Hydrographisch-chemische Untersuchungen in der Ostsee von 1969–1978. Geod Geoph Veröff, R. IV, H. 35, II Nehring D (1992) Hydrographisch-chemische Langzeitver- änderungen und Eutrophierung in der Ostsee. Wasser Boden 10:632–638 Nehring D, Francke E (1981) Die hydrographischen Bedingungen und ihre Veränderungen. In: Nehring D, Francke E (ed) Hydrographisch-chemische Untersuchungen in der Ostsee von 1969–1978. Geod Geoph Veröff, R. IV, H. 35, I Neira S, Arancibia H (2004) Trophic interactions and community structure in the upwelling system off Central Chile (33–39°S). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 312(2):349– 366 Nelson G (1989) Poleward motion in the Benguela area. In: Neshyba, SJ, Mooers CNK, Smith RL et al (ed) Poleward flows along eastern ocean boundaries. Springer, New York, pp 110–130 Nelson DM, Smith WO Jr (1991) Sverdrup revisited: critical depth, maximum chlorophyll levels, and the control of Southern Ocean productivity by the irradiance-mixing regime. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1650–1661 Nelson DM, Goering JJ, Boisseau DW (1981) Consumption and regeneration of silicic acid in three coastal upwelling systems. In: Richards FA (ed) Coastal Upwelling, Coastal and estuarine Science 1. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 242– 256 Nelson CS, Keane SL, Head PS (1988) Non-tropical carbonate deposits on the modern New Zealand shelf. Sediment Geol 60:71–94 Nelson DM, Smith WO Jr, Muench RD et al (1989) Particulate matter and nutrient distributions in the ice-edge zone of the Weddel Sea: relationship to hydrography during late summer. Deep-Sea Res 36:191–209 Nelson DM, DeMaster DJ, Dunbar RB et al (1996) Cycling of organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: estimates of water column and sedimentary fluxes on the Ross Sea continental shelf. J Geophys Res 101:18519–18532 Nelson JR, Eckman JE, Robertson CY et al (1999) Benthic microalgal biomass and irradiance at the sea floor on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight: Spatial and temporal variability and storm effects. Cont Shelf Res 19:477–505 108 Nelson DM, Anderson RF, Barber RT et al (2002) Vertical budgets for organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, 1996–1998. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:1645–1674 Neuer S, Ratmeyer V, Davenport R et al (1997) Deep water particle flux in the Canary Island region: Seasonal trends in relation to long-term satellite derived pigment data and lateral sources. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 44:1451–1466 Neuer S, Davenport R, Freudenthal T et al (2002a) Differences in the biological carbon pump at three subtropical ocean sites. Geophys Res Lett 29(18):1885. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015393 Neuer S, Freudenthal T, Davenport R et al (2002b) Seasonality of surface water properties and particle flux along a productivity gradient off NW Africa. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:3561–3576 Neumann G, Pierson WJ (1966) Principles of physical oceanography. Prentice-Hall, London NGDC (2001) ETOPO2 global 2-minute gridded elevation data volume E1. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, USA NGDC (2006) ETOPO2 global 2-minute gridded elevation data volume, v 2. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, USA Ní Longphuirt S, Leynaert A, Herlory O et al (2007) In situ observations of diel migration of subtidal microphytobenthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 328:143–154 Ní Longphuirt S, Ragueneau O, Chauvaud L et al (2009) Diurnal heterogeneity in silicic acid fluxes in shallow coastal sites: Causes and implications. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 82:495-502 Nicol S, Pauly T, Bindoff NL et al (2000) Ocean circulation off East Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent. Nature 406:504–507 Niencheski LF, Windom HL (1994) Nutrient flux and budget in Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil). Sci Total Environm 149:53–60 Niiler P, Richardson W (1973) Seasonal variability of the Florida Current. J Mar Res 31:144–167 Nimer E (1972) Climatologia da região Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Beografia 34:3–51 Ning X, Liu Z, Cai Y et al (1998) Physicobiological oceanographic remote sensing of the East China Sea: Satellite and in situ observations. J Geophys Res 103(C10):21623–21636 Ning X, Chai F, Xue H et al (2004) Physical-biological oceanographic coupling influencing phytoplankton and primary production in the South China Sea. J Geophys Res 109:C10005. Doi:10.1029/2004JC002365 Nishimura A, Nakasone T, Hiramatsu C et al (1998) Late Quaternary paleoenvironment of the Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology 27:275–280 Nitani H (1972) Beginning of the Kuroshio. In: Stommel H, Yoshida K (ed) Kuroshio, Univ of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 129–163 Nitishinsky M (2002) The Laptev Sea Shelf. http://nest.su.se/MNODE/Asia/Russia/LaptevSea/LaptevSeabud.html Nitishinsky M, Anderson LG, Hölemann JA (2007) Inorganic carbon and nutrient fluxes on the Arctic shelf. Cont Shelf Res 27:1584–1599 Nittrouer C, Brunskill GJ (1994) Gateway for terrestrial material entering the ocean. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 75(16):191–192 Nittrouer CA, DeMaster DJ (1986) Sedimentary processes on the Amazon continental shelf: Past, present and future research. Cont Shelf Res 6:5–30 Nittrouer CA, DeMaster DJ (1996) The Amazon shelf setting: tropical, energetic, and influenced by a large river. Cont Shelf Res 16:553–573 109 Nittrouer CA, Wright LD (1994) Transport of particles across continental shelves. Reviews of Geophysics 32:85–113 Nittrouer CA, Curtin TB, DeMaster DJ (1986) Concentration and flux of suspended sediment on the Amazon Continental Shelf. Cont Shelf Res 6:151–174 Nittrouer CA, DeMaster DJ, Figueiredo AG et al (1991) AmasSeds: An interdisciplinary investigation of a complex coastal environment. Oceanography 4:3–7 Nixon SW (1981) Remineralisation and nutrient cycling in coastal marine ecosystems. In: Neilson BJ, Cronin LE (ed) Estuaries and Nutrients. Humana Press, NJ, pp 111–138 Nixon S, Thomas A (2001) On the size of the Peru upwelling ecosystem. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:2521–2528 Nixon SW, Ammerman JW, Atkinson LP et al (1996) The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land-sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 35:141–180 Noble IR, Dirzo R (1997) Forests as human-dominated ecosystems. Science 277:522– 525 NODC (1998) World Ocean Database 1998. National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington DC Nogueira E (1998) Variabilidad temporal del acoplamiento hidrológico y meteorológico en la Ría de Vigo. PhD Dissertation, Universidad de Vigo, Spain Nogueira E, Pérez FF, Ríos, AF (1997) Seasonal patterns and long-term trends in an estuarine upwelling ecosystem (Ría de Vigo: NW Spain). Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 44 (3):285–300 Noriki S, Shimizu M, Hamahara K et al (1997) Transportation of particulate material through the mouth of Tokyo Bay to the open ocean. J Oceanogr 53:571–577 Norris RM (1978) Late Cenozoic geology of the west coast shelf between Karamea and the Waiho River, South Island, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 81, New Zealand Northwest Pacific Regional Environmental Cooperation Center (1999) Reports on the water and nutrient loads to the Japan Sea (in Japanese). Japan Novikhin A (2002) The Ob and Yenisei Gulfs in the Kara Sea. http://nest.su.se/MNODE/Asia/Russia/ObYenisei/ ObYeniseibud.html Nozaki Y, Kasemsupaya V, Tsubota H (1989) Mean residence time of the shelf water in the East China and the Yellow Seas determined by 228Ra/226Ra measurements. Geophys Res Lett 16(11):1297–1300 Nozaki Y, Tsubota H, Kasemsupaya V et al (1991) Residence times of surface water and particle-reactive 210Pb and 210Po in the East China and Yellow Seas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:1265–1272 Nuñez RH (1996) A study of the ocean circulation off the coast of Chile. PhD Dissertation, The Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences Nykjaer L, Van Camp L (1994) Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal upwelling along northwest Africa and Portugal from 1981 to 1991. J Geophys Res 99(C7):14197–14207 O’Brien MC, Macdonald RW, Melling H et al (2006) Particle fluxes and geochemistry on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf: Implications for sediment transport and deposition. Cont Shelf Res 26:41–81 O’Neill RV, Deangelis DL, Waide JB et al (1986) A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Monographs in Population Biology 23. Princeton Univ Press, Princeton O’Reilly JE, Busch DA (1984) Phytoplankton primary production on the northwestern Atlantic shelf. Rapp P-v Reun Cons Int Explor Mer 183:255–268 110 O’Reilly JE, Zetlin C (1998) Seasonal, horizontal, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a in the northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. NOAA Tech Rep NMFS 139, US O’Reilly JE, Evans-Zetlin C, Busch DA (1987) Primary production. In: Backus RH (ed) Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 220–233 O'Reilly JE, Maritorena S, Siegel DA et al (2000) SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, Part 3. In: Hooker SB, Firestone ER (ed) Ocean chlorophylla algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2 and OC4: version 4. NASA Tech. Memo. 2000206892, vol 11. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, pp 9–23 Oberdorfer JA, Valentino MA, Smith SB (1990) Groundwater contribution to the nutrient budget of Tomales Bay, California. Biogeochemistry 10:199–216 Ochoa N, Rojas de Mendiola B, Gómez O (1985) Identificación del fenómeno El Niño a través de los organismos fitoplanctónicos. In: Arntz W, Landa A, Tarazona J (ed) El Niño y su Impacto en la Fauna Marina. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú. vol Extraordinario, Callao, pp 23-31 OECD (1998) Towards sustainable development: Environmental indicators. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris Off T (1963) Rhythmic linear sand bodies caused by tidal currents. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 47:324–341 Officer CB, Lynch DR (1981) Dynamics of mixing in estuaries. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 12:525–533 Officer CB, Ryther JH (1980) The possible importance of silicon in marine eutrophication. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:83–91 Ogawa H, Usui T, Koike I (2003) Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:353–366 Oguri K, Matsumoto E, Yamada M et al (2003) Sediment accumulation rates and budgets of depositing particles of the East China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:513–528 Oguz T, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Aubrey D (1995) Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing. J Geophys Res 100:6845–6863 Oguz T, Ducklow H, Malanotte-Rizzoli P et al (1996) Simulation of annual plankton productivity cycle in the Black Sea by a onedimensional physical-biological model. J Geophys Res 101:16585–16599 Oguz T, Ducklow HW, Malanotte-Rizzoli P (2000) Modeling distinct vertical biogeochemical structure of the Black Sea: Dynamical coupling of the oxic, suboxic and anoxic layers. Global Biogeochem Cy 14:1331–1352 Oguz T, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Ducklow HW (2001) Simulations of phytoplankton seasonal cycle with multi-level and multilayer physical-ecosystem models: The Black Sea example. Ecol Model 144:295–314 Oguz T, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Ducklow HW et al (2002) Interdisciplinary studies integrating the Black Sea biogeochemistry and circulation dynamics. Oceanography 15:4–11 Oh DC, Park MK, Choi SH et al (1999) The air-sea exchange of CO2 in the East Sea (Japan Sea). J Oceanogr 55:157–169 Oh DC, Park MK, Kim KR (2000) CO2 exchange at air-sea interface in the Huanghai Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 19:79–89 Oh NH, Raymond PA (2006) Contribution of agricultural liming to riverine bicarbonate export and CO2 sequestration in the Ohio River basin. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB3012. Doi:10.1029/2005GB00265 111 Ohde S, Van Woesik R (1999) Carbon dioxide flux and metabolic processes of a coral reef (Okinawa, Japan). Bull Mar Sci 65(2):559–576 Ohtani K (1991) To confirm again the characteristics of the Oyashio. Bulletin Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institution 55:1–24 Okubo A (1971) Oceanic diffusion diagrams. Deep-Sea Res 18:789–802 Òlafsdóttir SR, Òlafsson J (1999) Input of dissolved constituents from River Thornjórsá to S-Iceland coastal waters. Rit Fiskideildar 16:79–88 Òlafsson J (1985) Recruitment of Icelandic haddock and cod in relation to variability in the physical environment. ICES C.M./G:59 Òlafsson J (1999) Connections between oceanic conditions off N-Iceland, Lake Mývatn temperature, regional wind direction variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Rit Fiskideildar 16:41–57 Òlafsson J (2003) Winter mixed layer nutrients in the Irminger and Iceland Seas, 1990– 2000. ICES Marine Science Symposia 219:329–332 Òlafsson J, Danielsen M, Òlafsdóttir SR et al (2002) Ferskvatnsáhrif í sjó við Norðausturland að vorlagi, Hafrannsóknastofnun, 42 Oliveira LR, Piola A, Mata MM (2005) Mean and Eddy kinetic energy in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean between 20°S and 40°S. Dynamic Planet 2005 Monitoring and Understanding a Dynamic Planet with Geodetic and Oceanographic Tools Olivieri RA, Chávez FP (1996) Peru-Chile coast. In: Hall J, Smith SV, Boudreau PR (ed) International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 9. LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands Olivieri RA, Chávez FP (2000) A model of plankton dynamics for the coastal upwelling system of Monterey Bay, California. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:1077–1106 Olson DB, Evans RH (1986) Rings of the Agulhas. Deep-Sea Res 33:27–42 Olson DB, Podestá GP, Evans RH et al (1988) Temporal variations in the separation of Brazil and Malvinas Currents. Deep-Sea Res 35:1971–1990 Ong JE (1982) Mangroves and Aquaculture in Malaysia. Ambio 11:252–257 Opdyke BN, Walker JCG (1992) The return of the coral reef hypothesis: Basin to shelf partitioning of CaCO3 and its effect on atmospheric CO2. Geology 20:733–736 Opsahl S, Benner R, Amon RMW (1999) Major flux of terrigenous dissolved organic matter through the Arctic Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 44(8):2017–2023 Orlic M, Gacic M, LaViolette PE (1992) The currents and circulation of the Adriatic Sea. Oceanol Acta 15(2):109–124 Orpin AR, Haig DW, Woolfe KJ (1999a) Sedimentary and foraminiferal facies in Exmouth Gulf, in arid tropical northwestern Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Science 46:607–621 Orpin AR, Ridd PV, Stewart LK (1999b) Assessment of the relative importance of major sediment-transport mechanisms in the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46:883–896 Orr JC (1999) Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP): Phase 1 (1995–1997), GAIM Report 7. IGBP/GAIM Office, EOS, Univ of New Hampshire, Durham, NH Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumont O et al (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681–686 Ortner PB, Hill LC, Cummings SR (1989) Zooplankton community structure and copepod species composition in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Cont Shelf Res 9:387–402 Orville RE, Huffines G, Gammon JN et al (2001) Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston Texas. Geophys Res Lett 28:2597–2600 112 Osgood KE, Bane JM, Dewar WK (1987) Vertical velocities and dynamical balances in Gulf Stream meanders. J Geophys Res 92:13029–13040 OSPAR (2000a) Quality Status Report 2000 – Region II Greater North Sea. OSPAR Commission, London OSPAR (2000b) Quality Status Report 2000 for the North-East Atlantic. OSPAR Commission. http://www.ospar.org/ eng/html/qsr2000 Osterroht C, Thomas H (2000) New production enhanced by nutrient supply from nonRedfield remineralisation of freshly produced organic material. J Mar Syst 25:33– 46 Otsuki AS, Watanabe S, Tsunogai S (2003) Absorption of atmospheric CO2 and its transport to the intermediate layer in the Okhotsk Sea. J Oceanogr 59:709–717 Otto L, Zimmermann JTF, Furnes GK et al (1990) Review of the physical oceanography of the North Sea. Netherlands J Sea Res 26(2–4):161–238 Ovalle ARC, Rezende CE, Carvalho CEV et al (1999) Biogeochemical characteristics of coastal waters adjacent to small river-mangrove systems, East Brazil. Geo-Mar Lett 19:179–185 Ovchinnikov IM, Zats VI, Krivosheya VG et al (1985) A forming of deep eastern Mediterranean water in the Adriatic Sea (in Russian). Okeanologia 25:911–917 Overland JE, Spillane MC, Soreide NN (2004) Integrated analysis of physical and biological pan-Arctic change. Climatic Change 63(3):291–322 Overpeck J, Peterson L, Kipp N et al (1989) Climate change in the circum-North Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Nature 338:553–557 Owens NJP, Burkill PH, Mantoura RFC et al (1993) Size-fractionated primary production and nitrogen assimilation in the northwestern Indian Ocean. DeepSea Res Pt II 40:697–709 Paavola J (2007) Institutions and environmental governance: A reconceptualization. Ecological Economics 63:93–103 Pace M, Knauer G, Karl D et al (1987) Primary production, new production and vertical flux in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Nature 325:803–804 Pacheco A, Troncoso VA (1998) Tamaño celular, abundancia y productividad del bacterioplancton en la bahía Concepción, Chile: Un enfoque lagrangiano. Gayana Oceanología 6:35–48 Packard TT (1971) The measurement of respiratory electron transport activity in marine phytoplankton. J Mar Res 29:235–244 Packard TT (1985) Measurement of respiratory electron transport activity of microplankton. In: Jannasch HW, Williams PJleB (ed) Advances in Aquatic Microbiology, vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 207–261 Packard TT, Williams PJleB (1981) Rates of respiratory oxygen consumption and electron transport in surface sea water from the Northwest Atlantic. Oceanol Acta 4:351–358 Packard, TT, Healy ML, Richards FA (1971) Vertical distribution of the activity of the respiratory electron transport system in marine plankton. Limnol Oceanogr 16:60–70 Packard TT, Denis M, Rodier M et al (1988) Deep-ocean metabolic CO2 production: calculations from ETS activity. Deep-Sea Res 35:371–382 Paerl HW (1993) Emerging role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in coastal eutrophication: Biogeochemical and trophic perspectives. Can J Fish 50:2254– 2269 Paerl HW, Valdes LM, Piehler MF (2006) Assessing the effects of nutrient management in an estuary experiencing climatic change: The Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Environmental Management 37(3):422–436 113 Page MJ, Trustrum NA (1997) A late Holocene lake sediment record of the erosion response to land use change in a steepland catchment, New Zealand. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 41(3):369–392 Page M, Harmsworth G, Trustrum N et al (2001a) Waiapu River (North Island, New Zealand). In: Marutani T, Brierley G, Trustrum N et al (ed) Source-to-Sink Sedimentary Cascades in Pacific Rim Geo-Systems. Matsumoto Sabo Work Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan, pp 102–111 Page M, Trustrum N, Brackely H et al (2001b) Waipaoa River (North Island, New Zealand). In: Marutani T, Brierley G, Trustrum N et al (ed) Source-to-Sink Sedimentary Cascades in Pacific Rim Geo-Systems. Matsumoto Sabo Work Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan, pp 86–100 Pagou KE, Krasakopoulou E, Pavlidou A et al (2001) Inner Thermaikos Gulf (NW Aegean Sea, E. Mediterranean): A preliminary approach. In: Dupra V et al (ed) Coastal and Black Sea Regions: Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous fluxes. LOICZ Reports and Studies, No. 19. LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands, pp 6–11 Pahlow M, Riebesell U (2000) Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios. Science 287:831–833 Pakulski JD, Benner R, Amon R et al (1995) Community metabolism and nutrient cycling in the Mississippi River plume: Evidence for intense nitrification at intermediate salinities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:207–218 Pakulski JD, Benner R, Whitledge T et al (2000) Microbial metabolism and nutrient cycling in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plumes. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 50:173–184 Palanques A, Isla E, Masqué P et al (2002) Downward particle fluxes and sediment accumulation rates in the western Bransfield Strait: implications of lateral transport for carbon cycle studies in Antarctic marginal seas. J Mar Res 60:347– 365 Pantoja S, González H, Bernal P (1989) Bacterial biomass and production in a shallow bay. J Plankton Res 11(3):599–604 Pantoja S, Repeta DJ, Sachs JP et al (2002) Stable isotope constraints on the nitrogen cycle of the Mediterranean Sea water column. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 9:1609–1621 Pantoja S, Sepúlveda J, González HE (2004) Decomposition of sinking proteinaceous material during fall in oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 51:55–70 Pariwono JI, Bye JAT, Lennon GW (1986) Longperiod variations of sea level in Australia. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 87:43–54 Parker G, Violante RA, Paterlini R (1996) Fisiografía de la plataforma continental. In: Ramos V, Turic M (ed) Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Plataforma Continental Argentina. XIII Congreso Geológico Argentino y III Congreso de Exploración de Hidrocarburos, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Relatorio, pp 1–16 Parkinson CL (1992) Spatial patterns of increases and decreases in the length of sea ice season in the north polar region, 1979–1986. J Geophys Res 97(C9):14377– 14388 Paropkari AL, Babu CP, Mascarenhas A (1992) A critical evaluation of depositional parameters controlling the variability of organic carbon in the Arabian Sea sediments. Mar Geol 107:213–226 Partheniades E (1965) Erosion and deposition of cohesive soil. Journal of Hydraulic Division ASCE 91(HY1):105–139 Paschini E, Artegiani A, Pinardi N (1993) The mesoscale eddy field of the middle Adriatic Sea. Deep-Sea Res 40:1365–1377 114 Pastuszak M, Wright WR, Patanjo D (1982) One year of nutrient distribution in the Georges Bank region in relation to hydrography, 1975–1976. J Mar Res 14:525– 542 Patchineelam SR, Smoak SM (1999) Sediment accumulation rates along the inner eastern Brazilian continental shelf. Geo-Mar Lett 19:196–201 Paterson H (2006) Microzooplankton from oligotrophic waters off south west Western Australia: biomass, diversity and impact on phytoplankton. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Western Australia Pätsch J, Kühn W (2008) Nitrogen and carbon cycling in the North Sea and exchange with the North Atlantic – a model study. Part I. Nitrogen budget and fluxes. Cont Shelf Res 28:767–787 Pätsch J, Radach G (1997) Long-term simulation of the eutrophication of the North Sea: Temporal development of nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production in comparison to observations. J Sea Res 38:275–310 Paulmier A, Ruiz-Pino D (2008) Oxygen Minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean. Prog Oceanogr 80(3-4):113-128 Pauly D, Christensen V (1995) Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374:255–257 Pavés HJ, González HE (2008) Carbon fluxes within the pelagic food web in the coastal area off Antofagasta (23°S), Chile: The significance of the microbial versus classical food webs. Ecological Modelling. Doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.004 Pavlov VK, Pfirman SL (1995) Hydrographic structure and variability of the Kara Sea: implications for pollutant distribution. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 42:1369–1390 Pavlova GYu, Tishchenko PYa, Nedashkovsky AP (2008) Distribution of total alkalinity and dissolved calcium in the Okhotsk Sea. Oceanology 48(1) Pazos Y, Figueiras FG, Álvarez-Salgado XA et al (1995) The control of succession in red tide species in the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain) by upwelling and stability. In: Lassus P, Arzul G, Erard–Le Denn E et al (ed) Harmful marine algal blooms. Lavoisier Intercept Ltd, pp 645–650 Pearce AF (1977) Some features of the upper 500m of the Agulhas Current. J Mar Res 35:731–753 Pearce AF (1991) Eastern boundary currents of the southern hemisphere. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 74:35–45 Pearce A, Cresswell G (1985) Ocean circulation off Western Australia and the Leeuwin Current. CSIRO Division of Oceanography Information Service Sheet No 16–3, Australia Pearce AF, Pattiaratchi CB (1999) The Capes current: a summer countercurrent flowing past Cape Leeuwin and Cape Naturalise, southwestern Australia. Cont Shelf Res 19:401–420 Pearce AF, Phillips BF (1988) ENSO events, the Leeuwin Current and Larval recruitment of the western rock lobster. Journal du Conseil, Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 45(1):13–21 Pearce AF, Lynch MJ, Hanson CE (2006) The Hillarys Transect (1): Seasonal and cross-shelf variability of physical and chemical water properties off Perth, Western Australia, 1996–98. Cont Shelf Res 26:1689–1729 Pelegri JL, Csanady GT, Martins A et al (1996) The North Atlantic nutrient stream. J Oceanogr 52(3):275 Peliz A, Dubert J, Santos AMP et al (2005) Winter upper ocean circulation in the Western Iberian Basin- Fronts, eddies and poleward flows: an overview. DeepSea Res Pt I 52:621–646 Pempkowiak J (1977) Substancje organiczne w wodzie Morza Baltyckiego. Studia i Mat KBM 7:205–230 115 Pempkowiak J (1985) The input of biochemically labile and resistant organic matter to the Baltic Sea from the Vistula river. SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband, Heft 58, Mitt Geol- Palaont Inst, Univ Hamburg, pp 345–350 Pempkowiak J (1997) Zarys Geochemii Morskiej. Wyd Uniw. Gdanskiego, Gdansk, 171 pp Peng TH, Hung JJ, Wanninkhof R et al (1999) Carbon budget in the East China Sea in spring. Tellus B 51(2):531–540 Penn JW, Hall NG, Caputi N (1989) Resource assessment and management perspectives of the penaeid prawn fisheries of Western Australia. In: Caddy J (ed) Scientific Approaches to Management of Shellfish Resources. Wiley, New York, pp 115–140 Pennington JT, Chávez FP (2000) Seasonal fluctuations of temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll and primary production at station H3/M1 over 1989–1996 in Monterey Bay, California. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:947–973 Pennington JT, Friederich GE, Castro CG et al (2010) The northern and central California Coastal Upwelling System. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA, Talaue-McManus L (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 29–44 Penven P, Roy C, Colin de Verdiere A et al (2000) Simulation of a coastal jet retention process using a barotropic model. Oceanol Acta 23(5):616–634 Penven P, Roy C, Brundrit GB et al (2001) A regional hydrodynamic model of upwelling in the Southern Benguela, S Af J Sci 97:1–4 Perakis SS, Hedin LO (2002) Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forest mainly via dissolved organic components. Nature 415:416–419 Pereira AF, Castro F, Calado L et al (2007) Numerical simulation of the M2 internal tides in the South Brazil bight and their interaction with the Brazil current. J Geophys Res 112:1–17 Pérez FF, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rosón G et al (1992) Carbonic-calcium system, nutrients and total organic nitrogen in continental runoff to the Galician Rías Baixas, NW Spain. Oceanol Acta 15(6):595–602 Pérez FF, Mouriño C, Fraga F et al (1993) Displacement of water masses and remineralization rates off the Iberian Peninsula by nutrient anomalies. J Mar Res 51:869–892 Pérez FF, Ríos AF, Rosón G (1999) Sea surface carbon dioxide off the Iberian Peninsula (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean). J Mar Syst 19:27–46 Pérez FF, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rosón G (2000) Stoichiometry of nutrients (C, N, P and Si) consumption and organic matter production in a coastal inlet affected by upwelling. Mar Chem 69:217–236 Pérez-Castillo F (1999) Sedimentation of organic matter on the Hebredian slope. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Wales, Bangor Perillo GME, Piccolo MC (1991) Tidal response in the Bahía Blanca estuary. J Coast Res 7(2):437–449 Perillo GME, Piccolo MC, Parodi E et al (2001) The Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina, Chp 14. In: Seeliger U, Kjerfve B (ed) Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies vol 144. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 205–217 Perillo GME, Piccolo MC, Marcovecchio JE (2006) Coastal oceanography of the Western South Atlantic continental shelf (33 to 55°S). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 295–327 Pernetta JC, Milliman JD (1995) Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, LOICZ Implementation Plan. IGBP Report. Stockholm, Sweden Pershing AJ, Greene CH, Hannah C et al (2001) Oceanographic responses to climate in the Northwest Atlantic. Oceanography 14:76–82 116 Peterson GH (1984) Energy flow in comparable aquatic ecosystems from different climatic zones. Rapp Proc-Verb Reun Cons intern Explor Mer 183:119–125 Peterson LC, Haug GH (2006) Variability in the mean latitude of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone as recorded by riverine input of sediments to the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela). Palaeogeogr Palaeocl Palaeoecol 234(1):97–113 Peterson RG, Stramma L (1991) Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 26:1–73 Peterson LC, Overpeck JT, Kipp NG et al (1991) A high-resolution late quaternary upwelling record from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Paleoceanography 6:99–119 Peterson LC, Haug GH, Hughen KA et al (2000) Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the Last Glacial. Science 290(5498):1947–1951 Peterson BJ, Holmes RM, McClelland JW et al (2002) Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298:2171–2173 Petr T (ed) (1983) The Purari: Tropical environment of a high rainfall river basin. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague Petrie B, Drinkwater K (1993) Temperature and salinity variability of the Scotian Shelf and in the Gulf of Maine, 1945–1990. J Geophys Res 98:20079–20089 Petrova VI, Batova GI, Zinchenko AG et al (2004) The East Siberian Sea: distribution, sources, and burial of organic carbon. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 204–212 Pettigrew NR, Townsend DW, Xue H et al (1998) Observations of the eastern Maine coastal current and its offshore extensions in 1994. J Geophys Res 103(C13):30623–30639 Pfeiffer K, Kasten S, Hensen C et al (2001) Reconstruction of primary productivity from the barium contents in surface sediments of the South Atlantic Ocean. Mar Geol 177:13–24 Picco P, Amici L, Meloni R et al (1999) Temporal variability of currents in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). In: Manzella GMR, Spezie G (ed) Oceanography of the Ross Sea. Springer Italia, Milano, pp 103–117 Piccolo MC (1981) Climatología sinóptica del área oceánica Atlántica adyacente a la Argentina. In: Destefani L (ed), Historia Marítima Argentina, Cuántica Editora, Vol 1, Cap II. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 511 pp Piccolo MC (1998) Oceanography of the Western South Atlantic continental shelf from 33 to 55°S coastal segment (5,W). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 253–271 Piccolo MC, Perillo GME, Cuadrado DG et al (1994) Características físicas de la plataforma interior adyacente al estuario de Bahía Blanca (extended abstract). In: XVII Reunión Argentina de la AAGG, La Plata, Argentina Pickard GL (1971) Some physical oceanographic features of inlets of Chile. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28:1077–1106 Pickard GL, Emery WJ (1990) Descriptive physical oceanography, An introduction. Butterwork Heinmann, Oxford Pickard GL, Stanton BR (1980) Pacific fjords: a review of their water characteristics. In: Freeman HJ, Farmer DM, Levings CD (ed) Fjord oceanography. Plenum, New York, pp 1–51 Pickrill RA (1993) Sediment yields in Fiordland. J Hydrol (New Zealand) 31:39–55 Piedracoba S, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rosón G et al (2005) Short-timescale thermohaline variability and residual circulation in the central segment of the coastal upwelling system of the Ría de Vigo (northwest Spain) during four contrasting periods. J Geophys Res 110(C3). Doi:10.1029/2004JC002556 117 Pigott JD, Laughlin JE (1998) Carbon dioxide budget of a modern tropical lagoon. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 2. Australia, pp 569–575 Pilskaln CH, Paduan JB, Chávez FP et al (1996) Carbon export and regeneration in the coastal upwelling system of Monterey Bay, central California. J Mar Res 54:1149–1178 Pimentel D, Berger B, Filberto D et al (2004) Water resources: Agricultural and environmental issues. BioScience 54:909–918 Pinardi N, Masetti E (2000) Variability of the large scale circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: a review. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl Palaeoecol 158:153–173 Pingree RD, Le Cann B (1989) Celtic and Armorican slope and shelf residual currents. Prog Oceanogr 23:303–338 Pingree RD, Le Cann B (1990) Structure, strength and seasonality of the slope currents in the Bay of Biscay region. J Mar Biol Ass UK 70:857–885 Pingree RD, Le Cann B (1992) Three anticyclonic slope water ocean eddies (SWODDIES) in the southern Bay of Biscay in 1990. Deep-Sea Res 39:1147– 1175 Pingree RD, Holligan PM, Mardell GT et al (1976) The influence of physical stability on spring, summer and autumn phytoplankton blooms in the Celtic Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 56:845–873 Pingree RD, Holligan PM, Mardell GT (1978) The effects of vertical stability on phytoplankton distributions in the summer on the northwest European shelf. Deep-Sea Res 25:1011–1028 Pingree RD, Sinha B, Griffiths CR (1999) Seasonality of the European slope current (Goban Spur) and ocean margin exchange. Cont Shelf Res 19:929–975 Pinot JM, Tintoré J, Gomis D (1995) Multivariate analysis of the surface circulation in the Balearic Sea. Prog Oceanogr 36:343-376 Piola AR, Rivas AL (1997) Corrientes en la plataforma continental. In: Boschi EE (ed) El Mar Argentino y sus recursos pesqueros, INIDEP, Mar del Plata (Argentina), Tomo I, pp 119–132 Piola AR, Campos EJD, Möller OO Jr et al (1999) Continental shelf water masses off eastern South America—20°S to 40°S. Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium on Global Change Studies, Dallas, TX, USA, Preprint volume, pp 9–12 Piola AR, Campos EJD, Möller OO Jr et al (2000) Subtropical shelf front off eastern South America. J Geophys Res 105(C3):6565–6578 Pipko II, Semiletov IP, Tishchenko PY et al (2002) Carbonate chemistry dynamics in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea. Prog Oceanogr 55:77–94 Pirazolli PA (1986) Secular trends of relative sea-level (RSL) changes indicated by tidegauge records. J Coast Res 1:1–26 Pitta P, Giannakourou A, Divanach P et al (1998) Planktonic food web in marine mesocosms in the Eastern Mediterranean: bottom-up or top-down regulation?. Hydrobiologia 363:97–105 Pizarro L (1988) Variaciones estacionales del viento superficial frente al Perú entre enero 1982 y junio 1987. In: Salzwedel H, Landa A (ed) Recursos y dinámica del ecosistema de afloramiento peruano. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del PerúCallao, vol Extraordinario, pp 17–23 Pizarro O, Hormazabal S, Gonzales A et al (1994) Variabilidad del viento, nivel del mar y temperatura en la costa norte de Chile. Investigaciones Marinas 22:85–101 Pizarro G, Iriarte JL, Montecino V et al (2000) Distribución de la biomasa fitoplanctónica y productividad primaria máxima de fiordos y canales australes (47–50°S) en octubre 1996. Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 23:25–48 118 Pizarro G, Iriarte JL, Montecino V (2002) Mesoscale primary production and bio-optical variability off Antofagasta (23–24°S) during the transition to El Niño 1997–1998. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75:201–215 Pizarro G, Astoreca R, Montecino V et al (2005a) Patrones espaciales de la abundancia de la clorofila, su relación con la productividad primaria y la estructura de tamaños del fitoplancton en julio y noviembre de 2001 en la región de Aysén (43°–46°S). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 28:27–42 Pizarro G, Montecino V, Guzmán L et al (2005b) Patrones locales recurrentes del fitoplancton en fiordos y canales australes (43°–56°S) en primavera y verano. Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 28:63–83 Platt T, Harrison WG, Lewis MR et al (1989) Biological production of the oceans: the case for consensus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 52:77–88 PNUE/PAM/PLAN BLEU (2004) L’eau des Méditerranéens: situation et perspectives. No. 158 de la Série des rapports techniques du PAM, PNUE/PAM, Athènes Pocklington R (1981) Organic matter in upwelling off northern Peru, November 1977. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú- Callao, vol Extraordinario ICANE, pp 7–14 Podestá GP, Brown GO, Evans R (1991) The annual cycle of satellite-derived sea surface temperature in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. J Climate 4(4):457–467 Pohlmann T (1996) Predicting the thermocline in a circulation model of the North Sea. Part I: Model description, calibration and verification. Cont Shelf Res 7(2):131– 146 Poisson A, Metzl N, Brunet C et al (1993) Variability of sources and sinks of CO 2 in the western Indian and Southern Oceans during the year 1991. J Geophys Res 98:22759–22778 Polat SC, Tugrul S (1995) Nutrient and organic carbon exchanges between the Black and Marmara Seas through the Bosphorus Strait. Cont Shelf Res 15:1115–1132 Polat C, Tugrul S (1996) Chemical exchange between the Mediterranean and Black Sea via the Turkish straits. CIESM Science Series No. 2, Bull de I’Instıtut Océanog 17:167–186 Polat C, Tugrul S, Coban Y et al (1998) Elemental composition of seston and nutrient dynamics in the Sea of Marmara. Hydrobiologia 363:157–167 Pollehne F, Klein B, Zeitzschel B (1993) Low light adaptation and export production in the deep chlorophyll maximum layer in the northern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 40:737–752 Pomeroy LR, Johannes RE (1968) Occurrence and respiration of ultraplankton in the upper 500 metres of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res 15:381–391 Pomeroy LR, Sheldon JE, Sheldon WMJ et al (1995) Limits to growth and respiration of bacterioplankton in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:259–268 Pondaven P, Fravalo C, Ruíz-Pino D et al (1998) Modelling the silica pump in the permanently open ocean zone of the Southern Ocean. J Mar Syst 17:587–619 Poor N, Pribble R, Greening H (2001) Direct wet and dry deposition of ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium, and nitrate to the Tampa Bay Estuary, FL, USA. Atmos Environ 35:3947–3955 Porcelli D, Swarzenski PW (2003) The behaviour of U- and Th- series nuclides in groundwater and the tracing of groundwater. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 52:317–361 Pörtner HO, Langenbuch M, Michaelidis B (2005) Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO2 on marine animals: From Earth history to global change. J Geophys Res 110:C09S10. Doi:10.1029/2004JC002561 Portnoy JW, Nowicki BL, Roman CT et al (1998) The discharge of nitrate-contaminated groundwater from developed shoreline to marsh-fringed estuary. Water Resour Res 34:3095–3104 119 Poulain P-M, Warn-Varnas A, Niiler PP (1996) Nearsurface circulation of the Nordic seas as measured by Lagrangian drifters. J Geophys Res 101:18237–18258 Poulos SE, Drakopoulos PG, Collins MB (1997) Seasonal variability in sea surface oceanographic conditions in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean): An overview. J Marine Syst 13:225–244 Poulton AJ, Sanders R, Holligan PM et al (2006) Phytoplankton mineralization in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB4002. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002712 Poutanen E-L, Morris RJ (1983) The occurrence of high molecular weight humic compounds in the organic rich sediments of the Peru Continental shelf. Oceanol Acta 6(1):21–27 Povero P, Chiantore M, Misic C et al (2001) Pelagic-benthic coupling in Adelie Cove (Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica): a strongly land forcing controlled system. Polar Biol 24:875–882 Prandle D (1984) A modelling study of the mixing of 137Cs in the seas of the European continental shelf. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 310:407–436 Prasad KS, Haedrich RL (1993) Primary production estimates on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, north-west Atlantic Ocean, derived from remotely-sensed chlorophyll. Int J Remote Sens 14:3299–3304 Prather M, Ehhalt D, Dentener F et al (2001) Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ et al (ed) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 239–287 Prego R (1993) General aspects of carbon biogeochemistry in the Ría of Vigo, northwestern Spain. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2041–2052 Prego R (1994) Nitrogen interchanges generated by biogeochemical processes in a Galician Ria. Mar Chem 45:167–176 Prego R (2002) Nitrogen fluxes and budget seasonality in the Ria of Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). Hydrobiologia 475/476:161–171 Prego R, Bao R (1997) Upwelling influence on the Galician coast: silicate in shelf water and underlying surface sediments. Cont Shelf Res 17:307–318 Prentice IC, Farquhar GD, Fasham MJR et al (2001) The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ et al (ed) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 183–237 Presti M, Michalopoulos P (2008) Estimating the contribution of the authigenic mineral component to the long-term reactive silica accumulation on the western shelf of the Mississippi River Delta. Cont Shelf Res 28(6):823–838 Prézelin BB, Hofmann E, Mengelt C et al (2000) The linkage between upper circumpolar deep water (UCDW) and phytoplankton assemblages on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. J Mar Res 58:165–202 Prince RIT (1986) Dugong in northern waters of Western Australia 1984. Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA, Technical Report 7, Perth Probert PK (1986) Energy transfer through the shelf benthos off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 20:407–417 Probert PK, Swanson KM (1985) Sediment texture of the continental shelf and upper slope off the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 19:563–573 120 Probst JL, Amiotte-Suchet P, Tardy Y (1994) Carbon river fluxes and weathering CO2 consumption in the Congo and Amazon River basins. Appl Geochem 9:1–13 Probyn TA (1987) Ammonium regeneration by microplankton in an upwelling environment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 37:53–64 Probyn TA (1988) Nitrogen utilization by phytoplankton in the Namibian upwelling region during the austral spring. Deep-Sea Res 35:1387–1404 Probyn TA (1992) The inorganic nitrogen nutrition of phytoplankton in the southern Benguela: new production, phytoplankton size and implications for pelagic foodwebs. In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Af J Mar Sci 12:411–420 Probyn TA, Mitchell-Innes BA, Brown PC et al (1994) A review of primary production and related processes on the Agulhas Bank. S Afr J Sci 90:166–173 Proctor R, Chen F, Tett PB (2003a) Carbon and nitrogen fluxes across the Hebridean shelf break, estimated by a 2D coupled physical-microbiological model. Sci Tot Environ 314:787–800 Proctor R, Holt JT, Allen JI et al (2003b) Nutrient fluxes and budgets for the north west European shelf from a 3-dimensional model. Sci Tot Environ 314–316, 769–785 Prospero JM (1996) The atmospheric transport of particles to the ocean. In: Ittekkot V, Schäfer P, Honjo S et al (ed) Particle flux in the ocean. SCOPE UNEP. Wiley, Chichester, pp 19–52 Prospero JM, Barrett K, Church T et al (1996) Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin. Biogeochemistry 35:27–73 Pucci AE, Hoffmeyer MS, Freije RH et al (1996) Características de las aguas y del plancton en un sector del estuario del Río Negro (República Argentina), Chp I. In: Marcovecchio JE (ed) Pollution Processes in Coastal Environments. UNMdP, Mar del Plata, Argentina, pp 146–159 Purcell JE, Uye S, Lo WT (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: A review. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 350:153–174 Purkl S, Eisenhauer A (2004) Determination of radium isotopes and 222Rn in a groundwater affected coastal area of the Baltic Sea and the underlying sub-sea floor aquifer. Mar Chem 87:137–149 Qian J, Mopper K, Kieber DJ (2001) Photochemical production of the hydroxyl radical in Antarctic waters. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:741–75 Qin YS, Zhao YY, Chen LR et al (ed) (1989) Geology of the Yellow Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing Qin YS, Zhao YY, Chen LR et al (ed) (1990) Geology of Bohai Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing Qin YS, Zhao YY, Chen LR et al (ed) (1996) Geology of the East China Sea. Science Press, Beijing Qiu B (2002) The Kuroshio Extension system: Its large-scale variability and role in the midlatitude ocean-atmosphere interaction. J Oceanogr 58(1):57–75 Qiu B, Imasato N (1990) A numerical study on the formation of the Kuroshio countercurrent and the Kuroshio branch current in the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 10:165–184 Qu T, Mitsudera H, Yamagata T (1998) On the western boundary currents in the Philippine Sea. J Geophys Res 103(C4):7537–7548 Qu T, Du Y, Meyers G et al (2005) Connecting the tropical Pacific with Indian Ocean through South China Sea. Geophys Res Lett 32:L24609. Doi:10.1029/2005GL024698 Quadfasel D, Rudels B, Kurz K (1988) Outflow of dense water from a Svalbard fjord into the Fram Strait. Deep-Sea Res 35:1143–1150 121 Quay PD, Wilbur DO, Richey JE et al (1995) The 18O:16O of dissolved oxygen in rivers and lakes in the Amazon basin: determining the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis rates in freshwaters. Limnol Oceanogr 40(4):718–729 Quiñones RA, Montes R (2001) Relationship between freshwater input to the coastal zone and the historical landings of the benthic/demersal fish Eleginops maclovinus in central south Chile. Fish Oceanogr 10(4):311–328 Quiñones RA, Eissler Y, Daneri G et al (1997) Planktonic respiration off Coquimbo, Chile, during 1994–1997: Is it important for the carbon flux to the deep ocean?. LOICZ Meeting Report No. 29, 130 pp Quiñones RA, Gutiérrez MH, Daneri G et al (2010a) The Humboldt Current System. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 44–64 Quiñones RA, Levipan HA, Urrutia H (2009b) Spatial and temporal variability of planktonic archaeal abundance in the Humboldt Current System off Chile. DeepSea Res Pt II 56(16):1073-1082 Quiroga E, Quiñones R, Palma M et al (2005) Biomass size-spectra of macrobenthic communities in the oxygen minimum zone off Chile. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62:217–231 Qureshi NA (1995) The role of fecal pellets in the flux of carbon to the sea floor on a river-influenced continental shelf subject to hypoxia. PhD Dissertation, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Quynh LTP, Billen G, Garnier J et al (2005) Nutrient (N, P) budgets for the Red River basin (Vietnam and China). Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB2022. Doi:10.1029/2004GB002405 Rabalais NN (2002) Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Ambio 31(2):102–112 Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Justic D et al (1999) Characterization of Hypoxia: Topic 1 Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 15. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Silver Spring, MD Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Dortch Q et al (2002a) Nutrient-enhanced productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Past, present and future. Hydrobiologia 475:39–63 Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Wiseman WJ (2002b) Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, aka “The dead zone”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:235–263 Rabalais NN, Atilla N, Normandeau C et al (2004) Ecosystem history of Mississippi River-influenced continental shelf revealed through preserved phytoplankton pigments. Mar Pollut Bull 49(7–8):537–547 Rabouille C, Mackenzie FT, Ver LM (2001) Influence of the human perturbation on carbon, nitrogen and oxygen biogeochemical cycles in the global coastal ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65(21):3615–3641 Rabouille C, Conley DJ, Dai MH et al (2008) Comparison of hypoxia among four riverdominated ocean margins: The Changjiang (Yangtze), Mississippi, Pearl, and Rhône rivers. Cont Shelf Res 28:1527–1537 Rachold V, Grigoriev MN, Are FE et al (2000) Coastal erosion vs riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic shelf seas. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89(3):450–460 Rachold V, Eicken , Gordeev VV, et al (2004) Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic Ocean. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 33–55 Radach G, Gekeler J (1997) Gridding of the NOWESP data sets. Berichte aus dem Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Reihe B, 27:1- 375 122 Radach G, Lenhart HJ (1995) Nutrient dynamics in the North Sea: Fluxes and budgets in the water column derived from ERSEM. Netherlands J Sea Res 33:301–335 Radach G, Pätsch J (2007) Variability of continental riverine freshwater and nutrient inputs into the North Sea for the years 1977–2000 and its consequences for the assessment of eutrophication. Estuaries and Coasts 30(1):66–81 Ragueneau O (2004) Si-WEBS, A European network for the study of Si fluxes on continental margins. LOICZ Newsletter 31:1–4 Ragueneau O, De Blas Varela E, Tréguer P et al (1994) Phytoplankton dynamics in relation to the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in a coastal ecosystem of western Europe. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 106:157–172 Ragueneau O, Tréguer P, Leynaert A et al (2000) A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy. Global Planet Change 26:317–365 Ragueneau O, Chauvaud L, Leynaert A et al (2002a) Direct evidence of a biologically active coastal silicate pump: Ecological implications. Limnol Oceanogr 47(6):1849–1854 Ragueneau O, Dittert N, Corrin L et al (2002b) Si:C decoupling in the world ocean: Is the Southern Ocean different?. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49(16):3127–3154 Ragueneau O, Lancelot C, Egorov V et al (2002c) Biogeochemical transformations of inorganic nutrients in the mixing zone between the Danube river and the northwestern Black Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54(3):321–336 Ragueneau O, Chauvaud L, Moriceau B et al (2005) Biodeposition by an invasive suspension feeder impacts the biogeochemical cycle of Si in a coastal ecosystem (Bay of Brest, France). Biogeochemistry. Doi:10.1007/s10533-0045677-3 Ragueneau O, Conley DJ, Ní Longphuirt S et al (2006a) A review of the Si biogeochemical cycle in coastal waters, I: diatoms Diatoms in coastal food webs and the coastal Si cycle. In: Ittekkot V, Humborg C, Garnier J (ed) The silicon cycle: Human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66, Island Press, pp 163–195 Ragueneau O, Conley DJ, Ní Longphuirt S et al (2006b) A review of the Si biogeochemical cycle in coastal waters, II: Anthropogenic perturbation of the Si cycle and responses of coastal ecosystems. In: Ittekkot V, Humborg C, Garnier J (ed) The silicon cycle: Human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66, Island Press, pp 197–213 Ragueneau O, Schultes S, Bidle K et al (2006c) Si and C interactions in the world ocean: Importance of ecological processes and implications for the role of diatoms in the biological pump. Global Biogeochem Cy 20:GB4S02. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002688 Ragueneau O, Regaudie de Gioux A, Moriceau B et al (2009) A benthic Si mass balance on the Congo margin: origin of the 4,000 m DSi anomaly and implications for the transfer of Si from land to ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II, BIOZAIRE special issue (in press) Rahmstorf S (1998) Influence of Mediterranean Outflow on Climate. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 79: 281-282 Rakestraw NW (1936) The occurrence and significance of nitrite in the sea. Biol Bull Woods Hole 71:133–167 Ramaswamy V, Nair RR, Manganini S et al (1991) Lithogenic fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea measured by sediment traps. Deep-Sea Res 38(2):169–184 Ramp SR, Schlitz RJ, Wright WR (1985) The deep flows through the Northeast Channel, Gulf of Maine. J Phys Oceanogr 15:1790–1808 123 Rao CK, Naqvi SWA, Kumar MD et al (1994) Hydrography of the Bay of Bengal: possible reasons for a different water-column cycling of carbon and nitrogen from the Arabian Sea. Mar Chem 47:279–290 Rapport DJ, Friend AM (1979) Towards a comprehensive framework for environmental statistics: a stress-response approach. Statistics Canada Catalogue 11–510.. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada Rasmussen LL (1998) Groundwater flow, tidal mixing and haline convection in coastal sediments. PhD Dissertation, Florida State University Ratmeyer V, Balzer W, Bergametti G et al (1999a) Seasonal impact of mineral dust on deep-ocean particle flux in the eastern subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Mar Geol 159:241–252 Ratmeyer V, Fischer G, Wefer G (1999b) Lithogenic particle fluxes and grain size distributions in the deep ocean off northwest Africa: Implications for seasonal changes of eolian dust input and downward transport. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:1289–1337 Raven J, Caldeira K, Elderfield H et al (2005) Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Policy document 12/05, The Royal Society, London Raymond PA, Bauer JE (2001) Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 409:497–500 Raymond PA, Cole JJ (2003) Increase in the export of alkalinity from North America’s largest river. Science 301:88–91 Raymond PA, McClelland JW, Holmes RM et al (2007) Flux and age of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: A carbon isotopic study of the five largest arctic Arctic rivers. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB4011. Doi:10.1029/2007GB002934 Raymond PA, Oh N-H, Turner RE et al (2008) Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River. Nature 451(7177):449–452 Rea D (1994) The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geological history of wind. Review in Geophysics 32:159–195 Redalje DG, Lohrenz SE, Fahnenstiel GL (1994) The relationship between primary production and the vertical export of particulate organic matter in a river impacted coastal ecosystem. Estuaries 17:829–838 Redfield AC (1958) The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist 46:205–221 Redfield AC, Ketchum BH, Richards FA (1963) The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water. In: Hill MN (ed) The Sea, vol 2. Wiley-Interscience, New York Rees AP, Woodward EMS, Joint I (2006) Concentrations and uptake of nitrate and ammonium in the Atlantic Ocean between 60°N and 50°S. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 53:1649–1665 Regnier P, Mouchet A, Wollast R et al (1998) A discussion of methods for estimating residual fluxes in strong tidal estuaries. Cont Shelf Res 18:1543–1571 Reid JL (1965) Intermediate waters of the Pacific Ocean. The Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies (2), Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore Reid DF (1984) Radium variability produced by shelf-water transport and mixing in the western Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Res 31:1501–1510 Reid JL, Schwartzlose RA (1962) Direct measurements of the Davidson Current off central California. J Geophys Res 67:72–76 Reid JL, Roden GI, Wyllie JG (1958) Studies of the California current system. California Cooperative Oceanic Fishery Investigations Progress Report 1, July 1956– January 1958, pp 29–56 124 Resources of the Surface waters of USSR (1970) Far- Eastern Region, vol 18. In: Muranov AP (ed) Hydrology and Meteorology. Leningrad Rhoads DD, Hecker B (1994) Processes on the continental slope off North Carolina with special reference to the Cape Hatteras region. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:965– 980 Ribera d’Alcalà M, Saggiomo V, Bergamasco A et al (1997) Is the Mediterranean Sea a coastal ocean? IAMAS – IAPSO Melbourne 1–9 July 1997, Abstract IP12DD Ribera d’Alcalà M, Civitarese G, Conversano F et al (2003) Nutrient ratios and fluxes hint at overlooked processes in the Mediterranean Sea. J Geophys Res 108(C9):8106. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001650 Ribot JC (2002) Democratic decentralization of natural resources. Institutionalizing popular participation. World Resources Institute, Washington DC Ribot JC (2004) Waiting for democracy. The politics of choice in natural resource decentralization. World Resources Institute, Washington DC Rice J (1995) Food web theory, marine food webs, and what climate change may do to northern fish populations. In: Beamish RJ (ed) Climate change and northern fish populations. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Science 121:561–568 Richards FA (1960) Some chemical and hydrographic observations along the north coast of South America. I. Cabo Tres Puntas to Curacao, including the Cariaco Trench and the Gulf of Cariaco. Deep-Sea Res 7:163–182 Richards FA (1965) Anoxic basins and fjords. In: Riley JP, Skirrow G (ed) Chemical oceanography, vol 1. Academic Press, London, pp 611–645 Richards FA (1975) The Cariaco Basin (Trench). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 13:11–67 Richards FA, Anderson JJ, Cline JD (1971) Chemical and physical observations in Golfo Dulce, an anoxic basin on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Limnol Oceanogr 16:43–50 Richards FA, Goering JJ, Codispoti LA et al (1973) Nitrogen fixation and denitrification in the ocean: Biogeochemical budgets. In: Ingerson E (ed) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrogeochemistry and Biogeochemistry, vol 2, Biogeochemistry. Clarke Co., Washington DC, pp 12–27 Richardson MJ, Weatherly GL, Gardner WD (1993) Benthic storms in the Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 40:975–987 Richardson P, Hufford GE, Limeburner R (1994) North Brazil current retroflection eddies. J Geophys Res 99:5081–5093 Richardson K, Visser AW, Pedersen FB (2000) Subsurface phytoplankton blooms fuel pelagic production in the North Sea. J Plankton Res 22(9):1663–1671 Richey JE, Victoria RL (1993) C, N, and P export dynamics in the Amazon River. In: Wollast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (ed) Interactions of C, N, P and S biogeochemistry cycles and global change. Springer, pp 123–139 Richey JE, Hedges JI, Devol AH et al (1990) Biogeochemistry of carbon in the Amazon River. Limnol Oceanogr 32:352–371 Richey JE, Victoria RL, Salati E et al (1991) The biogeochemistry of a major river system: The Amazon case study. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed) Biogeochemistry of major work rivers. SCOPE #42. Wiley, pp 57–74 Richey JE, Melack JM, Aufdenkampe AK et al (2002) Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO 2. Nature 416:617–620 Ricker WE (1973) Linear regression in fisheries research. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(3):409–434 125 Ridame C, Guieu C (2002) Saharan input of phosphate to the oligotrophic water of the open western Mediterranean Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 47(3):856–869 Ridgway K, Condie S (2004) The 5500-km-long boundary flow off western and southern Australia. J Geophys Res 109(C4):C04017. Doi:10.1029/2003JC001921 Ridgwell AJ (2003) An end to the ‘rain ratio’ reign?. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4:1051. Doi:10.1029/2003GC000512 Ridgwell AJ, Watson AJ (2002) Feedback between aeolian dust, climate, and atmospheric CO2 in glacial time. Paleoceanography 17(4):11. Doi:10.1029/2001PA000729 Ridgwell A, Zeebe RE (2005) The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234(3–4):299–315 Riebesell U, Shloss I, Smetacek V (1991) Aggregation of algae released from melting sea ice: implications for seeding and sedimentation. Polar Biol 11:239–248 Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B et al (2000) Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmosphere CO2. Nature 407:364–367 Rigor I, Colony R (1997) Sea-ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979–1993. Sci Tot Environ 202:89–110 Riley GA (1941) Plankton studies. IV. Georges Bank. Bullet Bingham Oceanog Collect 7:1–73 Riley GA (1957) Phytoplankton of the north central Sargasso Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 2:252–270 Riley GA (1967) The plankton of estuaries. In: Lauff GH (ed) Estuaries. Amer Assoc Adv Sci, Publ. 83, Washington DC, pp 316–326 Riley GA, Conover SAM, Deevey GB et al (1956) Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952–1954. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University Ríos AF, Pérez FF, Fraga F (1992) Water masses in upper and middle North Atlantic Ocean east of Azores. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 39:645–658 Rivas AL (1994) Spatial variation of the annual cycle of temperature in the Patagonian shelf between 40° and 50° of south latitude. Cont Shelf Res 14:1539–1554 Rivas AL, Piola AR (2002) Vertical stratification at the shelf off northern Patagonia. Cont Shelf Res 22:1549–1558 Rivkin R, Legendre L, Deibel D et al (1996) Vertical flux of biogenic carbon in the ocean: Is there food web control?. Science 272:1163–1166 Rixen T, Guptha MVS, Ittekkot V (2005) Deep ocean fluxes and their link to surface ocean processes and the biological pump. Prog Oceanogr 65:240–259 Roach AT, Aagaard K, Pease C et al (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait. J Geophys Res 100(C9):18443– 18457 Robbins JA (1978) Geochemical and geophysical applications of radioactive lead. In: Nriagu JO (ed) Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment, vol 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 285–393 Robbins JA (1986) A model for particle-selective transport of tracers in sediments with conveyor belt deposit feeders. J Geophys Res 91:8542–8558 Robertson AI, Alongi DM (1995) Role of riverine mangrove forests in organic carbon export to the tropical coastal ocean: A preliminary mass balance for the Fly Delta (Papua New Guinea). Geo-Mar Lett 15:134–139 Robertson AI, Daniel PA (1989) The influence of crabs on litter processing in high intertidal mangrove forests in tropical Australia. Oecologia 78:191–198 Robertson AI, Daniel PA, Dixon P (1991) Mangrove forest structure and productivity in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. Marine Biology 111:147–155 126 Robertson AI, Daniel PA, Dixon P et al (1993) Pelagic biological processes along a salinity gradient in the Fly Delta and adjacent river plume (Papua New Guinea). Cont Shelf Res 13:205–224 Robinson A, Brink KH (ed) (2005) The Sea, vol 13, The Global Coastal Ocean: Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge Robinson A, Brink KH (ed) (2006) The Sea, vol 14A,B, The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Synthesis. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge Robinson C, Williams PJleB (2005) Respiration and its measurement in surface marine waters. In: Del Giorgio PA, Williams PJleB (ed) Respiration in aquatic ecosystems. Oxford Univ Press, pp 181–205 Robinson AR, Brink KH, Ducklow HW et al (2005) Interdisciplinary multiscale coastal dynamical processes and interactions. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 13. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 3-36 Rochford DJ (1980) Nutrient status of the oceans around Australia. CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Report 1977–1979. CSIRO, Melbourne Rodman M, Gordon A (1982) Southern Ocean bottom waters in the Australia – New Zealand sector. J Geophys Res 87:5771–5778 Rodrigues RR, Lorenzetti JA (2001) A numerical study of the effects of bottom topography and coastline geometry on the southeast Brazilian coastal upwelling. Cont Shelf Res 21:371–393 Rodríguez F, Pazos Y, Maneiro J et al (2003) Temporal variation in phytoplankton assemblages and pigment composition at a fixed station of the Ría of Pontevedra. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 58:499–515 Rodríguez F, Garrido JL, Crespo BG et al (2006) Size-fractionated phytoplankton pigment groups in the NW Iberian upwelling system: impact of the Iberian Poleward Current. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 323:59–73 Roemmich D, Wunsch C (1984) Apparent changes in the climatic state of the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 307:447–450 Rogers J, Bremner JM (1991) The Benguela Ecosystem Part IV Marine-Geological aspects. In: Barnes M (ed) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 29. Aberdeen Univ Press, Aberdeen, pp 1–85 Rojas de Mendiola B (1981) Seasonal phytoplankton distribution along the Peruvian coast. In: Richards F (ed) Coastal upwelling. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 348–356 Rojas de Mendiola B, Gómez O, Ochoa N (1985) Efectos de el fenómeno El Niño 1982–83 sobre el fitoplancton de la costa peruana. Simp Int Afl O Afr, Inst Inv Pesq 1:417–433 Rojas N (2002) Distribución de materia orgánica, carbono y nitrógeno, y diagénesis temprana en sedimentos de la zona de canales australes entre los golfos Corcovado y Elefantes, Chile. Tesis para optar al título de Oceanógrafo. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Rojas R, Guerrero Y, Silva N (2003) CD-ROM con Reporte de Datos del Crucero Oceanográfico Cimar 4 Fiordos. Centro Nacional de Datos Oceanográficos. Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada Rojstaczer S, Sterling SM, Moore NJ (2001) Human appropriation of photosynthesis products. Science 294:2549–2552 Romero OE, Lange CB, Swap R et al (1999) Eolian-transported freshwater diatoms and phytoliths across the equatorial Atlantic record: Temporal changes in Saharan dust transport patterns. J Geophys Res 104(C2):3211–3222 Romero OE, Lange CB, Wefer G (2002) Interannual variability (1988–1991) of siliceous phytoplankton fluxes off northwest Africa. J Plankton Res 24(10):1035–1046 127 Romero OE, Dupont L, Wyputta U et al (2003) Temporal variability of fluxes of eoliantransported freshwater diatoms, phytoliths, and pollen grains off Cape Blanc as reflection of land-atmosphere-ocean interactions in northwest Africa. J Geophys Res 108(C5):3153. Doi:10.1029/2000JC000375 Rosegrant MW, Cline SA (2003) Global food security: Challenges and policies. Science 302:1917–1919 Rosón G, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Pérez FF (1997) A non- stationary box model to determine residual fluxes in a partially mixed estuary, based on both thermohaline properties: Application to the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 44:249–262 Rosón G, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Pérez FF (1999) Carbon cycling in a large coastal embayment, affected by wind-driven upwelling: short-time-scale variability and spatial differences. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 176:215–230 Roubeix V, Becquevort S, Lancelot C (2008a) Influence of bacteria and salinity on diatom biogenic silica dissolution in estuarine systems. Biogeochemistry 88:47– 62. Doi:10.1007/S10533-008-9193-8 Roubeix V, Rousseau V, Lancelot C (2008b) Diatom succession and silica retention in estuarine mixing zones: From experiment to modelling. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 78:14–26 Rowe GT, Smith S, Falkowski P et al (1986) Do continental shelves export organic matter?. Nature 324:559–561 Roy C, Reason C (2001) ENSO related modulation of coastal upwelling in the eastern Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr 49:245–255 Rubin SI, Takahashi T, Chipman DW et al (1998) Primary productivity and nutrient utilization ratios in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean based on seasonal changes in seawater chemistry. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 45:1211–1234 Rubino A, Budillon G, Pierini S et al (2002) A model for the spreading and sinking of the Deep Ice Shelf Water in the Ross Sea. Antarctic Science 15(1):25–30 Ruch P, Mirman M, Jouanneau J-M et al (1993) Sediment budget and transfer of suspended sediment from the Gironde estuary to Cap Ferret Canyon. Mar Geol 111:109–119 Ruddick KG, Ovidio F, Rijkeboer M (2000) Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters. Appl Opt 39:897–912 Rudels B, Friedrich HJ (2000) The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, Boston, pp 503– 532 Russell FS, Southward AJ, Boalch GT et al (1971) Changes in biological conditions in the English Channel off Plymouth during the last half century. Nature 234:468– 470 Rutgers van der Loeff MM, van Bennekom AJ (1989) Weddell Sea contributes little to silicate enrichment in Antarctic bottom water. Deep-Sea Res Pt A 36:1341–1357 Rutllant J, Montecino V (2002) Multiscale upwelling forcing cycles and biological response off north central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75:217–231 Ruttenberg KC (2005) The global phosphorus cycle, Chapter 8.13. In: Schlesinger WH (ed) Biogeochemistry, Part 8 of the Treatise on Geochemistry (Holland HD, Turekian KK ed). Elsevier, London, pp 585–641 Ruttenberg KC, Berner RA (1993) Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling, continental margin environments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:991–1007 128 Ruttenberg KC, Goñi MA (1997) Phosphorus distribution, C:N:P ratios, and 13Coc in Arctic, temperate, and tropical coastal sediments: Tools for characterizing bulk sedimentary organic matter. Mar Geol 139:123–145 Ruttenberg S, Risbeth H (1994) World Data Centres – past, present and future. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 56(7):865–870 Ryan JP, Yoder JA, Townsend DW (2001) Influence of a Gulf Stream warm-core ring on water mass and chlorophyll distributions along the southern flank of Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:159–178 Rykaczewski RR, Checkley DM Jr (2008) Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(6):1965–1970 Ryther JH (1969) Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166:72–76 Ryther JH, Menzel DW, Hulburt EM et al (1971) Production and utilization of organic matter in the Peru coastal current. Investigacion Pesquera 35(1):43–59 Sabine CL, Wannikhof R, Key RM et al (2000) Seasonal fluxes in the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean. Mar Chem 72:33–53 Sabine CL, Feely RA, Key RM et al (2002a) Distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 16(4):1083. Doi:10.1029/2001GB001639 Sabine CL, Key RM, Feely RA et al (2002b) Inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean: distribution and dissolution processes. Global Biogeochem Cy 16(4):1067. Doi:10.1029/2002GB001869 Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N et al (2004a) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305:367–371 Sabine CL, Heimann M, Artaxo P et al (2004b) Current status and past trends of the global carbon cycle. In: Field CB, Raupach MR (ed) The global carbon cycle: Integrating humans, climate, and the natural world. SCOPE 62. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 17-44 Saccone L, Conley DJ, Koning E et al (2007) Assessing the extraction and quantification of amorphous silica in soils of forest and grassland ecosystems. Eur J Soil Sci 58:1446–1459 Saetre R (1985) Surface currents in the Mozambique Channel. Deep-Sea Res 32:1457–1467 Saggiomo V, Goffart A, Carrada GC et al (1994) Spatial patterns of phytoplankton pigments and primary production in a semi-enclosed periantarctic ecosystem: the Strait of Magellan. J Marine Syst 5:119–142 Saggiomo V, Carrada GC, Mangoni O et al (2000) Ecological and physiological aspects of primary production in the Ross Sea. In: Faranda FM, Guglielmo L, Ianora A (ed) Ross Sea ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 247–258 Saggiomo V, Catalano G, Mangoni O et al (2002) Primary production processes in icefree waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) during the austral summer 1996. DeepSea Res Pt II 49:1787–1801 Sahara India Pariwar (2005) Sahara Sundarbans: The Project. http://www.saharaindiapariwar.org/business/mfc.asp Sahl LE, Merrell WJ, Biggs DC (1993) The influence of advection on the spatial variability of nutrient concentrations on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 13:233–251 Sahl LE, Wiesenburg DA, Merrell WJ (1997) Interactions of mesoscale features with Texas shelf and slope waters. Cont Shelf Res 17:117–136 Saino T (1977) Biological nitrogen fixation in the ocean with emphasis on the nitrogen fixing blue-green alga Trichodesmium and its significance in the nitrogen cycling in the low latitude sea areas. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Tokyo 129 Sakshaug E (2004) Primary and secondary production in the Arctic seas. In: Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) The organic carbon cycle in the arctic ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 57–81 Sakshaug E, Slagstad D, Holm-Hansen O (1991) Factors controlling the development of phytoplankton blooms in the Antarctic Ocean – a mathematical model. Mar Chem 35:259–271 Sakshaug E, Bjørge A, Gulliksen B et al (1994) Structure, biomass distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: a synopsis. Polar Biology 14:405–411 Salamanca M (1996) Geocronología de sedimentos marinos de la zona de fiordos de la XI Región. Taller de presentación resultados del crucero Cimar Fiordo 1. Resúmenes ampliados, pp 64–68 Salat J, Garcia MA, Cruzado A et al (2002) Seasonal changes of water structure and shelf-slope exchanges at the Ebro Shelf (NW Mediterranean). Cont Shelf Res 22:327–348 Salinas S, Hormazabal S (2004) Capacidad de transporte de la constricción de Meninea para un flujo de dos capas y el efecto de la corriente de marea. Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 27:5–15 Salisbury JE, Campbell JW, Meeker LD et al (2001) Ocean color and river data reveal fluvial influence of coastal waters. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 82:221–227 Salomão MSMB, Molisani MM, Ovalle ARC et al (2001) Particulate heavy metals transport in the lower Paraíba do Sul river basin, SE Brazil. Hydrol Proc 15:587– 593 Salomons W, Eagle AM (1990) Hydrology, sedimentology and the fate and distribution of copper in mine-related discharges in the Fly River system, Papua New Guinea. Sci Tot Environ 97/98:315–334 Sambrotto RN (2001) Nitrogen production in the northern Arabian Sea during the spring intermonsoon and southwest monsoon seasons. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:1173– 1198 Sambrotto RN, Lorenzen CJ (1987) Phytoplankton and primary production. In: Hood, DW, Zimmerman, ST (ed) The Gulf of Alaska. US Department of Commerce, pp 249–282 Sambrotto RN, Savidge G, Robinson C et al (1993) Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean. Nature 363:248–250 Sampei M, Sasaki H, Hattori H et al (2003) A report on workshop of Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES). Antarctic Record 47(2):304–313 San Diego-McGlone ML, Dupra V, Smith SV (1998) N and P Budget of Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. http://nest.su.se/MNODE/Asia/Philippines/lingayen/Lingayenbud.htm Sánchez G, Calienes R, Zuta S (2000) The 1997–98 El Niño and its effects on the coastal marine ecosystem off Peru. CALCOFI Reports 41:62–86 Sandberg J, Andersson A, Johansson S et al (2004) Pelagic food web structure and carbon budget in the northern Baltic Sea: Potential importance of terrigenous carbon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 268:13–29 Sandén P, Rahm L (1992) Nutrient trends in the Baltic Sea. Environmetrics 4:75–103 Sandstrom MW, Tirendi F, Nott ALJ (1986) Direct determination of organic carbon in modern reef sediments and calcareous organisms after dissolution of carbonate. Mar Geol 70:321–329 Santana-Casiano JM, González-Dávila M, Ucha IR (2009) Carbon dioxide fluxes in the Benguela upwelling system during winter and spring: A comparison between 2005 and 2006. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46:533-541 130 Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Kustka AB, Gobler CJ et al (2001) Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. Nature 411:66– 69 Sarin MM, Borole DV, Krishnaswami S (1979) Geochemistry and geochronology of sediments from the Bay of Bengal and the Equatorial Indian Ocean. Proc Indian Acad Sci 88A:131–154 Sarma VVSS (1998) Variability in forms and fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Arabian Sea. PhD Dissertation, Goa University, Goa Sarma VVSS, Kumar MD, George MD (1998) The central and eastern Arabian Sea as a perennial source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tellus 50B:179–184 Sarmiento JL, Gruber N (2006) Ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Princeton Univ Press, Princeton Sarmiento JL, Sundquist ET (1992) Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Nature 356:589–593 Sarnthein M, Tetzlaff G, Koopmann B et al (1981) Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa. Nature 293:193–196 Sathyendranath S (ed) (2000) Remote sensing of ocean color in coastal, and other optically-complex, waters. Reports of the International Ocean-Color Coordinating Group, NO. 3, IOCCG, Dartmouth, Canada Sattherthwaite D (2005) The scale of urban change worldwide 1950–2000 and its underpinnings. International Institute for Environment and Development. Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series. Theme: Urban Change – 1, 50 pp. http://www.iied.org/urban/Urban Change.html Savchuk O (2004) Resolving the Baltic Sea into seven subbasins: N and P budgets for 1991–1999. J Mar Syst 56:1–15 Savchuk O, Wulff F (2001) A model of the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Baltic. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A System Analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp 373-416 Savidge DK (2004) Gulf Stream meander propagation past Cape Hatteras. J Phys Oceanogr 34:2073–2085 Savidge DK, Bane JM Jr (2001) Wind and Gulf Stream influences on alongshelf transport and off-shelf export at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. J Geophys Res 106:11505–11527 Sayles FL, Martin WR, Chase Z et al (2001) Benthic remineralization and burial of biogenic SiO2, CaCO3, organic carbon, and detrital material in the Southern Ocean along a transect at 170° West. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:4323–4383 SCCWRP (1973) Plankton, Chp 9. In: The ecology of the Southern California Bight: Implications for water quality management. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, pp 329–360 Schaeffer-Novelli Y, Cintrón-Molero G, Soares MLG et al (2000) Brazilian mangroves. Aquat Ecosys Health Mngmt 3:561–570 Schäfer P, Kreilein H, Muller M et al (1993) Cycling of inorganic nitrogen compounds between atmosphere and ocean in tropical areas off southeast Asia. In: Ittekkot V, Nair RR (ed) Monsoon biogeochemistry. SCOPE/UNEP, Univ of Hamburg, pp 19–36 Schaffelke B, Klumpp DW (1996) Biomass and productivity of a tropical seagrass community in North-West Australia (Exmouth Gulf). In: Kuo J, Walker DI, Kirkman H (ed) Seagrass biology: Scientific discussion from an international workshop. Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996, pp 13–20 Scheffer M, Carpenter S, de Young B (2005) Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(11):579–581 131 Schelske CL, Stoermer EF (1971) Eutrophication, silica depletion, and predicted changes in algal quality in Lake Michigan. Science 173:423–424 Schelske CL, Stoermer EF, Conley DJ et al (1983) Early eutrophication of the lower Great Lakes: new evidence from biogenic silica in sediments. Science 222:320– 322 Schemainda R, Nehring D, Schulz S (1975) Ozeanologische Untersuchungen zum Produktionspotential der nordwestafrikanischen Wasserauftriebsregion 1970– 1973. Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen 4:1–88 Schiettecatte L-S, Gazeau F, Van der Zee C et al (2006) Time series of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (2001–2004) and preliminary inorganic carbon budget in the Scheldt plume (Belgian coast waters). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7:Q06009. Doi:10.1029/2005GC001161 Schiettecatte L-S, Thomas H, Bozec Y et al (2007) High temporal coverage of carbon dioxide measurements in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Mar Chem 106(1–2):161–173 Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard KA et al (2001) Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414:169–173 Schindler DW, Dillon PJ, Schreier H (2006) A review of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen and their effects on Canadian aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 79:25–44 Schink DR (1967) Budget for dissolved silica in the Mediterranean Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 31:987–999 Schlitz RJ, Cohen EB (1984) A nitrogen budget for the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. Biol Oceanogr 3:203–222 Schlitzer R (2000a) Applying the adjoint method for global biogeochemical modeling. Inverse methods in Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Am Geophys Union Geophys Monograph Series 114:107–124 Schlitzer R (2000b) Electronic Atlas of WOCE Hydrographic and tracer data now available. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 81(5):45 Schlitzer R (2002a) Carbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: inverse modeling and comparison with satellite-based estimates. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:1623–1644 Schlitzer R (2002b) Ocean Data View. http://www.awibremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV Schloss IR, Ferreyra GA, Mercuri G et al (1999) Particle flux in an Antarctic shallow coastal environment: a sediment trap study. Scient Mar 63:99–111 Schmid C, Schäfer H, Podesta G et al (1995) The Vitória eddy and its relation to the Brazil current. J Phys Oceanogr 25:2532–2546 Schmitt RW, Bogden PS, Dorman CE (1989) Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J Phys Oceanogr 19:1208–1221 Schmitz JW, Richardson W (1968) On the transport of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res 15:679–693 Schnack SB (1985) Feeding by Euphausia superba and copepod species in response to varying concentrations of phytoplankton. In: Siegfried WR, Condy PR, Laws RM (ed) Antarctic Nutrient Cycles and Food Webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 311–323 Schneider B, Kuss J (2004) Past and present productivity of the Baltic Sea as inferred from pCO2 data. Cont Shelf Res 24(15):1611–1622 Schneider B, Nagel K, Struck U (2000) Carbon fluxes across the halocline in the eastern Gotland Sea. J Mar Syst 25:261–268 Schneider B, Nausch G, Nagel K et al (2003) The surface water CO2 budget for the Baltic Proper: a new way to determine nitrogen fixation. J Mar Syst 42:53–64 Schollaert SE, Rossby T, Yoder JA (2004) Gulf Stream crossfrontal exchange: possible mechanisms to explain interannual variations in phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Slope Sea during the SeaWiFS years. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 51(1–3):173–188 132 Scholten JC, Fietzke J, Vogler S et al (2001) Trapping efficiency of sediment traps from the deep eastern North Atlantic: the 230Th calibration. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48(10):2383–2408 Schott F (1983) Monsoon response of the Somali Current and associated upwelling. Prog Oceanogr 12:357–381 Schott F, McCreary JP (2001) The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 51:1–123 Schott F, Fieux M, Kindle J et al (1988a) The boundary currents east and north of Madagascar. 2. Direct measurements and model comparisons. J Geophys Res 93:4963–4974 Schott FA, Lee TN, Zantopp R (1988b) Variability of structure and transport of the Florida Current in the period range of days to seasonal. J Phys Oceanogr 18:1209–1230 Schoudel A (1996) The seasonal variation of nutrients in three Maine estuaries. MS Dissertation, Univ of New Hampshire, Durham, NH Schueler T, Galli J (1992) Environmental impacts of stormwater ponds. In: Watershed restoration source book. Collected papers presented at Restoring Our Home River: Water Quality and Habitat in the Anacostia, November 6–7, 1991, College Park, MD. Department of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington DC Schueler T, Holland HK (2000) The practice of watershed protection. Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland Schulz HN, Strotmann B, Gallardo VA et al (2000) Population study of the filamentous sulfur bacteria Thioploca spp. off the Bay of Concepción, Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200:117–126 Schumann EH (1998) The coastal ocean off southern Africa, including Madagascar. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 557–581 Schuster U, Watson AJ (2007) A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO2 in the North Atlantic. J Geophys Res 112:C11006. Doi:10.1029/2006JC003941 Schwamborn R, Voss M, Ekau W et al (1999) Stable isotope composition of particulate organic matter and zooplankton in northeast Brazilian shelf waters. Arch Fish Mar Res 47:201–210 Schweizer PE, Matlack GR (2005) Annual variation on fish assemblages of watersheds with stable and changing land use. American Midland Naturalist 153:293–308 Scoones I (1998) Sustainable rural livelihoods. A framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72: 22 Scott MK (1998) Radium-226 as a groundwater tracer. MSc Dissertation, Univ of Rhode Island Scott MK, Moran SB (2001) Groundwater input to coastal salt ponds of southern Rhode Island estimated using 226Ra as a tracer. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 54:163–174 Scott DT, Baisden WT, Davies-Colley R et al (2006) Localized erosion affects national carbon budget. Geophys Res Lett 33:L01402. Doi:10.1029/2005GL024644 Scranton MI (1988) Temporal variations in the methane content of the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Res 35:1511–1523 Scranton MI, Novelli PC, Loud PC (1984) The distribution and cycling of hydrogen gas in the waters of two anoxic marine environments. Limnol Oceanogr 29:993–1003 Scranton MI, Sayles FL, Bacon MP et al (1987) Temporal changes in the hydrography and chemistry of the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Res 34:945–963 Scranton MI, Astor Y, Bohrer R et al (2001) Controls on temporal variability of the geochemistry of the deep Cariaco Basin, Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:1605–1625 133 Scranton MI, McIntyre M, Taylor GT et al (2006) Temporal variability in the nutrient chemistry of the Cariaco Basin. In: Neretin LN (ed) Past and present water column anoxia. NATO Science Series. Springer, Netherlands, pp 139–160 Sedwick PN, DiTullio GR (1997) Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic shelf waters by release of iron from melting sea ice. Geopys Res Lett 24:2515–2518 Sedwick PN, DiTullio GR, Mackey DJ (2000) Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters. J Geophys Res 105:11321–11336 Seeliger U, Odebrecht C, Castello JP (ed) (1997) Subtropical convergence environments: the The coastal and sea in the Southwestern Atlantic. Springer, Berlin Seifert R (1982) European rivers: first results. In: Degens ET (ed) Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers. Mitteilungen Geol-Palaeontol Inst, Univ of Hamburg 52:S523–527 Seitzinger SP (1988) Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance. Limnol Oceanogr 33:702–724 Seitzinger SP (2000) Scaling up: Site-specific measurements to global-scale estimates of denitrification. In: Hobbie JE (ed) Estuarine Science. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 211–240 Seitzinger S, Giblin AE (1996) Estimating denitrification in North Atlantic continental shelf sediments. Biogeochemistry 35:235–260 Seitzinger SP, Kroeze C (1998) Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Global Biogeochem Cy 12:93–113 Seitzinger SP, Nielsen LP, Caffrey J et al (1993) Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods. Biogeochemistry 23:147– 167 Seitzinger SP, Kroeze C, Bouwman AE et al (2002) Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs to coastal systems. Estuaries 25:640– 655 Seitzinger SP, Harrison JA, Dumont E et al (2005) Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S01. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002606 Selby MJ (1993) Hillslope materials and processes, 2nd edn. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford Sellanes J, Neira C (2006) ENSO as a natural experiment to understand environmental control of meiofaunal community structure. Mar Ecol Evol Persp 27:31–43 Sellanes J, Quiroga E, Neira C et al (2007) Changes of macrobenthos composition under different ENSO cycle conditions on the continental shelf off central Chile. Cont Shelf Res 27:1002–1016 Semeniuk V (1983) Mangrove distribution in Northwestern Australia in relationship to regional and local freshwater seepage. Vegetatio 53:11–31 Semeniuk V (1993) The Pilbara Coast: A riverine coastal plain in a tropical arid setting, northwestern Australia. Sediment Geol 83:235–256 Semeniuk V (1996) Coastal forms and quaternary processes along the arid Pilbara coast of NW Australia. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl Palaeoecol 123:49–84 Semiletov IP (1999a) Aquatic sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 in the polar regions. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 56(2):286–306 Semiletov IP (1999b) Destruction of the coastal permafrost ground as an important factor in biogeochemistry of the arctic shelf waters. Transactions [Doklady] of Russian Academy of Sciences 368(6):679–682 134 Semiletov IP, Pipko II, Pivovarov NYa et al (1996) Atmospheric carbon emission from north asian lakes: A factor of global significance. Atmospheric Environment 30(10/11):1657–1671 Semiletov IP, Savelieva MI, Weller GE et al (2000) The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P et al (ed) The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, London, pp 323–366 Semiletov I, Makshatas A, Akasofu S-I et al (2004) Atmospheric CO2 balance: The role of arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2003GL017996 Semiletov I, Dudarev O, Luchin V et al (2005) The East Siberian Sea as a transition zone between Pacfic-derived waters and Arctic shelf waters. Geophys Res Lett 32:L10614. Doi:10.1029/2005GL022490 Semiletov IP, Pipko II, Repina I et al (2007) Carbonate dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere-ice-water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic. J Marine Syst 66:204–226 Sempéré R, Panagiotopoulos C, Lafont R et al (2002) Total organic carbon dynamics in the Aegean sea. J Marine Syst 33/34:355–364 Semtner AJ (1974) An oceanic general circulation model with bottom topography. Technical Report 9, Department of Meteorology, Univ of California, Los Angeles Sen Gupta R, Naqvi SWA (1984) Chemical oceanography of the Indian Ocean, north of equator. Deep-Sea Res 31:671–706 Sepúlveda J, Pantoja S, Hughen K et al (2005) Fluctuations in export productivity over the last century from sediments of a southern Chilean fjord (44°S). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:587–600 Serret P, Fernandez E, Anadon R et al (2001) Trophic control of biogenic carbon export in Bransfield and Gerlache Straits, Antarctica. J Plankton Res 23:1345–1360 Serreze MC, Box JE, Barry RG et al (2000) Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46:159–207 Servain J, Wainer I, McCreary JP et al (1999) Relationship between the equatorial and meridional modes of climatic variability in the topical Atlantic. Geophys Res Lett 26(4):485–488. Doi:10.1029/1999GL900014 Setchell FW, Packard TT (1979) Phytoplankton respiration in the Peru upwelling. J Plankton Res 1:343–354 Sferratore A, Billen G, Garnier J et al (2005) Modeling nutrient (N, P, Si) budget in the Seine watershed: application of the Riverstrahler model using data from local to global scale resolution. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:GB4S07. Doi:10.1029/2005GB002496 Shakhova N, Semiletov I (2007) Methane release and coastal environment in the East Siberian Arctic shelf. J Marine Syst 66:227–243 Shakhova N, Semiletov I, Panteleev G (2005) The distribution of methane on the Siberian Arctic shelves: Implications for the marine methane cycle. Geophys Res Lett 32:L09601. Doi:10.1029/2005GL022751 Shanks A (2002) Internal tides and the biology of continental shelf waters. In: Castilla JC, Largier J (ed) The oceanography and ecology on the nearshore and bays in Chile. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, pp 3–27 Shannon LV (1985) The Benguela ecosystem Part I: Evolution of the Benguela, physical features and processes. In: Barnes M (ed) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 23. Aberdeen Univ Press, Aberdeen, pp 105–182 Shannon LV (1989) The physical environment. In: Payne AIL, Crawford JM (ed) Oceans of Life off southern Africa. Vlaeberg Publishers, Cape Town 135 Shannon LV, Field JG (1985) Are fish stocks food-limited in the southern Benguela pelagic ecosystem?. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 22(1):7–19 Shannon LJ, Jarre-Teichmann A (1999) A model of trophic flows in the northern Benguela upwelling system during the 1980’s. S Af J Mar Sci 21:349–366 Shannon LV, Nelson G (1996) The Benguela: Large scale features and processes and system variability. In: Wefer G, Berger WH, Siedler G et al (ed) The South Atlantic: present and past circulation. Springer, Berlin, pp 163-210 Shapiro GI, Huthnance JM, Ivanov VV (2003) Dense water cascading off the continental shelf. J Geophys Res 108(C12):3390. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001488 Sharma S, Barrie LA, Plummer D et al (1999) Flux estimation of oceanic dimethyl sulfide around North America. J Geophys Res 104(D17):21327–21342 Sharp JH, Culberson CH, Church TM (1982) The chemistry of the Delaware estuary: General considerations. Limnol Oceanogr 27:1015–1028 Sharples J, Greig MJN (1998) Tidal currents, mean flows, and upwelling on the northeast coast of New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 32:215–231 Sharples JS, Moore MC, Abraham ER (2001) Internal tide dissipation, mixing, and vertical nitrate flux at the shelf edge of NE New Zealand. J Geophys Res 106:14069–14081 Sharples J, Tweddle JF, Green JAM et al (2007) Vertical nitrate fluxes and primary productivity at the shelf edge driven by an internal tide. IUGG XXIV General Assembly: IAPSO Symposium PS007 Biogeochemical Fluxes Between the Shelf and Open Seas, Perugia, Italy Shaw P-T (1991) The seasonal variation of the intrusion of the Philippine Sea water into the South China Sea. J Geophys Res 96:821–827 Shaw P-T, Chao S-Y (1994) Surface circulation in the South China Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 41:1663–1683 Shaw P-T, Chao S-Y, Liu K-K et al (1996) Winter upwelling off Luzon in the northeastern South China Sea. J Geophys Res 101:16435–16448 Shchepetkin AF, McWilliams JC (2005) The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following- coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Modelling 9:347-404 Shepard FP (1963) Submarine geology, 2nd edn. Harper and Row, New York Shepherd JM, Burian SJ (2003) Detection of urban-induced rainfall anomalies in a major coastal city. Earth Interactions 7(4):1–17 Sherman K, Alexander LM, Gold BD (ed) (1993) Large Marine Ecosystems: Stress, mitigation, and sustainability. Am Assoc Adv Sci Press, Washington DC Sherman K, Okemwa EN, Ntiba MJ (ed) (1998) Large Maine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean: Assessment, sustainability and management. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA Sherwin TJ, Turrell WR, Jeans DRG et al (1999) Eddies and a mesoscale deflection of the slope current in the Faroe-Shetland Channel. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:415–438 Shetye SR, Gouveia AD (1998) Coastal circulation in the North Indian Ocean. Coastal segment (14, S-W). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 523–556 Shetye SR, Gouveia AD, Shenoi SSC et al (1993) The western boundary current of the seasonal subtropical gyre in the Bay of Bengal. J Geophys Res 98:945–954 Shiah FK, Gong G-C, Chen TY et al (2000) Temperature dependence of bacterial specific growth rates on the continental shelf of the East China Sea and its potential application in estimating bacterial production. Aquat Microb Ecol 22:155–162 Shiller AM (1996) The effect of recycling traps and upwelling on estuarine chemical flux estimates. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:3177–3185 136 Shiller AM, Gieskes JM (1980) Processes affecting the oceanic distributions of dissolved calcium and alkalinity. J Geophys Res 85:2719–2727 Shillington FA, Reason CJC, Duncombe Rae CM et al (2006) Large scale physical variability of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). The Benguela: Predicting a large Marine Ecosystem. In: Shannon LV, Hempel G, Malanotte-Rizzoli P et al (ed) Large Marine Ecosystems, vol 14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 49–70 Shim J, Kim D, Kang YC et al (2007) Seasonal variations in pCO2 and its controlling factors in surface seawater of the northern East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 27(20):2623–2636 Shirtcliffe TGL, Moore MI, Cole AG et al (1990) Dynamics of the Cape Farewell upwelling plume, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 24:555–568 Showers WJ, Angle DG (1986) Stable isotopic characterization of organic carbon accumulation on the Amazon continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 6:227–244 Shuntov VP (2001) Biology of the Russian far-eastern seas. TINRO, Vladivostok Siegel DA, Wang M, Maritorena S et al (2000) Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: The black pixel assumption. Appl Opt 39:3582–3591 Siegenthaler U, Sarmiento JL (1993) Atmospheric carbon dixoide and the ocean. Nature 365:119–125 Sieger R, Gersonde R, Zielinski U (1999) A new extended software package for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union Electronic Supplement. http://www.agu.org/eos elec/98131e.html Sieracki ME, Verity PG, Stoecker DK (1993) Plankton community response to sequential silicate and nitrate depletion during the 1989 North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 40:213–225 Signorini SR (1978) On the circulation and volume transport of the Brazil Current between Cape of Sao Tome and Guanabara Bay. Deep-Sea Res 25:481–490 Signorini SR, Murtugudde R, Signorini S (1999) Biological and physical signatures in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. J Geophys Res 104(C8):18367–18382 Sigtryggsson H (1972) An outline of the sea ice conditions in the vicinity of Iceland. Jökull 22:1–11 Silva MAL (1997) Dinâmica de nitrogênio e fósforo dissolvidos na porção inferior do Rio Paraíba do Sul, Campos, R.J. B.Sc. Monography, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos Silva CF (2000) Hidrogeoquímica fluvial da porção inferior do Rio Paraíba do Sul. MSc Dissertation, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, 65 pp Silva N, Neshyba S (1977) Corrientes superficiales frente a la costa austral de Chile. Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, CONA 3:37–42 Silva N, Neshyba S (1979) On the southernmost extension of the Peru-Chile Undercurrent. Deep-Sea Res 26:1387–1393 Silva N, Prego R (2002) Carbon and nitrogen spatial segregation and stoichiometry in the surface sediments of Southern Chilean inlets (41–56°S). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 55:763–775 Silva N, Sievers H (1981) Masas de agua y circulación en la región de la rama costera de la corriente de Humboldt. Latitudes 18°S - 33°S (Operación Oceanográfica MARCHILE X ERFEN I). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, CONA 5:5–50 Silva N, Sievers H, Prado R (1995) Descripción oceanográfica de los canales australes de Chile. Zona Puerto Montt- laguna San Rafael (41° 20’S, 46° 40’S). Revista de Biología Marina, Valparaíso 30:207–254 Silva N, Calvete C, Sievers H (1997) Características oceanográficas físicas y químicas de canales australes chilenos entre Puerto Montt y Laguna San Rafael (Crucero Cimar-Fiordo 1). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 20:23–106 137 Silva N, Calvete C, Sievers H (1998) Masas de agua y circulaci ón general para algunos canales australes entre Puerto Montt y Laguna San Rafael, Chile (Crucero Cimar-Fiordo I). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 21:17–48 Simionato CG, Dragani W, Nuñez M et al (2004) A set of 3-D nested models for tidal propagation from the Argentinean continental shelf to the Río de la Plata estuary— Part I. J Coast Res 20:893–912 Simpson JH (1998a) Tidal processes in shelf seas. In: Brink KH, Robinson AR (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 113–150 Simpson JH (1998b) The Celtic Seas. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 659–698 Silveira ICA da, Flierl GR, Brown WS (1999) Dynamics of separating western boundary currents. J Phys Oceanogr 29:119–144 Silveira ICA da, Schmidt ACK, Campos EJD et al (2000) A Corrente do Brasil ao Largo da Costa Leste Brasileira. Rev Bras Oceanogr 48(2):171–183 Silveira ICA da, Calado L, Castro BM et al (2004) On the baroclinic structure of the Brazil Current-Intermediate Western Boundary Current System. Geophys Res Lett 31:L14308. Doi:10.1029/2004GL020036 Simpson J (2007) Dynamical adjustment and exchange at the Hebridean Shelf Edge. IUGG XXIV General Assembly: IAPSO Symposium PS007 Biogeochemical Fluxes Between the Shelf and Open Seas, Perugia, Italy Simpson JH, Bowers D (1981) Models of stratification and frontal movement in shelf areas. Deep-Sea Res 28:727–738 Simpson JH, Hunter JR (1974) Fronts in the Irish Sea. Nature 250:404–406 Simpson JH, Rippeth TP (1998) Non-conservative nutrient fluxes from budgets for the Irish Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 47:707–714 Simpson JJ, Zirino A (1980) Biological control of pH in the Peruvian coastal upwelling area. Deep-Sea Res 27:234–248 Siokou-Frangou I, Bianchi M, Christaki U et al (2002) Carbon flow in the planktonic food web along a gradient of oligotrophy in the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea). J Marine Syst 33–34:335–353 Sirocko F, Sarenthein M, Lange H et al (1991) Atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the last glaciation. Quat Res 36:72-93 Skagseth Ø, Orvik KA, Furevik T (2004) Coherent variability of the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current derived from TOPEX/ERS altimeter data. Geophys Res Lett 31:L14304. Doi:10.1029/2004GL020057 Skoog A, Lara R, Kattner G (2001) Spring-summer cycling of DOC, DON and inorganic N in a highly seasonal system encompassing the Northeast Water Polynya, 1993. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48(12):2613–2629 Skoulikidis N, Bertahas I, Koussouris I (1998) The environmental state of freshwater resources in Greece (rivers and lakes). Environmental Geology 36:1–17 Slagstad D, Wassmann P (2001) Modelling the 3-D carbon flux across the Iberian margin during the upwelling season in 1998. Prog Oceanogr 51(2–4):467–497 Slagstad D, Tande K, Wassmann P (1999) Modelled carbon fluxes as validated by field data on the north Norwegian shelf during the productive period in 1994. Sarsia 84:303–317 Slomp CP, Van Cappellen P (2004) Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact. J Hydrol 295:64–86 Smakhtin V, Revenga C, Döll P (2004) Taking into account environmental water requirements in global-scale water resources assessments. Comprehensive 138 Assessment Research Report 2. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat Small C (2004) Global population distribution and urban land use in geophysical parameter space. Earth Interactions 8(8)1–18 Small C, Nichols RJ (2003) A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. J Coast Res 19(3):584–599 Smayda TJ (1990) Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: Evidence for a global epidemic. In: Graneli E, Sundström B, Edler L et al (ed) Toxic marine phytoplankton. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 29–40 Smetacek VS (1985) Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 84:239–251 Smetacek V (1999) Diatoms and the ocean carbon cycle. Protist 150:25–32 Smetacek V, Von Brockel K, Zeitschel B et al (1978) Sedimentation of particulate matter during a phytoplankton spring bloom in relation to the hydrographical regime. Mar Biol 47:211–226 Smith SV (1973) Carbon dioxide dynamics: A record of organic carbon production, respiration, and calcification in the Eniwetok reef flat community. Limnol Oceanogr 18:106–120 Smith RC (1981) Remote sensing and depth distribution of ocean chlorophyll. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 5:359–361 Smith PC (1983) The mean and seasonal circulation off southwest Nova Scotia. J Phys Oceanogr 131034–1054 Smith SV (1995) Net carbon metabolism of oceanic margins and estuaries. In: Woodwell GM, Mackenzie FT (ed) Biotic feedbacks in the global climatic system. Oxford Univ Press, New York, pp 246–250 Smith SV (1996a) NP Budget of the East China Sea. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/ECSt.htm Smith SV (1996b) NP budget for the Solent estuary, England. http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/Europe/Solent/ SOLENT.HTM Smith SV (1996c) NP budget for Lough Hyne, Ireland. http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/Europe/LoughHyne/LH.HTM Smith SV (1997) NP Budget for the Rio de la Plata Estuary, Argentina/Uruguay. http://nest.su.se/mnode/South% 20America/RiodelaPlata/RLP.HTM Smith WO Jr, Asper VA (2000) A balanced nitrogen budget of the surface layer of the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Geophys Res Lett 27:2721–2724 Smith WO Jr, Asper VA (2001) The influence of phytoplankton assemblage composition on biogeochemical characteristics and cycles in the southern Ross Sea. DeepSea Res Pt I 48:137–162 Smith SL, Codispoti LA (1980) Southwest monsoon of 1979: Chemical and biological response of Somali coastal waters. Science 209:597–600 Smith A, Dalton BJ (ed) (1995) The Bowly papers, letters 1873–1878, reminiscences, and photographs 1873–1891 of CW Bowly in North Queensland. Records of North Queensland History No. 7. Department of History and Politics, James Cook Univ, Townsville, Qld, 338 pp Smith WO Jr, DeMaster DJ (1996) Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Amazon River plume: Correlation with seasonal river discharge. Cont Shelf Res 16:291–319 Smith WO Jr, Dunbar RB (1998) The relationship between new production and vertical flux on the Ross Sea continental shelf. J Mar Syst 17:445–457 Smith WO Jr, Gordon LI (1997) Hyper productivity of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) Polynya. Geophys Res Lett 24:233–236 Smith R, Hall J (1997) Bacterial abundance and production in different water masses around South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 31:515–524 139 Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (1993) Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance. Reviews of Geophysics 31:75–78 Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (1997) Annual cycle and interannual variability of ecosystem metabolism in a temperate climate embayment. Ecological Monographs 67:509– 533 Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (2000) Water, salt, and nutrient exchanges in San Francisco Bay. Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, Technical Report 66, 34 pp Smith SV, Mackenzie FT (1987) The ocean as a net heterotrophic system: Implications from the carbon biogeochemical cycle. Global Biogeochem Cy 1:187–198 Smith WO Jr, Peloquin JA (2002) Marine primary productivity in the marine environment. In: Bitton F (ed) Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Wiley, New York, pp 2566–2575 Smith SV, Webb KL (1999) NP Budget of Chesapeake Bay, USA. http://nest.su.se/mnode/North% 20America/chesapeake/ches2/ches2.htm Smith SV, Yanagi T (1997) NP Budgets for Three Japanese Bays. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/ Japan/threebays/JPbud.HTM Smith REH, Anning J, Clement P et al (1988) Abundance and production of ice algae in Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48:251–263 Smith RL, Huyer A, Godfrey JS et al (1991a) The Leeuwin Current off western Australia, 1986–1987. J Phys Oceanogr 21:322–345 Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT, Dollar SJ et al (1991b) Tomales Bay metabolism: C-N-P stoichiometry and ecosystem heterotrophy at the land-sea interface. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 33:223–257 Smith KL Jr, Baldwin RJ, Williams PM (1992) Reconciling particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the deep North Pacific. Nature 359:313–316 Smith JA, Damm PE, Skogen MD et al (1996) An investigation into the variability of circulation and transport on the north-west European shelf using three hydrodynamic models. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 48(3/4):325–348 Smith RC, Ainley D, Baker K et al (1997a) Marine ecosystem sensitivity to climate change. BioScience 49:393–404 Smith SV, Boudreau R, Ruardij P (1997b) NP Budget for the Southern North Sea. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Europe/ NorthSea/NORTHSEA.HTM Smith WO Jr, Keene N, Comiso J (1998) Interannual variability in estimated primary productivity of the Antarctic marginal ice zone. In: Sahrhage D (ed) Antarctic Ocean and resources variability. Springer, Berlin, pp 131–139 Smith WO Jr, Marra J, Hiscock MR et al (2000) The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3119–3140 Smith PC, Houghton RW, Fairbanks RG et al (2001a) Interannual variability of boundary fluxes and water mass properties in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank: 1993–97. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:37–70 Smith SV, Renwick WH, Buddemeier RW et al (2001b) Budgets of soil erosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous United States. Global Biogeochem Cy 5:697–707 Smith AJ, Turner JV, Herne DH et al (2003a) Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge and nutrient discharge into Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Technical Report No. 01/03. CSIRO Land and Water, Wembely, WA Smith SV, Swaney DP, Talaue-McManus L et al (2003b) Humans, hydrology, and the distribution of inorganic nutrient loading to the ocean. BioScience 53:235–245 140 Smith WO Jr, Dinniman MS, Klinck JM et al (2003c) Biogeochemical climatologies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: seasonal pattern of nutrients and biomass. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50:3083–3101 Smith SV, Buddemeier RW, Wulff F et al (2005) C, N, P fluxes in the coastal zone, Chp 3. In: Crossland CJ, Kremer HH, Lindeboom HJ et al (ed) Coastal fluxes in the Anthropocene. Springer, Berlin, pp 95–144 Smith WO Jr, Shields AR, Catalano G et al (2006) Interannual variations in nutrients, net community production, and biogeochemical cycles in the Ross Sea. DeepSea Res Pt II 53:815–833 Smith WO Jr, Peloquin JA, Karl DM (2010) Antarctic continental margins. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 318-330 SMN (1992) Estadísticas climatológicas 1981–1990. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Serie B N°37, 709 pp, Fuerza Áerea Argentina, (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Serie B N37, 709 pp Smoak JM, DeMaster DJ, Kuehl SA et al (1996) The behaviour of particle reactive tracers in a high turbidity environment: 234Th and 210Pb on the Amazon continental shelf. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60(12):2123–2137 Smythe-Right D, Chapman P, Ducombe Rae C et al (1998) Characteristics of the South Atlantic subtropical frontal zone between 15°W and 5°E. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 45:167–192 Snidvongs A (1998) The oceanography of the Gulf of Thailand: Research and management priority. In: Johnston DM (ed) SEAPOL Integrated Studies of the Gulf of Thailand Southeast Asian Programme in Ocean Law, Policy and Management, vol 1. Thailand, pp 1–68 Sobarzo M, Figueroa D (2001) The physical structure of a cold filament in a Chilean upwelling zone (Península de Mejillones, Chile, 23°S). Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:2699–2726 Sobarzo M, Figueroa M, Djurfeldt L (2001) Upwelling of subsurface water into rim of the Biobío submarine canyon as a response to surface winds. Cont Shelf Res 21:279–299 Sobarzo M, Shearman RK, Lentz S (2007) Near inertial motions over the continental shelf off Concepción, central Chile. Prog Oceanogr 75:348–362 Soegaard H, Sørensen L, Rysgaard S et al (2004) High Arctic carbon sink identification – a systems approach. Global Change Newsletter 59:11–14 Soetaert K, Middelburg JJ, Herman PMJ et al (2000) On the coupling of benthic and pelagic biogeochemical models. Earth-Science Reviews 51:173–201 Soetaert K, Herman PMJ, Middelburg JJ et al (2001) Numerical modelling of the shelf break ecosystem: Reproducing benthic and pelagic measurements. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3141–3177 Sokal R L, Rohlf F J (1995) Biometry, 3rd edn.W.H. Freeman, New York Solan M, Cardinale BJ, Downing AL et al (2004) Extinction and ecosystem function in the marine benthos. Science 306:1177–1180 Solic M, Krstulovic N, Marasovic I et al (1997) Analysis of time series of planktonic communities in the Adriatic Sea: distinguishing between natural and maninduced changes. Oceanol Acta 20:131–143 Somasundar K, Rajendran A, Kumar MD et al (1990) Carbon and nitrogen budgets of the Arabian Sea. Mar Chem 30:363–377 Somayajulu BLK, Bhushan R, Sarkar A et al (1999) Sediment deposition rates on the continental margins of the eastern Arabian Sea using 210Pb, 137Cs and 14C. Sci Tot Environ 237/238:429–439 141 Sondergaard M, Middelboe M (1995) A cross-system analysis of labile dissolved organic carbon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 118:283–294 Sorokin YI (1997) Primary production in the Sea of Okhotsk. In: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Ecosystem of the Sea of the Okhotsk. VNIRO, Moscow, pp 103– 110 Sorokin YI (2002) The Black Sea ecology and oceanography. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden Sorokin YI, Kogelschatz JE (1979) Analysis of heterotrophic microplankton in an upwelling area. Hydrobiologia 66:195–208 Sorokin YuI, Sorokin PY, Avdeev VA et al (1995) Biomass, production and activity of bacteria in the Black Sea with special reference to chemosynthesis and sulfur cycle. Hydrobiologia 308:61–76 Sournia A (1973) La production primaire planctonique en Méditerranée. Essai de mise à jour. Bulletin de l’étude en commun de la Méditerranée 5:128 Souvermezoglou E, Krasakopoulou E (1999) Sources and sinks of dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) in the Northern and Middle Adriatic Sea. In: Hopkins TS, Artegiani A, Cauwet G et al (ed) The Adriatic Sea – Proceedings of the Workshop ‘Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in the Adriatic Sea’, Ecosystem Research Report No. 32, Portonovo (Ancona), Italy 23 to 27 April 1996, Office for Official Publications of the European Community, Luxembourg, pp 215–224 Souvermezoglou E, Metzl N, Poisson A (1989) Red Sea budgets of salinity, nutrients and carbon calculated in the Strait of Bab-El-Mandab during the summer and winter seasons. J Mar Res 47:441–456 Souza WFL (2002) A interface terra-mar Leste do Brasil: Tipologia, aporte fluvial, águas costeiras e plataforma continental. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil Souza WFL, Knoppers B (2003) Fluxos de água e sedimentos à costa Leste do Brasil: relações entre a tipologia e pressões antrópicas. Geoquímica brasiliensis 17 (2):57–74 Souza AJ, Simpson JH, Harikrishnan M et al (2001) Flow structure and seasonality in the Hebridean slope current. Oceanol Acta 24:S63–S76 Spalding MD (1997) The global distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems. Intercoast Network, Special Mangrove Edition, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, pp 20–21 Spitz YH, Moisan JR, Abbott MR et al (1998) Data assimilation and a pelagic ecosystem model: Parameterization using time series observations. J Mar Syst 16:51–68 Spitz YH, Moisan JR, Abbott MR et al (2001) Using data assimilation to configure a biogeochemical model of the Bermuda-Atlantic Time Series (BATS). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:1733–1768 Spokes LJ, Yeatman SG, Cornell SE et al (2000) Nitrogen deposition to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The importance of south-easterly flow. Tellus 52B:37–49 Sprengel C, Baumann K-H, Henderiks J et al (2002) Modern coccolithophore and carbonate sedimentation along a productivity gradient in the Canary Islands region: Seasonal export production and surface accumulation rates. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3577–3598 St Louis V, Kelly CA, Duchemin E et al (2000) Reservoir surfaces as sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere: A global estimate. BioScience 50(9):768– 777 142 Stanley DJ, Moore GT (1983) The shelfbreak: Critical interface on continental margins. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Special Publication, #33 Stanton BR (1976) Circulation and hydrology off the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 10:445–467 Stanton BR, Moore MI (1992) Hydrographic observations during the Tasman Boundary Experiment off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 26:339–358 Stanton BR, Sutton PJH, Chiswell SM (1997) The East Auckland Current, 1994–95. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 31:537–549 Staresinic N, Farrington J, Gagosian RB (1983) Downward transport of particulate matter in the Peru coastal upwelling: role of anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. In: Suess E, Thiede J (ed) Coastal upwelling; Its sediment record. Part A: Responses of the sedimentary regime to present coastal upwelling. Plenum Press, New York, pp 225–240 Stech JL, Lorenzzetti JA (1992) The response of the South Brazil bight to the passage of wintertime cold fronts. J Geophys Res 97(C6):9957–9520 Stech JL, Lorenzzetti JA, de Souza JMC et al (1996) A mesoscale Brazil Current eddy observed through AVHRR images and current meter moorings. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. vol XXXI, Part B7. Vienna Steele JH (1974) The structure of marine ecosystems. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge Stefánsson U (1962) North Icelandic Waters. Rit Fiskideildar 3:1–269 Stefánsson U (1972) Near-shore fluctuations of the frontal zone southeast of Iceland. Rapp Proc Verb 162:201–205 Stefánsson U, Guðmundsson G (1978) The freshwater regime of Faxaflói, southwest Iceland, and its relationship to meteorological variables. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 6:535–551 Stefánsson U, Olafsson J (1991) Nutrients and fertility of Icelandic waters. Rit Fiskideildar 12:1–56 Steffen W, Sanderson A, Jäger J et al (2004) Global change and the earth system: A planet under pressure. Springer, Heidelberg Stein R, Macdonald RW (ed) (2004) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Berlin Stein R, Ten Haven HL, Littke R et al (1989) Accumulation of marine and terrigenous organic carbon at upwelling site 658 and non-upwelling Sites 657 and 659: Implications for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments in the eastern subtropical Atlantic through late Cenozoic times. Proceedings ODP, Scientific Results 108:361–386 Stein R, Dittmers K, Fahl K et al (2004) Arctic (Palaeo) river discharge and environmental change: Evidence from Holocene Kara Sea sedimentary records. Quaternary Science Reviews 23:1485–1511 Sternberg RW, Larsen LH, Miao YT (1985) Tidally driven sediment transport on the East China Sea continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 4:105–120 Sternberg RW, Cacchione DA, Paulson B et al (1996) Observations of sediment transport on the Amazon subaqueous delta. Cont Shelf Res 16:697 Stevens H, Ulloa O (2008) Bacterial diversity in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Environmental Microbiology 10(5):1244–1259 Stevens I, Hamann M, Johnson JA et al (2000) Comparisons between a fine resolution model and observations in the Iberian shelf-slope region. J Mar Syst 26:53–74 Stevens CL, Abraham ER, Moore CM et al (2005) Observations of small-scale processes associated with the internal tide encountering an island. J Phys Oceanogr 35(9):1553–1567 143 Steward CR (1983) Salmonid populations in an urban stream environment. MSc Dissertation, Univ of Washington, Seattle Stieglitz T, Ridd PV (2000) Submarine Groundwater Discharge from Paleochannels? “Wonky Holes” on the Inner Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. HYDRO 2000, Perth, November 2000 (26th National and 3rd International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium of The Institution of Engineers, Australia) Stigebrand A (2001) Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A system analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp19–74 Stillwell-Soler LM, Klinger LF, Pollard D et al (1995) The global distribution of freshwater wetlands, NCAR Technical Note TN-416 + STR. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder Stockenberg A, Johnstone RW (1997) Benthic denitrification in the Gulf of Bothnia. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 45:835–843 Stoffers P, Plüger W, Walter P (1984) Geochemistry and mineralogy of continental margin sediments from Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand J Geol Geop 27:351–365 Stommel H (1963) Varieties of oceanographic experience. Science 139:572–576 Stramma L (1989) The Brazil Current transport south of 23° S. Deep-Sea Res 36:639– 646 Stramma L, England M (1999) On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res 104(C9):20863–20883 Stramma L, Peterson RG (1990) The South Atlantic current. J Phys Oceanogr 20:846– 859 Stramma L, Ikeda Y, Peterson RG (1990) Geostrophic transport in the Brazil Current region north of 20°S. Deep-Sea Res 37:1875–1886 Stramski D, Reynolds RA, Kahru M et al (1999) Estimation of particulate organic carbon in the ocean from satellite remote sensing. Science 285:239–242 Strayer DL (1988) On the limits to secondary production. Limnol Oceanogr 33:1217– 1220 Stride AH (ed) (1982) Offshore tidal sands, processes and deposits. Chapman & Hall, London Stroeve J, Serreze M, Drobo S et al (2008) Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 89(2):13–14 Strom SL (2008) Microbial ecology of ocean biogeochemistry: A community perspective. Science 320(23),1043–1045 Strub PT, James C (2000) Altimeter-derived variability of surface velocities in the California Current System: 2. Seasonal circulation and eddy statistics. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:831–870 Strub PT, Mesías J, Montecino V et al (1998) Coastal ocean circulation off Western South America. Coastal segment (6, E). In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 273–313 Struyf E, Dausse A, Van Damme S et al (2006) Tidal marshes and biogenic silica recycling at the land-sea interface. Limnol Oceanogr 51:838–846 Stumpf RP, Arnone RA, Gould RW et al (2003) A partially coupled ocean-atmosphere model for retrieval of water-leaving radiance from SeaWiFS in coastal waters. In: Hooker SB, Firestone ER (ed) NASA Tech Memo 2003-206892, SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series, vol 22. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, pp 51–59 Su JY (2004) Phosphate variations in the upper water column at Hung-Tsai Trough and South-East Asia Time-series Station (SEATS) in the South China Sea. MSc Dissertation, National Taiwan University, 118 pp 144 Su CC, Huh CA (2002) 210Pb, 137Cs and 239,240Pu in East China Sea sediments: sources, pathways and budgets of sediments and radionuclides. Mar Geol 183:163–178 Su J, Lobanov VB (1998) Eastern Asia, Kamchatka to the eastern coast of the Philippines. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 11. Wiley, New York, pp 415–428 Su JL, Wang KS (1989) Changjiang River plume and suspended sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay. Cont Shelf Res 9:93–111 Su G, Fan S, Chen S (1989) The sedimentary atlas of northern and central South China Sea. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guanzhou, 68 pp Subramaniam A, Yager PL, Carpenter EJ et al (2008) Amazon River enhances diazotrophy and carbon sequestration in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10460–10465 Sudo H (1986) A note on the Japan Sea proper water. Prog Oceanog 17:313–336 Suess E (1980) Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans - surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature 288:200–203 Sukigara C, Saino T (2006) A 7-year increasing trend of 15N in sinking particles at the mouth of the Tokyo Bay. Geophys Res Lett 33:L09607. Doi:10.1029/2006GL025982 Summerhayes CP, Coutinho PN, França AMC et al (1975) Salvador to Fortaleza, northeastern Brazil. In: Upper continental margin sedimentation off Brazil. Stuttgart: Contribution to Sedimentology 4:44–77 Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (1995a) Upwelling in the ocean: Modern processes and ancient records. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (ed) Upwelling in the ocean: Modern processes and ancient records. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1–38 Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (ed) (1995b) Upwelling in the ocean: modern processes and ancient records. Wiley, Chichester, UK Sun F, Chiang S, Tsoa E et al (2006) The effects of El Niño on the mackerel purseseine fishery harvests in Taiwan: An analysis integrating the barometric readings and sea surface temperature. Ecological Economics 56(2):268–279 Sundareshwar PV, Morris JT, Koepfler EK et al (2003) Phosphorus limitation of coastal ecosystem processes. Science 299:563–565 Sundquist E T, Visser K (2005) The geologic history of the carbon cycle. In: Schlesinger W H (ed) Biogeochemistry, vol 8 of the Treatise on Geochemistry (Holland HD, Turekian KK ed). Elsevier, New York, pp 425–472 Susanto RD, Gordon AL, Zheng QN (2001) Upwelling along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and its relation to ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 28:1599–1602 Suthhof A, Jennerjahn TC, Schäfer P et al (2000) Nature of organic matter in surface sediments from the Pakistan continental margin and the deep Arabian Sea: Amino acids. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:329–351 Sutton PJH, Roemmich D (2001) Ocean temperature off north-east New Zealand. New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 35:553–565 Suzuki H, Sasaki H, Tanimura A (1998) Variability of export fluxes of sinking particles under the Antarctic fast ice (1992–1994). Ant Record 42:244–251 Suzuki A, Kawahata H, Ayukai T et al (2001) The oceanic CO2 system and carbon budget in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Geophys Res Lett 28(7):1243–1246 Sverdrup HU (1953) On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. J du Cons 18:287–295 Sverdrup HU, Johnson MW, Fleming RH (1942) The oceans. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Swallow J (1984) Some aspects of the physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 31:639–650 145 Swart N (2008) Lateral carbon export from the southern Benguela upwelling system, MSc Dissertation, Univ of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Swart NC, Aluwihare LI, Waldron HN (2009) Water column biogeochemistry and nepheloid layer hotspots in the southern Benguela. Submitted to J Geophys Res Swarzenski PW, Kindinger JL (2003) Leaky Coastal Margins: Examples of enhanced coastal groundwater/surface water exchange from Tampa Bay and Crescent Beach submarine spring, Florida, USA. In: Cheng A, Ouazar D (ed) Coastal aquifer management, monitoring and modeling and case studies. CRC/Lewis Press, pp 93–112 Swarzenski PW, Reich CD, Spechler RM et al (2001) Using multiple geochemical tracers to characterize the hydrogeology of the submarine spring off Crescent Beach, Florida. Chem Geol 179:187–202 Swarzenski PW, Bratton J, Crusius J (2004a) Submarine groundwater discharge and its role in coastal processes and ecosystems. USGS OFR 2204-1226 Swarzenski P, Campbell P, Porcelli D et al (2004b) The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of 234,238U in the Amazon and Fly Rivers. Cont Shelf Res 24(19):2357-2372 Swarzenski PW, Charette M, Langevin C (2004c) An autonomous, electromagnetic seepage in meter to study coastal groundwater/surface water exchange. USGS OFR 2004–1369 Swarzenski P, Orem W, McPherson B et al (2006a) Biogeochemical transport in the Loxahatchee River estuary, FL: The role of submarine groundwater discharge. Mar Chem 101:248–265 Swarzenski PW, Reich C, Kroeger KD et al (2006b) Ra and Rn isotopes as natural tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in Tampa Bay, FL. Mar Chem 104:69–84 Sweeney C, Hansell DA, Carlson CA et al (2000a) Biogeochemical regimes, net community production and carbon export in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3369–3394 Sweeney C, Smith WO, Hales B et al (2000b) Nutrient and carbon removal ratios and fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47:3395–3421 Swift J (1989) Why are rural people vulnerable to famine?. IDS Bulletin 20(2):8–15 Swift DJP, Oertel GF, Tillman RW et al (ed) (1991) Shelf sand and sandstone bodies. Blackwell, Oxford Swift JH, Jones EP, Aagaard K et al (1997) Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44(8):1503–1529 Sylvan JB, Dortch Q, Nelson DM et al (2006) Phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth on the Louisiana Shelf during the period of Hypoxia formation. Environ Sci Technol 40(24):7548–7553 Syvitski JPM, Peckham SD, Hilberman RD et al (2003) Predicting the terrestrial flux of sediment to the global ocean: A planetary perspective. Sediment Geol 162:5–24 Syvitski JPM, Harvey N, Wolanski E et al (2005a) Dynamics of the coastal zone. In: Crossland CJ, Kremer HH, Lindeboon HJ et al (ed) Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene. Springer, Berlin, pp 39–94 Syvitski JPM, Vörösmarty CJ, Kettner AJ et al (2005b) Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308:376–380 Takahashi T (2004) The fate of industrial carbon dioxide. Science 305:352–353 Takahashi T, Broecker WS, Langer S (1985) Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces. J Geophys Res 90:6907–6924 Takahashi T, Feely RA, Weiss RF et al (1997) Global air-sea flux of CO2: an estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO2 difference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8292–8299 146 Takahashi K, Fujitani N, Yanada M (2002a) Long term monitoring of particle fluxes in the Bering Sea and the central subarctic Pacific Ocean, 1990–2000. Prog Oceanogr 55:95–112 Takahashi T, Sutherland C, Sweeney C et al (2002b) Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2 and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:1601–1622 Takahashi T, Sutherland SC, Feely RA et al (2003) Decadal variation of the surface water pCO2 in the western and central Equatorial Pacific. Science 302(5646):852–856 Takikawa T, Yoon J-H, Cho K-D (2005) The Tsushima warm current through Tsushima straits estimated from Ferryboat ADCP data. J Phys Oceanogr 35:1154–1168 Talley LD (1996) North Pacific Intermediate Water formation and the role of the Okhotsk Sea. PICES Science Report 6:150–157 Talley L (2000) Office of Naval Research. http://sam.ucsd.edu/onr data/ nonpub data/hnro7 pub.sea. http://sam.ucsd.edu/onr data/nonpub data/kh36 pub.sea Talley LD, Nagata Y (ed) (1995) The Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio region. PICES Science Report 2:227 Talley LD, Tishchenko P, Luchin V et al (2004) Atlas of Japan (East) Sea hydrographic properties in summer, 1999. Prog Oceanogr 61:277–348 Tanaka TY, Chiba M (2006) A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget. Global Planet Change 52:88–104 Tang TY, Tai JH, Yang YJ (2000) The flow pattern north of Taiwan and the migration of the Kuroshio. Cont Shelf Res 20:349–371 Taniguchi M (2002) Tidal effects on submarine groundwater discharge into the ocean. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2002GL014987 Taniguchi M, Fukuo Y (1993) Continuous measurements of groundwater seepage using an automatic seepage meter. Ground Water 31:675–679 Taniguchi M, Burnett WC, Cable JE et al (2002) Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge. Hydrological Processes 16:2115–2129 Taraba AA (1959) Perfiles batitermograficos frente a la costa de Chile. International Congress in Oceanography, New York Tarazona J, Arntz W (2001) The Peruvian Coastal Upwelling System. In: Seeliger U, Kjerfve B (ed), Coastal marine ecosystems of Latin America. Ecological Studies, vol 144. Springer, Berlin, pp 229–244 Tarazona J, Salzwedel H, Arntz WE (1988) Oscillations of macrobenthos in shallow waters of the Peruvian central coast induced by El Niño 1982–83. J Mar Res 46:593–611 Tate KR, Scott NA, Parshotam A et al (2000) A multi-scale analysis of a terrestrial carbon budget. Is New Zealand a source or sink of carbon?. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 82:229–246 Taviani M, Reid DE, Anderson JB (1993) Skeletal and isotopic composition and paleoclimatic significance of Late Pleistocene carbonates, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 63:84–90 Taylor JG, Pearce AF (1999) Ningaloo Reef currents: implications for coral spawn dispersal, zooplankton and whale shark abundance. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 82:57–65 Taylor MH, Wolff M (2007) Trophic modeling of Eastern Boundary Current Systems: A review and prospectus for solving the “Peruvian Puzzle”. Revista Peruana de Biología 14(1):87–100 Taylor GT, Scranton MI, Iabichella M et al (2001) Chemoautotrophy in the redox transition zone of the Cariaco Basin: A significant source of mid-water organic carbon production. Limnol Oceanogr 46(1):148–163 147 Taylor GT, Hein C, Iabichella M (2003) Temporal variations in viral distributions in the anoxic Cariaco Basin. Aquat Microb Ecol 30:103–116 Taylor GT, Iabichella-Armas M, Varela R et al (2006) Microbial ecology of the Cariaco Basin’s oxic/anoxic interface: The U.S.-Venezuelan CARIACO times series program. In: Neretin LN (ed), Past and present water column anoxia, NATO Science Series. Springer, Netherlands, pp 473–499 Teague WJ, Jacobs GA, Perkins HT et al (2002) Low-frequency current observation in the Korea/Tsushima Strait. J Phys Oceanogr 32:1621–1641 Teague WJ, Jacobs GA, Ko DS et al (2003) Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju, and Korea straits. Cont Shelf Res 23:63–77 Tebo BM (1991) Manganese(II) oxidation in the suboxic zone of the Black Sea. DeepSea Res 38(Suppl. 2A):S883–S906 Teira E, Abalde J, Álvarez-Osorio MT et al (2003) Plankton carbon budget in a coastal wind-driven upwelling station off A Coruña (NW Iberian Peninsula). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 265:31–43 Teixeira C, Gaeta SA (1991) Contribution of picoplankton to primary production in estuarine, coastal and equatorial waters of Brazil. Hydrobiologia 209:117–122 Tejada-Jiménez M, Llamas Á, Sanz-Luque E et al (2007) A high-affinity molybdate transporter in eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Doi:10.1073/pnas.0704646104 Telang SA, Pocklington R, Naidu AS, et al (1991) Carbon and mineral transport in major North American, Russian Arctic, and Siberian Rivers: the St. Lawrence, the Mackenzie, the Yukon, the Arctic Alaskan rivers, the Arctic Basin rivers in the Soviet Union, and the Yenisei. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (ed), Biogeochemistry of major world rivers. Wiley, New York, pp 75–104 Tenore KR et al (1982) Coastal upwelling in the Rías Baixas, NW Spain. Contrasting the benthic regimes of the Ría de Arousa and Muros. J Mar Res 40:701–772 Tenore KR, Alonso-Noval M, Álvarez-Ossorio M et al (1995) Fisheries and oceanography off Galicia, NW Spain: Mesoscale spatial and temporal changes in physical processes and resultant patterns of biological productivity. J Geophys Res 100(C6):10943–10966 Teodoru C, Dimopoulos A, Wehrli B (2006a) Biogenic silica accumulation in the sediments of the Iron Gate I reservoir on the Danube river. Aquat Sci 68(4):469– 481 Teodoru C, McGinnis DE, Wüest A et al (2006b) Nutrient retention in the Danube’s Iron Gate reservoir. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 87(38) Ternon JF, Oudot C, Dessier A et al (2000) A seasonal tropical sink for atmospheric CO2 in the Atlantic ocean: The role of the Amazon River discharge. Mar Chem 68:183–201 Thamdrup B, Canfield DE (1996) Pathways of carbon oxidation in continental margin sediments off central Chile. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1629–1650 Thamdrup B, Tage D, Jensen MM et al (2006) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the oxygen-deficient waters off northern Chile. Limnol Oceanogr 51(5):2145–2156 Theocharis A, Georgopoulos D (1993) Dense water formation over the Samothraki and Limnos Plateaux in the north Aegean Sea (Eastern Meditteranean Sea). Cont Shelf Res 13:919–939 Theocharis A, Georgopoulos D, Lascaratos A et al (1993) Water masses and circulation in the central region of the Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Ionian, South Aegean and Northwest Levantine, 1986–1987. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 40(6):1121–1142 148 Theocharis A, Gacic M, Kontoyiannis H (1998) Physical and dynamical processes in the coastal and shelf areas of the Mediterranean. In: Robinson A, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, pp 863–887 Thiel M, Macaya EC, Acuña E et al (2007) The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile – Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 45:195–344 Thom B (2004) Geography, planning and the law: A coastal perspective. Australian Geographer 35(1):3–16 Thomas H (2002) Shipboard report of the RV Pelagia cruises 64PE184, 64PE187, 64PE190 and 64PE195. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, NL Thomas H, Schneider B (1999) The seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide in Baltic Sea surface waters. J Mar Syst 22:53–67 Thomas DN, Lara RJ, Eicken H et al (1995) Dissolved organic matter in Arctic multiyear sea ice during winter: Major components and relationship to ice characteristics. Polar Biology 15:477–483 Thomas H, Ittekkot V, Osterroht C et al (1999) Preferential recycling of nutrients – the ocean’s way to increase new production and to pass nutrient limitation?. Limnol Oceanogr 44(8):1999–2004 Thomas AC, Carr ME, Strub PT (2001a) Chlorophyll variability in eastern boundary currents. Geophys Res Lett 28:3421–3424 Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Kattner G et al (2001b) Biogeochemistry of platelet ice: its influence on particle flux under fast ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 24:486–496 Thomas CJ, Blair NE, Alperin MJ et al (2002) Organic carbon deposition on the North Carolina continental slope off Cape Hatteras (USA). Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:4687–4709 Thomas AC, Townsend DW, Weatherbee R (2003a) Satellite-measured phytoplankton variability in the Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 23:971–989 Thomas H, Pempkowiak J, Wulff F et al (2003b) Autotrophy, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen limitation in the Baltic Sea: a paradox or a buffer for eutrophication?. Geophys Res Lett 30(21):2130. Doi:10.1029/2003GL017937 Thomas AC., Strub PT., Carr ME et al (2004a) Comparisons of chlorophyll variability between the four major global eastern boundary currents. Int J Remote Sensing 25 (7–8):1443–1447 Thomas H, Bozec Y, Elkalay K et al (2004b) Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping. Science 304:1005–1008 Thomas H, Bozec Y, de Baar HJW et al (2005a) The carbon budget of the North Sea. Biogeosciences 2:87–96 Thomas H, Bozec Y, Elkalay K et al (2005b) Controls of the surface water partial pressure of CO2 in the North Sea. Biogeosciences 2:323–334 Thomas H, Prowe AEF, van Heuven S et al (2007) Rapid decline of the CO2 buffering capacity in the North Sea and implications for the North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB4001. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002825 Thomas H, Bozec Y, de Baar H et al (2010) The North Sea. In: Liu K-K, Atkinson L, Quiñones RA et al (ed) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 346-355 Thompson R (1984) Observations of the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia. J Phys Oceanogr 14:623–628 Thompson R, Cresswell G (1983) The Leeuwin Current and undercurrent. Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere 19:10–11 149 Thompson PA, Waite AM (2003) Phytoplankton responses to wastewater discharges at two sites in Western Australia. Mar Freshwater Res 54:721–735 Thompson GA, Alder VA, Boltovskoy D et al (1999) Abundance and biogeography of tintinnids (Ciliophora) and associated microzooplankton in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. J Plankton Res 21:1265–1298 Thompson PA, Pesant S, Waite A (2007) Contrasting the vertical differences in a warm core versus cold core eddy in the south eastern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:1003–1028 Thordardottir T (1974) Primary production in north Icelandic waters in relation to recent climatic changes. Polar Oceans Conference, Arctic Institute of North America, McGill University, Montreal Thordardottir T (1986) Timing and duration of spring blooming south and southwest of Iceland. In: Skreslet S (ed) The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems. NATO ASI, Series G. Springer, Berlin, pp 345–360 Thordardottir T (1994) Plöntusvif og framleiðni í sjónum við Ísland. In: Stefánsson U (ed) Íslendingar, hafiðog auðlindir thorness. Vísindafélag Íslendinga, Reykjavík, pp 65–88 Thunell R (1998a) Seasonal and annual variability in particle fluxes in the Gulf of California: A response to climate forcing. Deep-Sea Res 45:2059–2083 Thunell R (1998b) Particle fluxes in a coastal upwelling zone: Sediment trap results from Santa Barbara Basin, California. Deep-Sea Res 45:1863–1884 Thunell R, Tappa E, Varela R et al (1999) Increased marine sediment suspension and fluxes following an earthquake. Nature 398:233–236 Thunell R, Varela R, Llano M et al (2000) Organic carbon flux in an anoxic water column: Sediment trap results from the Cariaco Basin. Limnol Oceanogr 45:300– 308 Thunell RC, Sigman DM, Muller-Karger F et al (2004) Nitrogen isotope dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Global Biogeochem Cy 18:GB3001. Doi:10.1029/2003GB002185 Thunell RC, Benitez-Nelson CR, Varela R et al (2007) Particulate organic carbon fluxes along upwelling-dominated continental margins: Rates and mechanisms. Global Biogeochem Cy 21:GB1022. Doi:10.1029/2006GB002793 Thurman HV, Trujillo AP (1999) Essentials of oceanography. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Tian RC, Vézina A, Legendre L et al (2000) Effects of pelagic foodweb interactions and nutrient remineralization on the biogeochemical cycling of carbon: A modeling approach. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47(3–4):637–662 Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B et al (2001) Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292:281–284 Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA et al (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671–677 Tilstone GH, Figueiras FG, Fraga, F (1994) Upwelling-downwelling sequences in the generation of red tides in a coastal upwelling system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 112:241–253 Tilstone GH, Figueiras FG, Fermín EG et al (1999) Significance of nanoplankton photosynthesis and primary production in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 183:13–27 Tilstone GH, Míguez BM, Figueiras FG et al (2000) Diatom dynamics in a coastal ecosystem affected by upwelling: coupling between species succession, circulation and biogeochemical processes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 205:23–41 150 Tilstone GH, Figueiras FG, Lorenzo LM et al (2003) Phytoplankton composition, photosynthesis and primary production during different hydrographic conditions at the Northwest Iberian upwelling system. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 252:89–104 Timmerman P, White R (1997) Megahydropolis: Coastal cities in the context of global environmental change. Global Environmental Change 7(3):205–234 Tintelnot M (1995) Transport and deposition of fine-grained sediments on the Brazilian continental shelf as revealed by clay mineral distribution. Unpubl. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Heidelberg Toggweiler JR (1993) Carbon overconsumption. Nature 363:210–211 Toggweiler JR, Carson S (1995) What are upwelling systems contributing to the ocean’s carbon and nutrient budgets?. In: Summerhayes CP, Emeis K-C, Angel MV et al (ed) Upwelling in the ocean: Modern processes and ancient records. Wiley, Chichester, pp 337–360 Tomczak M, Godfrey JS (1994) Regional oceanography: an introduction. Pergamon, Oxford Torres R (1995) Condiciones Oceanográficas de surgencia y baja concentración de clorofila frente a Coquimbo-Chile (Lat 30°S) durante 1992–1994. MSc Dissertation, Department of Oceanography, Univ of Concepción, Concepción, Chile Torres R, Turner DR, Silva N et al (1999) High short-term variability of CO2 fluxes during an upwelling event off the Chilean coast at 30°S. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 46:1161–1179 Torres R, Turner D, Rutllant J et al (2002) CO2 outgassing off central Chile (31–30°S) and northern Chile (24–23°S) during austral summer 1997: The effect of wind intensity on the upwelling and ventilation of CO2-rich waters. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49:1413–1429 Torres R, Barton ED, Miller P et al (2003a) Spatial patterns of wind and sea surface temperature in the Galician upwelling region. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2002JC001361 Torres R, Turner DR, Rutllant J et al (2003b) Continued CO2 outgassing in an upwelling area off northern Chile during the development phase of El Niño 1997–1998 (July 1997). J Geophys Res 108(C10):3336. Doi:10.1029/2000JC000569 Torres-Padron ME, Gelado-Caballero MD, Collado-Sanchez C et al (2002) Variability of dust inputs to the CANIGO zone. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:3455–3464 Touratier F, Azouzi L, Goyet C (2007) CFC-11, 14C, and 3H tracers as a means to assess anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean. Tellus 59B:318–325 Townsend DW (1991) Influences of oceanographic processes on the biological productivity of the Gulf of Maine. Rev Aquatic Sci 5:211–230 Townsend DW (1997) Biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine. In: Braasch G, Wallace G (ed) Proceedings of Gulf of Maine Ecosystem Dynamics: a Scientific Symposium and Workshop, 16–20 Sept 1996, St. Andrew’s, NB,, pp 117–134 Townsend DW (1998) Sources and cycling of nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine. J Marine Syst 16(3–4):283–295 Townsend DW, Cammen LM (1988) Potential importance of the timing of spring plankton blooms to benthic-pelagic coupling and recruitment of juvenile demersal fishes. Biol Oceanogr 5(3):215–228 Townsend DW, Pettigrew NR (1997) Nitrogen limitation of secondary production on Georges Bank. J Plankton Res 19:221–235 Townsend DW, Thomas AC (2001) Winter-Spring transition of phytoplankton chlorophyll and inorganic nutrients on Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:199–214 151 Townsend DW, Thomas M (2002) Springtime nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics on Georges Bank. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 228:57–74 Townsend DW, Christensen JP, Stevenson DK et al (1987) The importance of a plume of tidally-mixed water to the biological oceanography of the Gulf of Maine. J Mar Res 45:699–728 Townsend DW, Keller MD, Sieracki ME et al (1992a) Spring phytoplankton blooms in the absence of vertical water column stability. Nature 360:59–62 Townsend DW, Mayer LM, Dortch Q et al (1992b) Vertical structure and biological activity in the bottom nephloid layer of the Gulf of Maine. Cont Shelf Res 12:367– 387 Townsend DW, Cammen LM, Holligan PM et al (1994) Causes and consequences of variability in the timing of spring phytoplankton blooms. Deep-Sea Res 41:747– 765 Townsend DW, Pettigrew NR, Thomas AC (2005) On the nature of Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:2603–2630 Townsend DW, Thomas AC, Mayer LM et al (2006) Oceanography of the Northwest Atlantic Continental Shelf. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, pp 119–168 Tranter DJ, Leech GS (1987) Factors influencing the standing crop of phytoplankton on the Australian Northwest Shelf seaward of the 40 m isobath. Cont Shelf Res 7:115–133 Trefry JH, Metz S, Nelsen TA et al (1994) Transport of particulate organic carbon by the Mississippi River and the fate in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 17:839–849 Tréguer P, Nelson DM, van Bennekom AJ et al (1995) The silica balance in the world ocean: a re-estimate. Science 268:375–379 Tremblay J-É, Smith WO Jr (2007) Primary production and nutrient dynamics in polynyas. In: Smith WO Jr, Barber DG (ed) Polynyas: Windows into polar oceans. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 239–270 Tremblay JÉ, Gratton Y, Carmack EC et al (2002) Impact of the large-scale Arctic circulation and the North Water Polynya on nutrient inventories in Baffin Bay. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2000JC000595 Troncoso VA, Daneri G, Cuevas LA et al (2003) Bacterial carbon flow in the Humboldt Current System off Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250:1–12 Trowbridge JH, Chapman DC, Candela J (1998) Topographic effects, straits and the bottom boundary layer. In: Brink KH, Robinson AR (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 63–88 Trull TW, Armand L (2001) Insights into Southern Ocean carbon export from the 13C of particles and dissolved inorganic carbon during the SOIREE iron release experiment. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:2655–26 Trumbore SE, Jacobs SS, Smethie WM Jr (1991) Chlorofluorocarbon evidence for rapid ventilation of the Ross Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38:845–870 Trustrum NA, De Rose RC (1988) Soil depth – age relationship of landslides on deforested hillslopes, Taranaki, New Zealand. Geomorphology 1:143–160 Trustrum NA, Gomez B, Page MJ et al (1999) Sediment production, storage and output: the relative role of large magnitude events in steepland catchments. Zeitschrift fur geomorphlogie (Supplementband) 115:71–86 Trustrum NA, Tate KR, Page MJ et al (2002) Towards a national assessment of erosion-related soil carbon losses in New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference, May 26–31, 2002, Beijing, vol 3, pp 182–186 Tsai W-T (2002) Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic processes beneath a winddriven water surface. In: Donelan MA, Drennan WM, Saltzman ES et al (ed) Gas 152 transfer at water surfaces, Geophysical Monograph 127. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 71–75 Tselepides A, Polychronaki T (2000) The CINCS project: Introduction. Prog Oceanogr 46(2–4):85–88 Tseng RS, Shen YT (2003) Lagrangian observations of surface flow patterns in the vicinity of Taiwan. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 50(6–7):1107–1115 Tseng CM, Wong GTF, Lin II et al (2005) A unique seasonal pattern in phytoplankton biomass in low-latitude waters in the South China Sea. Geophys Res Lett. Doi:10.1029/2004GL022111 Tseng CM, Wong GTF, Chou WC et al (2007) Temporal variations in the carbonate system in the upper layer at the SEATS station. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:1448– 1468 Tsimplis MN, Bryden HL (2000) Estimation of the transports through the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 47:2219–2242 Tsunogai S, Niskimura M, Nakaya S (1968) Complexometric titration of calcium in the presence of larger amounts of magnesium. Talanta 15:385–390 Tsunogai S, Yamahata H, Kudo S et al (1973) Calcium in the Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 20:717–726 Tsunogai S, Watanabe YW, Harada K et al (1993) Dynamics of the Japan Sea deep water studied with chemical and radiochemical tracers. In: Teramoto T (ed) Deep ocean circulation, physical and chemical aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 105– 119 Tsunogai S, Watanabe S, Nakamura J et al (1997) A preliminary study of carbon system in the East China Sea. J Oceanogr 53:9–17 Tsunogai S, Watanabe S, Sato T (1999) Is there a “continental shelf pump” for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?. Tellus 51B:701–712 Tugrul S (1993) Comparison of TOC concentrations by persulphate-UV and hightemperature catalytic oxidation techniques in the Marmara and Black Seas. Mar Chem 41:265–270 Tugrul S, Basturk O, Saydam C et al (1992) The use of water density values as a label of chemical depth in the Black Sea. Nature 359:137–139 Tugrul S, Besiktepe S, Salihoglu T (2002) Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science 3/1:33–42 Turner RE, Rabalais NN (1991) Changes in the Mississippi River this century: Implications for coastal food webs. BioScience 41:140–147 Turner RE, Rabalais NN (1994) Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River delta. Nature 368:619–621 Turner RE, Rabalais NN, Zhang ZN (1990) Phytoplankton biomass, production and growth limitation on the Huanghe (Yellow River) continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 10:545–571 Turner RE, Qureshi N, Rabalais N et al (1998) Fluctuating silicate: nitrate ratios and coastal plankton food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13048–13051 Turner RE, Baustian JJ, Swenson EM et al (2006) Wetland sedimentation from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Science 314:449–452 Tusseau-Vuillemin MH, Mortier L, Herbaut C (1998) Modeling nitrate fluxes in an open coastal environment (Gulf of Lions): Transport versus biogeochemical processes. J Geophys Res 103(C4):7693–7708 Twomey LJ, Waite AM, Pez V et al (2007) Variability in nitrogen uptake and fixation in the oligotrophic waters off the south west coast of Australia. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:925–942 153 Tyrrell T (1999) The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production. Nature 400:525–531 Uda M (1934) The Results of simultaneous oceanographic investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters in May and June 1932 (in Japanese). Journal of the Imperial Fishery Experimental Stations 5:57–190 Ulloa O, Escribano R, Hormazabal S et al (2001) Evolution and biological effects of the 1997–98 El Niño in the upwelling ecosystem off northern Chile. Geophys Res Lett 28:1591–1594 UN Population Division (2002) World Urbanization Prospects. The 2001 Revision. Data Tables and Highlights, 190 pp. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2001/ wup2001dh.pdf UNEP (1984) Pollutants from land-based sources in the Mediterranean. Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 032. United Nations Environment Program UNEP/EEA (1999) State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Environmental Issues Series, No. 5. United Nations Environment Program & European Environment Agency, Copenhagen UNEP/MAP/MED POL (2003) Riverine transport of water, sediments and pollutants to the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 141. UNEP/MAP,, Athens UNEP/WMO (1996) Survey of pollutants from land-based sources in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports, Series No. 109. UNEP, Athens UNESCO (1969) Discharge of selected rivers of the world: a contribution to the International Hydrological Decade. 1: General and regime characteristics of stations selected. UNESCO, Paris UNESCO (1971) Discharge of selected rivers of the world: a contribution to the International Hydrological Decade. 2: Monthly and annual discharges recorded at various selected stations, from start of observations up to 1964. UNESCO, Paris UNESCO (1983) Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. Technical Papers in Marine Science, Paris, pp 44–53 UNESCO (1988) The acquisition, calibration and analysis of CTD data. A report of SCOR WG 51. Technical Papers in Marine Science, Paris, pp 54–59 Unluata U, Oguz T, Latif MA et al (1990) On the physical oceanography of the Turkish straits. In: Pratt LJ (ed) The physical oceanography of sea straits. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 25–60 Urban ER, Sundby B, Malanotte-Rizzoli P et al (ed) (2008) Watersheds, bays and bounded seas: The science and management of semi-enclosed marine systems. SCOPE 70. Island Press, Chicago Urien CM, Ewing M (1974) Recent sediments and environment of southern Brazil, Uruguay, Buenos Aires and Rio Negro continental shelf. In: Burk CA, Drake C (ed) The geology of the continental margins. Springer, Berlin, pp 155–177 US Natural Resources Conservation Service (2006) Natural resources inventory. 2003 Annual NRI. Land Use, 8 pp. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/ nri03/nri03landuse-mrb.html. Accessed May 2006 Usbeck R, Schlitzer R, Fisher G et al (2003) Particle fluxes in the ocean: comparison of sediment trap data with results from inverse modeling. J Mar Syst 39:167–183 USSR Academy of Science (1954) Reports of multi-disciplinary oceanography expeditions on R/V Vityaz, vol 3, unpublished USSR Academy of Science (1957) Reports of multi-disciplinary oceanography expeditions on R/V Vityaz, vol 6, unpublished Valiela I, Costa J, Foreman K et al (1990) Transport of water-borne nutrients from watersheds and their effects on coastal waters. Biogeochemistry 10:177–198 154 Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: One of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience 51(10):807–815 Van Aken HM (2001) The hydrography of the mid-latitude north-east Atlantic Ocean: III. The thermocline water mass. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48:237–267 Van Bennekom AJ, Salomons W (1981) Pathways of nutrients and organic matter from land to ocean through rivers. In: Martin J-M, Burton JD, Eisma D (ed) River inputs to ocean systems. UNEP, IOC, SCOR, United Nations, New York, pp 33– 51 Van Camp L, Nykjaer L, Mittelstadt E et al (1991) Upwelling and boundary circulation off Northwest Africa as depicted by infrared and visible satellite observations. Prog Oceanogr 26:357–402 Van Den Broeck N, Moutin T (2002) Phosphate in the sediment of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean Sea), relation with input by the river Rhone. Hydrobiologia 472:85–94 Van Dokkum HP, Hulskotte JHJ, Kramer KJM et al (2004) Emission, fate and effects of soluble silicates (waterglass) in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Tech 38:515–521 van Drecht G, Bouwmann AF, Knoop JM et al (2001) Global pollution of surface waters from point and nonpoint sources of nitrogen. The Scientific World 1(S2):632–641 van Geen A, Takesue RK, Goddard J et al (2000) Carbon and nutrient dynamics during coastal upwelling off Cape Blanco, Oregon. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 47(5–6):975– 1002 van Hilst CM, Smith WO Jr (2002) Photosynthesis/irradiance relationships in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and their control by phytoplankton assemblage composition and environmental factors. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 226:1–12 van Rijn LC (1993) Principles of sediment transport in rivers, estuaries and coastal seas. Aqua publications, Amsterdam van Weering TCE, Helder W, Schalk P (1997) Netherlands Indian Ocean Program 1992–1993: First Results and an introduction. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44:1177–1193 van Weering TCE, De Stigter HC, Balzer W et al (2001) Benthic dynamics and carbon fluxes on the NW European continental margin. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3191– 3221 Van Woert ML (1999) Wintertime dynamics of the Terra Nova Bay polynya. J Geophys Res 104(C49):7753–7769 Van Woert ML, Johnson ES, Langone L et al (2003) The Ross Sea circulation during 1990’s. In: DiTullio G, Dunbar R (ed) Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea. Am Geophys Union, Antarctic Research Series 78:5–34 van Woesik R (2004) Comment on “Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires”. Science 303:1297 Vanni MJ, Arend KK, Bremigan MT et al (2005) Linking landscapes and food webs: Effects of omnivorous fish and watersheds on reservoir ecosystems. BioScience 55(2):155–167 Varela M, Fernandez E, Serret P (2002) Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Gerlache and south Bransfield Straits (Antarctic Peninsula) in austral summer 1995–1996. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:749–768 Varela MM, Bode A, González N et al (2003) Fate of organic matter in the Ría de Ferrol (Galicia, NW Spain): uptake by pelagic bacteria vs particle sedimentation. Acta Oecol 24:S77–S86 Varela M, Prego R, Pazos Y (2004) Vertical biogenic particle flux in a western Galician ria (NW Iberian Peninsula). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 269:17–32 Varela M, Prego R, Pazos Y et al (2005) Influence of upwelling and river runoff interaction on phytoplankton assemblages in a middle Galician ria and 155 comparison with northern and southern rias (NW Iberian Peninsula). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 64:721–737 Vargas CA, González HE (2004a) Plankton community structure and carbon cycling in a coastal upwelling system. I. Bacteria, microprotozoans and phytoplankton in the diet of copepods and appendicularians. Aquat Microb Ecol 34:151–164 Vargas CA, González HE (2004b) Plankton community structure and carbon cycling in a coastal upwelling system. II. Microheterotrophic pathway. Aquat Microb Ecol 34:165–180 Vargas C, Martínez R, Cuevas LA et al (2007) The relative importance of microbial and classical food webs in a highly productive coastal upwelling area. Limnol Oceanogr 54(2):1495–1510 Vasiliev A, Kanevskiy M, Cherkashov G et al (2005) Coastal dynamics at the Barents and Kara Sea key sites. Geo-Mar Lett 25:110–120 Vedernikov VI, Demidov AB (1993) Primary production and chlorophyll in deep regions of the Black Sea. Oceanology (Engl. Transl) 33:193–199 Vedernikov VI, Demidov AB (1997) Vertical distribution of primary production and chlorophyll during different seasons in deep regions of the Black Sea. Oceanology (Engl. Transl) 37:376–384 Veeh HH, McCorkle DC, Heggie DT (2000) Glacial/interglacial variations of sedimentation on the West Australian continental margin: constraints from excess 230Th. Mar Geol 166:11–30 Venegas E (1991) Aspectos físico-químicos del Río Biobío. Seminario para optar al título de Profesor Educación Media mención en Biología, Universidad de Concepción Ver LMB, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (1999a) Carbon cycle in the coastal zone: Effects of global perturbations and change in the past three centuries. Chem Geol 159(1– 4):283–304 Ver LMB, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (1999b) Biogeochemical responses of the carbon cycle to natural and human perturbations: Past, present, and future. Am J Sci 299:762–801 Verheye HM, Hutchings L, Huggett JA et al (1992) Mesozooplankton dynamics in the Benguela ecosystem, with emphasis on the herbivorous copepods. In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Af J Mar Sci 12:561–584 Verheye HM, Hutchings L, Hugget JA et al (1994) Community structure, distribution and trophic ecology of zooplankton on the Agulhas Bank with special reference to copepods. S Af J Sci 90:154–165 Verity PG, Smetacek V (1996) Organism life cycles, predation, and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 130:277–293 Verity PG, Bauer JE, Flagg CN et al (2002) The Ocean Margins Program: an interdisciplinary study of carbon sources, transformations, and sinks in a temperate continental margin system. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 49:4273–4295 Verlencar XN, Qasim SZ (1985) Particulate organic matter in the coastal and estuarine waters of Goa and its relationship with phytoplankton production. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 21:235–243 Vetrov AA, Romankevich EA (2004) Carbon cycle in the Russian Arctic seas. Springer, Berlin Viana AR, Fangéres JC, Kowsmann RO et al (1998) Hydrology, morphology and sedimentology of the Campos continental margin, offshore Brazil. Sediment Geol 115:133–157 Vichi M (2002) Predictability studies of coastal marine ecosystem behavior. PhD Dissertation. Univ of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany 156 Vichi M, Oddo P, Zavatarelli M et al (2003) Calibration and validation of a onedimensional complex marine biogeochemical flux model in different areas of the northern Adriatic shelf. Annales Geophysicae 21:1–24 Vilas F, Bernabeu AM, Méndez G (2005) Sediment distribution pattern in the Rías Baixas (NW Spain): main facies and hydrodynamic dependence. J Mar Syst 54:261–276 Vilibic I, Orlic M (2002) Adriatic water masses, their rates of formation and transport through the Otranto Strait. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 1321–1340 Virmani JI, Weisberg RH (2009) Fish effects on ocean current observations in the Cariaco Basin. J Geophys Res 114:C03028. Doi:10.1029/2008JC004889 Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J et al (1997) Human domination of earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499 Vivier F, Provost C (1999) Volume transport of the Malvinas current: can the flow be monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON?. J Geophys Res 104(9):21105–21122 Vlasenko VI, Stashchuk NM, Ivanov VA et al (1996) Influence of the water exchange through the Dardanelles on the thermohaline structure of the Aegean Sea. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique, Monaco 17:147–165 Vollenweider R A (1992) Coastal marine eutrophication: Principles and control. In: Vollenweider RA, Marchetti R, Viviani R (ed) Marine coastal eutrophication. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–20 von Bodungen B, Smetacek VS, Tilzer MM et al (1986) Primary production and sedimentation during spring in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Deep-Sea Res 33:177–194 von Bodungen B, Fischer G, Nöthig E-M et al (1987) Sedimentation of krill faeces during spring development of phytoplankton in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Mitt Geol-Paläontol Inst Univ Hamburg 62:243–257 Vörösmarty CJ et al (2001) The hydrologic cycle and its role in the arctic and global environmental change: A rationale and strategy for synthesis study. Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., Fairbanks, Alaska Vosjan JH, Nieuwland G (1987) Microbial biomass and respiratory activity in the surface waters of the east Banda Sea and the northwest Arafura Sea (Indonesia) at the time of the southeast monsoon. Limnol Oceanogr 32:767–775 Voss M, Bombar D, Loick N et al (2006) Riverine influence on nitrogen fixation in the upwelling region off Vietnam, South China Sea. Geophys Res Lett 33:L07604. Doi:10.1029/2005GL025569 Vuglinsky VS (1997) River water inflow to the Arctic Ocean – conditions of formation, time variability and forecasts. Polar processes and global climate. WCRP-106, WMO/TD908. Arctic Climate System Study, Rosario, Washington, pp 275–276 Wade TG, Riitters KH, Wickham JD et al (2003) Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation. Conservation Ecology 7(2): 7. http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art7 Wahby SD, Bishara NF (1980) The effect of the River Nile on Mediterranean water, before and after the construction of the High Dam at Aswan. In: Martin J-M, Burton JD, Eisma D (ed) Proceedings of a SCOR workshop on river inputs to ocean systems, 26-30 March 1979, Rome, Italy. UNESCO, Paris, pp 311–318 Wainer I, Gent P, Goni G (2000) The annual cycle of The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region in the NCAR climate system model. J Geophys Res 104:23327–23335 Wainwright TC, Feinberg LR, Hooff RC et al (2007) A comparison of two lower trophic models for the California Current System. Ecological Modelling 202:120–131 Waite AM, Thompson PA, Pesant S et al (2007) The Leeuwin Current and its eddies: an introductory overview. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 54:789–796 157 Wakatsuchi M, Martin S (1991) Water circulation in the Kuril Basin of the Okhotsk Sea and its relation to eddy formation. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn, 47:152–168 Waldron HN (1996) Regional estimates of potential new production in the southern Benguela upwelling system. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Cape Town Waldron HN, Probyn TA (1992) Nitrate supply and potential new production in the Benguela upwelling system, In: Payne AIL, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Af J Mar Sci 12:29–40 Waldron HN, Probyn TA, Brundrit GB (1997) Preliminary annual estimates of regional nitrate supply in the southern Benguela using coastal sea level fluctuations as a proxy for upwelling. S Af J Mar Sci 18(1):93–105 Waldron HN, Probyn TA, Brundrit GB (1998) Carbon pathways and export associated with the southern Benguela upwelling system: A re-appraisal. S Af J Mar Sci 19:113–118 Walling DE, Webb BW (1996) Erosion and sediment yield: a global overview. IAHS Publications 236, pp 3–19 Wallmann K, Aloisi G, Haeckel M et al (2006) Kineticks of organic matter degradation, microbial methane generation, and gas hydrate formation in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:3905–3927 Walsh JJ (1981) A carbon budget for over fishing off Peru. Nature 290:300–304 Walsh JJ (1988) On the Nature of Continental Shelves. Academic Press, San Diego Walsh JJ (1989) Arctic carbon sinks: present and future. Global Biogeochem Cy 3:393– 411 Walsh JJ (1991) Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen. Nature 350:53–55 Walsh JJ (1994) Particle export at Cape Hatteras. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 41:603–628 Walsh JJ (1995) DOC storage in Arctic Seas: the role of continental shelves. In: Smith WO Jr, Grebmeier JM (ed) Arctic oceanography: Marginal ice zones and continental shelves. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 203–230 Walsh JJ (1996) Nitrogen fixation within a tropical upwelling ecosystem: Evidence for a Redfield budget of carbon/ nitrogen cycling by the total phytoplankton community. J Geophys Res 101:20607–20616 Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA (1994) CO2 cycling in the coastal ocean. I – A numerical analysis of the southeastern Bering Sea with applications to the Chukchi Sea and the north Gulf of Mexico. Prog Oceanogr 34:335–392 Walsh JJ, Whitledge TE, Barvenik FW et al (1978) Wind events and food chain dynamics within New York Bight. Limnol Oceanogr 23:659–683 Walsh JJ, Rowe GT, Iverson RL et al (1981) Biological export of shelf carbon: A neglected sink of the global CO2 cycle. Nature 291:196–201 Walsh JJ, Premuzic ET, Gaffney JS et al (1985) Organic storage of CO2 on the continental slope off the mid-Atlantic bight, the southeastern Bering Sea, and the Peru coast. Deep-Sea Res Pt A 32(7):853–883 Walsh JJ, Whitledge TE, O’Reilly JE et al (1987) Nitrogen cycling on Georges Bank and the New York shelf: A comparison between well-mixed and seasonally stratified waters. In: Backus RH (ed) Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, pp 234–246 Walsh JJ, Biscaye PE, Csanady GT (1988) The 1983–84 shelf edge exchange processes (SEEP) -I experiment: Hypothesis and highlights. Cont Shelf Res 8:453–456 Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA, Muller-Karger FE et al (1999) Simulation of carbon/nitrogen cycling during spring upwelling in the Cariaco Basin. J Geophys Res 104(C4):7807–7825 158 Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA, Maslowski W et al (2004) Decadal shifts in biophysical forcing of Arctic marine food webs: Numerical consequences. J Geophys Res. Doi:10.1029/2003JC001945 Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA, Maslowski W et al (2005) A numerical model of seasonal primary production within the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 52:3541–3576 Wang J (1986) Observation of abyssal flows in the northern South China Sea. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 16:36–45 Wang Z, Cai W-J (2004) Carbon dioxide degassing and inorganic carbon export from a marsh dominated estuary (the Duplin River): A marsh CO2 pump. Limnol Oceanogr 49:341–352 Wang YP, Gao S (2001) Modification to the Hardisty equation, regarding the relationship between sediment transport rate and grain size. J Sediment Res (A) 71:118–121 Wang WQ, Huang XB, Zhang YH (1998) Differences of CO2 partial pressure between sea-air and its flux in South Indian Ocean (in Chinese with English abstract). Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 17:262–268 Wang L, Sarnthein M, Erlenkeuser H et al (1999) East Asian monsoon climate during the late Pleistocene: High-resolution sediment records from the South China Sea. Mar Geol 156:245–284 Wang S-L, Chen C-TA, Hong G-H et al (2000) Carbon dioxide and related parameters in the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res 20:525–544 Wang BD, Liu F, Zhan R (2001) A review of the Biogeochemical study on biogenic elements in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Boahi Seas 19:99–106 Wang WQ, Yang X, Huang HB et al (2003a) Investigation on distribution and fluxes of sea-air CO2 of the expedition areas in the Arctic Ocean. Science in China Series D Earth Sciences 46:569–580 Wang Y-H, Jan S, Wang D-P (2003b) Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait measured using 1999–2001 shipboard ADCP. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 57:195– 201 Wang ZA, Cai W-J, Wang Y et al (2005) The southeastern continental shelf of the United States as an atmospheric CO2 source and an exporter of inorganic carbon to the ocean. Cont Shelf Res 25:1917–1941 Wang HJ, Yang ZS, Saito Y et al (2006a) Interannual and seasonal variation of the Huanghe (Yellow River) water discharge over past 50 years: Connections to impacts from ENSO events and dams. Global Planet Change 50:212–225 Wang X, Christian JR, Murtugudde R et al (2006b) Spatial and temporal variability of the surface water pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the equatorial Pacific during 1980–2003: A basin-scale carbon cycle model. J Geophys Res 111:C07S04. Doi:10.1029/2005JC002972 Wania F, Broman D, Axelmann J et al (2001) A multicompartment, multi-basin model describing the fate of PCBs in the Baltic Sea. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A system analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp 417–448 Wanninkhof R (1992) Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J Geophys Res 97:7373–7382 Wanninkhof R, McGillis WR (1999) A cubic relationship between air – sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys Res Lett 26:1889–1892 Ward BB, Kilpatrick KA (1991) Nitrogen transformations in the oxic layer of permanent anoxic basins: The Black Sea and Cariaco Trench. In: Izdar E, Murray JW (ed) Black Sea oceanography, NATO ASI Series C, vol 351. Kluwer, pp 111–124 159 Ward BB, Kilpatrick KA, Novelli PC et al (1987) Methane oxidation and methane fluxes in the ocean surface layer and in deep anoxic waters. Nature 327:226–229 Ward BB, Glover HE, Lipschultz F (1989) Chemoautotrophic activity and nitrification in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru. Deep-Sea Res 36:1031–1051 Ware DM (1992) Production characteristics of upwelling systems and trophodynamics role of hake. In: Payne AI, Brink KH, Mann KH et al (ed) Benguela trophic functioning. S Af J Mar Sci 12:501–513 Ware JR, Smith SV, Reaka-Kudla ML (1991) Coral reefs: Sources or sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide?. Coral Reefs 11:127–130 Warren BA (1994) Context of the suboxic layer in the Arabian Sea. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 103:301–314 Warrier SG (1997) Understanding regulations. Business Line. http://www.equitabletourism.org/ coastalis.htm. Accessed 25 February 1997 Wassmann P, Andreassen IJ, Rey F (1999) Seasonal variation of nutrients and suspended biomass on a transect across Nordvestbanken, north Norwegian shelf, in 1994. Sarsia 84:199–212 Watanabe YW, Watanabe S, Tsunogai S (1991) Tritium in the Japan Sea and the renewal time of the Japan Sea deep water. Mar Chem 34:97–108 Watanabe YW, Ishida H, Nakano T et al (2005) Spatiotemporal decreases of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in the surface mixed layer of the western North Pacific from 1971 to 2000. J Oceanogr 61(6):1011–1016 Watanabe A, Kayanne H, Hata H et al (2006) Analysis of the seawater CO2 system in the barrier reef-lagoon system of Palau using total alkalinity-dissolved inorganic carbon diagrams. Limnol Oceanogr 51:1614–1628 Water Corporation of Western Australia (2003a) A partner in sustainability. Wastewater treatment branch annual report 2002/3, Leederville Water Corporation of Western Australia (2003b) Use of Cape Peron outlet pipeline to dispose of industrial wastewater to Sepia Depression Kwinana. Public Environment Review Leederville Watts LJ, Owens NJP (1999) Nitrogen assimilation and the f-ratio in the northwestern Indian Ocean during an intermonsoon period. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46:725–743 WCD (World Commission on Dams) (2000) Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making. Earthscan Publications. http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future. The Brundtland Report. Oxford Univ Press, UK Weaver PPE, Wynn RB, Kenyon NH et al (2000) Continental margin sedimentation, with special reference to the north-east Atlantic margin. Sedimentology 47:239– 256 Weingartner TJ, Danielson S, Sasaki Y et al (1999) The Siberian coastal current: A wind and buoyancy-forced Arctic coastal current. J Geophys Res 104(C12):29697–29713 Weingartner TJ, Coyle K, Finney B et al (2002) The Northeast Pacific GLOBEC Program: Coastal Gulf of Alaska. Oceanography 15(2):48–63 Weinstein MP, Baird RC, Conover DO et al (2007) Managing coastal resources in the 21st century. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5(1):43–48 Weiskel PK, Howes BL (1992) Differential transport of sewage-derived nitrogen and phosphorus through a coastal watershed. Environ Sci Tech 26:352–360 Weiss RF, Broecker WS, Craig H et al (1983) Hydrographic data 1977–1978. GEOSECS Indian Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation, Washington DC Welch HE, Bergmann MA, Siferd TD et al (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic 45:343–357 160 Werne JP, Hollander DJ, Lyons TW et al (2000) Climate-induced variations in productivity and planktonic ecosystem structure from the Younger Dryas to Holocene in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Paleoceanography 15:19–29 Westrich JT, Berner RA (1984) The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulphate reduction: the G model tested. Limnol Oceanogr 29(2):236–249 Wetzel RG (2001) Limnology – lake and river ecosystems, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London Wheeler PA, Kokkinakis SA (1990) Ammonium recycling limits nitrate use in the oceanic sub-arctic Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr 35:1267–1278 Wheeler PA, Gosselin M, Sherr E et al (1996) Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean. Nature 380:697–699 Whitehouse MJ, Priddle J, Symon C (1996) Seasonal and annual change in seawater temperature, salinity, nutrient and chlorophyll a distributions around South Georgia, South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 43:425–443 Widrowski H, Pempkowiak J (1986) The history of recent sediments in the southern Baltic. Proc XV Conference Baltic Oceanographers, vol 2. Marine Poll Lab, Charlotteund, Denmark, pp 656–666 Wiebe PH, Beardsley RC (ed) (1996) Physical-biological interactions on Georges Bank and its environs. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 43(7–8):1437–2003 Wiebe PH, Beardsley RC, Bucklin AC et al (ed) (2001) Coupled biological and physical studies of plankton populations: Georges Bank and related North Atlantic regions. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48(1–3):1–684 Wiesner MG, Haake B, Wirth H (1990) Organic facies of surface sediments in the North Sea. Org Geochem 15:419–432 Wilkie ML, Fortuna S (2003) Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper No. 63. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome (Unpublished). http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/j1533e00.htm Wilkinson BH (2005) Humans as geologic agents: A deep-time perspective. Geology 33(3):161–164 Williams PJleB (1984) A review of measurements of respiration rates of marine plankton populations. In: Hobbie JE, Williams PJleB (ed) Heterotrophic activity in the sea, IV, 15. Plenum Press, New York, pp 357–389 Williams PJleB, von Bodungen B, Bathmann U et al (1989) Export productivity from the photic zone. In: Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (ed) Productivity of the ocean: present and past. Dahlem Konferenzen. Wiley, pp 99–115 Williams WJ, Carmack EC, Shimada K et al (2006) Joint effects of wind and ice motion in forcing upwelling in Mackenzie Trough, Beaufort Sea. Cont Shelf Res 26(19):2352–2366 Williams WJ, Carmack EC, Ingram RG (2007) Physical oceanography of polynyas. In: Smith WO Jr, Barber DG (ed) Polynyas: Windows into polar oceans. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 55–86 Wilson H (2000) Modelling the microplankton: a comparative study. PhD Dissertation, Univ of Wales, Bangor Windom HL, Blanton JO, Verity PG et al (1993) Oceanographic response to environmental change. In: Menzel D (ed) Ocean processes: US southeast continental shelf. US Dept of Energy, Washington DC, pp 75–91 Winguth A, Mikolajewicz U, Gröger M et al (2005) Centennial-scale interactions between the carbon cycle and anthropogenic climate change using a dynamic Earth system model. Geophys Res Lett 32:L23714. Doi:10.1029/2005GL023681 Wiseman WJ Jr, Garvine RW (1995) Plumes and coastal currents near large river mouths. Estuaries 18:509–517 161 Woebken D, Fuchs BM, Kuypers MMM et al (2007) Potential interactions of particleassociated anammox bacteria with bacterial and archaeal partners in the Namibian Upwelling System. Appl Environ Microb 73:4648–4657 Woebken D, Lam P, Kuypers MMM et al (2008) A microdiversity study of anammox bacteria reveals a novel Candidatus Scalindua phylotype in marine oxygen minimum zones. Environmental Microbiology 10 (11):3106-3119 Wolanski E (1994) Physical oceanographic processes of the great barrier reef. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Wolanski E (2001) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Wolanski E, King B, Galloway D (1995a) Dynamics of the turbidity maximum in the Fly River Estuary, Papua New Guinea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 40:321–337 Wolanski E, Norro A, King B (1995b) Water circulation in the Gulf of Papua. Cont Shelf Res 15:185–212 Wolanski E, King B, Galloway D (1997) Salinity intrusion in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. J Coast Res 13:983–994 Wolanski E, Gibbs RJ, Spagnol S et al (1998) Inorganic sediment budget in the mangrove-fringed Fly River Delta, Papua New Guinea. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2:85–98 Wolf AT (2007) Shared waters: Conflict and cooperation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32:241–269 Wolff M, Wosnitza-Mendo C, Mendo J (2003) The Humboldt Current – Trends in exploitation, protection and research. In: Hempel G, Sherman K (ed) Large Marine Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 279–309 Wolf-Gladrow DA, Zeebe RE, Klaas Ch et al (2007) Total alkalinity: the explicit conservation expression and its application to biogeochemical processes. Mar Chem 106:287–300 Wollast R (1983) Interactions in estuaries and coastal waters. In: Bolin B, Cook RB (ed) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. SCOPE 21. Wiley, New York, pp 385–407 Wollast R (1991) The coastal organic carbon cycle: Fluxes, sources and sinks. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin J-M, Wollast R (ed) Ocean margin processes in global change. Wiley Interscience, pp 365–381 Wollast R (1993) Interactions of carbon and nitrogen cycles in the coastal zone. In: Wollast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (ed) Interactions of C, N, P and S biogeochemical cycles and global change. Springer, pp 195–210 Wollast R (1994) The relative importance of biomineralization and dissolution of CaCO3 in the global carbon cycle. In: Doumenge F (ed) Past and present biomineralization processes: Considerations about the carbonate cycle. Bulletin de l’ Institut Océanographique, Numéro spécial (Monaco), pp 13–34 Wollast R (1998) Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cycle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean, Chp 9. In: Robinson A, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 10. Wiley, New York, pp 213–252 Wollast R (2002) Continental margins – review of geochemical settings. In: Wefer G, Billett D, Hebbeln D et al (ed) Ocean margin systems. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 15–31 Wollast R, Chou L (2001a) Ocean margin exchange in the Northern Gulf of Biscay: OMEX I. An introduction. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:14–15 Wollast R, Chou L (2001b) The carbon cycle at the ocean margin in the northern Gulf of Biscay. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 48:3265–3293 Wollheim W, Pellerin BA, Vörösmarty CJ et al (2005) N retention in urbanizing headwater catchments. Ecosystems 8:871–884 162 Wong MH, Cheung KC (2001) Pearl River Estuary and Mirs Bay, South China. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Asia/ China/pearlmirs/PMbudsrev2.htm Wong CS, Matear RJ (1999) Sporadic silicate limitation of phytoplankton productivity in the subarctic NE Pacific. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46(11–12):2539–2556 Wong CS, Matear RJ, Freeland HJ et al (1998) WOCE line P1W in the Sea of Okhotsk 2. CFCs and the formation rate of intermediate water. J Geophys Res 103:15625–15642 Wong GTF, Chao S-Y, Li Y-H et al (2000) The Kuroshio edge exchange processes (KEEP) study – an introduction to hypotheses and highlights. Cont Shelf Res 20:335–347 Wong GTF, Chung SW, Shiah FK et al (2002) Nitrate anomaly in the upper nutricline in the northern South China Sea – Evidence for nitrogen fixation. Geophys Res Lett 29(23):2097. Doi:10.1029/2002GL015796 Wong HK, Lüdmann T, Baranov BV et al (2003) Bottom current-controlled sedimentation and mass wasting in the northwestern sea of Okhotsk. Mar Geol 20:287–305 Wong GTF, Ku T-L, Mulholland M et al (2007) The SouthEast Asian Time-series Study (SEATS) and the biogeochemistry of the South China Sea: An overview. DeepSea Res Pt II 54:1434–1447 Woo M, Pattiaratchi C, Schroeder W (2006) Summer surface circulation along the Gascoyne continental shelf, Western Australia. Cont Shelf Res 26:132–152 Woodward EMS, Rees AP, Stephen JA (1999) The influence of the SW monsoon upon the nutrient biogeochemistry of the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 46:571– 591 Woodworth M, Goñi MA, Tappa E et al (2004) Oceanographic controls on the carbon isotopic compositions of sinking particles from the Cariaco Basin. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 51:1955–1974 Woolf DK, Thorpe SA (1991) Bubbles and the air–sea exchange of gases in near saturation conditions. J Mar Res 49:435–466 Woolfe KJ, Larcombe P (1999) Terrigenous sedimentation and coral reef growth: A conceptual framework. Mar Geol 155:331–345 Woolfe KJ, Larcombe P, Stewart L K (2000) Shelf sediments adjacent to the Herbert River delta, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 47:301–308 Wooster WS, Cromwell T (1958) An oceanographic description of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 7:169–282 Wooster WS, Gilmartin M (1961) The Peru-Chile Undercurrent. J Mar Res 19(3):97– 122 Wooster WS, Zhang CI (2004) Regime shifts in the North Pacific: Early indications of the 1976–1977 event. Prog Oceanogr 60:183–200 Wooster WS, Chow TJ, Barret I (1965) Nitrite distribution in the Perú Current waters. J Mar Res 23:210-221 Wooster WS, Bakun A, McClain DR (1976) The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic. J Mar Res 34:131–141 Worm B, Lotze HK, Hillebrand H et al (2002) Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 417:848–851 Wright LD, Friedrichs CT (2006) Gravity-driven sediment transport on continental shelves: A status report. Cont Shelf Res 26:2092–2107 Wu C-R, Hsin Y-C (2005) Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: A numerical study. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 16(2):377–391 Wu C-R, Shaw P-T, Chao S-Y (1999) Assimilating altimeter data into a South China Sea model. J Geophys Res 104:29987–30005 163 Wu JF, Chung SW, Wen LS et al (2003) Dissolved inorganic phosphorus, dissolved iron, and Trichodesmium in the oligotrophic South China Sea. Global Biogeochem Cy 17(1):1008. Doi:10.1029/2002GB001924 Wulff F, Rahm L, Hallin A-K et al (2001a) A nutrient budget model of the Baltic Sea. In: Wulff F, Rahm L, Larsson P (ed) A system analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin, pp 354–372 Wulff F, Rahm L, Swaney D (2001b) The Baltic Sea: Nutrient Budgets of the SubBasins of an Estuarine Sea. http://nest.su.se/mnode/Europe/BalticRegion/Baltic2001/ baltic seabud.htm Wyrtki K (1961) Physical oceanography of the south-east Asian waters, NAGA Report vol 2, Scientific Results of Marine Investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California Wyrtki K (1962) The upwelling in the region between Java and Australia during the S-E monsoon. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 13:217–225 Wyrtki K (1963) The horizontal and vertical field of motion in the Peru Current. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 8:313–346 Wyrtki K (1967) Circulation and water masses in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. International Journal Oceanology and Limnology 1(12):117–147 Wyrtki K (1971) Oceanographic atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation, Washington DC Wyrtki K (1973) Physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean. In: Zeitzschel B (ed) The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer, Berlin, pp 18–36 Wyrtki K (1975) El Niño: the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 5:572–584 Xing J, Davies AM (2001) Non-linear effects of internal tides on the generation of the tidal mean flow at the Hebrides shelf edge. Geophys Res Lett 28:3939–3942 Xue H, Chai F, Pettigrew NR (2000) A model study of the seasonal circulation in the Gulf of Maine. J Phys Oceanogr 30:1111–1135 Yager PL, Wallace DWR, Johnson KM et al (1995) The Northeast Polynya as an atmospheric CO2 sink: A seasonal rectification hypothesis. J Geophys Res 100(C3):4389–4398 Yakunin LP (1975) K obosnovaniyu propuska reki Amur po novomu ruslu. Trudy of the Far-Eastern Hydrometeo. Institute 55:61–65 Yamaguchi M, Itakura S (1999) Nutrition and growth kinetics in nitrogen- or phosphorous-limited cultures of the noxious red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium mikimotoi. Fisheries Science 65:367–373 Yamaguchi M, Itakura S, Uchida T (2001) Nutrition and growth kinetics in nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited cultures of the ‘novel red tide’ dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 40:313–318 Yamamoto-Kawai M, Tanaka N, Pivovarov S (2005) Freshwater and brine behaviors in the Arctic Ocean deduced from historical data of 18O and alkalinity (1929–2002 A.D.). J Geophys Res 110(C10). Doi:10.1029/2004JC002793 Yamamoto-Kawai M, Carmack E, McLaughlin F (2006) Nitrogen balance and Arctic throughflow. Nature, 443:43 Yanagi T (2002) Water, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of the Japan Sea. J Oceanogr 58:797–804 Yang WR (1995) Chemical hydrography, chlorophyll and primary productivity in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. MSc Dissertation, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan Yang CS, Sun JS (1988) Tidal sand ridges on the East China Sea shelf. In: De Boer PL et al (ed) Tide-influenced sedimentary environments and facies. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp 23–38 164 Yang HS, Hwang DW, Kim G (2002) Factors controlling excess radium in the Nakdong River estuary, Korea: submarine groundwater discharge versus desorption from riverine particles. Mar Chem 78:1–8 Yang SY, Jung HS, Lim DI et al (2003) A review on the provenance discrimination of sediments in the Yellow Sea. Earth-Sci Rev 63:93–120 Yang Y, Liu K-K, Liu C-T (2004) Decoupled thermal structure in association with propagating eddies in the Northern South China Sea. Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting OS52A-01, Honolulu Yin K, Qian PY, Wu MCS et al (2001) Shift from P to N limitation of phytoplankton biomass across the Pearl River estuarine plume during summer. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 221:17–28 Yoder JA, McClain CR, Blanton JO et al (1987) Spatial scales in CZCS-chlorophyll imagery of the southeastern US continental shelf. Limnol Oceanogr 32:929–941 Yool A, Fasham MJR (2001) An examination of the “continental shelf pump” in an open ocean general circulation model. Global Biogeochem Cy 15:831–844 Yoro SC, Sempéré R, Turley C et al (1997) Cross-slope variations of organic carbon and bacteria in the Gulf of Lions in relation to water dynamics (Northwestern Mediterranean). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 161:255–264 You YZ, Chern CS, Yang Y et al (2005) The South China Sea, a cul-de-sac of North Pacific Intermediate Water. J Oceanogr 61(3):509–527 Younger PL (1996) Submarine groundwater discharge. Nature 382:121–122 Yu EF, Francois R, Bacon MP et al (2001) Trapping efficiency of bottom-tethered sediment traps estimated from the intercepted fluxes of 230Th and 231Pa. DeepSea Res Pt I 48:865–889 Yuan J, Miller R L (2002) Seasonal variation in precipitation patterns to the global ocean: an analysis of the GPCP version 2 data set. Global Biogeochem Cy 16(4):1099. Doi:10.1103/2001GB001458 Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Veltkamp DJ et al (1995) Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuary – Integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches. Mar Chem 49:1–50 Zaitsev Yu, Mamaev V (1997) Marine biological diversity in the Black Sea: A study of change and decline. GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme, United Nations Publications, New York Zappa CJ, Raymond PA, Terray EA et al (2003) Variation in surface turbulence and the gas transfer velocity over a tidal cycle in a macrotidal estuary. Estuaries 26:1401–1415 Zavialov P, Möller OO Jr, Campos E (2002) First direct measurements of currents on the contnental shelf of Southern Brazil. Cont Shelf Res 22:1975–1986 Zekster IS, Loaiciga HA (1993) Groundwater fluxes in the global hydrologic cycle: Past, present and future. J Hydrol 144:405–427 Zeldis JR (2004) New and remineralised nutrient supply and ecosystem metabolism on the northeastern New Zealand continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res (24):563–581 Zeldis J (2005a) Magnitudes of natural and mussel farm-derived fluxes of carbon and nitrogen in the Firth of Thames. NIWA Client Report CHC2005-048. (Client Environment Waikato). http://www.ew.govt.nz/publications/ technicalreports/tr0530.htm. Accessed May 2005 Zeldis J (2005b) Water, salt and nutrient budgets for Hauraki Gulf and adjacent Firth of Thames, New Zealand. http://nest.su.se/MNODE/NewZealand/HaurakiGulf/Haurakirevised/Hauraki%20b udget%2004revised.htm Zeldis J (2006) Water, salt and nutrient budgets for Hauraki Gulf and adjacent Firth of Thames, New Zealand. LOICZ website. 165 http://data.ecology.su.se/mnode/NewZealand/HaurakiGulf/Haurakirevised/Haura ki%20budget%2004 revised.htm Zeldis JR, Walters RA, Greig MJN et al (2004) Circulation over the northeastern New Zealand continental slope, shelf and adjacent Hauraki Gulf, from spring to summer. Cont Shelf Res (24):543–561 Zervakis V, Georgopoulos D (2002) Hydrology and circulation in the North Aegean (Eastern Mediterranean) throughout 1997–1998. Mediterranean Marine Science 3/1:5–19 Zervakis V, Georgopoulos D, Drakopoulos PG (2000) The role of the North Aegean Sea in triggering the recent Eastern Mediterranean climatic changes. J Geophys Res 105(C11):26103–26116 Zhabin IA, Dubina VA, Nekrasov DA et al (2007) Structural features of the mixing zone between river and seawaters near the Amur River mouth as detected by satellite and hydrological observations. Issledovanie zemli iz kosmosa 5:61–70 Zhai WD, Dai MH, Cai W-J et al (2005a) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and airsea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring, summer and autumn. Mar Chem 96:87–97 Zhai WD, Dai MH, Cai W-J et al (2005b) High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary: The Pearl River estuary, China. Mar Chem 93:21–32 Zhai WD, Dai MH, Guo XH (2007) Carbonate system and CO2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. Mar Chem 107:342–356 Zhang J (1996) Nutrient elements in large Chinese estuaries. Cont Shelf Res 16:1023– 1045 Zhang J (2002) Biogeochemistry of Chinese estuarine and coastal waters: Nutrients, trace metals and biomarkers. Reg Environ Change 3:65–76 Zhang J-Z, Millero FJ (1993) The chemistry of the anoxic waters in the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Res 40:1023–1041 Zhang J, Su JL (2006) Nutrient dynamics of the China seas: The Bohai, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. In: Robinson AR, Brink KH (ed) The Sea, vol 14. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 637–671 Zhang J, Liu SM, Xu H et al (1998) Riverine sources and estuarine fates of particulate organic carbon from North China in late summer. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 46:439– 448 Zhang Y, Amakawa H, Nozaki Y (2001) Oceanic profiles of dissolved silver: Precise measurements in the basin of western North Pacific, sea of Okhotsk, and the Japan Sea. Mar Chem 75:151–163 Zhang C, Hu C, Shang S et al (2006) Bridging between SeaWiFS and MODIS for continuity of chlorophyll a assessments off southeastern China. Remote Sens Environ 102:250–263 Zhao YY, Yan MC (1994) Sediment Geochemistry of the China Seas. Science Press, Beijing Zinck A (1977) Ríos de Venezuela. Cuadernos Lagoven, Caracas Zirino A, Hernández-Ayón JM, Fuhrmann RA et al (1997) Estimate of surface pCO2 in the Gulf of California from underway pH measurement and satellite imagery. Ciencias Marinas 23:1–22 Zodiatis G (1994) Advection of the Black Sea water in the North Aegean Sea. The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System 2:41–60 Zoppini A, Pettine M, Totti C et al (1995) Nutrients, standing crop and primary production in Western coastal waters of the Adriatic sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 41:493–513 166 Zuta S, Guillén O (1970) Oceanografía de las Aguas Costera del Perú, Departamento de Oceanografía. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú-Callao 2:157–324 Zwally HJ, Comiso JC, Gordon AL (1985) Antarctic offshore leads and polynyas and oceanographic effects. In: Jacobs SS (ed) Oceanology of the Antarctic continental shelf, Antarctic Research Series 43. Am Geophys Union, Washington, pp 203–226 167